[debian-edu-commits] [Git][debian-edu/debian-edu-doc][master] Update Debian Edu Bullseye manual from the wiki.
Holger Levsen (@holger)
gitlab at salsa.debian.org
Tue Oct 4 13:48:38 BST 2022
Holger Levsen pushed to branch master at Debian Edu / debian-edu-doc
Commits:
d346fdc5 by Holger Levsen at 2022-10-04T14:48:08+02:00
Update Debian Edu Bullseye manual from the wiki.
Signed-off-by: Holger Levsen <holger at layer-acht.org>
- - - - -
20 changed files:
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual-stripped.xml
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.da.po
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.de.po
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.es.po
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.fr.po
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.it.po
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.ja.po
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.nb-no.po
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.nl.po
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.pl.po
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.pot
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.pt-br.po
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.pt-pt.po
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.pt.po
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.ro.po
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.sv.po
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.xml
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.zh-cn.po
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.zh-tw.po
- documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/source/AllInOne-debian-edu-bullseye-manual.xml
Changes:
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual-stripped.xml
=====================================
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@
<section>
<title>Installation types and options
</title>
-<para>ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>
+<para><emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>
</para>
<para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject></imageobject><textobject><phrase>64-bit Installer boot menu</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject>
</para>
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.da.po
=====================================
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: debian-edu-bullseye-manual\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:05+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:47+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2019-07-07 20:30+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Joe Hansen <joedalton2 at yahoo.dk>\n"
"Language-Team: Danish <debian-l10n-danish at lists.debian.org>\n"
@@ -1772,7 +1772,7 @@ msgstr "Installationstyper og indstillinger"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
-msgid "ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
msgstr "<emphasis>Installationsopstartsmenu på 64-bit udstyr</emphasis>"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase>
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.de.po
=====================================
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: debian-edu-buster-manual.de\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:05+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:47+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-09-29 18:59+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Wolfgang Schweer <wschweer at arcor.de>\n"
"Language-Team: German <debian-l10n-german at lists.debian.org>\n"
@@ -1782,7 +1782,7 @@ msgstr "Installationsarten und Optionen"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
-msgid "ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
msgstr "<emphasis>Startmenü des Installers auf 64-Bit-Hardware.</emphasis>"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase>
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.es.po
=====================================
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: debian-edu-doc\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:05+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:47+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-09-26 19:21+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: eulalio <eulalio at disroot.org>\n"
"Language-Team: Spanish <https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/debian-edu-"
@@ -1770,7 +1770,7 @@ msgstr "Tipos de instalación y opciones"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
-msgid "ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis>Menú de arranque del instalador en hardware de 64 bits</emphasis>"
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.fr.po
=====================================
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: debian-edu-doc\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:05+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:47+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2021-03-04 22:21+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Jean-Pierre Giraud <jean-pierregiraud at neuf.fr>\n"
"Language-Team: French <debian-l10n-french at lists.debian.org>\n"
@@ -1781,7 +1781,7 @@ msgstr "Types et options d'installation"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
-msgid "ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis>Menu de démarrage de l'installateur sur une machine 64 bits</"
"emphasis>"
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.it.po
=====================================
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: debian-edu-wheezy-manual\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:05+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:47+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-05-03 19:09+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: claudio <claudio.carboncini at gmail.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Italian <kde-i18n-it at kde.org>\n"
@@ -1742,7 +1742,7 @@ msgstr "Tipi di installazione e opzioni"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
-msgid "ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis>Menu di avvio dell'installatore su hardware a 64-bit</emphasis>"
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.ja.po
=====================================
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: debian-edu-stretch\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:05+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:47+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2021-06-18 23:24+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: hoxp18 <hoxp18 at noramail.jp>\n"
"Language-Team: Japanese <https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/debian-edu-"
@@ -1690,7 +1690,7 @@ msgstr "インストール方法と選択肢"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
-msgid "ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis>64 ビットハードウェアでのインストーラブートメニュー</emphasis>"
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.nb-no.po
=====================================
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: debian-edu-doc\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:05+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:47+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2021-08-09 12:32+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere-weblate at hungry.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål <https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/debian-"
@@ -1755,9 +1755,9 @@ msgstr "Installasjonstyper og valg"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
#, fuzzy
-#| msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
-msgid "ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
-msgstr "<emphasis>Installasjonsoppstartsmeny på 64-bit maskinvare</emphasis>"
+#| msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 32-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis>Installer oppstartsmenyen på 32-bit maskinvare</emphasis>"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase>
msgid "64-bit Installer boot menu"
@@ -8978,6 +8978,12 @@ msgstr ""
"håndbokutgivelser på <ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/"
"Documentation\">release manuals page</ulink>."
