[debian-edu-commits] debian-edu/ 01/01: (nl) Debian Edu ITIL manual translation update
Frans Spiesschaert
frans-guest at moszumanska.debian.org
Fri Nov 3 22:10:25 UTC 2017
This is an automated email from the git hooks/post-receive script.
frans-guest pushed a commit to branch master
in repository debian-edu-doc.
commit 6d096a5fa72e43c3dd411de161dc447110d3bdbe
Author: Frans Spiesschaert <Frans.Spiesschaert at yucom.be>
Date: Fri Nov 3 23:09:58 2017 +0100
(nl) Debian Edu ITIL manual translation update
---
debian/changelog | 3 +
.../debian-edu-itil/debian-edu-itil-manual.nl.po | 11064 +++++++++++++++++++
2 files changed, 11067 insertions(+)
diff --git a/debian/changelog b/debian/changelog
index 8ede113..fdd2ce8 100644
--- a/debian/changelog
+++ b/debian/changelog
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ debian-edu-doc (1.924~20171111) UNRELEASED; urgency=medium
[ Rosegarden manual translation updates ]
* Norwegian Bokmål: Allan Nordhøy, Petter Reinholdtsen.
+ [ ITIL manual translation updates ]
+ * Dutch: Frans Spiesschaert.
+
-- Holger Levsen <holger at debian.org> Fri, 29 Sep 2017 23:03:36 +0200
debian-edu-doc (1.923~20170929) unstable; urgency=medium
diff --git a/documentation/debian-edu-itil/debian-edu-itil-manual.nl.po b/documentation/debian-edu-itil/debian-edu-itil-manual.nl.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..966e0c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documentation/debian-edu-itil/debian-edu-itil-manual.nl.po
@@ -0,0 +1,11064 @@
+# Dutch translation of debian-edu-itil-manual.
+# Copyright (C) YEAR THE PACKAGE'S COPYRIGHT HOLDER
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the debian-edu-doc package.
+# Frans Spiesschaert <Frans.Spiesschaert at yucom.be>, 2016, 2017.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: debian-edu-itil-manual\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: debian-edu-doc at packages.debian.org\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-09-07 15:13+0000\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2017-11-03 22:28+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Frans Spiesschaert <Frans.Spiesschaert at yucom.be>\n"
+"Language-Team: Debian Dutch l10n Team <debian-l10n-dutch at lists.debian.org>\n"
+"Language: nl\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Report-Msgstr-Bugs-To: debian-edu-doc-nl at packages.debian.org\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n"
+"X-Generator: Gtranslator 2.91.7\n"
+
+#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <article>
+msgid "en"
+msgstr "nl"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><title>
+msgid "Debian Edu / Skolelinux ITIL Manual"
+msgstr "ITIL-handleiding van Debian Edu / Skolelinux"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Knowledge sharing for centralised administration"
+msgstr "Kennisuitwisseling over gecentraliseerd beheer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Small organisations are in practice dependent on individuals and therefore "
+"vulnerable if someone leaves. A thorough and quality assured system "
+"administration handbook is therefore essential to ensure stability and "
+"continuity in operating practices. The Program for Digital Literacy has the "
+"primary objective of developing a set of recommended operating solutions, "
+"with guidelines that provide schools and educational institutions with "
+"stability and predictability so that computers, networks and basic services "
+"function properly."
+msgstr ""
+"Kleine organisaties zijn in de praktijk afhankelijk van individuen en zijn "
+"daarom kwetsbaar als iemand vertrekt. Een gedetailleerd en kwaliteitsvol "
+"handboek voor systeembeheer is dus essentieel om in de operationele praktijk "
+"stabiliteit en continuïteit te kunnen garanderen. Het Programma voor "
+"Digitale Geletterdheid heeft als eerste objectief een aantal aanbevolen "
+"praktijken en richtlijnen te ontwikkelen die scholen en "
+"onderwijsinstellingen stabiliteit en voorspelbaarheid kunnen bieden, zodat "
+"computers, netwerken en basisdiensten behoorlijk functioneren."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The ITIL book contains guidelines based on \"best practices\", adapted for "
+"municipalities using free software like Skolelinux to run centralized "
+"networks across multiple schools. These guidelines are adapted for municipal "
+"and regional administrative centres. Many municipalities have only one part-"
+"time position for ICT operations in schools. In Norway there are more than "
+"300 small and medium sized municipalities; usually they have 1-4 persons "
+"working full time with ICT in each municipality. Therefore, sharing "
+"expertise and experience between operating organisations is essential for "
+"all."
+msgstr ""
+"Het ITIL-boek bevat op \"goede praktijken\" gebaseerde richtlijnen die "
+"toegespitst zijn op gemeenten die gebruik maken van vrije software zoals "
+"Skolelinux, om gecentraliseerde netwerken te laten functioneren die "
+"verschillende scholen bedienen. Deze richtlijnen zijn aangepast voor "
+"gemeentelijke en regionale bestuurlijke centra. Veel gemeenten beschikken "
+"slechts over een deeltijdse functie die instaat voor de ICT van de scholen. "
+"Noorwegen telt meer dan 300 kleine en middelgrote gemeenten. Gewoonlijk "
+"beschikt iedere gemeente over 1-4 voltijdse ICT-medewerkers. Het delen van "
+"expertise en ervaringen onder operationele diensten is daarom voor iedereen "
+"van essentieel belang."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "License"
+msgstr "Licentie"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This document is written under the GNU General Public License version 3. It "
+"means that you have:"
+msgstr ""
+"Dit document is geschreven onder versie 3 van de GNU General Public License "
+"(GNU Algemene Publieke Licentie). Dit houdt in dat u"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "The freedom to use the documentation for any purpose (Freedom 0)."
+msgstr ""
+"het recht heeft om deze documentatie voor elk doeleinde te gebruiken (Recht "
+"0)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The freedom to study documentation and adapt it to your needs (Freedom 1)."
+msgstr ""
+"het recht heeft om deze documentatie te bestuderen en aan uw behoeften aan "
+"te passen (Recht 1)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The freedom to forward copies so you can help your neighbour (Freedom 2)."
+msgstr ""
+"het recht heeft kopieën ervan door te sturen zodat u uw buur kunt helpen "
+"(Recht 2)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The freedom to improve the document and distribute it with your improvements "
+"to the public, so that the whole community benefits (Freedom 3)."
+msgstr ""
+"het recht heeft dit document te verbeteren en het met uw aanpassingen "
+"publiek te verspreiden, zodat de hele gemeenschap ervan kan genieten (Recht "
+"3)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"These freedoms are explained on Wikipedia. Torgeir Kielland at the "
+"University of Bergen's Faculty of Law has analysed the GNU license or terms "
+"of Copyleft. He states that the GNU license is copyright relevant. In short, "
+"you can use everything in this documentation as appropriate. You must ensure "
+"that your contributions also receive a General Public License."
+msgstr ""
+"Deze rechten worden op Wikipedia toegelicht. Torgeir Kielland van de "
+"rechtsfaculteit van de universiteit van Bergen heeft de GNU-licentie en de "
+"Copyleft-bepalingen onderzocht. Hij stelt dat de GNU-licentie inzake "
+"copyright toepasbaar is. Kort samengevat betekent dit dat u alles uit dit "
+"document naar eigen goeddunken kunt gebruiken. U moet er wel voor zorgen dat "
+"uw eigen bijdragen ook onder een Algemene Publieke Licentie geplaatst worden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Thanks"
+msgstr "Dankwoord"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Many have contributed to the documentation. Essentially it was written by "
+"Knut Yrvin and Andreas Johansen with many contributions from Klaus Ade "
+"Johnstad. Halvor Dahl, Skolelinux Drift AS is on the committee, and has made "
+"several contributions to structure and form, and content. In addition, there "
+"are contributions Snorre Løvås, UNINETT ABC, Finn-Arne Johansen from BzzWare "
+"AS, Ragnar Wissløff from LinuxLabs AS, and the reference group who "
+"participated in writing the documentation. The following participated in the "
+"reference group:"
+msgstr ""
+"Velen hebben aan deze documentatie bijgedragen. Ze werd hoofdzakelijk door "
+"Knut Yrvin en Andreas Johansen geschreven met veel bijdragen van Klaus Ade "
+"Johnstad. Halvor Dahl van Skolelinux Drift AS behoort tot de commissie en "
+"heeft verschillende bijdragen geleverd op het vlak van structuur, vormgeving "
+"en inhoud. Daarnaast werden ook bijdragen geleverd door Snorre Løvås, "
+"UNINETT ABC, door Finn-Arne Johansen van BzzWare AS, door Ragnar Wissløff "
+"van LinuxLabs AS en door de stuurgroep, die meewerkten aan het realiseren "
+"van de documentatie. De volgende personen maakten deel uit van de stuurgroep:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Monica Larssen - Harstad municipality"
+msgstr "Monica Larssen - gemeente Harstad"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Aksel Celasun - Hurum municipality"
+msgstr "Aksel Celasun - gemeente Hurum"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Trond Mæhlum - Kongsvinger municipality"
+msgstr "Trond Mæhlum - gemeente Kongsvinger"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Bjarne Nielsen - Nittedal municipality"
+msgstr "Bjarne Nielsen - gemeente Nittedal"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Stein Lier - Akershus county"
+msgstr "Stein Lier - district Akershus"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This documentation is maintained in a wiki. This is to ensure that "
+"operations staff can easily search for solutions to problems, update "
+"configurations, and so on."
+msgstr ""
+"Deze documentatie wordt in een wiki onderhouden. Het doel ervan is ervoor te "
+"zorgen dat praktijkmedewerkers gemakkelijk oplossingen voor problemen kunnen "
+"vinden, configuratie-instellingen kunnen aanpassen, enzovoort."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"See the <ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian.org/CopyRight#\">copyright page</"
+"ulink> for the copyright status of this document."
+msgstr ""
+"Raadpleeg de <ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian.org/CopyRight#\">copyright-"
+"pagina</ulink> voor de copyrightstatus van dit document."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html\"/>"
+msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Background"
+msgstr "Achtergrond"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Program for Digital Competence is the Norwegian Ministry of Education's "
+"ICT plan from 2004 to 2008. One objective is to develop a set of recommended "
+"operating solutions and appropriate guidelines. It will provide schools and "
+"educational facilities with stability and predictability, so that computers, "
+"networks and basic services function properly. Operating solutions must be "
+"adapted to the institutions' size and needs."
+msgstr ""
+"Het Programma voor Digitale Competentie was Het ICT-plan van het Noorse "
+"ministerie van onderwijs voor de jaren 2004-2008. Een van de doelstellingen "
+"ervan was een aantal aanbevolen operationele praktijken en passende "
+"richtlijnen te ontwikkelen. Dit moet scholen en onderwijsinstellingen "
+"stabiliteit en voorspelbaarheid bieden, zodat computers, netwerken en "
+"basisdiensten behoorlijk functioneren. Operationele oplossingen dienen "
+"aangepast te zijn aan de grootte en de behoeften van de instellingen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This documentation contains guidelines based on practices customised for ICT-"
+"services within municipalities and counties. It is also applicable for "
+"commercial operators. Many municipalities have only one part-time position "
+"for computer networking operations within the schools. Overall just 13% of "
+"the municipalities in Norway have more than 20,000 inhabitants; 73 % have "
+"less than 10,000. Usually 1-4 people work full time in ICT within the "
+"municipal administration. When it comes to schools, there is often only one "
+"part-time ICT position, which can cover approximately 500-800 client "
+"computers at 5-10 schools, with around 1700-3200 students and teachers using "
+"the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Deze documentatie bevat richtlijnen, gebaseerd op praktijken die op maat "
+"zijn van ICT-diensten van gemeenten en districten. Ze kan ook toegepast "
+"worden door commerciële operatoren. Veel gemeenten hebben slechts een "
+"deeltijdse medewerker ter beschikking voor het operationeel houden van de "
+"computernetwerken van scholen. Slechts 13% van alle gemeenten van Noorwegen "
+"heeft meer dan 20.000 inwoners en 73% van de gemeenten heeft minder dan "
+"10.000 inwoners. Gewoonlijk beschikt een gemeentelijke administratie over "
+"1-4 voltijdse ICT-medewerkers. Voor de scholen staat meestal slechts een "
+"deeltijdse ICT-functie ter beschikking, die het beheer heeft over ongeveer "
+"500-800 client-computers in 5-10 scholen met ongeveer 1700-3200 studenten en "
+"leerkrachten die van het systeem gebruik maken."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The documentation is also suitable for larger organisations. It is based on "
+"the ISO 20000 standard for ICT operations, also known as the ICT "
+"Infrastructure Library. See Wikipedia for more information about the "
+"standard itself: <ulink url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITIL\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Deze documentatie is ook voor grotere organisaties bruikbaar. Ze is "
+"gebaseerd op de ISO 20000 standaard voor ICT-operaties, die ook gekend is "
+"als de Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL). Raadpleeg "
+"Wikipedia voor meer informatie over de standaard zelf: <ulink url=\"http://"
+"en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITIL\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "The first edition of this document was finished 19th July 2006."
+msgstr "De eerste editie van dit document werd voltooid op 19 juli 2006."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The document is maintained in a wiki and can be updated at <ulink url="
+"\"https://wiki.debian.org/!DebianEdu/Documentation/nb/ITIL\"/>. The previous "
+"version is available from <ulink url=\"http://developer.skolelinux.no/itil/"
+"oldindex.html\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Dit document wordt in een wiki onderhouden en kan bijgewerkt worden op "
+"<ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian.org/!DebianEdu/Documentation/nb/ITIL\"/>. "
+"De vorige versie is te vinden op <ulink url=\"http://developer.skolelinux.no/"
+"itil/oldindex.html\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The document will be translated into English using <ulink url=\"https://www."
+"transifex.com/projects/p/itil-revitalization/\"/> from March 2015."
+msgstr ""
+"Dit document werd vanaf maart 2015 naar het Engels vertaald met behulp van "
+"<ulink url=\"https://www.transifex.com/projects/p/itil-revitalization/\"/>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Service support"
+msgstr "Uitbouw van de dienst"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As mentioned in the introduction, it is recommended to begin by establishing "
+"an office for centralized operations to allow you to manage tickets. The "
+"benefits of this come quickly and are visible, which is important for "
+"customer and user satisfaction."
+msgstr ""
+"Zoals in de inleiding aangegeven, is het aangeraden om te beginnen met het "
+"opzetten van een centrale operationele dienst, zodat u de orders kunt "
+"beheren. Dit biedt snel voordelen die bovendien zichtbaar zijn, hetgeen "
+"belangrijk is voor de klanten- en gebruikerstevredenheid."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Once the office is up and running with a sensible workflow for tickets (user "
+"requests and troubleshooting) you will move on to the biggest challenge for "
+"the organisation. As a rule, this is either change management or problem "
+"solving. Organisations with \"cowboy\" system administrators who come up "
+"with smart ideas and implement them without much testing, often begin with "
+"change management. For organisations suffering recurring outages, problem "
+"solving comes first."
+msgstr ""
+"Eens de dienst geïnstalleerd en operationeel is, en er een redelijke "
+"werkorganisatie is in verband met de orders (de verzoeken van gebruikers en "
+"het oplossen van problemen), begint u aan de grootste uitdaging voor de "
+"organisatie. Veelal betreft het ofwel het aanpakken van veranderingen of het "
+"oplossen van problemen. Organisaties met \"cowboy-achtige\" "
+"systeembeheerders, die slimme ideeën spuien en deze beginnen toe te passen "
+"zonder ze veel uit te testen, beginnen vaak bij het doorvoeren van "
+"veranderingen. Voor organisaties die geconfronteerd worden met het feit dat "
+"de systemen geregeld uitvallen, zal probleemoplossing op de eerste plaats "
+"komen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Whatever you choose to start with, a certain amount of configuration "
+"management will be necessary. Managing configuration is critical to "
+"delivering the software and services for the user. Software must work as "
+"expected. In order to make beneficial changes, one must know the "
+"configuration of the different programs."
+msgstr ""
+"Wat u ook kiest om mee van start te gaan, telkens zal een zekere hoeveelheid "
+"configuratiebeheer nodig zijn. Configuratiebeheer is cruciaal in het ter "
+"beschikking stellen van de gebruiker van software en diensten. Software moet "
+"volgens de verwachtingen functioneren. Om voordelige aanpassingen te kunnen "
+"realiseren, moet men kennis hebben van de configuratie van de verschillende "
+"programma's."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To manage configuration changes you may use a database (Configuration "
+"Management Data Base (CMDB)). Few people use a database for all the "
+"configurations, and neither do you have to add all configurations to one "
+"single database. It's fine to place configurations into multiple smaller and "
+"partly independent repositories. Some people, for example, store "
+"configurations and setups in version control. But even if you have different "
+"repositories, you may get greater benefits if you connect information from "
+"the different processes."
+msgstr ""
+"Voor het beheer van de aanpassingen aan de configuratie, kunt u gebruik "
+"maken van een databank (Configuration Management Data Base (CMDB)). Weinigen "
+"gebruiken een databank voor alle configuraties en u moet alle configuraties "
+"ook niet in één enkele databank samenbrengen. Het is goed om configuraties "
+"in verschillende kleinere en deels onafhankelijke depots op te slaan. "
+"Sommige mensen plaatsen bijvoorbeeld configuraties en instellingen onder "
+"versiecontrole. Maar ook al gebruikt u verschillende depots, dan nog kunt u "
+"betere resultaten bereiken met het koppelen van informatie uit de "
+"verschillende processen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For users of Debian Edu, most service configurations lie within a specific "
+"directory (/etc). These may benefit from being collected and stored in a "
+"central version controlled directory. This makes it easier to restore lost "
+"services and setup machines if they are reinstalled. This applies both to "
+"servers and user laptops or workstations. As part of the backup system in "
+"Debian Edu, a backup is made of the setup directory /etc. But the backup "
+"system is nothing more than a database or a version controlled directory for "
+"configurations."
+msgstr ""
+"Voor de gebruikers van Debian Edu bevindt de configuratie van de meeste "
+"diensten zich in een specifieke map (/etc). Het kan een voordeel bieden als "
+"die configuratiegegevens bijgehouden en opgeslagen worden in een centrale "
+"map die onder versiecontrole staat. Dit maakt het makkelijker om uitgevallen "
+"diensten te herstellen en om computers die opnieuw geïnstalleerd worden, in "
+"te stellen. Dit geldt zowel voor servers als voor laptops van gebruikers of "
+"werkstations. Het maken van een reservekopie van de configuratiemap /etc "
+"maakt deel uit van het back-upsysteem van Debian Edu. Dit back-upsysteem is "
+"echter niets anders dan een databank of een onder versiecontrole geplaatste "
+"map met configuraties."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Service Desk"
+msgstr "Helpdesk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Service Desk is where users ask questions or report problems. At school, "
+"the ICT-contact often forwards operational reports to the Service Desk. "
+"There may also be requests like setting up a new PC, or installing a program."
+msgstr ""
+"De helpdesk is de plaats waar gebruikers vragen stellen of problemen "
+"rapporteren. Vaak stuurt de ICT-contactpersoon van een school technische "
+"rapporten naar de helpdesk. Er kunnen ook verzoeken zijn zoals een nieuwe PC "
+"installeren of een programma installeren."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"At school the ICT contact is the link to the Service Desk. The ICT contact "
+"also responds to the most common questions. Some questions are too difficult "
+"to manage at each school and must be forwarded to the Service Desk. It is "
+"important to have good cooperation between the school ICT contact and "
+"Service Desk operators. Tasks that are too extensive or too difficult to "
+"solve locally should be passed to the Service Desk."
+msgstr ""
+"Op de school vormt de ICT-contactpersoon de verbinding met de helpdesk. De "
+"ICT-contactpersoon beantwoordt ook de meest voorkomende vragen. Sommige "
+"vragen zijn te moeilijk om opgelost te worden binnen elke school apart en "
+"moeten doorgestuurd worden naar de helpdesk. Het is belangrijk dat er een "
+"goed contact is tussen de ICT-contactpersoon van de school en de "
+"helpdeskmedewerkers. Taken die te uitgebreid zijn of te moeilijk om lokaal "
+"opgelost te worden moeten doorgegeven worden aan de helpdesk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Users may also get direct answers from an operator at the Service Desk. All "
+"operational enquiries go to the Service Desk. Enquiries will be assigned a "
+"case number. Anyone who has registered a case will receive an e-mail "
+"confirming that the inquiry has been received. During consideration of the "
+"case, those working with it at the Service Desk may send status updates to "
+"the user."
+msgstr ""
+"Gebruikers kunnen ook rechtstreeks antwoord krijgen van een "
+"helpdeskmedewerker. Alle technische aanvragen gaan naar de helpdesk. "
+"Aanvragen krijgen een volgnummer toegewezen. Iedereen die een aanvraag "
+"indient, krijgt een e-mail ter bevestiging dat de aanvraag ontvangen werd. "
+"Gedurende de behandeling van de zaak kunnen de ermee belaste "
+"helpdeskmedewerkers de gebruiker statusupdates sturen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This way, users get one point of contact, and service desk operators get an "
+"overview of all of issues. Operations can be expected to troubleshoot across "
+"all parts of the organisation. Periodically the team leader needs to go "
+"through all issues and solutions in order to prioritize debugging and to "
+"prevent re-occurrence of errors, in order to provide schools with a stable "
+"operating environment."
+msgstr ""
+"Op deze manier hebben gebruikers één contactpunt en krijgen de medewerkers "
+"van de helpdesk een overzicht over alle problemen. Tussenkomsten om "
+"problemen op te lossen kunnen in alle onderdelen van de organisatie plaats "
+"vinden. Op geregelde tijden moet de teamleider alle problemen en oplossingen "
+"overlopen en daarbij voorrang geven aan het opsporen van fouten om te "
+"vermijden dat fouten opnieuw gemaakt worden, zodat scholen over een stabiele "
+"operationele omgeving kunnen beschikken."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Incidents can be reported by phone, fax, email or web form. Incidents that "
+"are more urgent must be prioritized. Incidents that need to be resolved "
+"quickly are usually reported by telephone. Less important events are usually "
+"reported via e.g. email. A member of the support staff should be assigned to "
+"the incident and will need to ask the user questions to investigate the "
+"problem."
+msgstr ""
+"Storingen kunnen gerapporteerd worden via telefoon, fax, e-mail of een "
+"webformulier. De meest dringende storingen krijgen voorrang. Storingen die "
+"vlug opgelost moeten worden, worden vaak per telefoon gerapporteerd. Minder "
+"belangrijke gebeurtenissen worden gewoonlijk via bijvoorbeeld e-mail "
+"gerapporteerd. De storing moet toegewezen worden aan een medewerker van de "
+"ondersteuningsdienst en die zal de gebruiker een aantal vragen moeten "
+"stellen om het probleem te onderzoeken."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Remember to be an active listener, not a passive one."
+msgstr "Denk er daarbij aan om actief en niet passief te luisteren."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"All enquiries should be logged, and an email confirmation should be sent. It "
+"is important that the user should feel safe, and information about what "
+"might be the problem should be communicated to them. When the enquiry "
+"arrives at the service desk, a brief description of the incident should be "
+"logged. The enquiry may be from the ICT contact at the school, or from "
+"someone with an agreement to use the service desk. The event logging should "
+"happen as soon as possible, and it should be assigned a case number. The "
+"user should get a confirmation by email copy that the matter has been "
+"received and assigned an appropriate case number."
+msgstr ""
+"Alle aanvragen moeten genoteerd worden en er moet een e-mailbevestiging "
+"gestuurd worden. Het is belangrijk dat de gebruiker zich veilig voelt en er "
+"moet hem informatie gegeven worden over wat het probleem zou kunnen zijn. "
+"Als de aanvraag toekomt op de helpdesk, moet een korte beschrijving van de "
+"storing genoteerd worden. De aanvraag kan afkomstig zijn van de ICT-"
+"contactpersoon van de school of van iemand waarmee overeengekomen is dat "
+"deze de helpdesk kan contacteren. Het noteren van de gebeurtenis moet zo "
+"snel mogelijk gebeuren en er moet een volgnummer aan toegekend worden. De "
+"gebruiker moet een bevestiging krijgen via e-mail dat de zaak opgepakt werd "
+"en er een passend volgnummer aan toegekend werd."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Previously, enquiries were written in paper logbooks. Today software is used "
+"to record the enquiries in a \"Request Tracker\". It is crucial for "
+"operations to log enquiries. This is basically for error handling, user "
+"requests, and prioritization of the various incidents. Log entries are "
+"important to prevent recurring errors. Because operational events are "
+"periodically reviewed, an assessment of fixes and priorities can be made. "
+"The log also provides a basis for improving the service by debugging problem "
+"services and applications based on what users perceive as problematic."
+msgstr ""
+"Vroeger werden aanvragen genoteerd in een papieren logboek. Nu wordt er van "
+"software gebruik gemaakt om aanvragen te noteren in een "
+"\"vraagopvolgingssysteem\". Het registreren van de aanvragen is "
+"onontbeerlijk bij tussenkomsten. In principe gebeurt dit in functie van het "
+"omgaan met fouten, van de vragen van gebruikers en van de "
+"prioriteitsbepaling tussen de verschillenden storingen. Het bijhouden van "
+"een registratie is belangrijk om te vermijden dat fouten zich herhalen. "
+"Aangezien de technische zaken geregeld nagekeken worden, kan er een "
+"beoordeling van de reparaties gebeuren en kunnen prioriteiten ingesteld "
+"worden. De registratie biedt ook een basis voor het verbeteren van de "
+"dienstverlening door het foutvrij maken van problematische diensten en "
+"toepassingen en dit op basis van wat de gebruikers als problematisch ervaren."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Thus the log of requests is a basic and necessary tool for both users and "
+"the service desk. There are several freely available systems for logging "
+"requests with good documentation <<<ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian."
+"org/FootNote#\">FootNote</ulink>(RT Essentials: <ulink url=\"http://www."
+"oreilly.com/catalog/rtessentials/chapter/index.html\"/> )>>. "
+"Skolelinux Drift uses RT <<<ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian.org/"
+"FootNote#\">FootNote</ulink>(RT: Request Tracker: <ulink url=\"http://www."
+"bestpractical.com/\"/> )>> to handle requests."
+msgstr ""
+"Het registreren van vragen is dus een basaal en noodzakelijk hulpmiddel voor "
+"zowel de gebruikers als de helpdesk. Er bestaan verschillende vrij "
+"verkrijgbare en goed gedocumenteerde systemen voor het bijhouden van vragen "
+"<<<ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian.org/FootNote#\">FootNote</ulink>(RT "
+"Essentials: <ulink url=\"http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/rtessentials/chapter/"
+"index.html\"/> )>>. Skolelinux Drift gebruikt RT <<<ulink url="
+"\"https://wiki.debian.org/FootNote#\">FootNote</ulink>(RT: Request Tracker: "
+"<ulink url=\"http://www.bestpractical.com/\"/> )>> voor het verwerken "
+"van vragen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One important thing when starting up support is not to get too tough a "
+"start. Do not try to achieve everything at once; bet rather on \"quick wins"
+"\" that keep the user informed, and aim for quick response times. It is also "
+"important to clarify who the service desk should forward events to, if they "
+"can not solve the issue themselves. The support desk must also check whether "
+"there will be disruptions for the user. This makes it quick and easy to give "
+"feedback."
+msgstr ""
+"Een belangrijk element bij het opstarten van de ondersteuning is geen te "
+"moeilijke opstart te maken. Tracht niet alles tegelijk te verwezenlijken. "
+"Zet liever in op gemakkelijke verwezenlijkingen die de gebruiker op de "
+"hoogte houden en streef naar snelle reactietijden. Het is ook belangrijk uit "
+"te klaren aan wie de helpdeskmedewerkers problemen kunnen doorspelen als ze "
+"die niet zelf kunnen oplossen. Het ondersteuningsteam moet ook nagaan of de "
+"gebruiker met een onderbreking geconfronteerd zal worden. Dit maakt het "
+"mogelijk om snel en gemakkelijk feedback te geven."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For users it is important that incidents are dealt with. For the service "
+"office it is important that the incidents are handled correctly according to "
+"the service level agreement, and that work requested beyond what was agreed "
+"to is handled between management at the school and the system administration "
+"organisation."
