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<h3>
Andreas Tille pushed to branch upstream
at <a href="https://salsa.debian.org/med-team/libatomic-queue">Debian Med / libatomic-queue</a>
</h3>
<h4>
Commits:
</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<strong><a href="https://salsa.debian.org/med-team/libatomic-queue/-/commit/2b1e15cf0af7bc41f82b575210df53ca3180ade0">2b1e15cf</a></strong>
<div>
<span>by Andreas Tille</span>
<i>at 2020-12-05T20:39:42+01:00</i>
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<pre class="commit-message" style="white-space: pre-wrap; margin: 0;">New upstream version 0.0+git20201108.d9d66b6</pre>
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<h4>5 changed files:</h4>
<ul>
<li class="file-stats">
<a href="#8b09b55769c028063c592c342ad7e6b2689e6547">
.github/workflows/c-cpp.yml
</a>
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<li class="file-stats">
<a href="#836efb6e25a091dcb4ff8e1dbb2f0be6a5cbf14c">
Makefile
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<li class="file-stats">
<a href="#8ec9a00bfd09b3190ac6b22251dbb1aa95a0579d">
README.md
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<li class="file-stats">
<a href="#604e8439d54ffe2da30c1ec595cb7e57e0a9ece0">
include/atomic_queue/atomic_queue.h
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<li class="file-stats">
<a href="#d19ca9e9c116c496afb34a902e7b17fc62e8c69e">
src/example.cc
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<h4>Changes:</h4>
<li id="8b09b55769c028063c592c342ad7e6b2689e6547">
<a href="https://salsa.debian.org/med-team/libatomic-queue/-/commit/2b1e15cf0af7bc41f82b575210df53ca3180ade0#8b09b55769c028063c592c342ad7e6b2689e6547"><strong>.github/workflows/c-cpp.yml</strong></a>
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<td class="diff-line-num unfold js-unfold new_line" data-linenumber="16" style="width: 35px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: #f0f0f0; border-right-style: solid; padding: 0 5px;" align="right" bgcolor="#fafafa">...</td>
<td class="line_content match " style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);" bgcolor="#fafafa">@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ jobs:</td>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC16" class="line" lang="yaml"> <span class="pi">-</span> <span class="na" style="color: #008080;">name</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s" style="color: #d14;">Environment variables</span></span>
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<td class="diff-line-num old_line" data-linenumber="17" style="width: 35px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: #f0f0f0; border-right-style: solid; padding: 0 5px;" align="right" bgcolor="#fafafa">
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<td class="diff-line-num new_line" data-linenumber="17" style="width: 35px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: #f0f0f0; border-right-style: solid; padding: 0 5px;" align="right" bgcolor="#fafafa">
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC17" class="line" lang="yaml"> <span class="na" style="color: #008080;">run</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s" style="color: #d14;">make env; make TOOLSET=gcc versions; make TOOLSET=clang versions</span></span>
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<td class="diff-line-num old_line" data-linenumber="18" style="width: 35px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: #f0f0f0; border-right-style: solid; padding: 0 5px;" align="right" bgcolor="#fafafa">
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC18" class="line" lang="yaml"> <span class="pi">-</span> <span class="na" style="color: #008080;">name</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s" style="color: #d14;">Unit tests with gcc</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC19" class="line" lang="yaml"> <span class="na" style="color: #008080;">run</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s" style="color: #d14;">make -rj2 TOOLSET=gcc run_tests</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC19" class="line" lang="yaml"> <span class="na" style="color: #008080;">run</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s" style="color: #d14;">make -rj2 TOOLSET=gcc <span class="idiff left right">example </span>run_tests</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC20" class="line" lang="yaml"> <span class="pi">-</span> <span class="na" style="color: #008080;">name</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s" style="color: #d14;">Unit tests with clang</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC21" class="line" lang="yaml"> <span class="na" style="color: #008080;">run</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s" style="color: #d14;">make -rj2 TOOLSET=clang run_tests</span></span></pre>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC21" class="line" lang="yaml"> <span class="na" style="color: #008080;">run</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s" style="color: #d14;">make -rj2 TOOLSET=clang <span class="idiff left right">example </span>run_tests</span></span></pre>
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<li id="836efb6e25a091dcb4ff8e1dbb2f0be6a5cbf14c">
<a href="https://salsa.debian.org/med-team/libatomic-queue/-/commit/2b1e15cf0af7bc41f82b575210df53ca3180ade0#836efb6e25a091dcb4ff8e1dbb2f0be6a5cbf14c"><strong>Makefile</strong></a>
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<td class="diff-line-num unfold js-unfold old_line" data-linenumber="69" style="width: 35px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: #f0f0f0; border-right-style: solid; padding: 0 5px;" align="right" bgcolor="#fafafa">...</td>
<td class="diff-line-num unfold js-unfold new_line" data-linenumber="69" style="width: 35px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: #f0f0f0; border-right-style: solid; padding: 0 5px;" align="right" bgcolor="#fafafa">...</td>
<td class="line_content match " style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);" bgcolor="#fafafa">@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ LINK.EXE = ${LD} -o $@ $(ldflags) $(filter-out Makefile,$^) $(ldlibs)</td>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC69" class="line" lang="make"><span class="nv" style="color: #008080;">LINK.SO</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="nv" style="color: #008080;">${LD}</span> <span class="nt" style="color: #000080;">-o</span> <span class="nv" style="color: #008080;">$@</span> <span class="nt" style="color: #000080;">-shared</span> <span class="nv" style="color: #008080;">$(ldflags)</span> <span class="nf" style="color: #900; font-weight: 600;">$(</span><span class="nb" style="color: #0086b3;">filter-out</span> Makefile,<span class="nv" style="color: #008080;">$^</span><span class="nf" style="color: #900; font-weight: 600;">)</span> <span class="nv" style="color: #008080;">$(ldlibs)</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC70" class="line" lang="make"><span class="nv" style="color: #008080;">LINK.A</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="nv" style="color: #008080;">${AR}</span> rscT <span class="nv" style="color: #008080;">$@</span> <span class="nf" style="color: #900; font-weight: 600;">$(</span><span class="nb" style="color: #0086b3;">filter-out</span> Makefile,<span class="nv" style="color: #008080;">$^</span><span class="nf" style="color: #900; font-weight: 600;">)</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC71" class="line" lang="make"></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC72" class="line" lang="make"><span class="nv" style="color: #008080;">exes</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">:=</span> benchmarks tests</span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC72" class="line" lang="make"><span class="nv" style="color: #008080;">exes</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">:=</span> benchmarks tests<span class="idiff left right"> example</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC73" class="line" lang="make"></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC74" class="line" lang="make"><span class="nl">all </span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">:</span> <span class="nf" style="color: #900; font-weight: 600;">${exes}</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC75" class="line" lang="make"></span>