+#, fuzzy
+#~| msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+#~ msgid "ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<emphasis>Installasjonsoppstartsmeny på 64-bit maskinvare</emphasis>"
+
#~ msgid ""
#~ "To install a desktop environment of your choice instead of the default "
#~ "one, press TAB and edit the kernel boot options (like explained above)."
@@ -12815,9 +12821,6 @@ msgstr ""
#~ "<emphasis role=\"strong\">32-bit install options </emphasis> tillater en "
#~ "32-bit installasjon på 64-bit maskinvare."
-#~ msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 32-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
-#~ msgstr "<emphasis>Installer oppstartsmenyen på 32-bit maskinvare</emphasis>"
-
#~ msgid "{{attachment:01b-Installer_32bit_boot_menu.png}}"
#~ msgstr "{{attachment:01b-Installer_32bit_boot_menu.png}}"
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.nl.po
=====================================
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: debian-edu-bullseye-manual\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: debian-edu-doc at packages.debian.org\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:05+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:47+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-09-30 20:14+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Frans Spiesschaert <Frans.Spiesschaert at yucom.be>\n"
"Language-Team: Debian Dutch l10n Team <debian-l10n-dutch at lists.debian.org>\n"
@@ -1792,7 +1792,7 @@ msgstr "Installatietypes en downloadopties"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
-msgid "ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis>Opstartmenu van het installatieprogramma op 64-bits hardware</"
"emphasis>"
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.pl.po
=====================================
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Polish (Debian Edu Documentation)\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:05+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:47+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-04-29 15:11+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: WaldiS <sto at tutanota.de>\n"
"Language-Team: Polish <https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/debian-edu-"
@@ -1856,7 +1856,7 @@ msgstr "Typy i opcje instalacji"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
-msgid "ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis>Rozruchowe menu Instalatora na sprzęcie 64-bitowym</emphasis>"
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.pot
=====================================
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:05+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:47+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL at ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL at li.org>\n"
@@ -1308,7 +1308,7 @@ msgid "Installation types and options"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
-msgid "ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase>
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.pt-br.po
=====================================
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:05+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:47+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-02-08 15:57+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Barbara Tostes <barbaratostes at gmail.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Portuguese (Brazil) <https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/"
@@ -1777,7 +1777,7 @@ msgstr "Tipos de instalação e opções"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
-msgid "ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis>Menu de inicialização (boot) do instalador em equipamento de 64 "
"bits</emphasis>"
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.pt-pt.po
=====================================
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:05+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:47+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2021-08-28 19:47+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: José Vieira <jvieira33 at sapo.pt>\n"
"Language-Team: Portuguese (Portugal) <https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/"
@@ -1776,7 +1776,7 @@ msgstr "Tipos e opções de instalação"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
-msgid "ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis>Menu de arranque do instalador em equipamento de 64 bits</emphasis>"
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.pt.po
=====================================
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:05+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:47+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2021-08-28 19:47+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: José Vieira <jvieira33 at sapo.pt>\n"
"Language-Team: Portuguese <https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/debian-edu-"
@@ -1778,7 +1778,7 @@ msgstr "Tipos e opções de instalação"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
-msgid "ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis>Menu de arranque do instalador em equipamento de 64 bits</emphasis>"
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.ro.po
=====================================
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:05+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:47+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2021-08-20 19:32+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: GUILHERME FERNANDES NETO <gfneto4 at gmail.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Romanian <https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/debian-edu-"
@@ -1799,7 +1799,7 @@ msgstr "Tipuri de instalari si optiuni"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
-msgid "ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