+msgstr ""
+"Voor gebruikers is het belangrijk dat storingen aangepakt worden. Voor de "
+"dienstverlenende instantie is het van belang dat de storingen correct "
+"afgehandeld worden in overeenstemming met de dienstverleningsovereenkomst en "
+"dat aangevraagde werkzaamheden die buiten de afspraken vallen, geregeld "
+"worden tussen het schoolbestuur en de organisatie voor systeembeheer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Tasks and roles"
+msgstr "Taken en functies"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We recommend getting agreement on what duties the school's ICT contact has "
+"and which responsibilities those who work at the Service Desk shall look "
+"after. Schools often have little resources compared to what is common in "
+"municipal administrations or private companies. At the same time, schools "
+"usually have many more users and often more client machines than are in use "
+"in the rest of the municipality."
+msgstr ""
+"We raden een overeenkomst aan over welke de verplichtingen zijn van de ICT-"
+"contactpersoon van de school en welke de verantwoordelijkheden zijn van de "
+"medewerkers van de helpdesk. In vergelijking met wat gebruikelijk is in "
+"gemeentelijke administraties en in private ondernemingen, beschikken scholen "
+"vaak over weinig middelen. Tegelijk hebben scholen gewoonlijk veel meer "
+"gebruikers en vaak meer clientmachines dan er in de rest van de gemeente in "
+"gebruik zijn."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Tasks are distributed according to roles. By having clearly established "
+"roles it is easier to distribute tasks and ascertain the working capacity "
+"necessary to resolve operational tasks. Operational experience in "
+"municipalities and professional organisations shows that the following roles "
+"are common."
+msgstr ""
+"Taken worden overeenkomstig de functies toegewezen. Bij duidelijk "
+"afgebakende functies is het eenvoudiger om taken te verdelen en duidelijk te "
+"krijgen welke arbeidsprestatie nodig is om een technische taak tot een goed "
+"einde te brengen. Praktische ondervinding in gemeenten en professionele "
+"organisaties leert dat de volgende functies gebruikelijk zijn."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"ICT contact at each school. This is often a teacher with ICT-teaching and/or "
+"technical background."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operator(s) working in the central IT service. This is a person skilled in "
+"operations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"ICT coordinator who organises the educational use of IT, and contributes "
+"towards plans for developmental, operational and educational use. Often this "
+"is a teacher."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"ICT responsible. This is usually the principal who is responsible for IT "
+"operations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There follows an overview of the various everyday tasks, some of which are "
+"contracted out by municipalities."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "ICT contact(s) tasks at each school:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Oversee the school's server room."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Be the school's contact at the municipality - report errors and outages."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Perform simple maintenance tasks such as replacing mice and keyboards, "
+"upgrading thin clients, and simple patching."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Be the school's superuser - able to advise colleagues about: user "
+"interfaces, e-mail, video projectors and relevant applications."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Participate in ICT gatherings."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Create and administer local users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Perform simple maintenance of printers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Create and manage email accounts."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Perform simple commands and operations under guidance of an ICT-tutor."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Facilitate the use of ICT in teaching."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "The operator's tasks:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Receiving incident reports and service requests."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Mentor ICT contacts by telephone and e-mail."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"By arrangement, visit schools to troubleshoot defects and malfunctions on "
+"computers, printers and servers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Backups."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Security software updates on the school's computers (servers and clients)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "ICT coordinator's duties:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Assist school management and ICT contacts in developing technical and "
+"teaching plans for ICT."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Provide the service desk and management with guidance when selecting "
+"software and similar."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Ensure that schools have appropriate ICT tools for teaching, and that "
+"computers and networks are appropriate for school subjects."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Provide advice and guidance to operational services on the technical and "
+"pedagogical requirements for ICT in schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"ICT-responsible duties (principal, headmaster, head of operational services):"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Make joint purchases of computer equipment and enter into joint agreements "
+"etc."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Develop competence plans."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Provide schools with courses in the educational use of ICT."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Operations course."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Negotiate contracts for operations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Ensure that the ICT contact and the ICT service have the necessary resources."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage of settling in advance who does these tasks is that "
+"expectations on the individual are known, giving a good basis for planning "
+"and managing ICT services. Usually these ICT tasks are only done part-time "
+"by staff who also have teaching duties."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A business might well have two staff members working full time to operate "
+"100 standard client machines for 100 users. In schools there may be a 30% "
+"position in total, divided among several persons, operating 100 client "
+"computers used by 320 students and teachers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When schools have so few resources for operations, it is crucial to manage "
+"those resources well. Agreeing on who handles which tasks can make it easier "
+"to assess whether you need additional resources, or to reduce expectations "
+"of IT initiatives in schools due to budget constraints. An IT administrator "
+"with a good overview of the ICT tasks in the school is better able to ask "
+"for an increase in resources if necessary. There may be a need for increased "
+"resources to implement ICT-based exams, or a need for new equipment like "
+"digital whiteboards as teaching aids."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Expected time usage"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We've created a table showing time spent on operations and maintenance. The "
+"table is based on the experiences of municipalities which implement a "
+"centrally operated Debian Edu of 9-10 schools with 250-500 client computers. "
+"Several things are not included in the table. Therefore extra time is "
+"required for projects where schools develop their own ICT solutions with "
+"networking and more equipment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Role</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Operational responsibility</emphasis></"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Time spend per school per week</"
+"emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Time spent in total for all schools</"
+"emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Centralised operations staff"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Monitoring, debugging and operation of 500 machines, for example, 10 schools "
+"with 3,200 students and teachers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2-3 h(50 clients)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "½ position(500 clients)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "ICT contact at each school"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Oversight of equipment, easy maintenance, and reporting of incidents and "
+"requests"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "3-4 h(50 clients)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1 position(10 schools / 500 clients)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Central ICT-coordinator"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Assist in planning and implementation of educational and technical ICT work "
+"in schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1-2 h"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "½ position"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "ICT manager (principal)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Make joint purchases, and ensure compliance with the service level "
+"agreement. Schedule updates, or development of solutions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1 h"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "¼ position"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Overall for a school</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">50 client machines (concurrent users)</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">6 - 10 h</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Overall for all schools</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">10 schools, 500 client machines (concurrent "
+"users)</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2 ¼ positions</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Experience shows that the scope of work of the ICT contact is affected by "
+"the number of concurrent users. The term \"concurrent users\" is new to "
+"many. To illustrate with an example: A school may have 250 students but not "
+"more than 50 computers. Then a maximum of 50 students can use computers at "
+"the same time. This is much less than the total 250 users who have an "
+"account on the system. It is these 50 logged in users that provide work for "
+"IT service. The other 200 people not logged in give little extra work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Therefore, it is common to calculate IT costs from the maximum number of "
+"concurrent users. Other calculation methods are also possible, for example "
+"when paying for proprietary software. But since Debian Edu has no license "
+"costs, the number of concurrent users is the most crucial figure for "
+"operating costs. To calculate costs from user accounts provides little or no "
+"meaning for a school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For users of Debian Edu the cost difference to manage 100 or 250 user "
+"accounts is very small. There are a few exceptions. With 250 students "
+"instead of 100, some students may repeatedly forget their password. "
+"Therefore, it is wise to authorise the teacher responsible for the class to "
+"give these students new passwords."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the school has 50 client machines, the ICT contact needs less time on "
+"their operational tasks than if the school has 150 clients. With more "
+"clients, the overall time spent on operations increases, but operating time "
+"per client machine goes down a bit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Several municipalities have set aside 3-4 hours a week to the ICT contacts "
+"tasks at each school with 30-70 client machines. The Education Department in "
+"Oslo has set aside a day and a half per week, or a 30% position, to support "
+"150 client machines. Experiences from other municipalities suggests that a "
+"20% position is enough for the tasks of a local ICT contact when a school "
+"has 160 thin or diskless clients with Debian Edu."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In addition there are costs associated with centralized operations, ICT "
+"management, and building up the educational use of ICT tools in school "
+"subjects. One position is probably sufficient for the operation of 1000 "
+"client machines. As regards educational support, several principals have a "
+"50-100% position in the school for this work. There may be a 10-20% position "
+"as an ICT contact and a 40-80% position as an educational support for the "
+"teachers. Many teachers perceive IT tools in schools as something new. Some "
+"principals wish to give more backing to the educational side by making "
+"teachers more confident in using IT tools across the different subjects."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Check list"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We now give a check-list of what's needed to get a new service office up and "
+"running."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Arrange people in different roles like IT manager, IT contact in each "
+"school, central operations and IT coordinator for all schools. It is "
+"important to distinguish technical operations and maintenance from teaching "
+"work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Establish the service desk such that every school has a service agreement "
+"regulating what is standard operating activities, and what is extra. It is "
+"imperative that ICT-responsible principals are a part of this process."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Establish a system for handling incoming requests (a request tracker). All "
+"enquiries by email need a case number. Almost all enquiries from users or IT "
+"contacts from schools also need a case number."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Ensure that ICT budget reflects the contribution necessary to ensure proper "
+"operation of school computer equipment and networks. The requirement today "
+"is that the ICT systems will be used for national and local tests with use "
+"of ICT tools with or without the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Basically use the standard edition of Debian Edu with the same version on "
+"all schools. From this make the changes you want. These changes must be "
+"taken care of in a configuration database with documentation of the changes "
+"made. Version management can be used to save the changes and documentation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Incident Management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The purpose of the ICT service is to prevent disturbances like shutdowns or "
+"software issues. Users will experience few problems with the ICT system if "
+"the ICT service has enough resources to handle operations, equipment and for "
+"enquiries to the Service Desk. Small or big problems will cause "
+"interruptions for users, so good handling of incidents is necessary."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In parachuting they call near-accidents \"incidents\". It is perhaps not "
+"quite the same in computer operations when something is not working. The "
+"purpose of dealing with incidents is to restore services as quickly as "
+"possible so that everything works normally. If something goes wrong, it must "
+"have the least possible impact on users. What is a \"normal service\" is "
+"agreed through an operating agreement describing the service level."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Statistics of incidents is important, especially if several people work "
+"within the organisation. When several people work together, it is easy to "
+"lose track of the work. Statistics will point out problem areas that must be "
+"addressed more thoroughly than a quick fix from the service desk. For "
+"example, there may be many requests to replace forgotten passwords, so it "
+"may be wise to let the teacher change passwords for pupils in their class."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "An operational disturbance is defined as:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"an event which is not part of normal operations and causes, or can cause, an "
+"interruption or reduction in the quality of the service."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Examples of operational disturbances may be:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Programs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "the office program (OpenOffice.org) does not start"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "the web browser (Firefox) crashes"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "the hard drive is full"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Hardware"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "the server is down"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "unable to print"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "unable to log in"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Requests"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "requests for information, advice or documentation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "forgotten password"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The examples show some of the most common operational issues. These are "
+"problems that prompt users to contact the school or the service desk. The "
+"ICT service must prioritize what must be handled straight away, and which "
+"problems need more time to resolve. To prioritize which problems need more "
+"comprehensive debugging, it is important to log all enquiries about "
+"malfunctions. Once one has an overview of the most common problems, "
+"appropriate actions can be taken."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We have made a short check list to ensure procedures and systems for good "
+"event handling are in place."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The operator doing the debugging will report the status back to the ICT "
+"contact at the school and/or the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The system for logging events must be available and working (both "
+"technically and functionally) for those working with event handling in "
+"schools and at the service desk."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The event logging system must be used for virtually all operational events."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Statistics of the log of events should be made periodically. The statistics "
+"can be used to identify and eliminate recurring problems, which are "
+"irritating to users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning and implementation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To set up a workable system for logging events requires something more than "
+"installing the system. Everyone in the operations department must use the "
+"system. Those reporting errors must also receive feedback by email with a "
+"ticket number. This requires significant efforts in configuring the system "
+"for event logging. In addition, one must ensure basic user training for "
+"those who receive the requests."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Large and comprehensive plans are not required to implement proper event "
+"handling. Event handling is a completely standard task for those who work at "
+"the service desk or as ICT contacts at the schools. Setting up a computer "
+"tool for logging events may require up to a few weeks for a correct "
+"configuration, and users may also report events via e-mail and by phone."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The user interface to the logging system is relatively self-explanatory, so "
+"it should not take too long to get started. Daily use of the system will get "
+"users comfortable with what should be logged. It is crucial that everyone in "
+"the operations department uses the logging system for operational messages."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Activities related to operational events"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To get an idea of activities done following a reported event, we use an "
+"example."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A user contacts the service office with a problem, and reports that printing "
+"is not working. Operations logs the event immediately after the call is "
+"completed. A case is opened for the issue, and automatically given a case "
+"number."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operations at the service desk make a quick analysis. Has the spooler "
+"stopped again, or is it something else? Is the paper or toner missing? The "
+"operator examines the spooler and sees that queue has filled up. She deletes "
+"the queue and tests whether the next job is printed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This time the print queue fills back up again. Operations contact the "
+"school's ICT contact asking to check whether the paper tray is empty. This "
+"is listed in the event log. The ICT contact replies that they have refilled "
+"the paper tray, and printing is normal. The case is closed, and is noted in "
+"the system event log."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If printing had not started again, the toner might have be missing or there "
+"might have been a printer error. If there was an error, operations would "
+"have to escalate the issue. This means that someone other than the operator "
+"or the ICT contact is needed to resolve the problem - in this example, a "
+"technician who can fix printers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This example shows the whole workflow that needs to be investigated to get a "
+"printer working again. If a printer does not work even after checking that "
+"paper and toner are available, the issue needs to be escalated. The "
+"operations department must call in an expert to fix the problem - this time "
+"it was a service technician for printers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"What was wrong and what the fix was are noted in the event logging system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Roles"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A variety of roles are involved when the ICT service deals with reported "
+"issues. In the example above, the school's ICT contact and the operator "
+"cooperate to solve the printing problem. Had the issue been more difficult, "
+"they would have had to call a technician. If the printer could not be fixed, "
+"a new one would have to be purchased. If the school needed to buy a new "
+"printer, the ICT managers might need to arrange payment. In many "
+"organisations, the principal has the last word."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In short, it is easy for many people to get involved when something does not "
+"work. If possible, problems should be solved on the spot, trying to avoid "
+"including unnecessary people. Escalating problems which could be solved "
+"locally quickly becomes costly. Many enquiries are easy to deal with there "
+"and then, but other requests involve more complex problems which involve "
+"more people. If additional or external help is needed to solve the problem, "
+"this must as a rule be clarified with the operations manager. The important "
+"thing is to be aware of these points when handling operating events, so as "
+"to use resources appropriately."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Key points"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We have sat up some key points for handling incidents. These points can be "
+"helpful in evaluating whether or not things are going well by using "
+"measurable and well-defined requirements. Such measurement points are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Total number of operational incidents."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Average time from receiving an inquiry to when the issue is resolved, "
+"classified with codes (a well organized operation department has codes for "
+"different types of events and errors)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Percentage of incidents handled within agreed response time (as agreed in "
+"the service level agreement)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Average cost for each event"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Percentage of incidents solved by the service desk without escalation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Events per client machine (workplace)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Number and percentage of incidents solved by the operations center without "
+"the need for visits to school"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Tools"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "A number of tools can make it easier to handle operational incidents."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Automatic logging"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Automatic routing of events to the right persons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Automatic retrieving of data from the database for configuration management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Phone and email are used in conjunction with tools for registering requests "
+"and incidents."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Problem Management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Problem management is an \"investigative\" process. Known bugs are most "
+"often handled directly by the service desk. This is the most common form of "
+"event handling. To investigate unknown errors requires both common sense and "
+"instinct. Good operating people use instinct to go straight to the problem, "
+"find the solution and restore service as quickly as possible so that "
+"everything works normally."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Problem management is;</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Problem management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Checking errors"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Proactive control to prevent problems"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Identify error patterns, using information from, for example, event "
+"management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Problem control</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Identify problems"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Classify problems"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Examine/research problems"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Error control</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Identify and register known errors"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Find temporary solutions if possible"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Contacting those with responsibility for Change Management to remove the "
+"error permanently"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Proactive control</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Identify and solve problems and errors before the incident is reported by "
+"users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use logs and information from event handling to see how problems may arise"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Procedures for problem management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Skolelinux / Debian Edu manual is a comprehensive collection of "
+"solutions for solving problems and configuring systems. Everything is on the "
+"Debian wiki pages. Solutions are maintained with the help of staff in "
+"schools, municipal ICT services, professional individuals and volunteers. "
+"See links to the English pages: <ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian.org/!"
+"DebianEdu/Documentation/Manuals\"/> . The pages are being translated to "
+"Norwegian bokmål. We are working to link the pages to bokmål too."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Wiki technology has proven to be a great success for maintaining "
+"catalogued information on the internet. It's easy to contribute to and all "
+"changes are logged. It is also possible to import OpenOffice.org documents, "
+"and export documents as PDF."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Configuration Management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The resources spent on IT systems in schools must be handled in a "
+"financially prudent manner in order to control the services used and the "
+"equipment / infrastructure. The equipment, software and services have a "
+"whole range of settings - this is configuration, or a logical model of how "
+"infrastructure and services are set up."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To manage configuration it must be identified, saved and maintained. One "
+"must also be able to keep track of different versions of the configurations. "
+"We call each part of a setup for a Configuration Item (CI). A configuration "
+"file may, for example, ensure that certain users have access to a few "
+"printers in the network. Another can make sure you get a buffer on diskless "
+"clients."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"An updated database for configuration management is essential to ensure "
+"rapid and controlled handling of operational issues, or changes in the "
+"layout of machines, programs or services."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It takes planning to set up a database for configuration management. One "
+"must decide in which areas to use the system, the objective, policies and "
+"processes for storage and maintenance of configurations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Identify and select a structure for configuration according to the important "
+"parts of the ICT infrastructure. Configuration owners, name tags "
+"(attributes), dependencies, and relations between configurations all need to "
+"be considered."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Only approved configurations are managed in the database through the "
+"lifetime of the system. Control over access to the configurations can be "
+"done with group permissions, and can be done through the process of Change "
+"Management."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Status logging - keeps track of the condition and status of the various "
+"subsystems. This applies throughout the lifetime of the service, software or "
+"hardware. There may be a configuration in production, disconnected or "
+"discontinued."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Checking and revision. Each configuration must be checked to confirm that "
+"the correct information is stored in the configuration database (CMDB). This "
+"is followed up with periodic reviews to ensure that the database is up to "
+"date."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As we see, there is a lot of planning needed in order to have configuration "
+"management in the IT system. The purpose of planning as part of IT "
+"operations is to ensure that systems are fixed quickly when they go down. "
+"With a good configuration management, it is easy to replace a defective "
+"machine with a new one. The configurations can be quickly transferred to the "
+"new computer and the IT system functions just as well as before."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Management of Configuration Items (CI)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A configuration item is a part of the infrastructure. It is normally the "
+"configuration of a service or a program. Some times users want to change how "
+"a service work. One need to keep track of the configurations if changes are "
+"made."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To get this down to earth we can imagine the configuration of the printer "
+"server. You want to add a new printer to the computer network and will add "
+"this to the printing system CUPS. When changing one configuration through a "
+"web application or via configuration in KDE. CUPS config file will change, "
+"and you must restart the printer server again. This can be done in KDE tools "
+"or through a web application. The modified setup file is copied to a "
+"directory where the file can be handled by a version system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Of many different choices there are a few common ones. This is if a service "
+"should: run, stop, terminate, start, be interrupted or taken out."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One should be cautious in changing configurations without a proper plan. It "
+"is easy to forget what you have done on a server or a PC. Therefore it is "
+"important to document the changes made in a change log."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning and installation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The configuration of the computer network is connected to the architecture. "
+"Much of the planning is done with Debian Edu. This is because it may take "
+"both 3 and 4 weeks to set up servers with corresponding service level with "
+"Windows server, RedHat or other GNU/Linux distributions. Debian Edu takes "
+"this with 1-2 hours. If you want a fixed IP address for the network a "
+"professional uses ½ hour extra on this. This is because web services are set "
+"up with reusable names."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"What then must be planned is which additional user program to use, and which "
+"subsystems should interact with Debian Edu. It may, for example. be that the "
+"school has an electronic whiteboard."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We have made a list of activities and solutions that are important in good "
+"configuration management."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Establish a version-controlled area for saving configurations for all "
+"servers and selected workstations and laptops. Git and SVN are often used "
+"for this. Remember to take daily backup of the area, and make sure to save "
+"all changes in configurations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use an electronic system for taking care of recipes explaining "
+"configurations of different type machines, the network and services. Such "
+"recipes contributes to others who help or take over operations can read up "
+"on what is done. A wiki can be suitable for this."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use one specific version of the operating system and software on all "
+"machines. This is to avoid maintaining many different versions of the "
+"software. Ensure that the software is well tested. Therefore, it may be wise "
+"to wait 6-12 months before adopting latest edition of a program."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Relations to other processes"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Management of configurations are closely connected with the handling of "
+"problems and if the systems are available. If printing stops to often, it "
+"may be that a configuration change solves the problem. It may, for example, "
+"be to establish a routine for deleting the print queue and restart the print "
+"service anew."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The aim of the changes you make in the configurations are usually to "
+"increase the availability of services or programs. It may also be to "
+"restrict access to certain programs or services to specific times. To "
+"achieve this, one must reconfigure the service. In addition, it may cost "
+"money beyond what was agreed on as service level or capacity of the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The examples show that the managing configurations engages a number of other "
+"areas. Therefore there is much to gain by putting in place good practices "
+"for managing changes in configurations. Also automation is advisable if you "
+"want greater stability, or access to certain services in specific periods."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Tools for configuration management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "As mentioned under Check list one may use"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Saving the configuration files in a version-control system, for example "
+"subversion."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Wiki for storing documentation of setup and wizards"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use a common directory for operational documentation on the internet, "
+"maintained by Skolelinux/Debian edu staff in the schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Change Management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Many ICT services are not clever in handling changes in ICT systems. Leading "
+"to many disgruntled users. Surveys in the public sector in Denmark show that "
+"operating costs go down when you have good control on the changes. "
+"Therefore, it pays to involve users with training and participation related "
+"to the changes made."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Change-messages is entirely dependent on proper processes. This applies "
+"regardless of whether the changes are small or big. Therefore it is "
+"important to have in place the right people when making changes, both to "
+"give training and to have people to answer questions. This becomes "
+"especially important when adopting new releases of software and services. "
+"This is independent of whether one uses free or proprietary software."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Change Management should ensure that all changes are made in a standardized "
+"and right manner. It is important to anchor the decision about amending at "
+"the appropriate level in the organisation, Standard changes can often be pre-"
+"approved when they are done a few times. But major changes will often "
+"involve a higher decision level between school management and operator."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The reason why the management should be included is that an upgrade will "
+"often require training of users. It may be upgrading to a new browser or a "
+"new version of office software. This can quickly lead to a half day training "
+"in what is new in a program. Such changes must be agreed with the "
+"management. The changes must also be done without the other parts of the "
+"system stops working."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Those with responsibility for approving changes receives a so-called change "
+"message or RFC (Request For Change). When you have a RFC you can assess "
+"whether the change should be performed. Many times you have to clarify with "
+"management if optional changes should be made, and if so, when it will "
+"happen."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"By changes one must also cooperate with the school's ICT responsible. One "
+"must ensure that changes occur when it fits with the schools plans. To "
+"implement significant changes without Change Management can lead to much "
+"dissatisfaction and additional inquiries to the Service Desk. This would "
+"provide significant extra work without this being planned. In addition, it "
+"may lead to a change that would soon be rolled back. You fast get twice as "
+"much work without ending anywhere else than back to start. Had one made the "
+"necessary approvals, may the change be done in a planned and straightforward "
+"manner."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Change Management is done to avoid more extra work than what's necessary. "
+"Making changes obviously requires more work, but you will get less extra "
+"work on the changes planned. One also avoids the need to roll back changes, "
+"because problems arise where users are unprepared for substantial changes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When you for example update the entire system to a new version, make sure "
+"that everyone is informed. One must look into whether those affected by the "
+"change need training. The right professionals must prepare it all, so there "
+"are no surprises."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"All responsibility must not land on the person responsible for managing "
+"versions of software, the release manager. Release handling is a process "
+"which preferably should work with changes that contains many minor changes. "
+"This usually happens when rolling out new systems and services, or the "
+"upgrading of the entire system to a new version."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Activities"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"See change message, or RFC (Request For Change) above, and check it also has "
+"got a unique number."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Prioritize and categorize the changes"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Remove not possible changes. This can be done by marking them as not "
+"possible."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Give feedback to the one giving the change message"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Make sure you have a Change Advisory Board, where the change is dealt with, "
+"discussed and evaluated. This consulting group can be selected ICT contacts "
+"and operations personnel with long experience."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coordinate changes with the Release Management which handle different "
+"versions of applications and services."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Look over and finish the changing message (RFC)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Remember to save modified configurations in the repository for configuration "
+"files."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Reports"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Even what may look like a small insignificant change message can have major "
+"consequences for if the change is implemented. We have examples of schools "
+"that have a stable Debian Edu network where all the programs work. A test "
+"version of a popular program crashing constantly, is installed, and Debian "
+"Edu get blamed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"An example is schools that have installed the test version of the latest "
+"OpenOffice.org before the program was finally finished. Several thought it "
+"could be fun and try out. The problem is that the test editions are usually "
+"released to find errors and instability in applications. They are not "
+"intended for production use"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In production, the general rule is that you don't install test versions of "
+"software. Most operators recommend using the next to latest version of a "
+"program intended for production. After 6-12 months are usually the worst "
+"errors picked out of a new main version of an application."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It means one often wait until summer before updating to a program that were "
+"reissued just before New Year. This fits well with the school year. The "
+"alternative may be instability and irritated users. Therefore the advisory "
+"group plays a key role when done small or large changes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Release Management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Release handling is management and planning activities preparing for wanted "
+"changes. The changes can be small or large, where large changes can consist "
+"of many smaller changes. Release management goes on before initiating the "
+"actual job of installing software and hardware into production."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"First the planning and testing of new releases are carried out. Then it all "
+"is rolled out it into production. Deployment is part of the infrastructure "
+"management. The procedure is to implement what is planned, tested and is "
+"ready within the systems for Configuration Management. Once everything is "
+"planned, tested and configurations are stored, then roll out the solution in "
+"production."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Usually, many service providers and suppliers are involved. This applies "
+"both to the acquisition of machines, the software used, and the recommended "
+"configurations. Good resource planning is crucial to package and distribute "
+"a new release in a good way for users. Cutting corners in this area can lead "
+"to equipment that doesn't work, or that goes unused because of deficiencies "
+"in the installation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Release Management takes a comprehensive approach by the change in a "
+"service, and ensure that all parts of a publication is seen in context. This "
+"applies to both technical and non-technical factors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Basic"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As you can see, for computers, software and network to work as planned, "
+"release-management is crucial. Proper handling of releases prevents "
+"disruptions. New releases or changes can be introduced while operations "
+"continue as normal, without interruption or reduction in quality."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Implementing changes or new releases can be compared to building a new road. "
+"Cars must still get past even if you build a new road on top of the old. "
+"Good signs must be in place. One must also have the necessary resources to "
+"rebuild the road. If you lack the resources to make changes, it's better to "
+"let it be."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Some might think that proper release management is boring as one doesn't get "
+"to implement the latest version every time something new is released. But "
+"often the operations department lacks the resources to handle a flood of "
+"complaints should an upgrade fail. High uptime requires established "
+"technology, as said by Linux expert David Elboth in the Linux Magazine "
+"(1/2004). He writes:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The more you demand of the system the more stringent are the requirements of "
+"the individual components. High requirements for uptime results also show "
+"that the choices you are left with are old technology. Only empirical data "
+"over time can say anything about downtime. We have all noticed how far "
+"behind are Red Hat and !SuSE with their server products."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To get few complaints, with a stable and reliable environment, requires "
+"solid release management. Alternatively, a bunch of complaints and "
+"dissatisfied users emerge, caused by installing insufficiently tested "
+"cutting-edge software. Amateurs have a tendency to underestimate the "
+"consequences of software upgrades. If something works fine on your home "
+"computer, it does not mean that this will work in a wide network with 500 "
+"client computers and 3200 users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Definitive Software Library (DSL)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A software archive in an operational context is a collection of original "
+"copies of the software in use. If you use Skolelinux 2.0, this is the "
+"software package. The phrase software archive is used differently in some "
+"other contexts, especially among programmers. When it comes to operations, "
+"we would be talking about the original software package of a particular "
+"version which is used for the installation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"By using free software, the software archive may be Skolelinux 2.0 plus the "
+"extra programs you have added from various sources. There may be certain "
+"versions of Macromedia Flash, Java and decoders which make it possible to "
+"run national tests in the browser, or to watch broadcasts from a national TV "
+"station."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you plan to upgrade to the next version of Debian Edu when released, this "
+"new version shall be the main program archive. The new archive shall also "
+"include appropriate versions of all additional applications beyond Debian "
+"Edu."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Set-up files customized or created locally by the operations department are "
+"not included in the main program archive. Configurations are saved "
+"separately in a version-control system or database."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Database for configurations and hardware"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As mentioned in the chapter on configuration management, you must create a "
+"database or a version-controlled directory to take care of set-up files. One "
+"should also keep track of all computers, what kinds of machines are in use, "
+"performance, and unique standard addresses on the network cards (MAC "