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<a href="https://salsa.debian.org/med-team/libatomic-queue/-/commit/2b1e15cf0af7bc41f82b575210df53ca3180ade0#8ec9a00bfd09b3190ac6b22251dbb1aa95a0579d"><strong>README.md</strong></a>
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<td class="line_content match " style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);" bgcolor="#fafafa">@@ -3,16 +3,14 @@</td>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC3" class="line" lang="markdown"><span class="gh" style="color: #999;"># atomic_queue</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC4" class="line" lang="markdown">C++14 multiple-producer-multiple-consumer <span class="ge" style="font-style: italic;">*lockless*</span> queues based on circular buffer with <span class="p">[</span><span class="nv" style="color: #008080;">`std::atomic`</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="ss" style="color: #990073;">3</span><span class="p">]</span>.</span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC5" class="line" lang="markdown"></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC6" class="line" lang="markdown">The main design principle these queues follow is _simplicity_: the bare minimum of atomic operations, fixed size buffer, value semantics.</span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC7" class="line" lang="markdown"></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC8" class="line" lang="markdown">The circular buffer side-steps the memory reclamation problem inherent in linked-list based queues for the price of fixed buffer size. See <span class="p">[</span><span class="nv" style="color: #008080;">Effective memory reclamation for lock-free data structures in C++</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="ss" style="color: #990073;">4</span><span class="p">]</span> for more details.</span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC6" class="line" lang="markdown">The main design principle these queues follow is _minimalism_: the bare minimum of atomic operations, fixed size buffer, value semantics.</span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC7" class="line" lang="markdown"></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC8" class="line" lang="markdown">These qualities are also limitations:</span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC9" class="line" lang="markdown"></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC12" class="line" lang="markdown"><span class="p">*</span> The maximum queue size must be set at compile time or construction time.</span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC13" class="line" lang="markdown"><span class="p">*</span> There are no OS-blocking push/pop functions.</span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC10" class="line" lang="markdown"><span class="p">*</span> The maximum queue size must be set at compile time or construction time.<span class="idiff left"> The circular buffer side-steps the memory reclamation problem inherent in linked-list based queues for the price of fixed buffer size. See </span><span class="p"><span class="idiff">[</span></span><span class="nv" style="color: #008080;"><span class="idiff">Effective memory reclamation for lock-free data structures in C++</span></span><span class="p"><span class="idiff">][</span></span><span class="ss" style="color: #990073;"><span class="idiff">4</span></span><span class="p"><span class="idiff">]</span></span><span class="idiff right"> for more details. Fixed buffer size may not be that much of a limitation, since once the queue gets larger than the maximum expected size that indicates a problem that elements aren't processed fast enough, and if the queue keeps growing it may eventually consume all available memory which may affect the entire system, rather than the problematic process only. The only apparent inconvenience is that one has to do an upfront back-of-the-envelope calculation on what would be the largest expected/acceptable queue size.</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC11" class="line" lang="markdown"><span class="p">*</span> There are no OS-blocking push/pop functions.<span class="idiff left right"> This queue is designed for ultra-low-latency scenarios and using an OS blocking primitive would be sacrificing push-to-pop latency. For lowest possible latency one cannot afford blocking in the OS kernel because the wake-up latency of a blocked thread is about 1-3 microseconds, whereas this queue's round-trip time can be as low as 150 nanoseconds.</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC12" class="line" lang="markdown"></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC15" class="line" lang="markdown"><span class="idiff left right">Nevertheless, ultra-low-latency applications need just that and nothing more. The simplicity</span> pays off, see the <span class="p">[</span><span class="nv" style="color: #008080;">throughput and latency benchmarks</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="ss" style="color: #990073;">1</span><span class="p">]</span>.</span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC13" class="line" lang="markdown"><span class="idiff left right">Ultra-low-latency applications need just that and nothing more. The minimalism</span> pays off, see the <span class="p">[</span><span class="nv" style="color: #008080;">throughput and latency benchmarks</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="ss" style="color: #990073;">1</span><span class="p">]</span>.</span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC14" class="line" lang="markdown"></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC15" class="line" lang="markdown">Available containers are:</span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC16" class="line" lang="markdown"><span class="p">*</span> <span class="sb" style="color: #d14;">`AtomicQueue`</span> - a fixed size ring-buffer for atomic elements.</span>