msgstr "<emphasis>Meniu de amorsare pe echipament pe 64 de biti</emphasis>"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase>
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.sv.po
=====================================
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:05+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:47+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2021-08-20 19:32+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Luna Jernberg <droidbittin at gmail.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Swedish <https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/debian-edu-"
@@ -1341,7 +1341,7 @@ msgstr "Installationstyper och alternativ"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
#, fuzzy
#| msgid "<emphasis>(as root on the main server) </emphasis>"
-msgid "ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
msgstr "<emphasis>(som root på huvudservern</emphasis>"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase>
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.xml
=====================================
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@
<section>
<title>Installation types and options
</title>
-<para>ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>
+<para><emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>
</para>
<para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref='./images/01-Installer_64bit_boot_menu.png'/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>64-bit Installer boot menu</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject>
</para>
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.zh-cn.po
=====================================
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: debian-edu-doc\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:05+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:47+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-08-26 06:21+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Hugel <qihu at nfschina.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Chinese (Simplified) <https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/"
@@ -1555,9 +1555,9 @@ msgstr "安装类型和选项"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
#, fuzzy
-#| msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
-msgid "ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
-msgstr "<emphasis>在 64 位硬件上的安装程序引导菜单</emphasis>"
+#| msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 32-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis>在 32 位硬件上的安装程序启动引导菜单</emphasis>"
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase>
msgid "64-bit Installer boot menu"
@@ -8218,6 +8218,11 @@ msgstr ""
"述；或参阅<ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation\">发行"
"手册页面</ulink>上相关的发行手册。"
+#, fuzzy
+#~| msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+#~ msgid "ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+#~ msgstr "<emphasis>在 64 位硬件上的安装程序引导菜单</emphasis>"
+
#~ msgid ""
#~ "To install a desktop environment of your choice instead of the default "
#~ "one, press TAB and edit the kernel boot options (like explained above)."
@@ -10166,9 +10171,6 @@ msgstr ""
#~ "<emphasis role=\"strong\"> 32位的安装选项> </emphasis>允许在64位的硬件"
#~ "上进行32位的安装。"
-#~ msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 32-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
-#~ msgstr "<emphasis>在 32 位硬件上的安装程序启动引导菜单</emphasis>"
-
#, fuzzy
#~| msgid "./images/01b-Installer_32bit_boot_menu.png"
#~ msgid "{{attachment:01b-Installer_32bit_boot_menu.png}}"
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/debian-edu-bullseye-manual.zh-tw.po
=====================================
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:05+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-10-04 12:47+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2019-01-28 08:11+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Louies <louies0623 at gmail.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Chinese (Traditional) <https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/"
@@ -1348,7 +1348,7 @@ msgid "Installation types and options"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
-msgid "ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase>
=====================================
documentation/debian-edu-bullseye/source/AllInOne-debian-edu-bullseye-manual.xml
=====================================
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC '-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN' 'http://www.docbook.org/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd'><article><articleinfo><title>DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne</title><revhistory><revision><revnumber>1</revnumber><date>2020-02-13 14:08:14</date><authorinitials>WolfgangSchweer</authorinitials><revremark>WIP: starting to work on Debian Edu Bullseye documentation as a copy with s/buster/bullseye/ and some other adjustments</revremark></revision></revhistory></articleinfo><section><title>Manual for Debian Edu 11 Codename Bullseye</title><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AboutDebianEdu?