+"addresses)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are many reasons to have an overview of the equipment. One of the main "
+"reasons is to keep track of how many machines are in operation, how many are "
+"not in use and how many are being repaired. Another reason is planning for "
+"upgrades."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Build management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A variety of applications in addition to browser and office suite are "
+"installed in schools. Educational programs for learning, browser plug-ins, "
+"and programs for multimedia are needed. The systems also have network set-up "
+"and changed settings in specific programs. When you have many servers and "
+"perhaps thousands of clients, the need for effective tools for deployment, "
+"soon makes itself felt. Such tools are standard in Debian Edu."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Build management is about ensuring that you always install the required "
+"software packages, services and proper settings both of individual programs "
+"and for the network. Many people have heard about the so-called \"images\". "
+"One installs the operating system with all needed programs and configures "
+"the network. Then one uses an image program to make a copy of the hard disk. "
+"This \"disk image\" can then be copied to other computers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is not necessary to build such disk images. Debian Edu is based on Debian "
+"which has an excellent package management system. There is no need to "
+"compile applications, as ready-made packages can be installed directly from "
+"the Internet. It is enough to work out what changes you want to the default "
+"set-up of Debian Edu or the main program archive in use. Then you make one "
+"or more scripts to run on each machine that get everything installed and set "
+"up."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For most situations, scripting is an easy way to \"build\" and roll out "
+"programs and configurations. But there are situations where building disk "
+"images may be the solution, e.g. for installation on many laptops."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As demonstrated, handling the build process is about facilitating deployment "
+"on many computers. In exceptional cases, this may involve building a tailor-"
+"made Debian package. But in most situations, everything is ready-packaged. "
+"Then you must write and deploy a script which installs additional programs "
+"and certain settings. One can also create disk images if you have many "
+"similar machines, such as laptops for all students."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Testing"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is essential to test new applications, configurations, and new services "
+"before they are put into production. Several schools have experienced "
+"instability when they have installed software without making the necessary "
+"adjustments. Therefore it is crucial to test changes in configurations or "
+"new versions of the software before the change is made on all machines."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Testing generally takes place in three steps."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"First, do an installation of the changes on a test network. This is "
+"technical testing to check that everything functions in a system without "
+"users. Take care to include all changes in the configuration files."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"When you are sure that everything works on the technical side, try "
+"installing the solution in one school. It is very important to book the "
+"testing with the school's ICT contact. Users must also be fully briefed on "
+"changes made for the sake of testing. Take care to preserve current "
+"adjustments in the set-up files, which may have been made in the course of "
+"normal maintenance."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"When you are sure everything works, you can roll out the solution to all "
+"schools. It is easiest to create a script that simplifies upgrading of "
+"software packages, services and configurations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Fall-back solution"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Much can go wrong during a new installation or upgrade. Therefore, one must "
+"have ready a fall-back solution. This lets one quickly get back to the "
+"system as it was before the upgrade. In technical terms, this is called roll-"
+"back."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When rolling back it is absolutely essential to have the previous version of "
+"the software archive and configuration files ready. This means that you can "
+"install for example Edu 1.0 in under an hour, and put in place the "
+"appropriate configuration files."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"But roll-back takes time. Therefore, it may be prudent to have a server "
+"ready with the previous version of the software, the right configurations, "
+"and a recent copy of the users' home directories. This server can quickly "
+"replace any machines on which the upgrade does not work according to plan. "
+"Having server machines in reserve can ensure high availability even if "
+"something goes wrong."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Advantages and possible problems"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage of having records of the software in production can't be "
+"underestimated. Many rely on having the software on their respective CDs and "
+"DVDs. This a inefficient method of distribution. To save time and trouble "
+"all the software in Debian Edu is available online."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Your operations department can create a copy of the Debian Edu archive on a "
+"central server. From here, all the software can quickly and smoothly be "
+"installed on other machines. The advantage is that your ICT service has a "
+"constant overview of the versions of the software they have made available "
+"to schools. This also prevents the installation of software that has not "
+"been reviewed by the Change Management."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There may be considerable problems if you do not maintain the software "
+"archive and configurations. It might happen as well that one makes mistakes "
+"with a configuration or software package. Then this gets rolled out to all "
+"machines. In addition, some schools may install insufficiently tested "
+"software or use beta releases in production. So one must have good processes "
+"and have someone to take responsibility for maintenance of the program "
+"archive and configurations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It may seem like one needs a lot of extra things in place in order to "
+"install and maintain the services and programs that are in use. However, if "
+"you skip the tools that provide management of upgrades, you give yourself a "
+"lot of extra work. The ICT service must spend a lot of time on manual "
+"installation on each machine. The danger of making mistakes increases. When "
+"things do not work you get disgruntled users, and much time is spent fixing "
+"problems."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Many of those administrating big IT systems have inadequate plans for the "
+"upcoming changes. Some have no plans at all, but just upgrading the software "
+"to the latest releases. Changes made can be perceived as problematic for "
+"some users, because functions they are comfortable with could change "
+"location on the user interface. For operations it can go completely wrong. "
+"For example when they tried upgrading from older to newer version of Windows "
+"in the Arendal municipality, mostly everything stopped working. The IT "
+"department said they had several computer programs that were held together "
+"with \"wire and tape.\" It took half a year to clean it up."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The reason for planning before implementing changes is to avoid weeks or "
+"months of delay due to problems. The time used for planning is quickly "
+"regained because one avoids additional problems. There will always be people "
+"who say they have had no problems with ad hoc changes in the systems; but "
+"closer examination reveals that there are problems after such changes, they "
+"merely don't get communicated."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In our eyes, ad-hoc solutions are only a detour through changes, and only an "
+"emergency measure. An ad-hoc solution is like a temporary repair with \"wire "
+"and tape.\" One must in due course clean up such solutions to ensure stable "
+"operations without constant surprises. Skipping a planning phase leads to "
+"many more ad hoc solutions, and several operational problems when changes or "
+"upgrades are done. Therefore it is essential that professionals and "
+"management understand the value of a good planned process for changes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Therefore, we recommend that you convene a meeting for planning, and make a "
+"stepwise plan for changes in the system. A stepwise plan will naturally vary "
+"according to the change. Upgrading the OpenOffice.org suite is quite "
+"different from upgrading the whole system. When upgrading to a new office "
+"application, a 2-3 hour tour of the office suite may be enough for the "
+"teacher in each school. When upgrading the entire system one must both "
+"provide user training and test that the technical details work as intended."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The main point is that it is straightforward when it comes to planning and "
+"implementation. Studies show that those who plan properly and ensure that "
+"people have the right skills, have lower operating costs for the operations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is crucial to plan new releases. Most modifications of the system should "
+"be clarified with the management. The following list of activities is "
+"designed to support the upgrades in a planning and implementation phase."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Tasks</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Details</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Prioritization of the release:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Check if the necessary decisions are made before a change or upgrade would "
+"be deployed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Definitive Software Library"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Ensure that the appropriate software packages to be installed are in place "
+"in the definitive software library."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Configuration database"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Be sure to have in place all configuration files. This applies both to those "
+"who are in use, and the new ones supplied in systems to be changed or "
+"updated."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"All scripts and systems used to deploy or create disk images must be in "
+"place."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"First, run trials on the test equipment. When this works without any "
+"problems, it can be tested at a school. The school must be fully informed "
+"about this, and fully aware about trying out new software. When one is sure "
+"that everything works, you can upgrade for all the others."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Even with extensive testing, new releases may go wrong. Therefore it is "
+"essential to have a fallback. The easiest solution is to spare the old "
+"installation with its data on a separate server machine. Such a machine can "
+"be plugged in again if the change or upgrade does not work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As seen from the activity list, one needs several tools to keep track of "
+"different releases of software, services and hardware in the system. Some of "
+"these tools were mentioned previously. But we repeat this anyway:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Debian tools for the definitive software library"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Configuration and hardware asset database (subversion setup files and "
+"spreadsheets providing an overview over all hardware and their respective "
+"physical locations)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Build management (the system which builds Debian packages)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Hardware for testing and backup-solution"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Release management fits directly into the core of the ICT services. It is "
+"about implementing appropriate security updates, changes in the services or "
+"upgrades of computer software. Requests for new releases may be due to "
+"operational problems or wishes for new software. An assessment on whether "
+"the change is necessary is done prior to committing the new release."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the change is straightforward one would make the necessary changes in the "
+"configurations and make the application packages ready for deployment. This "
+"would be tested, and one would have in place backup solutions. When the "
+"changes are made, one should perhaps alter parts of the operational "
+"routines. It would be easy to see how change management affects all parts of "
+"the operational support."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Tools for operational support"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The first thing you should ask yourself: \"Do we really need software tools?"
+"\" If that's true, it is crucial to examine the options thoroughly."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Taking a glossy brochure, and listening to sales talks, one is totally "
+"dependent on such tools. But good people, good process descriptions, good "
+"procedures and job descriptions are a basis for good service management. The "
+"need for, and how complicated the tools are, depend on the organsation's "
+"need for computer systems, and the size of the organisation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In a small organisation, will a single freely accessible database be enough "
+"for logging and management of events (request tracker). But in larger "
+"organisations will one almost certainly need a sophisticated distributed and "
+"integrated tools for service management. It means linking all processes to a "
+"system for event handling."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Although tools can be important, they are not important in themselves. It's "
+"the tasks and processes to be done, and the information needed which are "
+"important. They will provide the necessary information to specify which "
+"tools are best suited to support the operations. Here are some reasons why "
+"one may use software for operational and service management:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "increased demands from users"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "lack of ICT knowledge"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "budget limitations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "organisations is entirely dependent on the quality of service"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "integration of systems from multiple vendors"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "increased complexity of ICT infrastructure"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "emergence of international standards"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Extended scope and changes in ICT"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Automatic tools allow:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Centralisation of key functions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Automation of functions in the service delivery"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Analysis of data"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Identification of trends"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Preventive measures may be implemented"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Type of tool"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In this chapter we have proposed a number of tools to improve operational "
+"support. Here follows a summary of the tools:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Request Tracker"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "System for monitoring (Munin)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As the operations department gains further experience with systematic "
+"routines, additional and different types of tools will be developed or "
+"acquired."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Evaluation criteria when selecting tools"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Although it's been used large amounts of money on creating evaluation "
+"criteria for software, the result is only experience-based guidelines. There "
+"is no final answer to what's good or less good software. As much else, it "
+"revolves partly about taste. Different solutions do the same job just as "
+"well, but may have quite different forms. However, here may some rules of "
+"thumb be useful."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The main evaluation criterion is whether one needs to execute a job at all. "
+"Many IT tools are absolutely perfect and work without error, but might solve "
+"tasks that are not needed to be fixed. So the main criterion is whether it "
+"resolves the right problem, and if at all it is necessary to do anything."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "So the first thing one asks is whether the tool is needed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If it turns out that one should complete a task, the solution might be as "
+"simple as to run some commands manually. The simplest way is best. But when "
+"one gets many machines to operate, automation becomes crucial. It's too much "
+"work to log into 20 similar server machines to do a security upgrade. Then "
+"automation is the thing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "So here one must ask whether the tool is useful to solve the task"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Then one must ask whether the tool is usable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are often a wide range of programs and procedures to solve a specific "
+"task. But some problems are solved completely differently when maintaining "
+"500 computers and 11 servers, than when fixing your home PC. An example "
+"might be tools that allow the teacher to see the desktop of each student on "
+"his or her client machine. The teacher can stop and start programs for all "
+"pupils, and prevent individual pupils from using for example IMs when this "
+"interferes with school work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Regarding the choice of operating tools, it's about automation and "
+"simplification of operational tasks. It is about making and reducing manual "
+"work to a minimum. So the motivation is to just to maintain the automatics. "
+"Also here it is possible to make things easy, which can be a considerable "
+"job to fulfill."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As you can see, it is not easy to set up good criteria for the selection of "
+"operating tool for large installations. Mainly this is because software "
+"developers often lack experience in the operations of IT systems. They are "
+"known only to create new things, but to create good and relevant tools for "
+"operations, requires many years of experience."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Some general operational tools have not been replaced the last 20 years. But "
+"the products used may have been replaced. Also some software may, in a few "
+"years time, be irrelevant to use. Therefore, one must be ready to get some "
+"training in new editions of the applications used for operations, and in "
+"upgrades and changes in end user software."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Product training"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Thorough user training makes that a lot of support issues can be resolved "
+"informally in direct communication between the end users themselves. Often, "
+"training costs as little as 1% of the total operating costs. It is well "
+"worth spending a little more on training. The effect is very positive. The "
+"same applies to proper training of the ICT contacts at schools, and the "
+"operators. Training of ICT contacts to use simple systems for password "
+"change, error messages, etc.. will provide better quality of calls to the IT "
+"service."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Education and product training are in Norway regulated according to the "
+"Labour Act (§ 4-2)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Employees and their union representatives will be kept informed of systems "
+"used in the planning and implementation phases. They should be given the "
+"necessary training to familiarize themselves with these systems, and they "
+"shall take part in designing them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"So in short terms it can be advantageous to increase efforts in training, "
+"which will improve ICT service quality and provide a significant cost "
+"reduction. This is because users and IT contacts become more confident and "
+"better in helping each other. It should also be noted that the transition to "
+"new software can also provide an opportunity to simplify some of the "
+"operating practices. Simplification can reduce the requirement for product "
+"training."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning at the start of the implementation of service support"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A growing number of organisations sees the necessity of service control. It "
+"is often a usual practice to base decisions on historical and political "
+"considerations, rather than the current organisation's needs. Therefore it "
+"is important to ensure that the management commits to participating in and "
+"understanding the working methods in the organisation, and go through the "
+"existing processes and compare those with the organization's needs and "
+"\"best practices\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Implementing service support"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Health check"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Feasibility study"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "< FIXME>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Determine current situation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "General guidelines for project planning"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Business case for the project"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Critical success factors and possible problems"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Project costs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Organisation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Product"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Communication plan"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Project review and reporting"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Progress"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Evaluation of the project"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Supplementary work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Reviewing to check the compliance with the quality parameters"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Reviewing in regards to key factors"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Service Delivery"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The main purpose of service delivery is to ensure proactive operations and "
+"that the ICT services deliver appropriate support for users. The purpose of "
+"service delivery is to focus on your organisation's needs. It is active "
+"learning, with use of ICT tools in the different subjects, the school needs. "
+"This chapter describes in order:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Service level management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Economy management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Capacity management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Capacity planning"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Access control"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Operational continuity"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Service Level Management is often shortened to the acronym SLA. Managing the "
+"the service level is about the quality of the operational services, measured "
+"in relation to what is agreed in a contract. There are definitely concrete "
+"figures for availability, response times, support, error correction etc."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The objective is to have control over the service level and improve the "
+"quality of the operational services. By repeating rounds the quality level "
+"is determined, monitored and reported. The purpose is to improve the contact "
+"between ICT administrators and users, to get an ICT service, to the agreed "
+"quality, delivered."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is important to understand the different types of SLAs. One can choose "
+"from many types of agreements. The three most common types are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Agreement per service for all customers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Agreement per customer for all services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Agreement per service per customer"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"All SLAs are to be administerated, reported and maintained. It can quickly "
+"become confusing and produce much work that does not provide a particular "
+"benefit. The purpose is to get an agreement that helps to improve the "
+"quality of service. Therefore it is useful to think carefully about that, "
+"when the agreement is made. Here is an overview of what is important to make "
+"sure about when you create an agreement for the service level management."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "General checklist"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The agreement between the user and the operations of what's actually being "
+"measured. This must be seen from the users' perspective and not the ICT "
+"services perspective."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Measurement and clarity about the metrics included in the SLA"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Decide realistic targets for the service level (there is no point in "
+"promising more than one can keep)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Continuous focus on the control of the service - monitoring and periodic "
+"reporting of results achieved"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is essential that the operations center has the technical capability to "
+"measure the values included in the SLA. This must be taken into account from "
+"the beginning."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Furthermore, it is important to define the services where one is dependent "
+"on subcontractors and therefore can't provide service guarantees, or relies "
+"on a similar agreement with the subcontractor. The definition of "
+"dependencies is made because it should be clear who should rectify the "
+"problems, and to avoid never ending negotiations until the error could be "
+"corrected."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Level of service may be different for different user groups, or during "
+"different periods of the school year. For example, there may be differences "
+"between teachers and students, or a higher service quality when carrying out "
+"exams. Dialogue with all relevant users is important to ensure measuring of "
+"what's most important for each user group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Implementation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A service catalogue with all services included in the SLA must be prepared. "
+"A service will often be an application (program) in this directory. It will "
+"often be different requirements for different services, and it will be "
+"reflected in different objectives in the agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Establishing and continually adjusting the users' expectations can't be "
+"overestimated. Often users have exaggerated expectations to the system and "
+"the services included. ICT services' responsibility is to adjust "
+"expectations down to realistic levels before the service-level agreement "
+"(SLA) is signed. Operations management must also ensure that all users "
+"actually are notified and know about the expected service level through the "
+"agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For the structure of the SLA, see <link linkend=\"Delivery--Delivery--"
+"content-service-level-agreement\">section in the service level agreement</"
+"link>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "The operational situation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Monitoring of the actually achieved service levels, and reporting back to "
+"the customer, are essential to preserve a good relationship between the "
+"Service Desk and the users. Format and levels of detail for reporting, "
+"should be dealt with in the SLA."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It must be held periodic, for example quarterly or semiannually, meetings "
+"with the client. These meetings should result in concrete plans for the next "
+"period and, possibly, agreements for the implementation of new services."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Content of the Service Level Agreement (SLA)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Introduction"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Name and contact information for the Contracting Parties, description of the "
+"services included, duration of the agreement, responsibilities between the "
+"customer and the supplier."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Service time"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"During which time period would the agreement be valid (like from Monday to "
+"Friday, from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.), any special requirements at defined "
+"dates and times (for example exams) and routines to order an expansion of "
+"the service time limits."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Availability"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Access to the services. Is best measured as the period of time when one or "
+"more services have been unavailable, for example a calendar month. Different "
+"levels for different services may be agreed, for example depending on the "
+"degree of importance for users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Important to emphasise that this is availability within the agreed period of "
+"service, not the overall availability all day, all week and all year round "
+"(called 24/7/365). For example, it may be agreed that the system should be "
+"available between 8:00 and 18:00 on workdays, after that and on weekends it "
+"is more uncertain whether one can use the computer system, unless otherwise "
+"agreed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Availability also means getting support via phone or email. For example, "
+"whether the Service Desk can be reached between 08 and 16 during the day "
+"time, or if it can be reached the whole day, or in the afternoons and "
+"evenings, or even during specific weekends."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Stability"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Is often measured according to the amount of downtime in a period of time, "
+"or the average time between downtimes. One can also measure the time it "
+"takes the system to come up again after downtime."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Support"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Often measured as response times by phone (for example 1 minute) or email "
+"(for example 30 minutes) to requests from users. When the operator gets a "
+"request for support, the message will be categorized by severity with a time "
+"guarantee for answers. There may also be an agreement about how quickly "
+"error correction will start, which will depend on what kind of inquiry was "
+"received."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The support is also about when during the day or night one can reach people. "
+"Should support be available during school hours between 08 and 16 o'clock, "
+"or should one also have support throughout the evening or on weekends. Some "
+"will have support also on certain holidays."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The period when support is available is usually in the SLA. It is also "
+"agreed what support will be available, with a fixed price, and what must be "
+"resolved additionally on an assignment basis. The agreement regulates the "
+"process of handling enquiries, both what to fix, and when this will happen."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Capacity"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Can be measured as the average response time by certain operations in "
+"specific applications. Will measure user experience of the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Change management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Measurement for the management, approval and implementation times of change "
+"requests from the users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Security"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Can be measured as the number of ascertained security incidents in a period. "
+"It is very important to be clear on each user's responsibility to ensure "
+"that warranties will apply."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Billing"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Prices, times for billing and settlement provisions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Reporting and follow-up"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Description of rules and periods for reporting of measured service levels. "
+"Regular meetings are recommended, for example quarterly, to go through the "
+"report and plan ahead."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Sanctions and possible incentives"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Rules for price reduction if the agreed service is not met. Escalation "
+"procedures and rules for cancellation of agreement by continuous violations "
+"of guaranteed service level. Possible incentives for achievement or better "
+"than expected service."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "See Appendix A for SLA."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Financial Management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Organisations rarely have a full overview of their ICT spending. A 2001-"
+"survey of Norwegian municipalities showed that only 1 of 8 municipalities "
+"had an ICT budget. It is probably not better for schools. Putting in place "
+"an ICT budget is important. Often users think they pay too much for a "
+"service they are not happy with. This often creates conflicts between users "
+"and the ICT department."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is very useful for both the operations center and the users to document "
+"the real ICT costs. Without this, it is difficult to budget appropriately. "
+"And mostly, it is difficult to make a cost/benefit assessment of existing "
+"ICT solutions. The rector should know the ICT budget as well as she would "
+"know the salary budget, or the budget for the teaching aids."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are three major key processes related to financial management of ICT "
+"services:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Budgeting"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Accounting"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The objective of the budget is to make a realistic estimate of the expected "
+"ICT costs. Budgeting usually contains various alternative solutions. It "
+"applies both to equipment and software, and the level you aspire to. The "
+"budget is the starting point for subsequent budget negotiations with the "
+"director of education and/or politicians."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Budget must include both personnel and equipment costs. Some organisations "
+"only count the cost to buy equipment, omitting as much as 60 - 70 % in "
+"personnel costs for the operation of an ICT-solution. One must also get all "
+"of the equipment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are examples of municipalities forgetting to count the cost of power "
+"connectors and computer networks in schools. Then you have forgotten about "
+"2000 NOK (10 NOK = 0.85 GBP/1.18 EUR) per client machine. For 70 new "
+"computers, we need about 140,000 NOK for computer networks and power."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Alternative solutions are also important to include in the budget. This "
+"applies both for the operation and the equipment. Today there are several "
+"vendors who specialize in the operation of computer equipment in schools "
+"with varying prices and quality. The number of simultaneous users, and type "
+"of machines and software to be maintained, is important."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If one would like to have laptops for all teachers and students one will "
+"easily get 5-6 times higher costs than if one had desktops with three "
+"students for each client machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Accounting will mainly consist of invoices for purchased equipment, cabling, "
+"repair, operations and extra services. When the accounting period is over, "
+"it is important to go through the numbers and compare this with the budget."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning the accounting and billing"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Not all municipalities have accounting systems that show ICT costs detailed "
+"by school. There may be practical reasons for that, such as discounts and "
+"similar that the municipality gets centrally. Therefore it is important to "
+"do some planning so that you get an overview of what were the costs for "
+"operations and procurement when the accounting is assessed against the "
+"budget."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Some organisations may have cumbersome and costly accounting procedures. You "
+"quickly get extra charges if you pay bills late, or there are many who must "
+"approve a payment, for instance. So it is important to agree on good billing "
+"practices in procurement and operations in order to have control, as well as "
+"to handle payments on time without long decision processes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The payment method is regulated by the SLA. When it gets to the accounting "
+"system, one must agree with the finance department for a convenient way to "
+"get out the reports, in order to get the necessary accounting overview of "
+"ICT costs without it taking a long time to be generated."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Daily operation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Regarding contracts one will usually have a fixed monthly billing consisting "
+"of a fixed amount and possible additional services. Billing is done from the "
+"accounting office based on the current operations' contracts, and the extra "
+"services performed. It is important to have good and frequent contact with "
+"the accounting service based on the tasks carried out for the customer."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Capacity Management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Capacity planning is used to ensure that all parts of the ICT solution have "
+"sufficient capacity to safeguard users' requirements. This includes:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Monitoring the performance of ICT services and their related infrastructure"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Configuration of the systems to ensure they are optimally utilised to what "
+"the users actually do"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Understanding the user needs and planning for possible changes in the "
+"systems to take care of future needs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Resource planning in cooperation with the budget officer"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Preparation of a capacity plan to ensure delivery of operations in "
+"accordance with the agreed upon service level"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Capacity planning is all about balance:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Costs against capacity. The budget limits what kind of possible solutions "
+"one can implement"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Supply and demand. The systems must have the capacity to handle the demands "
+"set by the users"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "The objective of capacity planning is to avoid surprises."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Monitoring"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is essential for good capacity planning that the systems are continuously "
+"monitored to obtain the necessary data."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Typical data that is monitored is:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Processor utilization"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Memory utilization"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "CPU usage per task"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Response time per task for users"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Printer management - the number of prints, queue length, time for print outs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Storage capacity"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Number of clients"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Number of logins"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Number of simultaneous users"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "In Debian Edu, Nagios is used as a monitoring tool."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Analysis"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"On the basis of data collected from monitoring routines, one tries to "
+"identify any bottlenecks in the systems. Examples:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Poor or varying utilization of the hardware"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Poorly designed software"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Poor utilization of memory capacity"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Bottlenecks on data storage, memory or processor"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Bottlenecks in the network"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Configuration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the data analysis uncovers bottlenecks, one needs to try to set up the "
+"system in a way that better caters for the users' needs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here is a list of commonly encountered bottlenecks and what to do to get rid "
+"of them:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Bottlenecks</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Actions</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Missing sound, USB stick support and DVD on thin clients."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. RAW HTML: >
+#. RAW HTML: >
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Install diskless workstations (> 800 MHz processor, > 256 MB RAM)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Has 60 thin clients connected to the server and wants more PCs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Go for diskless clients, or install another thin client server"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Thin clients run slowly after we expanded with 20 pieces without acquiring a "
+"new server machine"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Install 2GB more memory on the server machine"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Thin clients with 32MB memory do not start after upgrading to Skolelinux 2.0"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Turn on swapping on the thin clients, or downgrade to LTSP 4.2 which is set "
+"up with swap."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Flash animations make the thin clients slow when 50 students are logged into "
+"the same server machine"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Install diskless clients"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Implementation of possible changes to the system configuration must be done "
+"in accordance with the guidelines set for changes of the system. A well-"
+"planned function and performance test must also be done before changes can "
+"be made in the production system. Testing is done to avoid operational "
+"disturbances when changes are set into production."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Preparing the capacity plan"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A capacity plan is basically an investment plan for the ICT system based on "
+"knowledge of the users' current needs and future plans."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The capacity plan should be updated and processed once a year, normally in "
+"conjunction with the budget process. The plan should include the following "
+"themes:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Preconditions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Summary"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Current and future user needs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Service summary"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Resource summary"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Areas for improvement"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Cost model"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Recommendation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Availability management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Good and stable availability of ICT services is obviously crucial for users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Availability, seen from the user perspective, depends on the following "
+"assumptions:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Availability of technical components"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Failure tolerance"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Quality of maintenance and support"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Procedures and routines for processing operational services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Security, integrity and availability of data"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Availability can be measured in several ways. But before we show examples "
+"we'll point out what may be difficult targeting figures. If we should make "
+"systematic efforts to availability, we have to clarify what the different "
+"things mean. What means for example a percentage of availability."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Let's say a \"computer with computer program\" is a service. If the computer "
+"program does not work one day, then the service is unavailable if all the "
+"other programs work fine. What if the computer program is unavailable for a "
+"classroom, but available for the rest of the school (because of an "
+"underlying service). This is a difficult matter to clarify and work on in "
+"practice."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Availability measurements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Availability can be measured using several methods. Here are some examples:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Value</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Meaning</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "% available"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"The value can be availability between hours 08:00 and 18:00. If the system "
+"is down 1 hour during one day, than the system is available in 90% of the "
+"agreed upon time. If availability is measured over a month with 20 work "
+"days, then the system is available 95% of the time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "% unavailable"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Is the system down one hour during an agreed uptime, for example 10 hours a "
+"day, the system is unavailable in 10% of the time. Measured over 20 days, we "
+"may assume the system has been unavailable for 5% of the time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Downtime"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"One can agree on the number of times one accepts the system to be "