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<td class="line_content match " style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);" bgcolor="#fafafa">@@ -92,7 +90,7 @@ In a production multiple-producer-multiple-consumer scenario the ring-buffer siz</td>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC90" class="line" lang="markdown"></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC91" class="line" lang="markdown">Using a power-of-2 ring-buffer array size allows a couple of important optimizations:</span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC95" class="line" lang="markdown"><span class="p">*</span> The writer and reader indexes get mapped into the ring-buffer array index using <span class="idiff left">modulo </span><span class="sb" style="color: #d14;"><span class="idiff">`% SIZE`</span></span><span class="idiff right"> binary operator and using a power-of-2 size turns that modulo</span> operator into one plain <span class="sb" style="color: #d14;">`and`</span> instruction and that is as fast as it gets.</span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC93" class="line" lang="markdown"><span class="p">*</span> The writer and reader indexes get mapped into the ring-buffer array index using <span class="idiff left">remainder binary operator </span><span class="sb" style="color: #d14;"><span class="idiff">`% SIZE`</span></span><span class="idiff right"> and using a power-of-2 size turns that remainder</span> operator into one plain <span class="sb" style="color: #d14;">`and`</span> instruction and that is as fast as it gets.</span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC94" class="line" lang="markdown"><span class="p">*</span> The <span class="ge" style="font-style: italic;">*element index within the cache line*</span> gets swapped with the <span class="ge" style="font-style: italic;">*cache line index*</span> within the <span class="ge" style="font-style: italic;">*ring-buffer array element index*</span>, so that subsequent queue elements actually reside in different cache lines. This eliminates contention between producers and consumers on the ring-buffer cache lines. Instead of <span class="sb" style="color: #d14;">`N`</span> producers together with <span class="sb" style="color: #d14;">`M`</span> consumers competing on the same ring-buffer array cache line in the worst case, it is only one producer competing with one consumer. This optimisation scales better with the number of producers and consumers, and element size. With low number of producers and consumers (up to about 2 of each in these benchmarks) disabling this optimisation may yield better throughput (but higher variance across runs).</span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC95" class="line" lang="markdown"></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC96" class="line" lang="markdown">The containers use <span class="sb" style="color: #d14;">`unsigned`</span> type for size and internal indexes. On x86-64 platform <span class="sb" style="color: #d14;">`unsigned`</span> is 32-bit wide, whereas <span class="sb" style="color: #d14;">`size_t`</span> is 64-bit wide. 64-bit instructions utilise an extra byte instruction prefix resulting in slightly more pressure on the CPU instruction cache and the front-end. Hence, 32-bit <span class="sb" style="color: #d14;">`unsigned`</span> indexes are used to maximise performance. That limits the queue size to 4,294,967,295 elements, which seems to be a reasonable hard limit for many applications.</span>
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<td class="line_content match " style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);" bgcolor="#fafafa">@@ -141,7 +139,7 @@ The project uses `.editorconfig` and `.clang-format` to automate formatting. Pul</td>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC139" class="line" lang="markdown"></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC140" class="line" lang="markdown"><span class="gu" style="color: #800080; font-weight: 600;">## Help needed</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC141" class="line" lang="markdown"><span class="p">*</span> Submit pull requests with benchmarking code for other queues. The queues should be somewhat widely used or have exceptional performance, not my-first-mpmc-queue type projects.</span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC144" class="line" lang="markdown"><span class="p">*</span> Benchmarking results on different architectures or with much more cores. Run <span class="sb" style="color: #d14;">`scripts/run-benchmarks.sh`</span> and email me the results file, or put it under <span class="sb" style="color: #d14;">`results/`</span> and submit a pull request.</span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC142" class="line" lang="markdown"><span class="p">*</span> Benchmarking results on different architectures or with much more cores<span class="idiff left right">, in particular on AMD Ryzen CPUs</span>. Run <span class="sb" style="color: #d14;">`scripts/run-benchmarks.sh`</span> and email me the results file, or put it under <span class="sb" style="color: #d14;">`results/`</span> and submit a pull request.</span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC143" class="line" lang="markdown"></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC144" class="line" lang="markdown"><span class="p">---</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC145" class="line" lang="markdown"></span>
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<li id="604e8439d54ffe2da30c1ec595cb7e57e0a9ece0">
<a href="https://salsa.debian.org/med-team/libatomic-queue/-/commit/2b1e15cf0af7bc41f82b575210df53ca3180ade0#604e8439d54ffe2da30c1ec595cb7e57e0a9ece0"><strong>include/atomic_queue/atomic_queue.h</strong></a>
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<td class="line_content match " style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);" bgcolor="#fafafa">@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ protected:</td>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC211" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">else</span> <span class="p">{</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC212" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">for</span><span class="p">(;;)</span> <span class="p">{</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC213" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">unsigned</span> <span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">char</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">expected</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">STORED</span><span class="p">;</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC214" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">ATOMIC_QUEUE_LIKELY</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">compare_exchange_strong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">expected</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">LOADING</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;"><span class="idiff left right">X</span></span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">X</span><span class="p">)))</span> <span class="p">{</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC214" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">ATOMIC_QUEUE_LIKELY</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">compare_exchange_strong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">expected</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">LOADING</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;"><span class="idiff left right">A</span></span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">X</span><span class="p">)))</span> <span class="p">{</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC215" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">T</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">element</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">std</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">::</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">move</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">q_element</span><span class="p">)};</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC216" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">store</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">EMPTY</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">R</span><span class="p">);</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC217" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">return</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">element</span><span class="p">;</span></span>