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=i.png" width="800"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>Debian Edu Installer Logo</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para>This is the manual for the Debian Edu 11 Bullseye release. </para><para>The version at <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye"/> is a wiki and updated frequently. </para><para><ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Translations#">Translations</ulink> are part of the <code>debian-edu-doc</code> package which can be installed on a webserver, and is available <ulink url="https://jenkins.debian.net/userContent/debian-edu-doc/">online</ulink>. </para></section><section><title>About Debian Edu and Skolelinux</title><para>Debian Edu aka Skolelinux is a Linux distribution based on Debian providing an out-of-the box environment of a completely configured school network. It implements a client-server approach. Servers and clients are <emphasis>pieces of software</emphasis> that interact with one another. Servers provide information required by clients to function. When a server is installed on one machine and its client on a different machine, the machines themselves are referred to as the server and the client, by extension of the concept. </para><para>The chapters about <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Requirements#">hardware and network requirements</ulink> and about the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Architecture#">architecture</ulink> contain basic environment details. </para><para>After installation of a main server all services needed for a school network are set up and the system is ready to be used. Only users and machines need to be added via GOsa², a comfortable Web-UI, or any other LDAP editor. A netbooting environment using PXE/<ulink url="https://ipxe.org/">iPXE</ulink> has also been prepared, so after initial installation of the main server from CD, Blu-ray disc or USB flash drive all other machines can be installed via the network, this includes "roaming workstations" (ones that can be taken away from the school network, usually laptops or netbooks). Also, machines can be booted via PXE/iPXE as diskless workstations or thin clients. </para><para>Several educational applications like GeoGebra, Kalzium, KGeography, GNU Solfege and Scratch are included in the default desktop setup, which can be extended easily and almost endlessly via the Debian universe. </para><section><title>Some history and why two names</title><para><ulink url="https://blends.debian.org/edu">Debian Edu / Skolelinux</ulink> is a Linux distribution created by the Debian Edu project. As a <ulink url="https://blends.debian.org">Debian Pure Blend</ulink> distribution it is an official <ulink url="https://www.debian.org">Debian</ulink> subproject. </para><para>What this means for your school is that Skolelinux is a version of Debian providing an out-of-the box environment of a completely configured school-network. </para><para>The Skolelinux project in Norway was founded on July 2nd 2001 and about the same time Raphaël Hertzog started Debian-Edu in France. Since 2003 both projects are united, but both names stayed. "Skole" and (Debian-)"Education" are just two well understood terms in these regions. </para><para>Today the system is in use in several countries around the world. </para><para><ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/CategoryPermalink#">CategoryPermalink</ulink> </para></section></section><para><anchor id="Architecture"/> </para><section><title>Architecture</title><para><anchor id="Architecture--Network"/> </para><section><title>Network</title><para>This section of the document describes the network architecture and services provided by a Skolelinux installation. </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Architecture?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=Debian_Edu_Network_Bullseye.png" width="1024"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>The Debian Edu network topology</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para>The figure is a sketch of the assumed network topology. The default setup of a Skolelinux network assumes that there is one (and only one) main server, while allowing the inclusion of both normal workstations and LTSP servers (with associated thin clients and/or diskless workstations). The number of workstations can be as large or small as you want (starting from none to a lot). The same goes for the LTSP servers, each of which is on a separate network so that the traffic between the clients and the LTSP server doesn't affect the rest of the network services. LTSP is explained in detail in <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/HowTo/NetworkClients#">the related HowTo</ulink> chapter. </para><para>The reason that there can only be one main server in each school network is that the main server provides DHCP, and there can be only one machine doing so in each network. It is possible to move services from the main server to other machines by setting up the service on another machine, and subsequently updating the DNS configuration, pointing the DNS alias for that service to the right computer. </para><para>In order to simplify the standard setup of Skolelinux, the Internet connection runs over a separate router, also called gateway. See the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Requirements#Internet_router">Internet router</ulink> chapter for details how to set up such a gateway if it is not possible to configure an existing one as needed. </para><section><title>The default network setup</title><para>DHCP on the main server serves the 10.0.0.0/8 network, providing a PXE boot menu where you can choose whether to install a new server/workstation, boot a thin client or a diskless workstation, run memtest, or boot from the local hard disk. </para><para>This is designed to be modified; for details, see <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/HowTo/NetworkClients#">the related HowTo</ulink> chapter. </para><para>DHCP on the LTSP servers only serves a dedicated network on the second interface (192.168.0.0/24 and 192.168.1.0/24 are preconfigured options) and should seldom need to be changed. </para><para>The configuration of all subnets is stored in LDAP. </para></section><section><title>Main server</title><para>A Skolelinux network needs one main server (also called "tjener" which is Norwegian and means "server") which per default has the IP address 10.0.2.2 and is installed by selecting the Main Server profile. It's possible (but not required) to also select and install the LTSP Server and Workstation profiles in addition to the Main Server profile. </para></section><section><title>Services running on the main server</title><para>With the exception of the control of the thin clients, all services are initially