+"unavailable during, for example, one month (20 days). It can be a maximum of "
+"one hour unavailability in that period, and between 08:00 until 18:00."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Error frequency"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Even error frequency can be measured per day or for each month. 3 errors in "
+"the month because the system was down between 08:00 and 18:00, is an example."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Error consequences"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Measured values are a common starting point for judging how to respond to an "
+"error beyond ordinary error correction. The customer or the school for "
+"example, may ask to pay less for the operating agreement for the current "
+"month."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The most important is that your measurements describe the user experience in "
+"the best possible way. Therefore, one should measure what is important for "
+"the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The feedback from the schools is that printers give most problems. This "
+"includes everything from the print queue has stopped, to missing paper or "
+"toner. Some have also experienced some instability with the browser, and "
+"that OpenOffice.org suite is hanging. It may happen when your broadband "
+"connection is unstable and you have links in documents going to the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Infrastructure"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To have a stable computing environment, one is dependent on a good enough "
+"technical quality of the network. Several schools have experienced "
+"instability because the physical computer network is provisional and of poor "
+"quality."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Today many invest in wireless networks. Doing so, one must also be aware of "
+"wireless networks having significant weaknesses. Wireless networks have "
+"limited capacity. It can be quite choppy when about 30 students are to see a "
+"film from the Internet simultaneously. Wireless networks also have shadows. "
+"Meaning areas may not get coverage, which allows some to end up in blind "
+"zones. This would provide poor or no net connection at all."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Availability requirements for the maintenance company and ICT service "
+"providers should specify good quality of network services to schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "«Single points of failure»"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Some parts of the system simply must work. Failures in a firewall, for "
+"example, may compromise security or (if you're lucky) shut down the whole "
+"network. This last can also result from problems with the DHCP (Dynamic Host "
+"Configuration Protocol) system for sharing out addresses."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The operating department has a responsibility to know which parts may stop "
+"the entire system. It is important to find these points, and remove the "
+"errors one by one, to the extent you can afford. If one can't afford to "
+"remove these sources of errors, one must live with the risk of the entire "
+"computer network suddenly grinding to a halt."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Sources of errors making everything stop, may also be logical rather than "
+"physical. This is especially true for computer networks and databases. So it "
+"is important to have a broader perspective when it comes to such errors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Risk management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One must consider what risks one accepts in the network. Is it acceptable "
+"that users lose personal files and data, when a hard drive fails? How "
+"quickly should one replace broken equipment? Some schools have spent several "
+"days getting a server up and running again after a virus attack. The "
+"municipality may have no resources to allocate to fix errors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Much of the operations work goes on to maintain the agreed service level. "
+"It's about avoiding and losing confidence and user satisfaction. Risk "
+"management is about having in place the appropriate resources to keep the "
+"entire computer system on the air, and have resources ready if something "
+"should go wrong, and needs to be fixed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is a big difference to install equipment and software on a single PC and "
+"to do it on hundreds, even thousands of computers. With the responsibility "
+"for hundreds of machines, a small error that one can live with on a PC, "
+"means much instability and discontent if it affects hundreds of users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To avoid making mistakes during installation and to contribute to stability, "
+"it is essential to test the equipment and software to be used. It's about "
+"following up the expected quality. If you want stable operations one must "
+"often choose next to the last edition of equipment and software."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One should avoid adopting software with a version number ending with a zero. "
+"For example you should avoid OpenOffice.org 4.0. One should adopt the office "
+"program when version 4.0.2 has arrived or later. Then the program has been "
+"fixed for several errors. The same applies to hardware."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Server machines have usually a slightly older version of processors, and "
+"more robust memory, and hard drives. This is because many people use this "
+"hardware simultaneously. A small error that would not mean anything for one "
+"user, can provide downtime if 30 users are logged into the machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"So testing is about to use proven equipment and editions of software running "
+"well a half or a year. Testing is also about trying out the different parts "
+"in a smaller but realistic context, to ensure that everything works. "
+"Adopting the latest version, or even beta versions of software or completely "
+"latest hardware usually lead to much trouble and extra work with "
+"maintenance. Setting systems in production without a small test in realistic "
+"environments usually lead to significant firefighting and dissatisfied users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When testing in a smaller scale on equipment in production, it is essential "
+"to coordinate that with those affected. In addition, one must choose when to "
+"test. One should not test new things, for example, under ongoing exams, with "
+"the use of ICT tools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Design improvements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is often worth an operations department's while to enhance systems that "
+"produce many operational messages. If users get much spam, then it might be "
+"wise to install spam-filters. There might be a lot of extra work with "
+"students who constantly forget their passwords, if teachers have to get "
+"central sysadmin staff to help them out. To avoid extra emailing and double "
+"work, the teacher can be authorised to give the student a new password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"These are two examples of design improvements that simplified maintenance "
+"and made users happier. A well-run maintenance team has a prioritised list "
+"of such improvements. Prioritising these, as a rule, is based on how often "
+"relevant issues show up in the service office's message log and estimates of "
+"how much work each improvement shall involve."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning for availability"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It means having realistic expectations to the ICT service based on what "
+"operations costs. Plan for what's the expected accessibility. For example, "
+"when schools require one should be up and running in less than 1 hour after "
+"the server crashes, one must have a standing pre-installed machine in "
+"reserve, to be inserted as a replacement for the faulty machine. What should "
+"be done during one hour is to copy your backup files to the backup machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For when a diskless or thin client fails, the school should have a small "
+"store of machines and monitors prepared. The school ICT contact can fetch "
+"and install a replacement machine. This can be done easily without waiting "
+"days for an equipment order to be filled."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning for recovery"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As for equipment standing ready to replace any that develop defects, users "
+"also expect to be able to retrieve lost files and data. Therefore it is "
+"crucial to back up user data regularly and keep a copy of the configuration "
+"files. One must also have architectural diagrams, and descriptions of "
+"systems, to enable ICT staff to quickly set systems up when something goes "
+"wrong."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is crucial to schedule backup of user data and settings. One must plan "
+"ahead in order to have proper equipment and appropriate services. Routines "
+"must be planned to be followed when certain error situations occur and "
+"systems must be restored."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Service Continuity"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operating continuity or continuity management is often the most costly part "
+"of the work. High demands to operational continuity will require huge "
+"investments, which must be agreed upon whilst making the SLA. For example it "
+"can be agreed that there is no disaster plan for certain services. If you "
+"have a disaster plan the value is very low if not tested once in a while. "
+"Usually this is expensive. There are examples where customers and management "
+"have blocked the engine room and turned off power to test readiness of the "
+"IT department."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operating continuity may be more needed in certain periods like under the "
+"examination periods. Then extra requirements can be needed in order to have "
+"equipments with backup ready in case of a hard disk failure on the server. "
+"But even this will require considerable additional work for the operational "
+"staff."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"An IT coordinator told us that it might be just as well to postpone the exam "
+"one day, if something went wrong with the computer system. This costs a lot "
+"less than having a double number of servers at each school. There are "
+"examples of schools having had water leakage. Then it is usual to defer "
+"examination a day or two to repair the damage . One might think the same way "
+"when it comes to school data solutions. If you have a backup of home "
+"directories for pupils and teachers, you have time to consider without "
+"doubling the systems at each school. Then it is sufficient with one or two "
+"servers in reserve located at the municipality building, which quickly can "
+"be moved and connected at the school if something goes wrong."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "ICT Infrastructure Management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This part of the operational documentation is to a greater extent about "
+"technology. The other chapters about service support and service delivery, "
+"are about work processes and procedures. Infrastructure management, are "
+"about planning, design, deployment, and ongoing maintenance of ICT systems. "
+"The purpose is to provide ICT solutions adapted to the organisation's needs, "
+"which can be operated over time to a cost one can afford."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Good planning, administration, and management are the key to ensure a well-"
+"developed ICT service, and that the service can be adapted to changing "
+"organisational needs over time. It is about using resources well and having "
+"skills and competences required to offer a good ICT service."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Even with a well-developed infrastructure, one must expect 60-70% of the "
+"cost to go on operations, i.e. service support and service delivery. "
+"Likewise, infrastructure constitutes around 20-30% of the total costs, and "
+"one must take this part just as seriously as operations. The infrastructure "
+"chosen also has a major impact on what operations will cost and what the "
+"systems can deliver."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Most people associate infrastructure with roads, water and sewage, and power "
+"supply. Building a house requires infrastructure in place if we are to have "
+"a certain housing standard. In the computer world infrastructure is often "
+"associated with the data network. This was in the 1980s. Over the next two "
+"decades infrastructure extended to networks, computers, software and "
+"maintenance. So in this part of the documentation is all network, hardware "
+"and significant portions of the software part of the infrastructure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Even here we focus on practical planning and implementation. We have "
+"gathered concrete planning data from different municipalities with good ICT "
+"plans by budgetting and procurement. We went through design and planning, "
+"deployment process, operations process and support. It is important to keep "
+"in mind the difference in operational terms of what Service Desk does with, "
+"for example. support, and the support operations does for example with "
+"network cables to the school. It is basically four processes that recur at "
+"infrastructure management:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<ol style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\"> <li><p>Design and "
+"planning process</p> <p>Development and maintenance of ICT "
+"strategies and processes for deployment and implementation of appropriate "
+"solutions in the ICT infrastructure of the organisation.</p></"
+"li> <li><p>Deployment process</p> <p>Concerns "
+"implementation and deployment of activities and / or ICT solutions designed "
+"and planned with a minimum of disruption to the organisation</p></"
+"li> <li><p>Operating process</p> <p>All "
+"activities and initiatives to deliver and/or maintain the desired use of ICT "
+"infrastructure.</p></li> <li><p>Technical support "
+"process</p> <p>The development of knowledge for evaluation, "
+"support and quality assurance of all current and future infrastructure "
+"solutions.</p></li></ol>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Design and planning"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Design and planning is about providing pervasive strategic guidelines for "
+"the development and installation of an ICT infrastructure to the "
+"institution's needs. It applies not only to infrastructure networks, "
+"computers, and applications. Also basic processes must be in place to get "
+"the technology to work. It applies to both Service Desk and processes for "
+"service management."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Avoiding scheduling, or cutting corners, is very risky. Therefore it is "
+"often wise to spend a little more time and effort on planning, which will "
+"reduce risk and provide significant benefits during implementation. Most "
+"projects that get stranded do so for lack of planning. Putting in place an "
+"ITIL process in an organisation depends entirely on preparation and "
+"planning, along with effective use of people, processes, and products (tools "
+"and technology)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is very important to communicate with and talk to every part of the "
+"organisation while planning ITIL. In Norway this is regulated by the labour "
+"act §4-2:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Employees and their representatives should be kept informed of "
+"systems used in the planning and execution of the work. They should be given "
+"the necessary training to be familiar with these systems, and take part in "
+"designing them.</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The objective is to deliver the right ICT solutions for your organisation. "
+"These must be easy to maintain and adapted to the school's needs. The "
+"solution must be reasonable over a long time, also when the systems expand. "
+"During a design and planning process should one relate generally to a "
+"steering group and a reference group. A good project ensures to have skilled "
+"people in the steering group and people who contribute to the reference "
+"group. A good planner is clever to use those groups and other employees to "
+"bring up the good solutions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We created a check list over activities and deliveries in an infrastructure "
+"project."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Feedback"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Plan for the schools, both curricula and activity plans"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Existing ICT strategies"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "What's expected of operational services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Current ICT systems and operations management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Processes"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "go through all the suggestions and documents"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "look at others performing design- and planning activities"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "making and maintaining ICT plans and decisions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "making and maintaining ICT architecture"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "making and maintaining the ICT strategy"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Deliveries"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "ICT-strategy"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "ICT decisions (with justifications)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "IT plans"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "the entire IT architecture"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Design and planning of processes and procedures"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "organisational structure and framework"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Design, planning standards and decisions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "user cases and usability studies"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Requirement lists and tender documents"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Project plans"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Technical drawings, plans and maps"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Comments and feedback"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As you can see extensive planning is carried out for an infrastructure "
+"project. An ICT project for schools in the municipality can quickly reach "
+"several million NOK (hundreds of thousands pounds) should one deliver "
+"500-1000 computers with power, computer networks and software. With such "
+"amounts, it is important to have good and feasible plans with realistic "
+"budgets."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are several examples of municipalities that have underestimated the "
+"need for funding for ICT in schools. They have installed lots of nice "
+"equipments remaining unused. Maybe the software could be missing. The "
+"network might be of poor quality or lacking power connectors. The "
+"municipality gets quickly an additional expense of 2 million NOK (around 165 "
+"000 pounds) if 800 machines in 10 schools should have a computer network and "
+"power connectors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Good development plans are made to avoid surprises. Plans are also made to "
+"ensure a proper level of ambition with a realistic budget."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Deployment"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Definition:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Is about implementation and deployment of activities and/or ICT solutions "
+"designed and planned with a minimum of disturbance for the organisation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The planning project shall have assessed what equipment schools have, and "
+"how much is available. From that, one creates a plan to roll out new "
+"equipment, or replace equipment, at each school and at the central operating "
+"service."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is about placing the equipment where it is to be used. Set each PC on a "
+"table and connect it to the computer network with a network cable. Plug the "
+"power cable in to the electrical outlet. Connect the screen and put network "
+"cables in the correct switches."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The term roll-out (or deployment) is used both for placing the equipment, "
+"and for installing and configuring software on many machines. Rolling out "
+"software may also be referred to as \"release management\". But the word "
+"roll-out is short and fine, although one should make clear whether you are "
+"talking about hardware or software, which require totally different "
+"procedures."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Rollout management is about implementing what has been planned and designed "
+"in the release process. Getting out the equipment where it should be is "
+"often harder than we think, and takes considerable time. This is because "
+"many parties are involved either to deliver the equipment, or being among "
+"the many to receive it. In a way you could say that rollout is the same as a "
+"wheel bolt that holds the vehicle wheel in place on the shaft."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To get everything in place, is totally dependent on a lot of coordination. "
+"One must make good tactical planning, which involves both change management "
+"and project management. One must make sure that the roll out is associated "
+"with the design and planning process."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Danger may often occur by underestimating how deployment affects existing "
+"systems. Taking in use new solutions or upgrades will affect or change the "
+"organisation. Work routines are changed and one gets new ways to solve tasks."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In the school , the change means introducing ICT tools in school subjects. "
+"This is new and different for teachers. Many are unfamiliar with how the "
+"equipment can be used in teaching. At the same time, an operating and "
+"maintenance service should be in place to give schools a safe and stable ICT "
+"solution. This leads to changes in the organisation, which must be planned "
+"and requires resources. Therefore it is important to take this into "
+"consideration both under planning and rollout.."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Roles during roll-out"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Building an IT infrastructure can be likened to building a house. When "
+"building a house one really needs an architect, a builder, an owner, masons, "
+"carpenters, plumbers, electricians and one or more supervisors (foremen). "
+"Much the same applies to deploying infrastructure. We have summed up the "
+"roles recommended as part of the operating standards ITIL."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Owner of the deployment process - is responsible for the deployment process, "
+"and for it happening in a good and efficient manner."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Project manager for the roll-out - is responsible for developing appropriate "
+"plans for deployment of the ICT system and day-to-day directing of the roll-"
+"out."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coordinator for the roll-out - is responsible for coordinating roll-out "
+"activities. The Coordinator shall ensure that the project attains the "
+"objectives and acceptance requirements for the system and ensure an orderly "
+"handover."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Roll-out analyst - responsible for ensuring that equipment is installed in "
+"suitable settings. Shall verify that the equipment and premises are suitable "
+"for the standards, tests and deployment agreed upon.."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Employees in the rollout team - are responsible for the ICT solution and the "
+"work environment, and support the acceptance and test processes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As we see, roll-out touches many parts of an organisation. Technically it "
+"affects configurations and versions of software and equipment. It also "
+"influences the process of change and how work is done at the service."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One must think carefully about who gets assigned each of these roles. Even "
+"in a full-scale roll-out project costing several hundred thousand pounds, "
+"one person might have several roles. But it is not always prudent to give "
+"one person several roles, because it can be very demanding to follow up with "
+"both suppliers and customers of the equipment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For minor upgrades and adjustments, there might be soon too many roles. For "
+"example, one needs not to have a project manager to place a new server, or "
+"replace a switch. This is part of the infrastructure, but is very close to "
+"the operations and maintenance. The important thing here is to distinguish "
+"between a rollout in infrastructure, and operational services. The "
+"operations department will not take over the equipment before it operates as "
+"agreed. In other words, you have a transfer document where one acknowledges "
+"that the equipment is delivered as agreed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Operations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The development of knowledge for evaluation, support and quality assurance "
+"of all current and future infrastructure solutions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operations of the equipment is about having tools and machines in place as "
+"the basis for delivering the agreed upon ICT services. Operations of "
+"equipment has a strong focus on technology. This supports all other "
+"activities being done with the ICT systems. Often operations are seen as "
+"support tucked away in an office at the end of the corridor. As a hygiene "
+"service\" .First when something goes wrong, operations personnel are "
+"contacted. A good operational service is still crucial for ICT tools to work "
+"properly. Without good operations one accepts the loss of time and that "
+"tasks cannot be solved. For example a school can get problems when using "
+"tests done with ICT tools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One may ask whether one needs operations. Needing people to operate in "
+"today's high tech world? Is there no one who has found a way to solve "
+"operational tasks automatically? Why should you have people in the "
+"operations? The answer is usually that balancing between what is done "
+"automatically, and what people have to follow up with. An important "
+"realization is that most people want someone to talk to when a problem "
+"occurs. They want the error to be fixed, and they want feedback that "
+"everything goes smoothly. This type of error correction is not particularly "
+"easy to replace with machines."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A good operations department chooses to automate where possible. "
+"Simultaneously one needs people to monitor and keep control of the automated "
+"solutions. The automation must be further developed. There are also "
+"situations where automation is insufficient. Equipment breaks, and "
+"applications crash. You need someone who is handy and can rectify errors, or "
+"obtain substitutes for what cannot be repaired."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A poorly organised operations service wastes a lot of time fighting fires "
+"and working through manual procedures which could have been avoided with "
+"automation. Time spent automating can quickly pay for itself by freeing up "
+"time. This time can be used to improve support, provide more services and "
+"raise the quality for users. To get a permanent fix of errors, sometimes "
+"people might have to delay upgrades or remove services for temporary repair. "
+"This makes time to fix problems properly when monitoring the system manually "
+"would otherwise take up all the time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operations is mostly about preventing errors, or correcting equipments with "
+"reported errors. One is often not entirely familiar with causes of an error. "
+"One must troubleshoot to find the fault. Good operations' employees have "
+"flair. They use past experience to uncover errors. Then they go almost right "
+"to problem solution and correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Configuration item"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A Configuration Item (CI) is part of an infrastructure. It often describes a "
+"wish for change or a question. Maybe to put in place a new service, or make "
+"adjustments to the services you already have in production. Often it is a "
+"question of upgrading some equipment, or obtaining something new."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Configuration items are important in configuration management when it comes "
+"to equipment and infrastructure. Often a configuration item is about whether "
+"systems shall:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "be run"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "be closed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "be shut down"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "be started"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "be interrupted"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "be removed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Technical support"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Technical support ensures staff are available with the right skills to "
+"support services provided in the computer network, as well as staff to work "
+"at the Service Desk. As part of technical support one should have in-depth "
+"documentation with technical advice. The advice should provide information, "
+"guidance and examples of roll-out activities, and describe support and "
+"maintenance of all parts of the ICT service. To achieve this, the staff must "
+"know, or be able to obtain information, about the technologies, processes "
+"and documentation in use. As listed below, technical support consists of "
+"several activities:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Research and development related to new technology."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Third line service in response to incident reports from the Service Desk and "
+"general handling of problems."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Delivery management - technical support lack in-depth knowledge or "
+"understanding of the technology in use and need technical support from "
+"others."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coherence of design and planning. Especially in support and documentation. "
+"For example, when preparing tender documents."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coherence with the deployment of new system versions, and acceptance in the "
+"operating environment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Analysis, interpretation and distribution of information from reports and "
+"logs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Tactical assembly of improvements in the quality of the ICT service "
+"delivered."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "A design and planning example"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As an example of how infrastructure can be made, we have taken significant "
+"portions of the ICT plan for schools in Nittedal 2005-2008. We have made "
+"some adjustments, to make it more general and easier for others to copy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Background for the plan"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "What's expected of the ICT tools and services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Skills needs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Investments"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Objectives"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Students and teachers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Status and objectives"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Costs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Other purchasing options"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Software, learning platforms, and services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Software and learning platforms"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Online services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Resource usage"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Centralized operations and roles"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Operation and support costs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Attachment"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In its \"Program for Digital Competence 2004-2008\", the Ministry of "
+"Education and Research sets objectives for the use of digital technology in "
+"the Norwegian school. \"By 2008 we will have an infrastructure, an "
+"organisation and a culture that makes our school system to one of the world "
+"leaders when it comes to development and educational use of ICT in teaching "
+"and learning.\""
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Being able to use digital tools is defined as a basic skill for all 13 "
+"school years. Pupils' development of basic skills is to be given priority in "
+"all subjects. The new curricula will mean that students must increasingly "
+"make use of digital tools when learning. Pupils should be able to use the "
+"same technology in work, that forms the basis for the final assessment, as "
+"they use when learning. When the examination is carried out using digital "
+"tools, this provides better coherence between the learning process and the "
+"final assessment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A national survey in Norway (Skolenes digitale tilstand 2003, ITU, Feb. "
+"2004) shows computers are seldom included in the subjects in primary school "
+"and computers are barely used by pupils in the school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This plan builds on \"Competence Plan for schools in Nittedal (2005-2008)\" "
+"and implements that competence plan's objectives for digital knowledge in "
+"Nittedal's schools. In addition, this is a plan for investment and resource "
+"requirements associated with the operation of our Linux network."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We have different objectives for different groups in the school and to "
+"different aspects of the ICT commitments. Briefly put, our goals are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Get increased use of ICT among both students and teachers by increasing "
+"physical access to ICT equipment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Be tools-oriented, and therefore emphasise the use of ICT tools in the "
+"school's subjects."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Give full access to educational software for everything from musical "
+"composition and use of the Internet to learning to write, simulations and "
+"games."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Be thrifty and utilise the financial resources we have in the best possible "
+"way."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Through these main objectives we will achieve:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Teachers get good working and communication tools at work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Students get the opportunity to be personal users of ICT and use ICT as a "
+"natural tool in everyday school life."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The school will be physically able to fulfill various aspects of the "
+"curriculum related to ICT."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operating and maintenance costs are not greater than what the school budget "
+"can allow."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To build and maintain the infrastructure you need a collaboration between "
+"many different professionals. As an example, we show what equipment areas "
+"you need expertise in. These are equipment areas that form part of the "
+"infrastructure in an ordinary school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Network infrastructure with local area network (LAN) and wide area network "
+"(WAN). Mostly it is easy to obtain switches and other network equipment. "
+"This is off-the-shelf kit. But it must be set up for the planned "
+"architecture designed for centralized operations. This is a job for "
+"professionals. The municipality building department must approve the changes "
+"made."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Power supply (230V/110V) supporting client computers, servers and network "
+"equipment. Many schools have not installed outlets for all computers to be "
+"placed in classrooms, computer labs or the library. It is a job for "
+"professionals to plan a power grid with enough sockets, and follow given "
+"regulations. The municipality building department must approve the changes "
+"made."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Servers and clients support a greater variety of network services and end-"
+"user applications. To obtain the right equipment is a considerable job. It "
+"is about finding equipment with appropriate capacity, good quality, decent "
+"guarantee schemes, and low prices."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Machine setup and systems for monitoring hardware. To be sure that all "
+"equipment is running, it is normally accompanied by remote monitoring "
+"systems. That way you can have an overview of the health status of the "
+"equipment in a centralized operations center."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Designing appropriate environment or room for placement of equipment that "
+"needs cooling. Computers and network electronics emit considerable heat. "
+"First recently, manufacturers of equipment have addressed the ever-"
+"increasing power consumption. Therefore, one must sometimes ensure that the "
+"excess heat gets transported away. Such cooling systems need to be installed "
+"by professionals."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. RAW HTML: >
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Knowledge of different performance requirements for software. A program for "
+"video editing must run on a workstation with >1.5 Ghz processor and ample "
+"memory. Other programs may easily be used on a thin client. One must have "
+"relatively good knowledge of what can be expected of different types of "
+"client machines to choose the right mix of equipment. This requires insight "
+"into how computers are intended to be used in different subjects and in "
+"different rooms of the school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Installation and setup of optional equipment such as printers, video "
+"projectors, computer boards and the like. To set up accessories may quickly "
+"take considerable time. For example video projectors need to be screwed into "
+"the ceiling, and one must arrange for both screen cables and power to reach "
+"them. Printers must have a network point and be connected to the network. "
+"This type of installation usually requires professionals for both "
+"installation and setup."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Besides to the different professionals needed to build the infrastructure, "
+"you will additionally need:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Owner of the deployment process - is responsible for the deployment process, "
+"and for it happening in a good and efficient manner. This may be the "
+"steering group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coordinator for the roll-out - responsible for coordinating deployment "
+"activities. Coordinator shall ensure the project fulfils the objectives and "
+"acceptance requirements that apply to the solution, and ensure an orderly "
+"handover. This may be an assistant to the project leader."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Deployment analyst - responsible for ensuring an appropriate environment at "
+"the locations where the equipment will stand. Shall verify that the "
+"equipment and premises are suitable for the agreed standards, tests and "
+"deployment. This may be an assistant to the project leader, with the task of "
+"reporting deviations from plans to the steering group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Employees in the roll-out team - responsible for ICT solution and the "
+"working environment, and support for acceptance and test processes. This is "
+"employees who participate in one or more sub-projects."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Organizationally it will look like this"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Organisational part</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Reference group</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"shall represent users of the system. They will advise on measures to promote "
+"a good and everyday ICT solution for schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Steering group</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"whose mission is to ensure the project has enough resources and that project "
+"management gets the roll-out carried out according to the plans. The group "
+"will consist of skilled professionals who are well acquainted with project "
+"implementation, system solutions, and the use of ICT tools in schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">The project</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"has the task of building the solution. The project usually consists of many "
+"sub-projects, which deliver their part of the solution."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To meet a new curriculum, schools must have sufficient computers available "
+"for their students and staff. This investment plan includes the actual costs "
+"of increasing the stock of computers at schools to reach national "
+"objectives. Those objectives call for at least one client machine or PC per "
+"four students. The requirements for equipment shall probably increase in a "
+"few years, so we expand that to a PC workstation per three students. All "
+"teachers should have access to a computer in their daily work at school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Today the school net consists of servers and thin clients at the schools, "
+"and a shared server for backup in the municipality. Since we can use used "
+"computers as client machines in our network, the users' computers are not "
+"the most expensive (we buy used equipment and receive donated equipment from "
+"industry). The major costs lie in increased need for power outlets in "
+"classrooms, and possibly an increase in electricity bills in the schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The increased number of concurrent users will also increase support and "
+"operational costs. There will also be a need for tables and chairs for the "
+"new PC workplaces. In addition, all schools received a broadband connection "
+"at a fixed price. Later, we shall illustrate the total cost by doubling the "
+"stock of equipment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Status for pc coverage 01.06.2005 is:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "8.9 students per computer in primary schools"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "4.4 students per computer in secondary schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Objectives for the students:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Each student group (formerly called classes) should have access to at least "
+"five computers, plus the school should have a computer room with a minimum "
+"of 15 PCs. In addition the school needs some special equipment for video "
+"editing, special education and reading/writing courses."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Objectives for the teachers:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"All teachers should have access to a computer in their daily work at school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Total number of machines:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Status per 01.06.05"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Needs 2008"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Server status"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Clients"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Laptops"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "File servers + thin client server:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Holumskogen"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "25"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "5"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "68"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "15"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Ulverud"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "35"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "111"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Slattum"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "44"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "8"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "87"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Rotnes"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "80"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Sørli"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "31"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "60"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Kirkeby"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "94"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Hagen"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "7"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "46"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Li"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "70"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "130"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "30"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Nittedal"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "55"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "20"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "110"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Hakadal"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "45"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "52"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Sum"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "11"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "378"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "29"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "838"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "195"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We envisage a combination of thin clients, diskless clients and laptops. "
+"Schools should have an infrastructure making it possible to roll out thin "
+"clients in every classroom. Here students can write, calculate, using the "
+"internet and make presentations. In addition the school will have the "
+"opportunity to lend laptops to different groups. In this way students get "
+"close to full PC coverage in certain work situations. The laptops are "
+"connected to servers in wireless networks. In this way teaching becomes more "
+"flexible."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Pupils"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We recommend an investment providing at least one client computer per third "
+"student, something the government has stated as a goal for ICT tools in "
+"schools. To achieve this we need nearly a doubling of the number of client "
+"machines."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To reach our target we need to increase the machine park from 506 to 1033 "
+"machines. This is an increase of just under 600 machines. (thin clients, "
+"diskless clients and notebooks)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "We have counted with these prices, which might be subject to changes:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Thin Client: 700 NOK, per piece"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Server: approx. 50,000, per piece"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Monitors: 500, per piece"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Portables: 8,000, per piece"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Power plug 750, per piece"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Table/chair: 700, -"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Increased resource here means increased number of hours for ICT contacts in "