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<td class="line_content match " style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);" bgcolor="#fafafa">@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ protected:</td>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC236" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">else</span> <span class="p">{</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC237" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">for</span><span class="p">(;;)</span> <span class="p">{</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC238" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">unsigned</span> <span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">char</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">expected</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">EMPTY</span><span class="p">;</span></span>
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239
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC239" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">ATOMIC_QUEUE_LIKELY</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">compare_exchange_strong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">expected</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">STORING</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;"><span class="idiff left right">X</span></span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">X</span><span class="p">)))</span> <span class="p">{</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC239" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">ATOMIC_QUEUE_LIKELY</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">compare_exchange_strong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">expected</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">STORING</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;"><span class="idiff left right">A</span></span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">X</span><span class="p">)))</span> <span class="p">{</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC240" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">q_element</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">std</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">::</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">forward</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;"><</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">U</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">element</span><span class="p">);</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC241" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">store</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">STORED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">R</span><span class="p">);</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC242" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">return</span><span class="p">;</span></span>
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<a href="https://salsa.debian.org/med-team/libatomic-queue/-/commit/2b1e15cf0af7bc41f82b575210df53ca3180ade0#d19ca9e9c116c496afb34a902e7b17fc62e8c69e"><strong>src/example.cc</strong></a>
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<td class="line_content match " style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);" bgcolor="#fafafa">@@ -9,20 +9,19 @@</td>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC9" class="line" lang="cpp"><span class="cp" style="color: #999; font-weight: 600;">#include <iostream></span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC10" class="line" lang="cpp"></span>
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11
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC11" class="line" lang="cpp"><span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">int</span> <span class="nf" style="color: #900; font-weight: 600;">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span></span>
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12
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC12" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">int</span> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">constexpr</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">PRODUCERS</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="mi" style="color: #099;">1</span><span class="p">;</span></span>
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13
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC13" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">int</span> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">constexpr</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">CONSUMERS</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="mi" style="color: #099;">2</span><span class="p">;</span></span>
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14
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC14" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">unsigned</span> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">constexpr</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;"><span class="idiff left">CAPACITY</span></span><span class="idiff"> </span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;"><span class="idiff">=</span></span><span class="idiff"> </span><span class="mi" style="color: #099;"><span class="idiff">1024</span></span><span class="p"><span class="idiff right">;</span></span></span>
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15
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC15" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">unsigned</span> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">constexpr</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;"><span class="idiff left">N</span></span><span class="idiff"> </span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;"><span class="idiff">=</span></span><span class="idiff"> </span><span class="mi" style="color: #099;"><span class="idiff">1000000</span></span><span class="p"><span class="idiff right">;</span></span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC12" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">int</span> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">constexpr</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">PRODUCERS</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="mi" style="color: #099;">1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="idiff left"> </span><span class="c1" style="color: #998; font-style: italic;"><span class="idiff right">// Number of producer threads.</span></span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC13" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">int</span> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">constexpr</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">CONSUMERS</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="mi" style="color: #099;">2</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="idiff left"> </span><span class="c1" style="color: #998; font-style: italic;"><span class="idiff right">// Number of consumer threads.