set up on one central computer (the main server). For performance reasons, the LTSP server(s) should be separate (though it is possible to install both the Main Server and LTSP Server profiles on the same machine). All services are allocated a dedicated DNS-name and are offered exclusively over IPv4. The allocated DNS name makes it easy to move individual services from the main server to a different machine, by simply stopping the service on the main server, and changing the DNS configuration to point to the new location of the service (which should be set up on that machine first, of course). </para><para>To ensure security all connections where passwords are transmitted over the network are encrypted, so no passwords are sent over the network as plain text. </para><para>Below is a table of the services that are set up by default in a Skolelinux network and the DNS name of each service. If possible all configuration files will refer to the service by name (without the domain name) thus making it easy for schools to change either their domain (if they have an own DNS domain) or the IP addresses they use. </para><informaltable><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><colspec colname="col_2"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_2" namest="col_0" rowsep="1"><para><emphasis role="strong">Table of services</emphasis></para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> <emphasis role="strong">Service description</emphasis> </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> <emphasis role="strong">Common name</emphasis> </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> <emphasis role="strong">DNS service name</emphasis> </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Centralised Logging </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> rsyslog </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> syslog </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Domain Name Service </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> DNS (BIND) </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> domain </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Automatic Network Configuration of Machines </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> DHCP </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> bootps </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Clock Synchronisation </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> NTP </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> ntp </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Home Directories via Network File System </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> SMB / NFS </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> homes </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Electronic Post Office </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> IMAP (Dovecot) </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> postoffice </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Directory Service </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> OpenLDAP </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> ldap </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> User Administration </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> GOsa² </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> --- </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Web Server </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Apache/PHP </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> www </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Central Backup </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> sl-backup, slbackup-php </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> backup </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Web Cache </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Proxy (Squid) </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> webcache </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Printing </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> CUPS </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> ipp </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Secure Remote Login </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> OpenSSH </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> ssh </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Automatic Configuration </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> CFEngine </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> cfengine </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> LTSP Server/s </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> LTSP </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> ltsp </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Machine and Service Surveillance with Error Reporting, plus Status and History on the Web. Error Reporting by email </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para>Munin, Icinga and Sitesummary </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> sitesummary </para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para>Personal files for each user are stored in their home directories, which are made available by the server. Home directories are accessible from all machines, giving users access to the same files regardless of which machine they are using. The server is operating system agnostic, offering access via NFS for Unix clients and via SMB2/SMB3 for other clients. </para><para>By default email is set up for local delivery (i.e. within the school) only, though email delivery to the wider Internet may be set up if the school has a permanent Internet connection. Clients are set up to deliver mail to the server (using 'smarthost'), and users can <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/HowTo/Users#Using_email">access their personal mail</ulink> through IMAP. </para><para>All services are accessible using the same username and