+"schools. Here we consider an hourly rate per teacher of NOK 270 (£22.5) - "
+"per hour, or NOK 467,100 (£38,925) a year. We also consider somewhat "
+"increased resources to central operations of the municipality. We expect "
+"slightly less than one new hire in centralized operations for over 1,000 "
+"client machines. In addition, ICT contact at each school, training and ICT "
+"coordinator."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Licence costs. Today, we can install Linux on laptops using the school's "
+"existing network. Thus we avoid the rent of Microsoft products such as "
+"Windows and Office. School Rates for rental of Microsoft program cost as "
+"much as all computers over a period of 5-6 years."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Broadband agreement, all schools have broadband connection. Price depends on "
+"the individual school agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Recently used equipment have more performance than the machines that were "
+"available for 3-4 years ago. If the users machines had 256 MB of memory and "
+"800 MHz processor then those would fit as diskless clients. This simplifies "
+"support for using the CD / DVD player, audio, USB stick and similar."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2006</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2007</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2008</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Total</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Thin clients and diskless workstations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "130,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "322,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Servers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "500,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1,000,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Monitors"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "80,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "230,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "340,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1,020,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Other: switches, cables,"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "150,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "450,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Power plug/cables"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "290,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "870,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Tables/chairs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "190,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "570,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Increased resources, operations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "700,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Licence costs for portable machines"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "40,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "120,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Broadband agreements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "100,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "300,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "5,582,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There has been a growing interest from politicians, parents and teachers to "
+"go over to laptops in secondary schools. Laptops and a wireless network will "
+"give schools a completely different flexibility in room layout and teaching."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "The problem with only focusing on laptops is:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "We have to buy Microsoft licenses in addition to the machines."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The machines have a lifespan of approximately 3 years. Thus the municipality "
+"incurs an annual expenditure to cover new classes in secondary schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Increased insurance costs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"A greater need for power outlets when all laptops must have access to "
+"electricity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Increased need for the schools ICT-contact resources"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Doubling of central operating costs of preparing the disk images etc. for "
+"laptops, and maintenance of a locally-installed system on 266 additional "
+"laptops."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This option has a total price tag of roughly 12 million NOK, just over 1 "
+"million pounds. (This does not include any increase in insurance costs.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Teachers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Each teacher should have access to a client machine at the school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Status: Schools today have approximately 65 PCs divided among approximately "
+"266 employees. This gives a PC coverage of 4 teachers per PC."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We want to give credits to the teachers in Nittedal. The new curriculum sets "
+"high requirements for teachers' ICT skills. It will be necessary to ensure "
+"that all teachers in Nittedal have access to a computer. Today's teacher "
+"plans and implements teaching on and with data. They document and report, "
+"write weekly plans, work plans, annual plans and IEPs. More and more "
+"teachers use e-mail for contact both at home and school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Schools have already arranged to buy computers for their staff. As a result, "
+"the number of computers varies from school to school. We aim to give each "
+"teacher access to a computer at work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here we outline two options to achieve full PC coverage for teachers in "
+"Nittedal."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Option 1: Thin clients in combination with portables. This will give each "
+"teacher access to a thin client + that 3.3 teachers share access to one "
+"laptop."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "cost"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Total cost"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Alternative 1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Thin clients"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "140,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "640,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Tables, chairs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "400,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "License costs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Total"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1,540,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Additional for flatscreen"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "200,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Totally with LCD"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1,740,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage of the thin clients to teachers are the low cost of "
+"procurement. We can also expect a longer lifetime of the thin clients "
+"compared to laptops."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"But reused equipment is often without flatscreen. Client machines' cabinets "
+"can be large, giving space shortage in the workplace for teachers. Should we "
+"obtain a flatscreen to all teachers, one must triple the cost, going from "
+"500, - NOK ( 43 £ ) to 1500, - NOK. The total cost would increase by 200,000 "
+"NOK. Overall equipment to teachers cost 1.74 million NOK ( 150,000 £ )."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Option 2: Portables for all teachers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Alternative 2"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2,128,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Wireless switches"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Power plug"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "75,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "117,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2,400,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The problem we see is the actual location of the thin clients. Teachers have "
+"small work desks often in large common rooms. A thin client per teacher with "
+"old-style (CRT) monitors would create a space problem in all schools. The "
+"problem is greatly reduced with modern flat screens."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage of portables is that they require little space. Teachers can "
+"easily bring their work home. The disadvantage is the lifespan of a "
+"portable, around half that of stationary equipment. It is reasonable to "
+"assume that laptops are twice as expensive to maintain as desktop PCs, and "
+"three to four times more costly to operate than the thin or diskless clients."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Recommended technical development budget"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In the period 2005 to 2008 we put up the following recommendation for an IT "
+"infrastructure at the schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Number</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Article</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Cost</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "600"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Thin clients and diskless workstations including all infrastructure"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "200"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Thin clients or diskless workstations with flat screen and all infrastructure"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">800 client machines in total</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">7,322,000</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Where software runs, depends on infrastructure and capacity of the network. "
+"It's fine to operate all installations on schools from a central location, "
+"for example from ICT services in the municipality or a centrally located "
+"operation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One must take into account that network capacity to schools can provide "
+"limits to how much schools can download at the same time, or where it is "
+"best to place servers to get the equipment's full functionality. There is a "
+"big difference between a single teacher downloading a film from for example "
+"NRK, compared to about 30 students doing the same simultaneously. If the "
+"shool has 1.5 Mbit/s broadband capacity, it is not possible for 30 "
+"simultaneous users to download the movie directly from NRK. Then you must "
+"have cacheing proxies in place at the school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Check list centralisation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"UNINETT ABC has made a document with recommendations <<<ulink url="
+"\"https://wiki.debian.org/FootNote#\">FootNote</ulink>(Recommendations of "
+"UNINETT ABC: <ulink url=\"http://www.uninettabc.no/?p=veiledning&"
+"sub=annet\"/> )>> related to the centralisation of ICT operations. It "
+"gives advice about the placement of servers and which operational tasks may "
+"be centralised from the available capacity of the bandwidth to the school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">General measures to improve the operation of "
+"clients and servers</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Thin or diskless clients against local servers</"
+"emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Lockdown of thick clients</"
+"emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Local server machines</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Remote operation</emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">Centralisation of some functions</emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">Local server machines</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Server machines regionally/nationally</"
+"emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Centralisation of all operations</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Capacity of the schools' network</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Low bandwidth (ISDN)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Medium bandwidth (ADSL and similar)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "High bandwidth (fibre and similar)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Software"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The new curriculum (L2006) highlights the use of digital tools as one of the "
+"\"basic skills\". We wish that the use of ICT should go beyond teaching, and "
+"increasingly provide educational and administrative tools to support "
+"learning activity and new forms of learning while providing easy access to "
+"knowledge. Giving experience with digital learning platforms is one of the "
+"objectives of the competence plan. The aim was for one or more schools to "
+"try this out in 2006."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Research shows computer equipment being used to a limited extent for "
+"teaching in schools. Computer usage has stagnated and in some subjects "
+"declined, research shows (ITU Monitor 2005). The use of ICT in schools is "
+"often individualized, and students learn to become consumers. Teaching "
+"methods are hindering the sharing of knowledge in school. Few teachers use "
+"ICT daily. Internet and text-related services are the most important forms "
+"of computer use in schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Simply put, teachers focus too much on using tools for office administrative "
+"work such as MS Office or OpenOffice.org. What they ought to focus on was "
+"the use of simulations, editing pictures, audio and video communication on "
+"the Internet, and games."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Home use is often quite different. At home students are producers and use "
+"ICT mostly collectively and for communication. They put together and send "
+"each other pictures, exchanging content, using the major opportunities for "
+"recording, editing and sharing of movies which is possible with today's "
+"computers with broadband. Children and young people also play video games "
+"more at home than at school (ITU Monitor 2005)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Researchers say that video games are one of the main leisure activities for "
+"children and young people. One child in four plays every day (Youth Agency "
+"2006). Video games are a social activity. In the wake of the games both "
+"virtual and physical communities arise, from playing together on consoles to "
+"participating in gatherings where youth can play."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"An important task is that the school development contributes to update "
+"general education perspective in the general part of the curriculum. "
+"Allowing digital judgement or digital education developed in relation to "
+"steps and learning strategies, as stated by the national Research and "
+"Resource Centre for ICT in education."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To get equipment more in use requires considerable effort by the teacher. "
+"They must be continually educated in new forms of learning to use the new "
+"ICT tools for teaching. There must be more emphasis on youth's actual use of "
+"media and forms of communication. It is not enough to provide a teaching "
+"platform and e-mail. The tools should fully support the new ways of using "
+"media."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To achieve this, the equipment must be adapted to the software and the "
+"online services that teachers and students use in their school work. The "
+"browser is arguably the most important program students use in learning. "
+"Many will also be surprised that office programs as OpenOffice.org or MS "
+"Office are irrelevant in lower grades. At those grades, simple programs for "
+"practicing writings, drawings, communication, simulations and music forming "
+"apply. So what is important in the choice of software is to provide good "
+"access to the Internet and support for active learning using ICT tools that "
+"are relevant to the school subjects."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"With diskless clients you get full support for multimedia, film, USB sticks "
+"and more. The advantage of thin clients is that they allow reuse from as far "
+"back as 1995. At that time the machines had no video capabilities. The USB "
+"standard was not fully developed. Computers from 2000 and later usually have "
+"a much higher capacity. Such machines can easily show video clips from NRK, "
+"DVDs, and one can play games."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage of diskless clients is that they provide the same performance "
+"as the so-called thick clients or computers with most of the software "
+"installed locally. At the same time one gets the same low operating costs "
+"with diskless clients as with thin clients. This is because all the software "
+"is managed on the central server machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Today Skolelinux comes with over 50 school-relevant programs. In addition, "
+"it has browser, email client and OpenOffice.org with 8 different office "
+"applications. This is much more than what comes with Microsoft which mostly "
+"offers browser, e-mail and 5 current office tools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"With Debian Edu, it is also relatively easy to customize menus for the "
+"various stages of education so that we can reduce the number of educational "
+"programs. Especially since some applications are introduced in 4th-5th "
+"grade. While programs may be popular at first or second stages of education "
+"will be too easy when students have gotten older and learned more. In "
+"addition, there is an increasing number of educational programs on the "
+"Internet. This is software that works on any platform. So you can use the "
+"programs at home on Apple or Windows, and the school's Debian Edu. Students "
+"handle this just fine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Learning platforms"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Various digital learning platforms are found on the market. Some cost money, "
+"others are free. They all offer teachers and students an area where they can "
+"share and store documents, send and receive information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Price example:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Digital learning platform"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "It`s learning"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "3300,- NOK per school per year"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "School network"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Free"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Regardless of the bandwidth the following functions can be centralized:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Configuration management, i.e. having oversight and control of the "
+"configuration of machines, networks, applications and services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Program management, i.e. having oversight and control of access to, usage "
+"and performance of applications and services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Updates and patching"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"User administration, preferably with a FEIDE compatible user management "
+"system (BAS)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Licence administration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Monitoring and measurement"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Checklist for services that can be centralized or replicated. For example "
+"can backup be centralized. The same applies to the user database with a "
+"central directory server (LDAP) with replication to each school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Description"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Local"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Central"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Apache"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Webserver allows all users to create a website"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "CUPS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Print server. The aim is that it will also manage print quotas"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "DHCP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Automatic connection of computers in the network"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "DNS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Name server"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "LDAP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Directory server containing user data for logon, file sharing and group "
+"information"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "LTSP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Thin client server"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NFS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Network file system"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NTP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Clock server so that all machines have the correct time"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "SMTP/IMAP over SSL"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Email to everyone locally at the school"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "SSH"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Remote control over encrypted connection"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Squid"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Cache for web sites (to save bandwidth)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Webmin"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "System management via the web browser"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "User administration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Simplified user administration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Backup"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Backup (should be done on a separate machine)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "SMB"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Samba for connecting Windows-computers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "cfengine"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Automatic control of the system setup"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Host and service monitoring"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Monitoring the health of the server machine"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Appletalk"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Connecting Macs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "SQL-server"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Supplied (not set up)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Use of resources in operations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For day-to-day operation of its computers, each school has an ICT contact. "
+"ICT contacts have from 2 to 4 hours allocated to this work per week. In "
+"addition, the municipality has an ICT tutor in a 50% position working with, "
+"among other things, competence and operations. The operation of the Linux "
+"network would gradually be transferred to the municipal ICT service in the "
+"school year 2005-2006."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"On behalf of Debian Edu, Kapp næringshage (business park) made a calculation "
+"program which estimates the use of resources for ICT in schools. Today we "
+"operate the school network for over 3000 users with 2.1 FTEs. (Schools' ICT "
+"contacts allocate a total of 1.6 FTEs for their work, and 0.5 FTEs in the "
+"municipality.) When Kapp næringshage calculates our resource requirements "
+"for operation, they estimate the current needs to be 4.6 FTEs. This shows "
+"that the school has managed much with few resources."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Increased resources must primarily be placed in schools, because the "
+"schools' ICT contacts get busier when the number of PCs goes up. Increased "
+"number of pcs means increased use, and increased need for guidance in "
+"educational use of ICT tools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Maintenance will increase faster than number of simultaneous users, but "
+"maintenance of the machines themselves will increase almost linearly with "
+"the number of machines. We want to focus more on the educational use of the "
+"equipment, and want most of the increase to be go towards use of ICT tools "
+"in school subjects."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There will also be a somehow greater need for increased resources for the "
+"municipality's ICT service, but because of economies of scale, the increase "
+"here will be small."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Today it is difficult for schools to prioritize hours to an ICT contact. "
+"Both because money for this must be taken from already stressed school "
+"finances, and because schools have lacked guidance on what and how much ICT "
+"contacts at schools will perform."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Operations' roles"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "The duties of ICT contact at each school:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"From experience, we reckon these tasks take a minimum of 4 hours a week for "
+"a school with 50 thin or diskless clients. If the school has fewer machines, "
+"this reduces the number of hours a bit. With more machines, for example 150 "
+"machines, the local ICT contact at each school needs around a 30% position "
+"to easily handle technical maintenance."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the school can't set aside a sufficient number of hours to the ICT "
+"contact, duties in the work list above must be removed, and the opposite if "
+"the school can use more hours."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Tasks beyond this, for example updating a website, being an instructor "
+"(beyond normal collegial guidance), must be agreed individually for "
+"compensation/taking time off."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The ICT supervisor recommends the following tasks for ICT and ICT service "
+"supervisor."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Operations:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Visit the school for troubleshooting defects and errors on computers, "
+"printers and servers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Continuous updating of software on school servers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Procurement of equipment and software with tenders in the market."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Skills:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Develop the competence plan."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Training of ICT contacts in schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Introduction to user interface and standard programs for teachers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"How much of the central operating resources are required, depends on which "
+"client types you have selected. Operation of workstations is almost twice as "
+"expensive for the operation of diskless clients."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "The definition of operating costs:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"All activities and initiatives to deliver and/or maintain the desired use of "
+"ICT infrastructure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We have described what is a realistic operating environment, considering a "
+"moderate level of service with proactive operation. The Norwegian \"Program "
+"for digital kompetanse\" is the basis for our assessments."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Proactive operation is to discover and rectify errors before they affect "
+"users. An example of proactive operation is to update laptops with new disk "
+"images once a week. When teachers log in the morning after, all the machines "
+"will have been reset to the school's preferences."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operations get messages about defects in the system before it goes wrong for "
+"users. Defects are rectified and bugs fixed before users notice anything. A "
+"system example that provides messages used to proactive operation is disk "
+"store. They can notify when a hard disk is defective, or if the disk cache "
+"is full. Operations can also get information if the computer network is "
+"available, or whether processes must be terminated when users logs out."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Advantage: One achieves very high stability of the system, supposing one has "
+"access to the right tools and the right skills. It becomes easier to "
+"maintain multiple types of computers because they know if they work or fail "
+"and can replace faulty equipment. Disadvantage 1: Requires higher technical "
+"expertise. Higher costs of establishing and managing operations. "
+"Disadvantage 2: Proactive operation is more costly than reactive operation "
+"if one does not count the loss of working hours for equipment that is "
+"defective. What you focus on depends on what the consequences are if the "
+"system is down. It is difficult to calculate the loss of teaching when ICT "
+"tools do not work. If it is required that the pupils and teachers have "
+"little downtime, one must invest in high uptime."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When we expand the fleet in schools this must have an impact on both ICT "
+"contacts' working resource and municipal ICT service for schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To quantify the need, we have estimated increased resource requirements in "
+"some of our investment options:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "The number of clients/portables"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Users:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Stipulated resource needs in 2008"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Today's real resource:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Today's need 2005:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "506"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "More than 3000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "4.6 FTEs (man-year)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2,1 FTEs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Pupils in 2008"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1033"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "6,9 FTEs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Teachers in 2008"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "280"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "266"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "4,3 FTEs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Alternative 2 (laptop)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "5,9 FTEs*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ") Additional FTEs for maintenance of 266 laptops"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Costs for the administration of all the computers for students and teachers. "
+"We go out from Alternative 1 in regards to the thin clients for students and "
+"teachers, and some laptops."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Year</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Number of PCs</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Central operator</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">ICT guide for the entire municipality</"
+"emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">ICT-contact at each school (average)</"
+"emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">In total</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2005"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1/2 FTE"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "8,5 % FTE(3:30 hours per week)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2005</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Human resources' costs for operations*</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">NOK 980 910,-</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2008"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1333"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1 position"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "100 % FTE(26 hours per week)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "11,5 FTE"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">NOK 5 400 00,-</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+") NOK 270, - per teacher hour 1730 hours a year. ICT contact at each school "
+"uses 75% of the time on pedagogical support."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Alternative 2 with laptops for every teacher:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1 + 4/5 FTE*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "12,8 FTEs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">NOK 6,000,000.-</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ") An additional position for maintenance of laptops."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Training costs for students and teachers is roughly the same with Windows "
+"and Linux, according to surveys done in schools in Norway and the UK. This "
+"is because the training is related to the use by end user programs in "
+"everyday school life."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Usually, at a school with 300 students and teachers only one or two persons "
+"need training in operating computer systems. This refers to both an ICT "
+"contact at school, and an operator in the municipality."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We have included additional training costs for Linux. When all teachers have "
+"one day going through the Linux desktop option, the transition to the new "
+"system goes easier for those who think they can only manage Windows. The "
+"cost for displays like LærerIKT and similar are not included as we have done "
+"in the cost overview from the municipalities in this survey."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Summary of the options"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To achieve the objective of one computer per third student and one pc per "
+"teacher Option 1 is recommended. This option requires over 800 additional "
+"computers compared to current coverage of 506 client machines. Overall, we "
+"will then get just over 1300 client computers with emphasis on thin and "
+"diskless clients. Some machines will also be portable to provide additional "
+"flexibility in everyday school life."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Alternatives</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Cost over 3 years</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Option 1: Development of 800 clients"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 7,322,000.-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Option 2: Portable to all teachers + Option 1."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 12,000,000.-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Operating costs:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Yearly cost</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Alternative 0. Administrating 506 client machine"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 1,000,000.-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Option 1. Increases with about 800 to 1300 PCs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 5,400,000.-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Option 2. Portables to to all teachers*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 6,000,000.-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Option 3. Portable room layout*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 8,000,000.-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The large increase in operating expenses from current option 0 to option 1 "
+"is due to investment in ICT contact at schools. This increases from 10% to a "
+"full 100% FTE. The maintenance ICT contacts do today is around 10% FTE. This "
+"will probably increase to 20% with a doubling of the number of client "
+"machines. On increase to a full-time position, 80% will be used to support "
+"the educational use of ICT tools in school subjects. This means that "
+"principals at school must allocate resources for this, so that one follows "
+"the national curriculum from 2006."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Alternative 1:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Type of cost</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Amount</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Of this is the administration of 1300 client computers:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 2,000,000.-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Annual investment in three years:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 2 440 667,-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Support for educational use of ICT tools:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 3,400,000.-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Annual cost for Option 1 with investment and operations:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 7,841,000.-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Many schools have developed an activity plan for the use of ICT in the "
+"school. This should be included as attachment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Extra configurations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <article><section><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata>
+msgid "./images/alert.png"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase>
+msgid "/!\\"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid "Graphics in the document must be inserted and updated"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Simple firewall"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Debian Edu's architecture suits centralized operations with the placement of "
+"services centrally, and can be operated locally at each school. A firewall "
+"makes it easier to start with Debian Edu's if you want to try out a small "
+"installation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Simple firewall with floppy (Coyote)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use Case: To get started with Debian Edu's we need to make a simple "
+"firewall. The purpose is to separate Debian Edu's network from the second "
+"network that is set up."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Main author Klaus Ade Johnstad"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Regardless of whether you choose to Coyote Linux floppy on a Linux or "
+"Windows machine, the following configuration must be used. This applies to "
+"any other firewall router than Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Local network interface:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"IP Address: 10.0.2.1\n"
+" Netmask: 255.255.254.0\n"
+" Broadcast: 10.0.3.255\n"
+" Network: 10.0.2.0"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Install the Big Pond login software? [y/n]:n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Press \"n\""
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This refers to some extra stuff you need if you want to have access from the "
+"provider Big Pond, but we are not sure. Is there anyone who knows that for "
+"sure?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Do you want to enable the Coyote DHCP-server [y/n]: n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use 10.0.2.2 as a syslog server. This is the IP address of the main server"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Warning: Since Skolelinux/Debian-Edu already has a DHCP server running, you "
+"must disable the DHCP server on your firewall/router. The same applies to "
+"all other machines that may be connected to a Skolelinux/Debian-Edu network. "
+"Having two DHCP servers on the same network usually just leads to trouble"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If a new version of Coyote Linux exists when you read this, it might replace "
+"the version 2.24 in the commands above with the version downloaded."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"After that the Coyote Linux was downloaded, the files must be unpacked. One "
+"must be the root user to unpack."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">tar zvxf coyote-2.24.tar.gz</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">cd coyote</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">./makefloppysh</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"When creating Coyote Linux on a Linux machine, one needs to answer several "
+"questions. Here is a summary of the answers that can be supplied:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"a. Coyote floppy builder script v2.9\n"
+"\n"
+" Please choose the desired capacity for the created floppy:\n"
+" 1) 1.44MB (Safest and most reliable but may lack space needed for\n"
+" some options)\n"
+" 2) 1.68MB (Good reliability with extra space) - recommended\n"
+" 3) 1.72MB (Most space but may not work on all systems or with all\n"
+" diskettes)\n"
+"\n"
+" Enter selection:2"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "The recommended choice is «1.68MB»"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"b. Please select the type of Internet connection that your system uses.\n"
+"\n"
+" 1) Standard Ethernet Connection\n"
+" 2) PPP over Ethernet Connection\n"
+" 3) PPP Dialup Connection\\n\\nEnter Selection:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here it is best to select 1)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"c. Configuring system for Ethernet based Internet connection.\n"
+" By default, Coyote uses the following settings for the local network\n"
+" interface:\n"
+"\n"
+" IP Address: 192.168.0.1\n"
+" Netmask: 255.255.255.0\n"
+" Broadcast: 192.168.0.255\n"
+" Network: 192.168.0.0\n"
+"\n"
+" Would you like to change these settings? [Y/N]: y\n"
+" Enter local IP Address [192.168.0.1]: 10.0.2.1\n"
+" Enter local Netmask [255.255.255.0]: 255.255.254.0\n"
+" Enter local Broadcast [192.168.0.255]: 10.0.3.255\n"
+" Enter local network number [192.168.0.0]: 10.0.2.0"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"These network settings for local network must be changed. See <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--fwconf\">A</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Is this version of Coyote Linux used from <ulink url=\"http://www.skolelinux."
+"no/~klaus/coyote-2.24-slx.tar.gz\"/> you will see a screen with the correct "
+"network values:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"IP Address: 10.0.2.1\n"
+" Netmask: 255.255.254.0\n"
+" Broadcast: 10.0.3.255\n"
+" Network: 10.0.2.0\n"
+"\n"
+"e. Does your Internet connection get its IP via DHCP? [y/n]:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Answer yes(y) or no(n) in accordance with what the network configuration is."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If one gets an IP via DHCP, the following information should be filled out:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Please enter the information for your static IP configuration\n"
+" Internet IP Address:\\nInternet Subnet Mask [255.255.255.0]:\n"
+" Internet Broadcast [Enter = Default]:\n"
+" Internet Gateway Address:\n"
+" Domain Name:\n"
+" DNS Server 1:\n"
+"\n"
+" DNS Server 2 (optional):"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Enter the DHCP hostname:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Usually, this one can be blank"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Install the Big Pond login software? [y/n]:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We think that this refers to some extra stuff that comes from the provider "
+"Big Pond, but is not sure. If anyone who knows better then send us an email."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "h. Do you want to enable the Coyote DHCP server? [y/n]: n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here <emphasis>must</emphasis> the answer be «n»!"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "i. If you don't know what a DMZ is, just answer NO\\nDo you want to configure a De-Militarized Zone? [Y/N]: n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Just choose \"n\""
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"j. You now need to specify the module name and parameters for your\n"
+" network cards.\n"
+"\n"
+" If you are using PCI or EISA cards, leave the IO and IRQ lines\n"
+" blank.\n"
+"\n"
+" Enter the module name for you local network card:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is the tricky part. Knowing which module to use for network cards is "
+"sometimes difficult. See <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!"
+"ExtraConfiguration--clmodules\">Section 3.12</link> to get an overview of "
+"the available modules. Remember to not use .o at the end of the module name. "
+"Use only \"first name\" of the module."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Many prefer 3Com. Almost all use this module <emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">3c59x</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"k. The default language of the Coyote Web Administrator is English\n"
+" Do you like to configure a different language ? [Y/N]: n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use English. It is much easier to get help. Search for example using Google "
+"to find solutions to problems."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "l. Syslog server address:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here you can use the main server as syslog server. Use 10.0.2.2"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"You must insert a floppy disk in the machine. Remember to turn the write "
+"protection. It takes a few minutes to write to the disk."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Be sure not to get any error messages to unknown NIC modules, like this:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Checking module deps for (wrong,bad)...\n"
+" Copying module: drivers/wrong.o\n"
+"\n"
+" Unable to copy module (drivers/wrong.o): No such file or directory"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Be sure you get something like this instead:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Checking module deps for (e100,3c59x)...\n"
+" Module 3c59x dep =\n"
+" Module e100 dep =\n"
+" Copying module: drivers/e100.o\n"
+" Copying module: drivers/3c59x.o"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Solution 2 Create a Coyote Linux Floppy on a Windows machine"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To create a floppy on a Windows machine is done almost the same way as on "
+"Linux."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Download the source files for Windows. They can be obtained from <ulink url="
+"\"http://www.coyotelinux.com/downloads/channel.php?!ChannelID=5\">Disk "
+"Creation Wizard v2.24.0</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figur 3-2. Coyote Linux Windows Creator Welcome "
+"Image</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics22.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here you can just press \"Next\""
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-3. Local LAN network setup</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics23.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Fill in the necessary network information here: See <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--fwconf\">A</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Fill in the correct IP address and subnet mask (Netmask) and Coyote Linux "
+"will give the correct calculation of the broadcast address (Broadcast) and "
+"the network address (Network)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-4. Insert a password on the Coyote Linux "
+"floppy disk</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics24.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Without this password you can't log into the Coyote Linux on a later "
+"occasion. See <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--"
+"cllogin\">Section 3.6</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figur 3-5. Syslog-server</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics25.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Leave the field blank, or look at <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!"