</span></span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC14" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">unsigned</span> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">constexpr</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;"><span class="idiff left">N</span></span><span class="idiff"> </span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;"><span class="idiff">=</span></span><span class="idiff"> </span><span class="mi" style="color: #099;"><span class="idiff">1000000</span></span><span class="p"><span class="idiff">;</span></span><span class="idiff"> </span><span class="c1" style="color: #998; font-style: italic;"><span class="idiff right">// Pass this many elements from producers to consumers.</span></span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC15" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">unsigned</span> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">constexpr</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;"><span class="idiff left">CAPACITY</span></span><span class="idiff"> </span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;"><span class="idiff">=</span></span><span class="idiff"> </span><span class="mi" style="color: #099;"><span class="idiff">1024</span></span><span class="p"><span class="idiff">;</span></span><span class="idiff"> </span><span class="c1" style="color: #998; font-style: italic;"><span class="idiff right">// Queue capacity. Since there are more consumers than producers this doesn't have to be large.</span></span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC16" class="line" lang="cpp"></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC17" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">using</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">Element</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">uint32_t</span><span class="p">;</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC18" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">Element</span> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">constexpr</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">NIL</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">static_cast</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;"><</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">Element</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">-</span><span class="mi" style="color: #099;">1</span><span class="p">);</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC17" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">using</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">Element</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">uint32_t</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1" style="color: #998; font-style: italic;">// Queue element type.</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC18" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">Element</span> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">constexpr</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">NIL</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">static_cast</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;"><</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">Element</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">-</span><span class="mi" style="color: #099;">1</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1" style="color: #998; font-style: italic;">// Atomic elements require a special value that cannot be pushed/popped.</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC19" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">using</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">Queue</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">atomic_queue</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">::</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">AtomicQueueB</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;"><</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">Element</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">std</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">::</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">allocator</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;"><</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">Element</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">></span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">NIL</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">></span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1" style="color: #998; font-style: italic;">// Use heap-allocated buffer.</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC20" class="line" lang="cpp"></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC20" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">using</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">Queue</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">atomic_queue</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">::</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">AtomicQueueB</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;"><</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">Element</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">std</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">::</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">allocator</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;"><</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">Element</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">></span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">NIL</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">></span><span class="p">;</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC21" class="line" lang="cpp"></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC22" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="c1" style="color: #998; font-style: italic;">// Create a queue shared between producers and consumers.</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC21" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="c1" style="color: #998; font-style: italic;">// Create a queue object shared between producers and consumers.</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC22" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">Queue</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">q</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">CAPACITY</span><span class="p">};</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC23" class="line" lang="cpp"></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC25" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="c1" style="color: #998; font-style: italic;">// Start consumers.</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC24" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="c1" style="color: #998; font-style: italic;">// Start <span class="idiff left right">the </span>consumers.</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC25" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">uint64_t</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">results</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">CONSUMERS</span><span class="p">];</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC26" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">std</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">::</span><span class="kr" style="font-weight: 600;">thread</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">consumers</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">CONSUMERS</span><span class="p">];</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC27" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">for</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">int</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">i</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="mi" style="color: #099;">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">i</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;"><</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">CONSUMERS</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">++</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">i</span><span class="p">)</span></span>