password, thanks to the central user database for authentication and authorisation. </para><para>To increase performance on frequently accessed sites a web proxy that caches files locally (Squid) is used. In conjunction with blocking web-traffic in the router this also enables control of Internet access on individual machines. </para><para>Network configuration on the clients is done automatically using DHCP. All types of clients can be connected to the private 10.0.0.0/8 subnet and will get according IP addresses; LTSP clients should be connected to the corresponding LTSP server via the separate subnet 192.168.0.0/24 (this is to ensure that the network traffic of the LTSP clients doesn't interfere with the rest of the network services). </para><para>Centralised logging is set up so that all machines send their syslog messages to the server. The syslog service is set up so that it only accepts incoming messages from the local network. </para><para>By default the DNS server is set up with a domain for internal use only (*.intern), until a real ("external") DNS domain can be set up. The DNS server is set up as caching DNS server so that all machines on the network can use it as the main DNS Server. </para><para>Pupils and teachers have the ability to publish websites. The web server provides mechanisms for authenticating users, and for limiting access to individual pages and subdirectories to certain users and groups. Users will have the ability to create dynamic web pages, as the web server will be programmable on the server side. </para><para>Information on users and machines can be changed in one central location, and is made accessible to all computers on the network automatically. To achieve this a centralised directory server is set up. The directory will have information on users, user groups, machines and groups of machines. To avoid user confusion there won't be any difference between file groups and network groups. This implies that groups of machines which are to form network groups will use the same namespace as user groups. </para><para>Administration of services and users will mainly be via the web, and follow established standards, functioning well in the web browsers which are part of Skolelinux. The delegation of certain tasks to individual users or user groups will be made possible by the administration systems. </para><para>In order to avoid certain problems with NFS, and to make it simpler to debug problems, the different machines need synchronised clocks. To achieve this the Skolelinux server is set up as a local Network Time Protocol (NTP) server, and all workstations and clients are set up to synchronise with the server. The server itself should synchronise its clock via NTP against machines on the Internet, thus ensuring the whole network has the correct time. </para><para>Printers are connected where convenient, either directly onto the main network, or connected to a server, workstation or LTSP server. Access to printers can be controlled for individual users according to the groups they belong to; this will be achieved by using quota and access control for printers. </para></section><section><title>LTSP server(s)</title><para>A Skolelinux network can have many LTSP servers, which are installed by selecting the LTSP Server profile. </para><para>The LTSP servers are set up to receive syslog from thin clients and workstations, and forward these messages to the central syslog recipient. </para><para>Please note: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>LTSP diskless workstations are using the programs installed on the server. </para></listitem><listitem><para>The client root filesystem is provided using NFS. After each modification to the LTSP server the related image has to be re-generated; run <code>debian-edu-ltsp-install --diskless_workstation yes</code> on the LTSP server. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section><section><title>Thin clients</title><para>A thin client setup enables ordinary PCs to function as (X-)terminals. This means that the machine boots directly from the server using PXE without using the local client hard drive. The thin client setup now uses X2Go, because LTSP has dropped support. </para><para>Thin clients are a good way to still make use of very old (mostly 32-bit) machines as they effectively run all programs on the LTSP server. This works as follows: the service uses DHCP and TFTP to connect to the network and boot from the network. Next, the file system is mounted from the LTSP server using NFS, and finally the X2Go client is started. </para></section><section><title>Diskless workstations</title><para>A diskless workstation runs all software on the PC without a locally installed operating system. This means that client machines boot via PXE without running software installed on a local hard drive. </para><para>Diskless workstations are an excellent way of using powerful hardware with the same low maintenance cost as with thin clients. Software is administered and maintained on the server with no need for local installed software on the clients. Home directories and system settings are stored on the server too. </para></section><section><title>Networked clients</title><para>The term "networked clients" is used in this manual to refer to both thin clients and diskless workstations, as well as computers running macOS or Windows. </para></section></section><section><title>Administration</title><para>All the Linux machines that are installed with the Skolelinux installer will be administrable from a central computer, most likely the server. It will be possible to log in to all machines via SSH, and thereby have full access to the machines. As root one needs to run <code>kinit</code> first to get a Kerberos TGT. </para><para>All user information is kept in an LDAP directory. Updates of user accounts are made against this database, which is used by the clients for user authentication. </para><section><title>Installation</title><para>Currently