+"ExtraConfiguration--clsyslog\">2.l</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-6. Type of Internet connection (WAN)</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics26.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Choose what suits you. Do you have access to DHCP server, which is very "
+"likely, then you do not need more information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-7. Static IP configuration</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics27.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Do you have a fixed address, fill in the appropriate values here."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-8. Do not enable the Coyote Linux DHCP "
+"server!</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics28.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Do not turn on the Coyote Linux DHCP server. There is already one running on "
+"<link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--mainserver\">main "
+"server</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-9. Select a driver module for the network "
+"card (NIC)</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics29.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Drag and drop to choose the correct network card at the Coyote Linux machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In this particular screen, we use the module for 3Com on the LAN side of the "
+"grid (Debian Edu's) and Intel pro 100 card for the WAN (Internet) connection."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-10. Select language</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics30.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "If you want to get good support from the Internet, choose English."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-11. Make the disc</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics31.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Place a floppy disk in the disc station and press 'Next'."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Exception handling"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Our clear advice is to make at least two copies of the floppy disk. It is "
+"nice to have a couple copies ready if anything should happen."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Verification"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Update the configuration database"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Simple firewall with CD"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Solution"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coyote Linux is a product in constant development and maintenance. Just like "
+"Skolelinux / Debian-edu. Meaning that new versions are released constantly, "
+"with new features and security fixes. Especially due to security fixes, you "
+"should always use the latest stable version of Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Since Coyote Linux runs solely from a floppy disk, there is no system to "
+"upgrade. You must create a new floppy as described in <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--makefloppy\">Section 3.3</link>. "
+"To make this process as simple as possible, there are some things to "
+"remember."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Find out what kind of network you have. If this is unknown, one can use the "
+"command <emphasis role=\"strong\">lsmod</emphasis> to list all loaded "
+"modules (drivers) in use. Maybe this will give an idea of what kind of "
+"network cards are used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"coyote# lsmod\n"
+"Module Size Used by\n"
+"3c509 7732 2\n"
+"ip_nat_quake3 1768 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_mms 2608 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_h323 2060 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_amanda 876 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_irc 1904 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_ftp 2384 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_conntrack_quake3 1848 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_mms 2704 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_h323 2065 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_egg 2280 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_conntrack_amanda 1488 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_irc 2672 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_ftp 3440 1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In this list of modules that are loaded, the module for the network card "
+"3com509 is loaded twice. For a list of available modules, look at"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is best practice to write on the machine itself what kind of network card "
+"it contains."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "What kind of \"port forwarding\" is it?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Information about the \"port forwarding\" rules, if you have made any, is in "
+"the file<computeroutput>/etc/coyote/portforwards</computeroutput>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "coyote# more /etc/coyote/portforwards\\nport Y 10.0.2.2 tcp 2333 22 # Example - Secondary SSH"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Starting the Coyote firewall"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: After a simple firewall is installed, it shall be installed on "
+"the network and be effective."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are two network cards in Coyote Linux, one (LAN) is connected to the "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu server, the other is connected with a crossed cable, "
+"or via a switch to another network (WAN). Sometimes it can be a bit "
+"difficult to decide which network card is which, especially if they are both "
+"connected to the same address. The method we use to determine which card is "
+"which, is to use a crossed cable and connect it to the network card in the "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu main server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "First you start Coyote Linux without any wired network card"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Then use the crossed cable to connect Coyote Linux with the Skolelinux / "
+"Debian-edu main server (make sure it goes to the NIC labeled eth0 if the "
+"main server is a combined server)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Login to the main server. Try to <emphasis role=\"strong\">ping</emphasis> "
+"the Coyote Linux machine. Use the command <emphasis role=\"strong\">ping -"
+"c10 10.0.2.1</emphasis>, or alternatively, try to ping the main server from "
+"Coyote Linux with the command <emphasis role=\"strong\">ping -c10 10.0.2.2</"
+"emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Then you get a response like this if it works:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"ping -c10 10.0.2.1\n"
+"PING 10.0.2.1 (10.0.2.1): 56 data bytes\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=63 time=0.6 ms\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=0.3 ms\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=0.3 ms"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When you have found the network card on the Coyote Linux that must be "
+"labelled LAN, then we know that the other network card is WAN. This "
+"procedure will only work as long as the network card on the LAN is set up "
+"properly. As shown during startup on the line"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "LAN network: UP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "That is normal what is shown"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"WAN network: \n"
+" down"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Since you have started without any wires connected to the network card."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When the role of each of the network cards is decided, it is time to reboot "
+"the firewall with all the cables in place."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Different names for the network cards"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The two network cards got two different names in Coyote Linux. This is a bit "
+"confusing and not very consistent. Here is a summary:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "The various names used for network cards in Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis>This is connected to the existing network</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis>Internet</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis>Eth1</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis>WAN</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "This goes to the Debian Edu network"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "LAN network"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Eth0"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "LAN"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Reboot the Coyote Linux machine and make sure the Coyote Linux floppy disk "
+"is present in the floppy station. Ensure that the machine is configured to "
+"boot from floppy drive."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-12. Coyote Linux Login</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics35.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"You can log in. Use the user name \"root\" and the password you set when you "
+"created the floppy (if this was done from Windows). or press <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">Enter</emphasis> (blank password) for logging on floppy disk "
+"created by Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Note: It is normal that you don't get any visible response when you type a "
+"password in a Linux system. This is to reveal as little information as "
+"possible about the password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">menu, status of the network, down</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics37.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Once you have entered, press 'c' to get the status of the network. In case "
+"there is a problem:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-14. menu, status of the network, up</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics38.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "If everything went well, both will be \"up\""
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Q: <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--AEN698\">It "
+"looks like the network card (LAN) going to to the Skolelinux/Debian-edu "
+"network is not working: DOWN</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Q: <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--AEN704\">It "
+"looks like the network card (WAN) connected to the Internet, is not working: "
+"DOWN</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Q: <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--AEN724\">We have "
+"set up firewalls with many different driver modules for many network cards. "
+"We have yet to find anything not working properly.</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Q:</emphasis>It looks like the network card (LAN) "
+"going to to the Skolelinux/Debian-edu network is not working: DOWN"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">A:</emphasis>If you set up your network card "
+"according to <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--fwconf"
+"\">A</link>, but it still does not work. That may mean the wrong driver has "
+"been chosen for your network card"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Q:</emphasis>It looks like the network card (WAN) "
+"connected to the Internet, is not working: DOWN"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">A:</emphasis>There are usually two reasons why the "
+"WAN network card is not up (UP):"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"You're using a connection with the wrong Internet configuration. Take "
+"another look at <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--"
+"clconnectiontype\">2.b</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you have a connection with a DHCP-assigned address, which is not static. "
+"Then it must be a physical connection through a network wire between Coyote "
+"Linux and the network socket."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "You have chosen the wrong driver module for this network card."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"You should attempt to login to Coyote Linux and choose <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">q) quit</emphasis> to leave the Coyote Linux menu. Then you "
+"should run the command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">dmesg|more</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"then use <emphasis role=\"strong\">space</emphasis> to scroll. Look for "
+"references to <emphasis role=\"strong\">eth0</emphasis> and <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">eth1</emphasis>. Look at <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!"
+"ExtraConfiguration--clnicnames\">Different names to the network cards</link> "
+"for a reminder of what eth0 and eth1 means. Usually it is an indicator of "
+"what the problem is."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Q:</emphasis>We have set up firewalls with many "
+"different driver modules for many network cards. We have yet to find one "
+"that doesn't work properly."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">A:</emphasis>Have you looked at this website for "
+"more information about network cards and corresponding driver modules for "
+"Coyote Linux? <ulink url=\"http://www.dalantech.com/\">http://www.dalantech."
+"com</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The firewall works if you try to reach the Internet through the web browser "
+"on the main server or through a connected client."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Firewall administration through the browser (Coyote)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use Case: We need to change the settings in the firewall. The firewall is "
+"locked in the computer room. Can I make the change over the network?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Co-author: Knut Yrvin"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coyote Linux has a pretty and practical administration tool through a web "
+"portal. Here you can do everything. Type <ulink url=\"http://10.0.2.1:8180/"
+"\">http://10.0.2.1:8180</ulink> in the address field of your browser. The "
+"address will provide web administration for Coyote Linux. Click on the link "
+"and enter your user name <emphasis role=\"strong\">root</emphasis> and the "
+"password you created for the firewall."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Coyote Linux web administration</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics42.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "All options and settings can be done in Main Menu on the left side."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Coyote Linux Main Menu</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics43.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Information"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Choosing this gives the status of your network cards, active IP addresses, "
+"uptime for Coyote Linux, Ist and the like."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "LAN setup"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here you have the possibility to reconfigure the LAN network card. It goes "
+"to the Skolelinux/Debian-edu network. Leave the values as they are. "
+"Referring to <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--fwconf"
+"\">A</link>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Warning: Do not make changes here! Doing so may reduce the performance of "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu network"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"< FIXME: Should describe the contents of change_ip_setup here, later>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Internet setup"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here you have the possibility to change the values in the WAN network card "
+"connected to the Internet. If you have got a new ISP, or changed a "
+"dynamically assigned IP address by DHCP to a fixed one, this is the place to "
+"change the information without the need of creating a new Coyote Linux "
+"floppy from scratch. See <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!"
+"ExtraConfiguration--clconnectiontype\">2.b</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "DHCP setup. Warning: Do not enable the DHCP server in Coyote Linux!"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This provides the possibility to configure DHCP server as part of Coyote "
+"Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Administrative settings"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here it is possible to turn on and off services like the name server (DNS), "
+"ssh and web administration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Port Forwarding"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here you may change and enable port forwarding in Coyote Linux. This is a "
+"neat feature in a Skolelinux/Debian-edu network. Since Coyote Linux stops "
+"and blocks most connections for example ssh, it's nice to use port "
+"forwarding. This is a way to let ssh connections through Coyote Linux to a "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu- network."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use this rule for port forwarding"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Yes TCP Any 22 10.0.2.2 22 No SSH straight into Mainserver"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"all ssh-connections coming to Coyote Linux will be forwarded to the "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu main server. You need to decide if this is as wished."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Simplified firewall configuration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here you can set up and configure the firewall rules in Coyote Linux. There "
+"are many rules ready to use and can be used as an example."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Advanced firewall configuration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "QOS configuration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here you can set up restrictions on network capacity"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "System password"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here you can change the root password for Coyote Linux, also known as the "
+"system password. This is the same as using the command line <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--cllogin\">Section 3.6</link>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Configuration files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "These are files that contain all settings."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Diagnostic tools"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here you would find useful tools like ping, testing ports (gateway), testing "
+"nameserver (DNS), and the status of the network."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Backup now"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Are there any changes in Coyote Linux then those <emphasis>must</emphasis> "
+"be saved on the diskette. By selecting Main Menu in Coyote Linux users can "
+"choose to save the setup. The alternative is that all changes are lost when "
+"you reboot Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Reboot the system"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When you need to start again the Coyote Linux, this can be done from the "
+"\"Main Menu\". When choosing restart this must be confirmed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Restart or turn off Coyote Linux?</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics47.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Firewall as a DHCP server (Coyote)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Want to set up a good DHCP server with high stability regardless "
+"of the operating system. Notification: normal DHCP server in a non-"
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu network"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coyote Linux is a good solution if you just need a DHCP server on the "
+"network regardless of what type of machines, be it Linux, Windows or Mac."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The only thing that needs to be configured differently, is to enable the "
+"DHCP server. < FIXME: create link to screenshot>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "A brief summary about changing a Coyote Linux to a DHCP-server:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Coyote Linux as the default DHCP server</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Remember to answer \"yes\" to the question \"Do you want to enable the "
+"Coyote DHCP-server [y/n]:\""
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Once a DHCP server runs on Coyote Linux, you will probably need to use a "
+"different address for login, if you did not change the LAN setup:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Configuring system for Ethernet based Internet connection\n"
+"\n"
+"\n"
+"By default, Coyote uses the following settings for the local network\n"
+"interface:\n"
+"\n"
+"IP Address: 192.168.0.1\n"
+"Netmask: 255.255.255.0\n"
+"Broadcast: 192.168.0.255\n"
+"Network: 192.168.0.0\n"
+"\n"
+"Would you like to change these settings? [Y/N]: n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"then you should use the address 192.168.0.1 instead of 10.0.2.1 when logging "
+"into the Coyote Linux web administration. See <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--clgui\">Section 3.7</link> and"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">In this case the new address is:</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "ssh -l root 192.168.0.1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://192.168.0.1:8180/\">http://192.168.0.1:8180</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Coyote firewall and Internet operators"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User Case: We have a firewall with Coyote Linux. Does it allow itself to "
+"connect to our ISP?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Note: We've seen no case where Coyote didn't work with an ISP in Norway. "
+"Tell us if you experience problems with an ISP."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "This is a list of Internet providers that work well with Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Nextgentel, Norway"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Tele2 ADSL Privat, Norway"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Tele2 ADSL Bedrift, Norway"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "UPC Chello Classis, Norway"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Department of Education in Oslo. Not tested on schools connected to "
+"Simens' !InnsIKT-solution for Oslo schools"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Due to different network policies in The Department of Education in Oslo, "
+"you <emphasis>must</emphasis> make the following changes in <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--mainserver\">the main server</"
+"link>:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Change the following in the file<computeroutput>/etc/bind/named.conf</"
+"computeroutput> <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--FTN."
+"AEN983\">[5</link>]"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"// forwarders {\n"
+" // By special request from the good people inside the Dept of Education in\n"
+" // Oslo:\n"
+" // 193.156.192.40;\n"
+" // 193.156.192.50;\n"
+" // Dept. of Education in Oslo end of block\n"
+" // 0.0.0.0;\n"
+" // };"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "change this to"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"forwarders {\n"
+" // By special request from the good people inside the Dept of Education in\n"
+" // Oslo:\n"
+" 193.156.192.40;\n"
+" 193.156.192.50;\n"
+" // Dept. of Education in Oslo end of block\n"
+" // 0.0.0.0;\n"
+" };"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "This means to remove the comment marker (#) in front of \"forwarders\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you don't do this, you will not be able to connect to the Internet due to "
+"problems with the name server (DNS) in The Department of Education in Oslo. "
+"Operating staff will also engage more people to get this changed to such as "
+"this service wants it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"After the changes are inserted in <computeroutput>/etc/bind/named.conf</"
+"computeroutput> one needs to restart bind with <emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">service bind9 restart</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Telenor ADSL, Norway"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Oslo University College (Høgskolen i Oslo)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here, you must make the same bind-changes as the Department of Education in "
+"Oslo."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Support for network cards in the firewall"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Are the two network cards in the machine supported by Coyote?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is a list of modules included in Coyote Linux. All driver modules for "
+"network cards are listed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~/coyote# ls data/kernel/drivers/\n"
+"3c501.o eth16i.o ne.o\n"
+"3c503.o ewrk3.o ni5010.o\n"
+"3c505.o fealnx.o ni52.o\n"
+"3c507.o forcedeth.o ni65.o\n"
+"3c509.o hp100.o pcnet32.o\n"
+"3c515.o hp.o ppp_async.o\n"
+"3c59x.o hp-plus.o ppp_deflate.o\n"
+"8139cp.o ip_conntrack_amanda.o ppp_generic.o\n"
+"8139too.o ip_conntrack_egg.o pppoe.o\n"
+"82596.o ip_conntrack_ftp.o pppox.o\n"
+"8390.o ip_conntrack_h323.o ppp_synctty.o\n"
+"ac3200.o ip_conntrack_irc.o sch_htb.o\n"
+"amd8111e.o ip_conntrack_mms.o sch_ingress.o\n"
+"at1700.o ip_conntrack_quake3.o sch_sfq.o\n"
+"b44.o ip_conntrack_rtsp.o sis900.o\n"
+"bridge.o ip_conntrack_tftp.o slhc.o\n"
+"bsd_comp.o ip_nat_amanda.o smc9194.o\n"
+"cls_fw.o ip_nat_cuseeme.o smc-ultra.o\n"
+"cls_u32.o ip_nat_ftp.o softdog.o\n"
+"cs89x0.o ip_nat_h323.o starfire.o\n"
+"de4x5.o ip_nat_irc.o sundance.o\n"
+"depca.o ip_nat_mms.o tlan.o\n"
+"dgrs.o ip_nat_quake3.o tulip.o\n"
+"dmfe.o ip_nat_rtsp.o typhoon.o\n"
+"e100.o ip_nat_tftp.o via-rhine.o\n"
+"e2100.o lance.o wd.o\n"
+"eepro100.o lp486e.o winbond-840.o\n"
+"eepro.o mii.o zlib_deflate.o\n"
+"eexpress.o natsemi.o zlib_inflate.o\n"
+"epic100.o ne2k-pci.o"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Particularly old network cards in the firewall (ISA)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: We want to try to use some network cards in the firewall that are "
+"almost 20 years old. They are using the so called ISA bus. Is this possible?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Network cards with model number 3c509 from 3Com have been a very popular "
+"series. Many have Coyote Linux with such a network card built in which could "
+"have been produced for example in 1989, over 25 years ago. We've run these "
+"cards for three years with Coyote firewall without any problems. Once you "
+"have managed to get one running, it will probably run for a long time. But "
+"it is sometimes difficult to get the cards to work in the first place. This "
+"is because they have an ISA bus. This means that important addresses (I/O) "
+"and termination messages (IRQ) must be handled manually. This is done "
+"automatically with PCI cards, but using an ISA card requires extra effort. I/"
+"O and IRQ on these cards can be handled by an old DOS program. This can be "
+"somewhat difficult to obtain, since this software is over 25 years old."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The DOS configuration program is called <computeroutput>3c5x9cfg.exe</"
+"computeroutput>, and it is used in the following way:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Start the machine with DOS. One can use !FreeDOS or a boot floppy created "
+"with Windows 95 or 98."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"As soon as the machine is booted using DOS, insert a floppy disk with the "
+"program <computeroutput>3c5x9cfg.exe</computeroutput>. Run the program "
+"3c5x9cfg.exe from the command line in DOS."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"When 3c5x9cfg.exe is started, each of the 3c509 network cards can be "
+"configured with the \"auto\" option"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<computeroutput>3c5x9cfg.exe</computeroutput> can be found at Ruprecht-Karls-"
+"Universität Heidelberg: <ulink url=\"http://www.urz.uni-heidelberg.de/"
+"Netzdienste/nm/misc/3comnic/\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "!FreeDOS can be found on: <ulink url=\"http://www.freedos.org/\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Warning: Many reports show problems with using two 3c509 card on the same "
+"machine if one of the cards is a combo type. This is a card type with "
+"different types of network cable plugs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Do not use combo type ISA bus cards!"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Useful links about the Coyote firewall"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: I have not gotten enough help with using the firewall on these "
+"pages. Where can I get more help?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://www.coyotelinux.com/\">Coyote Linux home page</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://www.vortech.net/phorums/list.php?8\">Coyote Linux user "
+"forum, high activity</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://www.coyotelinux.com/faq\">Coyote Linux, FAQ, choose 2.x "
+"- General</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://rzero.com/coyote/faq.html\">Another FAQ by Todd !"
+"VerBeek</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Config:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "User case: What's should be configured"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Setting up infrastructure"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Network architecture"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: Shall set up a computer network that scales so that one can "
+"either operate the system locally or connect to a centralized operational "
+"solution"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Server profiles"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: How to install machines for an entire computer network for a "
+"school or many schools in a municipality."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "< FIXME: In with the drawing showing diskless clients>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<ul> <li><p>{{attachment:bilder50.png}}</p> <p>"
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">The different profiles on different servers.</"
+"emphasis></p></li></ul>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Combi-server as a combined resolution"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Two profiles with main server and thin client server in combination are "
+"called a combi-server"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:bilder51.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is a fairly small step, which makes it easy to use an appropriate "
+"switch on the backbone network, and use a crossover cable to connect the "
+"firewall with a combi-server"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Note: Be aware that setting a printer on the address 192.168.0.0/24, which "
+"is the thin client network, does not work if the hostname is <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">printer00</emphasis>. Be sure to edit KDE printing manager to "
+"search for printers at 192.168.0.0/24-net. Not standard 10.0.2.0/23-net."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Description of the profiles in Skolelinux/Debian-Edu"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Profiles shown during the installation originate from the file "
+"<computeroutput>src/debian-edu-install/debian/debian-edu-install.templates</"
+"computeroutput> on alioth.debian.org"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Graphical desktop</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One will increasingly see references to a graphical desktop. In short that "
+"means a modern desktop with point and click, windows, icons, and file "
+"folders. Graphical user interfaces were first made by Xerox Parc in 1973, 10 "
+"years before they came to personal computers that could be bought on the "
+"market. This was a <emphasis>very</emphasis> short presentation of graphical "
+"user interfaces."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">A brief summary of the different profiles in "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu and how they can be combined</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<ol style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\"> <li><p>Main "
+"server</p> <p>Warning: <emphasis>All</emphasis> Skolelinux/"
+"Debian-edu-networks <emphasis>must have</emphasis> only one main server, and "
+"only one machine with that profile. Most commonly that profile can be "
+"combined with thin client servers, or just a workstation.</p> <p>"
+"Every Skolelinux network needs one, and only one machine running the 'Main "
+"Server'. This machine provides network services such as for example network "
+"login with the help of directory server (LDAP) etc. Without this machine the "
+"network does not work. Since this machine will save all data files, it needs "
+"a lot of disk space. You do not get graphical user interface by installing "
+"this profile. If you want a graphical user interface you must also install "
+"<link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile"
+"\">workstation</link>-profile or <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!"
+"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile\">thin client server</link>.</"
+"p></li> <li><p>Workstation</p></li></"
+"ol>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Machines running the 'workstation' profile is what we know as normal PCs. "
+"Users log on to workstations, and get storage space on <link linkend="
+"\"InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--mainserverprofile\">The main "
+"server</link>. Documents, personal settings and many network services are on "
+"<link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--mainserverprofile"
+"\">The main server</link>. User programs run on the workstation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For access to CD/DVD-player/burner, digital cameras, scanners, this is the "
+"profile to install."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Machines running the thin client server support the thin clients. This "
+"profile also includes the <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!"
+"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile\">workstation</link> profile. To "
+"prevent saturating the network, two NICs are required. The profiles: main "
+"server, workstation and thin client server can be installed on the same "
+"machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"This profile also contains <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!"
+"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile\">the work station</link>-profile"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Diskless workstations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Machines running as thin client servers provide support for diskless clients "
+"if this is enabled. In Skolelinux 2.0 this must be enabled afterwards. This "
+"profile also includes <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!"
+"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile\">the workstation</link>-profile. "
+"Profiles main server, workstation and thin client server can be installed on "
+"the same machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Main server + thin client server (including workstation)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This combination of profiles, also called combined profile, providing the "
+"ability to setup a complete Skolelinux / Debian-edu network <link linkend="
+"\"InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile"
+"\">workstations</link> and <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!"