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<td class="line_content match " style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);" bgcolor="#fafafa">@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ int main() {</td>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC32" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">r</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">sum</span><span class="p">;</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC33" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="p">});</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC34" class="line" lang="cpp"></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC36" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="c1" style="color: #998; font-style: italic;">// Start producers.</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC35" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="c1" style="color: #998; font-style: italic;">// Start <span class="idiff left right">the </span>producers.</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC36" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">std</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">::</span><span class="kr" style="font-weight: 600;">thread</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">producers</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">PRODUCERS</span><span class="p">];</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC37" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">for</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">int</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">i</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="mi" style="color: #099;">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">i</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;"><</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">PRODUCERS</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">++</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">i</span><span class="p">)</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC38" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">producers</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">std</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">::</span><span class="kr" style="font-weight: 600;">thread</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">&</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">q</span><span class="p">]()</span> <span class="p">{</span></span>
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<td class="line_content match " style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);" bgcolor="#fafafa">@@ -45,14 +44,14 @@ int main() {</td>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC44" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">for</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">auto</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">&</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">t</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">:</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">producers</span><span class="p">)</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC45" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">join</span><span class="p">();</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC46" class="line" lang="cpp"></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC48" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="c1" style="color: #998; font-style: italic;">// <span class="idiff left right">Stop consumers</span>.</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC47" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="c1" style="color: #998; font-style: italic;">// <span class="idiff left right">Tell each consumer to complete and terminate</span>.</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC48" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">for</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">int</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">i</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">CONSUMERS</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">i</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">--</span><span class="p">;)</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC49" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">q</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">push</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi" style="color: #099;">0</span><span class="p">);</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC50" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="c1" style="color: #998; font-style: italic;">// Wait till consumers complete and terminate.</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC51" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">for</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">auto</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">&</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">t</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">:</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">consumers</span><span class="p">)</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC52" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n" style="color: #333;">join</span><span class="p">();</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC53" class="line" lang="cpp"></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">-<span id="LC55" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="c1" style="color: #998; font-style: italic;">// Verify th<span class="idiff left right">e results</span>.</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;">+<span id="LC54" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="c1" style="color: #998; font-style: italic;">// Verify th<span class="idiff left right">at each message was received exactly by one consumer only</span>.</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC55" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="kt" style="color: #458; font-weight: 600;">uint64_t</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">result</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">=</span> <span class="mi" style="color: #099;">0</span><span class="p">;</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC56" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">for</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k" style="font-weight: 600;">auto</span><span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">&</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">r</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">:</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">results</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span></span>
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<pre style="margin: 0;"> <span id="LC57" class="line" lang="cpp"> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">result</span> <span class="o" style="font-weight: 600;">+=</span> <span class="n" style="color: #333;">r</span><span class="p">;</span></span>
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