+"InfrastructureSetup--thinclientprofile\">thinclients</link> with only one "
+"server. This is an acceptable solution in a small Skolelinux/Debian-edu "
+"network, with maybe 10-15 thin clients and a few workstations. For larger "
+"installations, one must usually choose servers which are <emphasis>larger</"
+"emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Main server + workstation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This combination of profiles mainly gives you a main server with a GUI. If "
+"you do not like the idea of administering your main server from the command "
+"line, this is a good combination."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The standalone profile is not part of Skolelinux/Debian-edu network. The "
+"purpose of this profile is to support the home PC or portables."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Stand alone"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The standalone profile can not be installed together with the main server, "
+"workstation or thin client server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The standalone profile is best to use without linking it to a Skolelinux / "
+"Debian-edu network."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"All programs in Skolelinux/Debian edu are included in the standalone profile"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Hardware servers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Client computers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: Choice of client machines. Should you choose silent machines or "
+"machines for multimedia. Should one have laptops to all or desktops."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Several types of technologies can provide application on the PC. Most common "
+"is thick clients operating locally on each computer. But there are other "
+"types of technology for applications on the desktop. Many have heard of "
+"graphic terminals. Examples include Citrix, !FreeNX and Windows Terminal "
+"Server. There are also other options like lowfat clients and real thin "
+"clients. This article describes the options and provides an overview of "
+"where the various terminal technologies do best. The reason for the article "
+"is the experience of enterprise solutions with centralized operation of the "
+"computer in many different buildings with low, medium or high network "
+"capacity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Client technologies are described in the following order. Graphic terminals "
+"Citrix and !FreeNX, thin clients with X Windows, thick clients with Linux "
+"and Windows, client in between with Linux, and laptops. The following are "
+"examples of what server systems are commonly used in various business-"
+"oriented installations. A key factor for calculating costs is the number of "
+"concurrent users and the number of servers. Centralized management of "
+"computer equipment at several schools may in practice be compared with how "
+"the operations of ICT systems is done in larger companies. Often schools "
+"have more computers than the rest of the council's activities. Failure to "
+"think things through in what one chooses for client solutions in schools can "
+"quickly lead to a doubling of the number of employees in IT services in the "
+"municipality."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Citrix is the most known product for <emphasis role=\"strong\">graphical "
+"clients</emphasis>. The company making this is product was established in "
+"1989. The first graphical clients were made for the operating system OS/2. "
+"First Windows product was launched with NT 3.51 in 1995. There are several "
+"competing products to Citrix. One of the most successful is the NX "
+"technology. Briefly, you may run applications from a server with Citrix or "
+"NX. The screen is exported over the network from a server to a graphical "
+"terminal on a thick client."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Graphical clients</emphasis> have the strength "
+"that it would be seemless what ever kind of operating system that might be "
+"running on the client. One could use the applications on the server anyways. "
+"One can run standard office programs and client emails over an ISDN line "
+"with 64 kbps. That said, there are limitations in graphic software, whether "
+"it is used with multimedia or interactive graphics. The solution can quickly "
+"become of no practical use if a municipality distributes 30 or 50 graphic "
+"terminals at 5-6 schools with broadband with 2-8 Mbps. With this capacity "
+"one can not run interactive graphical applications. The Internet would be "
+"filled up with traffic, and the Citrix client would disconnect from the "
+"server machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"With <emphasis role=\"strong\">graphical clients</emphasis> the operations "
+"department must run two parallel paths for the maintenance of software. "
+"Maintenance occurs on all client computers and on local and central servers. "
+"For getting for example Citrix to work reasonably well, there must be "
+"deployed two additional server machines in each building, in addition to "
+"central application servers. In addition, it usually needs some thick "
+"clients also for use with multimedia. For example 1/3 of the machines in "
+"Oslo schools are thick clients to provide support for multimedia."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Thin clients</emphasis> was introduced in 1984 at "
+"MIT. This was around the same time Apple released the Macintosh GUI. The "
+"following year Microsoft shipped the first edition of MS-Windows. Actually "
+"thin clients are named X Window Systems and can be used on all possible "
+"platforms like Linux, Mac or Windows. X Windows turned things upside down. "
+"In practice applications run on a server, and the GUI is sent over the "
+"network to the client computer. The client computer runs a server program to "
+"display graphical windows. An X server may run your application windows from "
+"different programs running on many different servers. Thick clients also run "
+"the X Window system, using a virtual local network on the PC. All Unix "
+"systems with graphical user interfaces run X servers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The main advantage of <emphasis role=\"strong\">thin clients</emphasis> is "
+"the reuse of older equipment without increasing the complexity of "
+"operations. Many people use PCs with 233 MHz and 32 MB memory as thin "
+"clients. There is no need for local hard drive. Users can handle heavier "
+"graphics, sound and simple video. Several schools have opened up for the use "
+"of CD / DVD-Rom and USB memory stick at <emphasis role=\"strong\">the thin "
+"clients</emphasis>. Operating personnel do not have to keep track of a "
+"separate operating system on each of the PCs. Everything is handled from the "
+"server. Each thin client uses around 2 Mbps network capacity during normal "
+"use. The performance of thin clients is significantly better than graphic "
+"terminals. Thin clients need in average fewer servers than graphic clients "
+"with for example Citrix, as shown by a study of The Department of Education "
+"in Oslo."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Thick clients</emphasis> or standard PCs is what "
+"is mostly used today. The term Personal Computers were used for the first "
+"time November the third 1962. The first PC with network and graphical user "
+"interface was created at Xerox PARK in 1973. Today it is the PC concept IBM "
+"launched in 1981 that is known and widespread. The entire operating system "
+"and all the software applications are installed on each client computer on a "
+"local data store. The most famous operating computers are Microsoft Windows "
+"and Linux. But there are also a number of other systems that many people "
+"use, including a version of BSD."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage of <emphasis role=\"strong\">Thick clients</emphasis> is that "
+"all programs are run locally, which can provide great flexibility and "
+"performance for users. Since most user programs run locally few central "
+"servers are needed. Solutions with thick clients can be relatively "
+"inexpensive to operate if one standardizes. On Windows, it is a great "
+"advantage to have mostly similar machines, which is difficult over time. It "
+"is quite common, for example, that the school has both 4 and 5 PC types. "
+"This affects operational costs. Linux is more flexible because the system "
+"can be more easily managed with many different PC types. Linux also requires "
+"less memory, and allows for longer use of older computers without loss of "
+"performance as the British Educational Communications and Technology Agency "
+"(BECTA) reports."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Diskless clients</emphasis> is another exciting "
+"technology. Today supported on Linux with Lessdisks or new LTSP. Novell had "
+"a virtual monopoly on diskless clients 15 years ago. Simply explained, the "
+"entire operating system and applications are installed on a server. The "
+"operating system is uploaded from the server to the client over the network. "
+"File, print, and Web services are handled by an operating system designed "
+"for networks. By the introduction of Windows 95, Novell met a technological "
+"barrier. Microsoft changed controlling Windows with registry instead of text "
+"files. Now it's only Linux and other Unix variants offering diskless clients."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage with <emphasis role=\"strong\">diskless clients</emphasis> is "
+"that you get the performance of thick clients with the operational advantage "
+"of thin clients. It means that the organisation can connect many client "
+"machines to a server, without installing locally an operating system on each "
+"client. Everything is handled from the server. The system supports audio, "
+"video, CD/DVD-Rom and USB memory stick. Today it is unusual to find used "
+"machines with less than 800 MHz processors and 256 MB of memories, which is "
+"well suited for the half thick clients. It is recommended to use local hard "
+"drive cache."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Portable machines</emphasis> are essentially thick "
+"clients. Laptops may in principle be used as thin clients, half thick "
+"clients or graphical terminals. But it is not very practical for several "
+"reasons. Portables should be used as thick client. In order to connect the "
+"laptop to a stationary computer network, one must choose what kind of "
+"services to be used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are significant challenges with portables in wireless networks with "
+"many users. Wireless networks have limited capacity. Portables are also "
+"subject to rough treatment, and require more frequent replacement than what "
+"is normal for stationary equipment. One should not run graphical terminals "
+"on laptops in wireless networks. This quickly becomes unstable when you have "
+"many users. Thick clients with Linux or Windows run fine. They can "
+"relatively easily be authenticated against the network. The user can access "
+"file directories, printing and other network services in a safe and secure "
+"manner. Several providers offer laptops in schools which connect to the "
+"computer network running Debian Edu."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Table of client types"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Main solution</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Support for multimedia</emphasis></"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Characteristics</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Fat clients (Windows, Linux or Mac)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Good support for sound, graphics and video with powerful enough processor "
+"and memory on the client machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"All user applications installed on the client machine. The user programs run "
+"on the client machine. The client machine may be stationary or portable. "
+"Running multiple services in networks such as email, file storage, case-"
+"filing system etc.<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantage:</emphasis> Requires "
+"few server machines. Good support for multimedia<emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Need to install and maintain all the software on "
+"each client machine"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Diskless workstation (Linux. Earlier this was the solution from Novell with "
+"Windows 3.X)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Good support for sound, graphics and video given a powerful enough processor "
+"and memory on the client machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"All user applications are installed on the server machine. User programs run "
+"on the client machine. Client computer is usually stationary. Running "
+"multiple services on the network such as email, file storage, case-filing "
+"system etc.<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantages:</emphasis> Same "
+"functionality as thick clients. Need few servers. The client computers do "
+"not have software installed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Thin client (X Window System)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Decent audio, graphics and video support given a powerful enough processor "
+"memory on the server machine. Needs high capacity client network."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"All user programs and services are installed on the server machine. The user "
+"programs running on servers. The client computer is usually stationary. "
+"Running multiple services in networks such as email, file storage, case-"
+"filing system etc.<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantage:</emphasis> Gives new "
+"life to reused computers. Client does not have installed software.<emphasis "
+"role=\"strong\">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Requires more servers than thick "
+"and diskless clients."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Graphical terminals (FreeNX, Citrix, RDP)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Decent graphics support given powerful enough processor memory on the server "
+"machine, and high capacity network. Weak or little support for interactive "
+"graphics at medium capacity network."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"All user programs and services are installed on the server machine. A full "
+"operating system with a graphical interface is usually installed on the "
+"client machine. The user programs run on the server. The client computer is "
+"usually stationary. Several network services such as email, file storage, "
+"case-filing system etc. are provided.<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantage:</"
+"emphasis> Gives new life to reused computers.<emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Must install and maintain the operating system "
+"on each client machine. Requires more servers than real thin clients. "
+"Requires significantly more servers than thick or diskless clients. Gives "
+"poor performance or no support for multimedia. The terminal disconnects with "
+"network overloads. This may happen several times an hour."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantage:</emphasis> Can take the PC anywhere "
+"suitable<emphasis role=\"strong\">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Must install and "
+"maintain the operating system on each client machine. Must set up and "
+"maintain services that make it easy to connect and disconnect machines on "
+"the network. There is considerable breakage with portable equipment, and "
+"lifetimes average 3 years; that's 2-5 years less than desktops. "
+"Administration of portable devices is expensive."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Switches"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Wireless access points"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Firewall(s)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Routers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Setting up a simple firewall"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Setup:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Useful commands"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Support for 4 GB memory <-- included in configuration management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use Case: Because there is limited space on the Skolelinux/Debian-Edu CD "
+"only one Linux kernel is included, i.e. the lowest common denominator. That "
+"means a kernel <emphasis>working</emphasis> at as many as possible different "
+"types of hardware is included."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"You can find out the type of kernel running with the command <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">uname -a</emphasis>. The command can be used later to ensure that "
+"you have upgraded to the required core. Then it may look like this:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# uname -a\n"
+"Linux tjener.intern 2.6.8-2-386 #1 Thu May 19 17:40:50 JST 2005 i686 GNU/Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here runs a 386-core, which should work on just about all of the PCs. But it "
+"is not optimal for dual core processors or more than 940MB."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you want a kernel for new servers with plenty of memory and multiple "
+"processors, you can download and install it afterwards. Debian's package "
+"system makes that easy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Look at <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--apt-get\">Section "
+"8.9</link> for a more detailed description of <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-"
+"get</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">smp</emphasis> is the keyword to look for when you "
+"want a Linux kernel with support for more RAM than 940MB of memory and dual "
+"processors. The acronym stands for <emphasis>Symmetric Multi-Processors</"
+"emphasis>. The command is run from a <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--!"
+"UsefulCommands--shell\">shell</link> which lists the number of cores ready "
+"for installation:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache search kernel-image | grep smp</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ". At the time this is written the following is listed:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"kernel-image-2.4-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.4-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on AMD K7 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.4.27-2-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4.27 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.4.27-2-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4.27 on AMD K7 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP.\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-amd64-k8-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD64 SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-em64t-p4-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on Intel EM64T SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD K7 SMP.\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6.8-11-amd64-k8-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on AMD64 SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6.8-11-em64t-p4-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on Intel EM64T SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP.\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6.8-2-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on AMD K7 SMP."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There is no need to specify a specific kernel version like 2.4.27 or 2.6.8. "
+"Just use 2.4 or 2.6. This boils down to"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"kernel-image-2.4-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.4-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on AMD K7 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP.\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-amd64-k8-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD64 SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-em64t-p4-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on Intel EM64T SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD K7 SMP."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Now you just need to know what kind of processor you have eg. 686 (Intel), "
+"k7 (AMD) AMD64 or EM64T"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As soon as which kernel fit the machine best it can be installed using the "
+"command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-<your "
+"processor type>-smp</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "If the machine contain an Intel Xeon one can use"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-686-smp</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "If a 2.4 kernel is used"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install kernel-image-2.4-<your "
+"processor type>-smp</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "With an AMD Athlon(TM) MP 2000 it is possible to use"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-k7-smp</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "When you install the new kernel, you may see something like this:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get update\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-686-smp\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following extra packages will be installed:\n"
+" kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp\n"
+"Suggested packages:\n"
+" lilo kernel-doc-2.6.8 kernel-source-2.6.8\n"
+"Recommended packages:\n"
+" irqbalance\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" kernel-image-2.6-686-smp kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp\n"
+"0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 15.3MB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 44.9MB of additional disk space will be used.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp 2.6.8-16 [15.3MB]\n"
+"Get:2 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main kernel-image-2.6-686-smp 101 [2154B]\n"
+"Fetched 15.3MB in 1m13s (208kB/s)\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 80762 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp (from .../kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp_2.6.8-16_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package kernel-image-2.6-686-smp.\n"
+"Unpacking kernel-image-2.6-686-smp (from .../kernel-image-2.6-686-smp_101_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Setting up kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp (2.6.8-16) ...\n"
+"File descriptor 3 left open\n"
+"File descriptor 4 left open\n"
+"File descriptor 5 left open\n"
+"File descriptor 6 left open\n"
+"File descriptor 7 left open\n"
+" Finding all volume groups\n"
+" Finding volume group \"vg_data\"\n"
+" Finding volume group \"vg_system\"\n"
+"Searching for GRUB installation directory ... found: /boot/grub .\n"
+"Testing for an existing GRUB menu.list file... found: /boot/grub/menu.lst .\n"
+"Searching for splash image... none found, skipping...\n"
+"Found kernel: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.8-2-686-smp\n"
+"Found kernel: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.8-2-386\n"
+"Updating /boot/grub/menu.lst ... done\n"
+"Setting up kernel-image-2.6-686-smp (101) ..."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As shown, you were asked to install kernel-image-2.6-686-smp, and it "
+"automatically translated to install kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp. It was "
+"also suggested to install some other packages that might be useful."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Reboot the machine with the command: shutdown -r now"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "To activate a new kernel the machine need to be rebooted."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Building the kernel for a Skolelinux / Debian-Edu machine, is the only time "
+"you ever need a restart. When installing other programs there is no need for "
+"a restart."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When running the command <emphasis role=\"strong\">uname -a</emphasis> after "
+"installation, the following is displayed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# uname -a\n"
+"Linux tjener.intern 2.6.8-2-686-smp #1 SMP Thu May 19 17:27:55 JST 2005 i686 GNU/Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"After the installation of the smp kernel and after the reboot, you can run "
+"the command <emphasis role=\"strong\">free</emphasis> and <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">cat /proc/cpuinfo</emphasis>. Then you can see if the new kernel "
+"uses all memory and both processors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"ltspserver00:~# free\n"
+" total used free shared buffers cached\n"
+"Mem: 4074752 4045556 29196 0 339248 2327780\n"
+"-/+ buffers/cache: 1378528 2696224\n"
+"Swap: 1835000 5852 1829148"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here is a shortened printing with the unnecessary printing removed ."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"ltspserver00:~# cat /proc/cpuinfo\n"
+"processor : 0\n"
+"vendor_id : !GenuineIntel\n"
+"cpu family : 15\n"
+"model : 2\n"
+"model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz\n"
+"\n"
+"processor : 1\n"
+"vendor_id : !GenuineIntel\n"
+"cpu family : 15\n"
+"model : 2\n"
+"model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz\n"
+"\n"
+"processor : 2\n"
+"vendor_id : !GenuineIntel\n"
+"cpu family : 15\n"
+"model : 2\n"
+"model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz\n"
+"\n"
+"processor : 3\n"
+"vendor_id : !GenuineIntel\n"
+"cpu family : 15\n"
+"model : 2\n"
+"model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Administrating packages (apt-get)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Installing new programs or update programs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To install packages one needs to tell from where they should be fetched. In "
+"other words, which package archive to use."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One can specify package archives in the file <computeroutput>/etc/apt/"
+"sources.list</computeroutput>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"You can work with package management on the command line. There is more "
+"graphical applications like for example KPackage <link linkend="
+"\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--kpackage\">7</link> or Webmin <link "
+"linkend=\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--webmin\">12</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This section provides a quick introduction to using the command line for "
+"administrating packages."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is the content of a file with references to package repositories on the "
+"Internet or from a CD ROM:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"#deb file:///cdrom/ sarge main local\n"
+"\n"
+"deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux edu _Sarge_ - Unofficial i386 Binary-1 (20050808)]/ unstable contrib local main non-free\n"
+"\n"
+" 1. deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1.deb http://security.debian.org/ sarge/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. Use (by uncommenting) either http or ftp, NOT both\n"
+" 1. http based apt source: ----------------\n"
+" 1. deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. deb http://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local\n"
+" 1. ftp based apt source: -----------------\n"
+" 1. deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. deb ftp://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. deb ftp://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Note that the lines <emphasis>without</emphasis> hashtag (#) can be used as "
+"reference to the package archive. The example shows that one only gets "
+"packets from the CD ROM used during installation. Other archives are not "
+"activated. When doing this, one should open for security upgrades. So you "
+"can try other archives for more packages."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "As a start it should look something like this:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"#deb file:///cdrom/ sarge main local\n"
+"\n"
+" 1.deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux edu _Sarge_ - Unofficial i386 Binary-1 (20050808)]/ unstable contrib local main non-free\n"
+"\n"
+" 1.deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+"deb http://security.debian.org/ sarge/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. Use (by uncommenting) either http or ftp, NOT both\n"
+" 1. http based apt source: ----------------\n"
+"deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+"deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+"deb http://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local\n"
+" 1. ftp based apt source: -----------------\n"
+" 1. deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. deb ftp://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. deb ftp://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Note that there is a # sign in front of the line containing \"deb: cdrom\". "
+"There is no need to load packages from a CD-ROM when one can get everything "
+"from the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you add a new line to this file, you must update the database with "
+"information about what that is available."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"See <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--sources.list\">chapter "
+"13</link> for other lines to add as package sources."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Links to package archives have a specific form. Failure to follow this gives "
+"error messages when updating, asking to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The comment sign (#) is also in place in front of several lines in the file. "
+"The technique of \"commenting out\" is typical for most configuration files "
+"in Linux. Other symbols to be used is the semicolon (;) and double slashes "
+"(//). But here, the hashtag is in force, and when removed, what is written "
+"on the line is operative."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Update the package archive"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Update the package repository with a summary of updated programs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The selection of available packages is constantly updated. The most common "
+"is new security updates. New versions of the software can also be posted. "
+"Therefore, one must update the package archives. This is done with the "
+"following command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get update\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.skolelinux.no sarge/local Packages [17.4kB]\n"
+"Ign http://ftp.skolelinux.no sarge/local Release\n"
+"Get:2 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/main Packages [20B]\n"
+"Get:3 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/main Release [102B]\n"
+"Get:4 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/contrib Packages [20B]\n"
+"Get:5 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/contrib Release [105B]\n"
+"Get:6 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/non-free Packages [20B]\n"
+"Get:7 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/non-free Release [106B]\n"
+"Get:8 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Packages [3347kB]\n"
+"Get:9 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/main Packages [155kB]\n"
+"Get:10 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/main Release [110B]\n"
+"Get:11 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/contrib Packages [538B]\n"
+"Get:12 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/contrib Release [113B]\n"
+"Get:13 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/non-free Packages [20B]\n"
+"Get:14 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/non-free Release [114B]\n"
+"Get:15 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Release [95B]\n"
+"Get:16 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/contrib Packages [56.2kB]\n"
+"Get:17 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/contrib Release [98B]\n"
+"Get:18 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/non-free Packages [58.4kB]\n"
+"Get:19 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/non-free Release [99B]\n"
+"Fetched 3635kB in 23s (157kB/s)\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This command must be executed <emphasis>before</emphasis> an upgrade or "
+"before adding new packages."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Update to new packages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Updating the installed packages to a newer version if one is "
+"available"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"All installed packages can be upgraded to newer versions using the command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get upgrade</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get upgrade\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be upgraded:\n"
+" apache apache-common apache2-utils bsdutils cfengine cfengine-doc courier-authdaemon courier-base courier-imap courier-imap-ssl courier-ldap\n"
+" courier-ssl cpio debian-edu-config debian-edu-install education-common education-main-server education-networked education-tasks libapr0 libice6\n"
+" libmysqlclient12 libpam-ldap libpcre3 libsensors3 libsm6 libsnmp-base libsnmp5 libssl0.9.7 libungif4g libx11-6 libxext6 libxft1 libxi6 libxmu6 libxmuu1\n"
+" libxp6 libxpm4 libxrandr2 libxt6 libxtrap6 libxtst6 localization-config lynx mount mysql-common ntp ntp-refclock ntp-server ntpdate openssl python2.3\n"
+" slbackup snmp squid squid-common tcpdump util-linux xdebconfigurator xfree86-common xlibs xlibs-data\n"
+"62 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 23.7MB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 225kB disk space will be freed.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Just press <emphasis role=\"strong\">Enter</emphasis> or 'Y' and <emphasis "
+"role=\"strong\">Enter</emphasis>. The packages will be downloaded and "
+"installed automatically. One will get a change log when the upgrade begins."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Once you have upgraded, you can delete the packages downloaded in the "
+"directory<computeroutput>/var/cache/apt/archives/</computeroutput>. Use the "
+"command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get clean</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"to clear the archive. This should be done occasionally. Otherwise "
+"<computeroutput>/var</computeroutput> becomes full."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Warning"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes it's OK to see what is going to happen <emphasis>before</emphasis> "
+"upgrading. If judging whether it is necessary to download several large "
+"packages, maybe you need to wait until there is more bandwidth available. If "
+"you run"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get upgrade --simulate</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"if one will simulate what will happen, without it actually happens. Is it "
+"too much information on the screen, one can run"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get upgrade --simulate | more</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If it looks good, one can run the command again without the <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">--simulate</emphasis> parameter"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is also possible to use <emphasis role=\"strong\">aptitude dist-upgrade</"
+"emphasis> in combination with <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get upgrade</"
+"emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes you will get a message about changes affecting packages to upgrade "
+"or install, as in here"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"kdeaddons (4:3.1.0-4) unstable; urgency=low\n"
+"\n"
+" * Rebuilt against libvorbis0a (closes: #184713).\n"
+" * Removed alpha compile flags.\n"
+" * Fresh admin/ sync.\n"
+"\n"
+" -- Ben Burton <bab at debian.org> Sun, 16 Mar 2003 16:00:19 +1100\n"
+"\n"
+"kdeaddons (4:3.1.0-2) unstable; urgency=low\n"
+"\n"
+" * First KDE3 upload to debian!\n"
+" * Applied Ewald Snel's patch for xine support.\n"
+" * Rolled the epoch to aid upgrades from the unofficial repository on\n"
+" ftp.kde.org.. *sigh*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use <emphasis role=\"strong\">Space</emphasis> on the keyboard to browse "
+"through the message. Then you will see"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"quanta (1:3.0pr1-1) unstable; urgency=low\n"
+"\n"
+" * New upstream release.\n"
+" * Built for KDE3.\n"
+"\n"
+" -- Ben Burton <benb at acm.org> Wed, 4 Sep 2002 10:36:12 +1000\n"
+"\n"
+"(END)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Press the <emphasis role=\"strong\">q</emphasis> key to quit and you get"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Fetched 60.2MB in 11m24s (87.9kB/s)\n"
+"Reading changelogs... Done\n"
+"apt-listchanges: Do you want to continue? [Y/n]?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To continue you need to press <emphasis role=\"strong\">Y</emphasis> for Yes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Summary of installed packages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Want a summary of installed packages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "To get a summary of the installed packages run this command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --list | more</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Note that when the first letters in the list is \"ii\" it mean the package "
+"is fully installed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To get the status of one particular package one can use <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">grep</emphasis> to search for it:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# dpkg --list | grep apache\n"
+"ii apache 1.3.33-6 versatile, high-performance HTTP server\n"
+"ii apache-common 1.3.33-6 support files for all Apache webservers\n"
+"ii apache2-utils 2.0.54-4 utility programs for webservers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Find the name of a particular package"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Often it is hard to remember the name of a package."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To find a particular package one can use a search term with this command:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache search <package name></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Try this if there is too much text on the screen"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache search <package name>|more</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The two symbols < and > must <emphasis>not</emphasis> be used. They "
+"are only used in this example."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-cache search apache\n"
+"apache - versatile, high-performance HTTP server\n"
+"apache-common - support files for all Apache webservers\n"
+"apache-dbg - debug versions of the Apache webservers\n"
+"apache-dev - development kit for the Apache webserver\n"
+"apache-doc - documentation for the Apache webserver\n"
+"apache-perl - versatile, high-performance HTTP server with Perl support\n"
+"apache-ssl - versatile, high-performance HTTP server with SSL support\n"
+"apache-utils - utility programs for webservers (transitional package)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As the screen dump show there are a lot more related to apache than the "
+"packages already installed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Show available information about packages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: Want to get information about the package. There may be "
+"dependencies to other packages etc.."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "The command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache showpkg <package name></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "and"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\"><apt-cache policy <package name></"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "gives details about the package."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-cache showpkg kdissert\n"
+"Package: kdissert\n"
+"Versions:\n"
+"0.3.8-1(/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.debian.org_debian_dists_sarge_main_binary-i386_Packages)\n"
+"\n"
+"Reverse Depends:\n"
+"Dependencies:\n"
+"0.3.8-1 - kdelibs4 (2 4:3.3.2-4.0.2) libc6 (2 2.3.2.ds1-4) libgcc1 (2 1:3.4.1-3) libqt3c102-mt (2 3:3.3.3) libstdc++5 (2 1:3.3.4-1)\n"
+"Provides:\n"
+"0.3.8-1 -\n"
+"Reverse Provides:\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-cache policy kdissert\n"
+"kdissert:\n"
+" Installed: (none)\n"
+" Candidate: 0.3.8-1\n"
+" Version Table:\n"
+" 0.3.8-1 0\n"
+" 500 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Packages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"So one notices that the package kdissert is not installed, but available for "
+"installation in version 0.3.8-1 from `<ulink url=\"http://ftp.debian.org\"/> "
+"sarge/main`"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Installation of packages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Want to install a program or a program package."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "When you have found the package to be installed, run the command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install <package name></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you want to see what happened during the installation you should run a "
+"simulation first with the command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install <package name> --simulate</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get install aterm --simulate\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" aterm\n"
+"0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Inst aterm (0.4.2-11 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf aterm (0.4.2-11 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get install aterm\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" aterm\n"
+"0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 91.6kB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 287kB of additional disk space will be used.\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main aterm 0.4.2-11 [91.6kB]\n"
+"Fetched 91.6kB in 1s (71.0kB/s)\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package aterm.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking aterm (from .../aterm_0.4.2-11_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Setting up aterm (0.4.2-11) ..."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Removal of installed packages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Wants to remove certain packages that will not be used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To find a specific package to be removed, use the commands listed above."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "When you have found the name of the package run the command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get remove <package name></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you want to see what happens when you remove the package, you may "
+"simulate this with the command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get remove <package name> --simulate</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get remove aterm --simulate\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be REMOVED:\n"
+" aterm\n"
+"0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Remv aterm (0.4.2-11 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get remove aterm\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be REMOVED:\n"
+" aterm\n"
+"0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 0B of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 287kB disk space will be freed.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32936 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Removing aterm ..."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Install a specific package version"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: Want a specific version of a package. It can for example be a "
+"previous release of a program."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "When installing a package with the command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"then the newest package is installed. Sometimes an older version instead of "
+"the newest version is wanted."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install <package name>"
+"=older_version_number</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "To get an older version of the Webmin backup module one can run"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache showpkg webmin-slbackup</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "to get a summary of the available version"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-cache policy webmin-slbackup\n"
+"webmin-slbackup:\n"
+" Installed: 0.0.10-1\n"
+" Candidate: 0.0.10-1\n"
+" Version Table:\n"
+" *** 0.0.10-1 0\n"
+" 500 http://ftp.skolelinux.no sarge/local Packages\n"
+" 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status\n"
+" 0.0.9-1 0\n"
+" 500 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Packages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here one can see that there are two versions available. Both 0.0.9-1 and "
+"0.0.10-1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the 0.0.9-1 version of the program is wanted it can be installed using "
+"the following command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install webmin-slbackup=0.0.9-1</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get install webmin-slbackup=0.0.9-1 --simulate\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be DOWNGRADED:\n"
+" webmin-slbackup\n"
+"0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 downgraded, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Inst webmin-slbackup [0.0.10-1] (0.0.9-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf webmin-slbackup (0.0.9-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get install webmin-slbackup=0.0.9-1\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be DOWNGRADED:\n"
+" webmin-slbackup\n"
+"0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 downgraded, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 22.0kB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 131kB of additional disk space will be used.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main webmin-slbackup 0.0.9-1 [22.0kB]\n"
+"Fetched 22.0kB in 0s (23.6kB/s)\n"
+"dpkg - warning: downgrading webmin-slbackup from 0.0.10-1 to 0.0.9-1.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Preparing to replace webmin-slbackup 0.0.10-1 (using .../webmin-slbackup_0.0.9-1_all.deb) ...\n"
+"Unpacking replacement webmin-slbackup ...\n"
+"Setting up webmin-slbackup (0.0.9-1) ..."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Install a package using dpkg"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: Sometimes it is needed to download a package from other places, "
+"not located in a Debian web archive. Opera browser is such a package."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Download the package from the home page of the creators of the program. This "
+"could for example be Opera. The program is installed using the following "
+"command:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg -i <full path to the package></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ". If you first want to simulate this try"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --no-act -i <full path to package></"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# dpkg --install --no-act opera_8.51-20051114.5-sharedqt_en_sarge_i386.deb\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package opera.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking opera (from opera_8.51-20051114.5-shared-qt_en_sarge_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"tjener:~# dpkg --install opera_8.51-20051114.5-shared-qt_en_sarge_i386.deb\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package opera.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking opera (from opera_8.51-20051114.5-shared-qt_en_sarge_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of opera:\n"
+" opera depends on libqt3c102-mt; however:\n"
+" Package libqt3c102-mt is not installed.\n"
+"dpkg: error processing opera (--install):\n"
+" dependency problems - leaving unconfigured\n"
+"Errors were encountered while processing:\n"
+" opera"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"dpkg requires more manipulations than apt-get because it does not handle "
+"package dependencies. This means you may need to run <emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">apt-get</emphasis> immediately afterwards with additional parameter. For "
+"example, it helps to run <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get --fix-broken</"
+"emphasis> to tidy up"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get install --fix-broken --simulate\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"Correcting dependencies... Done\n"
+"The following extra packages will be installed:\n"
+" libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2\n"
+"Suggested packages:\n"
+" nas liblcms-utils libqt3c102-mt-psql libqt3c102-mt-mysql libqt3c102-mt-odbc\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2\n"
+"0 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"1 not fully installed or removed.\n"
+"Inst libaudio2 (1.7-2 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst liblcms1 (1.13-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst libmng1 (1.0.8-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst libxcursor1 (1.1.3-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst libxft2 (2.1.7-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst libqt3c102-mt (3:3.3.4-3 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libaudio2 (1.7-2 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf liblcms1 (1.13-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libmng1 (1.0.8-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libxcursor1 (1.1.3-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libxft2 (2.1.7-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libqt3c102-mt (3:3.3.4-3 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf opera (8.51-20051114.5 )\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get install --fix-broken\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"Correcting dependencies... Done\n"
+"The following extra packages will be installed:\n"
+" libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2\n"
+"Suggested packages:\n"
+" nas liblcms-utils libqt3c102-mt-psql libqt3c102-mt-mysql libqt3c102-mt-odbc\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2\n"
+"0 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"1 not fully installed or removed.\n"
+"Need to get 3489kB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 8753kB of additional disk space will be used.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libaudio2 1.7-2 [71.5kB]\n"
+"Get:2 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main liblcms1 1.13-1 [123kB]\n"
+"Get:3 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libmng1 1.0.8-1 [171kB]\n"
+"Get:4 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libxcursor1 1.1.3-1 [23.7kB]\n"
+"Get:5 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libxft2 2.1.7-1 [54.4kB]\n"
+"Get:6 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libqt3c102-mt 3:3.3.4-3 [3045kB]\n"
+"Fetched 3489kB in 16s (212kB/s)\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libaudio2.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 33027 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking libaudio2 (from .../libaudio2_1.7-2_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package liblcms1.\n"
+"Unpacking liblcms1 (from .../liblcms1_1.13-1_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libmng1.\n"
+"Unpacking libmng1 (from .../libmng1_1.0.8-1_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libxcursor1.\n"
+"Unpacking libxcursor1 (from .../libxcursor1_1.1.3-1_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libxft2.\n"
+"Unpacking libxft2 (from .../libxft2_2.1.7-1_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libqt3c102-mt.\n"
+"Unpacking libqt3c102-mt (from .../libqt3c102-mt_3%3a3.3.4-3_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Setting up libaudio2 (1.7-2) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up liblcms1 (1.13-1) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up libmng1 (1.0.8-1) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up libxcursor1 (1.1.3-1) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up libxft2 (2.1.7-1) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up libqt3c102-mt (3.3.4-3) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up opera (8.51-20051114.5) ..."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Armed with different commands from earlier in this chapter, we can now "
+"confirm that Opera is already installed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-cache policy opera\n"
+"opera:\n"
+" Installed: 8.51-20051114.5\n"
+" Candidate: 8.51-20051114.5\n"
+" Version Table:\n"
+" *** 8.51-20051114.5 0\n"
+" 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status\n"
+"tjener:~# dpkg --list|grep opera"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "ii opera 8.51-20051114. The Opera Web Browser"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Search through files in a package"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Want to find a program name or file in a package"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "You get an overview with the command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --listfiles <package name></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# dpkg --listfiles opera\n"
+"/usr/bin\n"
+"/usr/bin/opera\n"
+".\n"
+".\n"
+".\n"
+"/etc\n"
+"/etc/opera6rc\n"
+"/etc/opera6rc.fixed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Find which package a file came from"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "User case: Want to find the package a file came from."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --search <filename></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "This can look like this"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# dpkg --search /etc/opera6rc.fixed\n"
+"opera: /etc/opera6rc.fixed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Unpackaging files from a package without installing the package"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Perhaps an important system file was deleted by accident, and "
+"there is no backup."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "When using the command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Warning: <emphasis>Never</emphasis> unpack packages in the root directory"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"if one finds which package a file came from. One can extract the package to "
+"get back the systemfile like shown later."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"First you need to fetch the deb package in question. This can be done by "
+"placing it in the <computeroutput>/tmp</computeroutput> directory. Use this "
+"command to unpack the files in this directory"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --vextract <package name> /tmp</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+". Then the required directories will be created in <computeroutput>/tmp</"
+"computeroutput> and the files are placed there."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Make your own package mirror"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Some packages are often installed. For others it is useful to "
+"avoid downloading them from the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get</emphasis> command makes it easy to "
+"install packages from the Internet. But <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get</"
+"emphasis> will use significant network capacity when programs are downloaded "
+"from Debian archives on the Internet. Because of that, it is possible to "
+"tell <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get</emphasis> to use a local package "
+"repository. This way it is possible to install already downloaded packages "
+"simply by using <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get</emphasis>. This provides "
+"<emphasis>quick</emphasis> installation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">mkdir /var/www/dpkg</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">cp /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb /var/www/dpkg</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">cd /var/www/</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg-scanpackages dpkg /dev/null | gzip -9c > "
+"dpkg/Packages.gz</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"After that, add a new line to the file <computeroutput>/etc/apt/sources."
+"list</computeroutput>:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "deb file:///var/www dpkg/"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"And then the command <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get update</emphasis> "
+"must be executed as usual to update the packages in the database."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Secure login to the firewall (ssh)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Some times it is required to log into Coyote Linux when no web "
+"browser is available. Perhaps the command line is preferred? Then ssh can be "
+"used to connect to Coyote Linux."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you are logged into a machine in a Skolelinux / Debian Edu network you "
+"can use"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ssh -l root 10.0.2.1</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "to log in on Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you are outside a Skolelinux / Debian Edu network, the value 10.0.2.1 can "
+"be replaced with the appropriate value for the network card <link linkend="
+"\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--clguishow\">with the WAN in</link>. In "
+"this case it might be <emphasis role=\"strong\">ssh -l root 192.168.1.10</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here you will meet the same options present as when logged into the Coyote "
+"Linux web administration. This is presented in a text based menu."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Coyote Linux Gateway -- Configuration Menu\n"
+"\n"
+"\n"
+" 1) Edit main configuration file 2) Change system password\n"
+" 3) Edit rc.local script file 4) Custom firewall rules file\n"
+" 5) Edit firewall configuration 6) Edit port forward configuration\n"
+"\n"
+" c) Show running configuration f) Reload firewall\n"
+" r) Reboot system w) Write configuration to disk\n"
+"\n"
+" q) quit e) Exit\n"
+" ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"
+" Selection:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The options will be approximately the same as those provided when logged "
+"into Coyote Linux for web administration. See <link linkend="
+"\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--clgui\">section 3.7</link> for a quick "
+"description of the menu choices."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When selecting <emphasis role=\"strong\">q) quit</emphasis> you will end up "
+"on the command line in Coyote Linux. If you need to get back to the main "
+"menu in Coyote Linux, write <emphasis role=\"strong\">menu</emphasis> and "
+"press <emphasis role=\"strong\">Enter</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "If you see this when you try to log into Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"klaus at tjener:~$ ssh 10.0.2.1 -l root\n"
+"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\n"
+"@ WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED! @\n"
+"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\n"
+"IT IS POSSIBLE THAT SOMEONE IS DOING SOMETHING NASTY!\n"
+"Someone could be eavesdropping on you right now (man-in-the-middle attack)!\n"
+"It is also possible that the RSA host key has just been changed.\n"
+"The fingerprint for the RSA key sent by the remote host is\n"
+"34:b7:a3:9b:06:4c:e2:30:1b:0d:03:45:7b:22:b7:dd.\n"
+"Please contact your system administrator.\n"
+"Add correct host key in /skole/tjener/home0/klaus/.ssh/known_hosts to get rid of this message.\n"
+"Offending key in /skole/tjener/home0/klaus/.ssh/known_hosts:27\n"
+"RSA host key for 10.0.2.1 has changed and you have requested strict checking.\n"
+"Host key verification failed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is most likely because one logged in earlier into another machine with "
+"the IP address 10.0.2.1, or because the network card in Coyote Linux has "
+"been changed. It could also be an attack from an unknown man in the middle. "
+"The solution is to remove the key, in this case line number 27 in the "
+"<computeroutput>/skole/tjener/home0/klaus/.ssh/known_hosts</computeroutput> "
+"file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Status summary for the firewall (Coyote)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Which commands can be used to get the menu or to get an overview "
+"of the status of the firewall?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Main author: Klaus Ade Johnstad"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Useful commands in Coyote Linux</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "ping"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Useful to figure out if the network is working. The command checks if there "
+"is a connection to the Skolelinux / Debian Edu main server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"coyote# ping -c5 10.0.2.2\n"
+"PING 10.0.2.2 (10.0.2.2): 56 data bytes\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.2: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.9 ms\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.5 ms"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "uptime"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "This command gives the duration since the last reboot for Coyote Linux."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "coyote# uptime\\n 2:37pm up 80 days, 7:55, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "dmesg"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This command displays information about the Linux kernel running on the "
+"machine. It lists things like memory, processor and network card. If there "
+"is too much output from <emphasis role=\"strong\">dmesg</emphasis> you can "
+"send the output through a so called pager program like \"more\" and use "
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Space</emphasis> to read everything, <emphasis "
+"role=\"strong\">dmesg|more</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "ifconfig"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Show extra information about the network cards."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"coyote# ifconfig\n"
+"eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:FC:F8:D2:44\n"
+" inet addr:10.0.2.1 Bcast:10.0.3.255 Mask:255.255.254.0\n"
+" UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1\n"
+" RX packets:314723 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0\n"
+" TX packets:312105 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0\n"
+" collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000\n"
+" RX bytes:53700845 (51.2 !MiB) TX bytes:277496136 (264.6 !MiB)\n"
+" Interrupt:11 Base address:0x7000\n"
+"\n"
+"eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:E0:18:A8:B1:BA\n"
+" inet addr:192.168.100.133 Bcast:192.168.100.255 Mask:255.255.255.0\n"
+" UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1\n"
+" RX packets:307395 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0\n"
+" TX packets:281202 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0\n"
+" collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000\n"
+" RX bytes:272404311 (259.7 !MiB) TX bytes:47880640 (45.6 !MiB)\n"
+" Interrupt:10 Base address:0xb800 Memory:e3000000-e3000038\n"
+"\n"
+"lo Link encap:Local Loopback\n"
+" inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0\n"
+" UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1\n"
+" RX packets:14565 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0\n"
+" TX packets:14565 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0\n"
+" collisions:0 txqueuelen:0\n"
+" RX bytes:1290756 (1.2 !MiB) TX bytes:1290756 (1.2 !MiB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "lsmod"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This command lists up driver modules. This is useful to see which modules "
+"are used by network cards."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"coyote# lsmod\n"
+"Module Size Used by\n"
+"eepro100 17516 1\n"
+"3c59x 24408 1\n"
+"mii 1852 0 [eepro100]\n"
+"ip_nat_quake3 1608 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_mms 2448 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_h323 2044 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_amanda 1020 0 (unused)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is a list showing that the driver modules for the network card are "
+"loaded. For Intel pro100 the module is named eepro100 and for 3Com the "
+"module is named 3c59x (which is valid for cards with type names 3c590, "
+"3c595, 3c900, 3c905). See <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--"
+"clmodules\">section 3.12</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "route"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "traceroute"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Is useful to figure out where the Internet packages move. If there are "
+"problems, it is useful to see the path the Internet packages use."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "showcfg"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Another command giving information about the state of the network cards."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Coyote running configuration display utility.\n"
+"\n"
+"Internet (eth1): UP\n"
+"LAN network (eth0): UP\n"
+"\n"
+"-------------Internet configuration--------------\n"
+"IP Address 192.168.100.133 (Static)\n"
+"Netmask 255.255.255.0\n"
+"Gateway 192.168.100.2\n"
+"----------------LAN configuration----------------\n"
+"IP Address 10.0.2.1\n"
+"Netmask 255.255.254.0\n"
+"Broadcast 10.0.3.255\n"
+"----------------DNS configuration----------------\n"
+"domain localdomain\n"
+"nameserver 213.184.200.1\n"
+"nameserver 213.184.200.2\n"
+"-------------------------------------------------\n"
+"10:51am up 7 days, 20:53, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00\n"
+"\n"
+"Press enter to return to system menu."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "free"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The command is used to see how much memory is available and how much is "
+"used. This machine has 32 MB memory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"coyote# free\n"
+" total used free shared buffers\n"
+" Mem: 30860 6004 24856 0 0\n"
+" Swap: 0 0 0\n"
+"Total: 30860 6004 24856"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "menu"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "This command starts the Coyote Linux menu"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Coyote Linux Gateway -- Configuration Menu\n"
+"\n"
+"\n"
+" 1) Edit main configuration file 2) Change system password\n"
+" 3) Edit rc.local script file 4) Custom firewall rules file\n"
+" 5) Edit firewall configuration 6) Edit port forward configuration\n"
+"\n"
+" c) Show running configuration f) Reload firewall\n"
+" r) Reboot system w) Write configuration to disk"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "reboot"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "coyote#reboot"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "This command does a reboot of Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "shutdown"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "coyote#halt"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here is Coyote Linux turned off"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Next"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Last"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix A - Contract on operating Debian Edu / Skolelinux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid "Contract no.: .................."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid "Customer no.: .................."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "CONTRACT ON OPERATING DEBIAN EDU / SKOLELINUX"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "between"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Driftselskapet AS, Maskinrommet 1, 0313 Oslo"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Org.no.: 989 313 313"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "(hereafter called The Vendor)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "NN"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Org.No:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "(hereafter called The Customer)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The parties have reached an agreement on the delivery of operational "
+"services (hereinafter The Agreement) on subsequent contractual terms. The "
+"following appendixes are part of The Agreement:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix 1 - Definitions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix 2 - Customer Obligations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix 3 - The Vendor's obligations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix 4 - Prices and terms of payment"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix 5 - General provisions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Appendix 6 - The proxy Persons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The agreement is valid from the signing date and a minimum of 12 months from "
+"The Delivery date. The agreement is then renewed automatically for periods "
+"lasting 12 months unless one of the parties denounces the Agreement in "
+"writing, three months before the expiry of a contract period."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The contract is signed in two - 2 - copies, and each of the parties keeps "
+"one - 1 - copy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Place: ............................."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Date: .................. 2006"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "For The Vendor: ...................................................."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "For The Customer: ...................................................."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Term"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Operating period"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"From the Delivery day to the day when the agreement ceases to apply, "
+"regardless of the reason."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Services provided"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Services from The Vendor in the Operating period. The services provided are "
+"further described in Appendix 3."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "ICT manager"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Competence person(s) at the customer serving as liaison(s) to the supplier."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Delivery day"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "The day the customer can use the services provided."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Skolelinux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Linux distribution built on Debian Linux and adjusted for use in Norwegian "
+"schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "1. ICT skill requirements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"ICT administrator (1 - 3 named persons at the customer) to deal with "
+"inquiries from users related to the use of the applications included in "
+"Skolelinux/Debian Edu. ICT administrator shall have sufficient expertise to "
+"make a qualified assessment of whether a problem is related to the use or "
+"operation of the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The ICT administrator should contact the supplier's the user support center "
+"by phone or e-mail. The customer's users should not contact the supplier "
+"directly."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "2. Machine requirements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Customer should have installed and tested that the equipment operates "
+"satisfactorily before the delivery day."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "3. Program requirements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The customer shall, before delivery day, have installed Skolelinux / Debian "
+"Edu to get a verified, satisfactory functioning installation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "4. Communication requirements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Customer shall, before the delivery date, have installed and configured "
+"communication with the Internet and tested it works satisfactorily. To make "
+"it possible to provide services, the customer must arrange for the "
+"contractor to be able to access the customer's ICT-facilities via the "
+"Internet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5. Information from The Vendor"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When all the above requirements are met, the customer shall notify the "
+"contractor, in writing or by e-mail, that the ICT-system is prepared for the "
+"contractor for provide services."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A list of all the users of the system including full name, username and "
+"wanted password should be sent electronically to the Vendor at the latest "
+"together with this message."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "1. Delivery day requirements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The supplier shall, after receiving notification from the customer in "
+"accordance with Appendix 2, paragraph 5, as soon as possible arrange for the "
+"Customer to receive the provided services. Delivery date shall be no later "
+"than 4 weeks after such notice is received by the supplier."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "2. Information to The Customer"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When all the above requirements are met, the contractor shall notify the "
+"customer, in writing or by e-mail, that the ICT-system is prepared for the "
+"customer to receive the provided services."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "3. Service requirements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The following table shows all relevant services related to operating "
+"Skolelinux/!<ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu#\">DebianEdu</"
+"ulink>. The crosses in the table show the responsibilities between the "
+"Supplier and the Customer for the different services:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Delivered (incl.) are carried out by the supplier and included in the "
+"Agreement price. Delivered (running) performed by the Supplier at the "
+"Customer's account in accordance with the rates in Chapter 7. The Customer, "
+"is done by the Supplier at the Customer's expense."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Service"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Delivered (incl.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Delivered (running)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "The Customer"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Troubleshooting and user support over the phone and email"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "x"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Participation in the user forum"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"Supplier's responsibility is limited to managing the a change of hardware. "
+"The supplier is not responsible for hardware and warranties, pricing, "
+"shipping costs etc. which must bee agreed separately with machine supplier."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Replacing the hardware<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"The customer can do this using a separate application in Debian Edu. The "
+"supplier can do this server for NOK 50 per user excluding vat."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Add, change and remove users<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "(x)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Changing password when the password is forgotten"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Security updates on Skolelinux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Version updates on Skolelinux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Change the user permissions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Monitoring of filling on disks"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Monitoring of the lifetime for the relevant components"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Extending disk partitions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Operation and monitoring of firewall"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Operation and monitoring of network"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Deleting print jobs stuck in the queue at the request of the ICT "
+"administrator"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Monitoring to ensure backup copies are taken"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Data deletion under request from the ICT administrator"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Replacing backup medium and storing backup copies"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Restore with a security backup, at the request of the ICT administrator."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Set up new printers and printer queues"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Stopping and restarting the printer queues at the request of the ICT "
+"administrator"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Stopping hanging processes on the server as a result of application errors"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "4. Response time requirements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The supplier shall without undue delay, start troubleshooting and problem "
+"solving. ICT administrator should be held continuously updated on the status "
+"and progress of error correction."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5. Skill requirements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The supplier shall at all times have sufficient resources with relevant "
+"expertise to provide services in a professional manner"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "1. Compensation for services provided"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The compensation for the services provided is calculated on the basis of the "
+"number of workstations on the network. The agreement includes a minimum of "
+"60 workstations. The Customer shall pay the Supplier £78 per year per "
+"workstation, excluding VAT, in compensation for the services provided, i.e. "
+"£390 per month excluding VAT for 60 workstations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the number of workstations changes the customer shall give the supplier a "
+"written notice thereof with the corresponding dates for the change. "
+"Adjustment of the billing basis with a possible recalculation will be "
+"included in the next invoice"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "2. Consultant support"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Hourly rate for consultancy is NOK 800 (65 £) ex Moms (VAT). All work on an "
+"ongoing bill should be approved by the customer before work starts. "
+"Documented travel expenses are charged to the client. Compensation for "
+"travel time calculated by the elapsed time with hourly rate NOK 400 ex Moms."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "3. Payment conditions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Compensation for the services provided is billed in advance for each "
+"quarter. For the first quarter, billing starts from the delivery date and "
+"runs until the end of the current quarter."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Compensation for consultancy is billed as after-payment on the basis of "
+"agreed and work performed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "All invoicing is done within a 30 days deadline."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "4. Price regulation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Prices may be adjusted every year with the increase in the national consumer "
+"price index (SSB CPI). This can take place for the first time one year after "
+"signing the agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "1. The parts' cooperation and duties"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "General"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The parties shall cooperate to achieve the most efficient implementation of "
+"the Agreement. Both parties may, in writing, summon one another to meet with "
+"five business days' notice to discuss matters arising in connection with the "
+"implementation of the Agreement. The parties are obliged, without delay, to "
+"notify each other about matters that they understand or should understand "
+"may affect the implementation of the Agreement. Such notification does not "
+"relieve the parties from the responsibilities resulting from the Agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "The suppliers duties"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Supplier undertakes to supply the contract business performance at the "
+"terms of the Agreement. The supplier undertakes to allocate the resources "
+"necessary to implement the commitments in the Agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Customer duties"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The customer shall pay the agreed compensation. The customer must assist the "
+"supplier so that the supplier will not be delayed or otherwise prevented "
+"from fulfilling the obligations. The customer undertakes to allocate the "
+"necessary resources, and ensure the necessary assistance from a third party "
+"where this is agreed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "2.Confidentiality"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The parties are mutually obliged to keep confidentiality and not disseminate "
+"information which they become aware of in connection with carrying out the "
+"out the Agreement, to the extent that such information is not considered "
+"public. The same applies to all the material which is marked confidential. "
+"personal matters, and information that could harm the parties or that can be "
+"exploited by outsiders in business. This duty of confidentiality applies to "
+"the parties and their employees and others acting on behalf of the parties "
+"in connection with carrying out the of the Agreement. The duty of "
+"confidentiality applies correspondingly after the termination of the "
+"Agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "3.Force majeure"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In the event of an extraordinary situation outside control of the parties, "
+"which could not be foreseen at inception and which significantly hampers the "
+"fulfilment of a party duties, the other party shall be notified without "
+"undue delay. The affected party's obligations are suspended to the extent "
+"that is relevant so long as the extraordinary situation prevails. The other "
+"party in return suspended for the same period. Either party may terminate "
+"the Agreement by giving one month's written notice if the force majeure "
+"situation makes it particularly burdensome to maintain the Agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "4. Transfer of the agreement"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Parties may only reassign their rights and obligations under the agreement "
+"with the written consent of the counterparties. Consent may not be "
+"unreasonably withheld. It is not considered as transfer if one of the "
+"parties mergea with one or more other companies or the assignment is to a "
+"subsidiary. Right to compensation under this Agreement may be assigned "
+"freely, but such transfer does not relieve the Contractor from its "
+"obligations and responsibilities."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5. Non-fulfilment"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5.1 Delay of the delivery date"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "a. Liquidated damages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If delivery does not happen on the date agreed between the parties, and this "
+"is not due to the circumstances mentioned in Clause 3 or circumstances the "
+"Customer is responsible for, then a daily penalty is applied from the agreed "
+"delivery date. The penalty fee is 0.1% of the agreed annual compensation for "
+"the portion of services provided that are delayed, calculated per calendar "
+"day of delay and up to a maximum of 60 days. As long as daily penalties are "
+"being applied, the customer may neither terminate the Agreement nor demand a "
+"discount or other compensation for the delay."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "b. Canceling"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the delivery date has not occurred by the end of liquidated damages "
+"period, you may terminate the Agreement with immediate effect."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "c. Delay caused by customer"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In case of delay caused by customer the supplier may, by written notice, "
+"cancel their work until the customer takes corrective action. The supplier "
+"is entitled to recover their additional costs as a result of customer's "
+"breach, and a reasonable time to the reassignment of resources."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5.2 Defaults in the operating period"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5.2.1 The suppliers non-fullfillment"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "a. Shortcomings"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There is a shortcoming of the supplier if services provided do not meet the "
+"requirements and specifications stipulated in the Agreement, and this causes "
+"a circumstance for which the supplier is responsible. If there is a "
+"shortcoming in operating performance, the supplier shall without undue delay "
+"remedy the defect. Where a defect can not be repaired within a reasonable "
+"time the Customer shall be entitled to a proportionate discount, ref. "
+"Section b. Below."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "b. Price discount for shortcomings"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the client has not been able to use the services provided, fully or "
+"partially, as a result of the defect, the customer has the right, in the "
+"period from when the error or defect was notified in writing until the "
+"defect is corrected, to receive a proportionate discount. Any refund due to "
+"lack of availability due to the same circumstance, is deducted when "
+"calculating the discount."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "c. Canceling"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In the event of any other shortcoming, that is significant to the customer's "
+"use of the services provided, and is not corrected within 30 business days "
+"after the Customer notified the supplier in writing about the shortcoming, "
+"the Customer may notify the supplier in writing of intent to terminate the "
+"Agreement. If the supplier, after such notice, has not rectified the "
+"situation within 14 business days, the customer is entitled to terminate the "
+"Agreement with immediate effect."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5.2.2 The customers non-fullfillment"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the customer does not pay on time, the supplier is entitled to interest "
+"for the amount that is overdue. (In Norway, this arises from a law relating "
+"to interest on late payment of 19. Dec. 1976 no. 100, § 3, first paragraph.) "
+"In cases where the payments plus interest are not paid within 14 days of the "
+"due date, the supplier can issue written notice that the services provided "
+"will be discontinued, or that the agreement will be terminated, unless the "
+"customer settles all outstanding bills within 7 days of receipt of this "
+"notification. Upon termination of the Agreement due to the customer's fault, "
+"the supplier shall be indemnified by the customer for the costs and "
+"liabilities undertaken in connection with the Agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "6.Replacement"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The customer may demand compensation for losses that can be reasonably "
+"attributed to the shortcoming, unless the supplier can demonstrate that the "
+"breach, or the cause of the breach, not attributed to him. Any liquidated "
+"damages caused by delay in accordance with Clause 5a for the same breach is "
+"deducted by calculating compensation. If the customer defaults on its "
+"obligations under this Agreement, supplier shall be entitled to recover "
+"their additional costs that may reasonably be attributed to the Customer "
+"defaults, unless the Customer can prove that the breach, or cause of the "
+"breach can not be attributed to him."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Parties are not responsible for the other party's indirect losses, including "
+"expected savings or gains. Indirect losses included among others"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Losses due to reduced or lost production or sales (operational interruption);"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Losses arising because the services provided can not be used as intended "
+"(consequential losses);"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Lost profits as a result of a contract with a third party that is dropped or "
+"not fulfilled properly."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Parties liability towards each other is limited to the agreed annual "
+"compensation, or a maximum of NOK 1 million, regardless of the number of "
+"damage cases. The limitations of the parties' liability does not apply, if "
+"the party or anyone he is responsible for, has shown gross negligence or "
+"willful misconduct."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "7. Legal defects"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If a third party asserts that the use of software that the Customer or "
+"Vendor has license responsibility goes against the third party's rights, the "
+"Party shall ensure that appropriate rights are retained or acquired, or that "
+"other equivalent software functionality is obtained without charge to the "
+"other party. Should claims arise from a third party against the Customer or "
+"Vendor on the basis of defects inherent in the relationship of the other "
+"Party, that Party undertakes its own expense to assist and eventually lead "
+"case for both parties. From the time a party takes over the case, the other "
+"party is obliged to assist the special compensation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "8. Responsibility for subcontractors"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Parties are fully accountable for agreed services that are performed by "
+"subcontractors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "9. Regulating the termination of the Agreement"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Upon termination, the parties shall draw up a joint plan of liquidation of "
+"the customer relationship and obligations by mutual to assist each other in "
+"the practical work in this liquidation. The vendor is obliged by termination "
+"of this Agreement to return Client software and current data in the agreed "
+"format. The Customer chooses the means of transport and is responsible for "
+"transportation from the Vendors' premises. The Customer undertakes "
+"immediately after termination of the Agreement to return all equipment "
+"belonging to the Vendor. The Vendor chooses the mode of transport and is "
+"responsible for transportation from the Vendor's premises."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "10. Legalities and solving disagreements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The rights and obligations under this Agreement shall completely follow the "
+"Norwegian law. Upcoming Disagreements in connection with this Agreement "
+"shall be resolved by negotiation between the parties. If the parties fail "
+"within two weeks not to solve the disagreement through negotiations, either "
+"party may require the dispute to be resolved by arbitration under the rules "
+"of the law of 13 August 1915 No. 6, Chap. 32 (Civil Procedure). Each party "
+"shall appoint one arbitrator who together appoint the arbitration tribunal. "
+"If a party fails to designate its representative within two weeks after the "
+"other has demanded arbitration and appointed its representative, he will be "
+"appointed by the Chief Justice of the Oslo District Court. The same applies "
+"for the election of the chairman if the two arbitrators members have not "
+"chosen the President within 14 days after both being appointed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix 6 - Contacts and addresses"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"1. Correspondence Requests regarding the agreement shall be in writing and "
+"addressed as follows:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "To Vendor"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "To Customer"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operating company <ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian.org/LtdBy#\">LtdBy</"
+"ulink> authorized personMachine room 10313 Oslo"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NNBy authorized person"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "2. Authorized persons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The following persons do have authority to sign on their part according to "
+"the agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Position/Function"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Telephone"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Telefax"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "E-mail"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "The vendor"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Petter Smart"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "CEO"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "+47 22 31 31 31"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<ulink url=\"mailto:ps at driftselskapet.no\">ps at driftselskapet.no</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
--
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