there are two kinds of installation media images: netinst and BD. Both images can also be booted from USB sticks. </para><para>The aim is to be able to install a server from any type of medium once, and install all other clients over the network by booting from the network. </para><para>Only the netinstall image needs access to the Internet during installation. </para><para>The installation should not ask any questions, with the exception of desired language, location, keyboard and machine profile (Main Server, Workstation, LTSP Server, ...). All other configuration will be set up automatically with reasonable values, to be changed from a central location by the system administrator subsequent to the installation. </para><para><anchor id="Architecture--File_system_access_configuration"/> </para></section><section><title>File system access configuration</title><para>Each Skolelinux user account is assigned a section of the file system on the file server. This section (home directory) contains the user's configuration files, documents, email and web pages. Some of the files should be set to have read access for other users on the system, some should be readable by everyone on the Internet, and some should not be accessible for reading by anyone but the user. </para><para>To ensure that all disks that are used for user directories or shared directories can be uniquely named across all the computers in the installation, they can be mounted as <code>/skole/host/directory/</code>. Initially, one directory is created on the file server, <code>/skole/tjener/home0/</code>, in which all the user accounts are created. More directories may then be created when needed to accommodate particular user groups or particular patterns of usage. </para><para>To enable shared access to files under the normal UNIX permissions system, users need to be in supplementary shared groups (such as "students") as well as the personal primary group that they're in by default. If users have an appropriate umask to make newly created items group-accessible (002 or 007), and if the directories they're working in are setgid to ensure the files inherit the correct group-ownership, the result is controlled file sharing between the members of a group. </para><para>The initial access settings for newly created files are a matter of policy. The Debian default umask is 022 (which would not allow group-access as described above), but Debian Edu uses a default of 002 - meaning that files are created with read access for everybody, which can later be removed by explicit user action. This can alternatively be changed (by editing <code>/etc/pam.d/common-session</code>) to a umask of 007 - meaning read access is initially blocked, necessitating user action to make them accessible. The first approach encourages knowledge sharing, and makes the system more transparent, whereas the second method decreases the risk of unwanted spreading of sensitive information. The problem with the first solution is that it is not apparent to the users that the material they create will be accessible to all other users. They can only detect this by inspecting other users' directories and seeing that their files are readable. The problem with the second solution is that few people are likely to make their files accessible, even if they do not contain sensitive information and the content would be helpful to inquisitive users who want to learn how others have solved particular problems (typically configuration issues). </para><para><ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/CategoryPermalink#">CategoryPermalink</ulink> </para></section></section></section><para><anchor id="Requirements"/> </para><section><title>Requirements</title><para>There are different ways of setting up a Skolelinux solution. It can be installed on just one standalone PC, or as a region-wide solution at many schools operated centrally. This flexibility makes a huge difference to the configuration of network components, servers and client machines. </para><section><title>Hardware requirements</title><para>The purpose of the different profiles is explained in the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Architecture#">network architecture</ulink> chapter. </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata depth="16" fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/htdocs/debwiki/img/idea.png" width="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>(!)</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> If LTSP is intended to be used, take a look at the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/LTSP/Ltsp%20Hardware%20Requirements">LTSP Hardware Requirements wiki page</ulink>. </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>The computers running Debian Edu / Skolelinux must have either 32 bit (Debian architecture 'i386', oldest supported processors are 686 class ones) or 64 bit (Debian architecture 'amd64') x86 processors. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Thin clients with only 256 MiB RAM and 400 MHz are possible, though more RAM and faster processors are recommended. </para></listitem><listitem><para>For workstations, diskless workstations and standalone systems, 1500 MHz and 1024 MiB RAM are the absolute minimum requirements. For running modern webbrowsers and LibreOffice at least 2048 MiB RAM is recommended. </para></listitem><listitem><para>The minimum disk space requirements depend on the profile which is installed: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>combined main server + LTSP server: 60 GiB (plus additional space for user accounts). </para></listitem><listitem><para>LTSP server: 40 GiB. </para></listitem><listitem><para>workstation or standalone: 30 GiB. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para>LTSP servers need two network cards when using the default network architecture: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>eth0 is connected to the main network (10.0.0.0/8), </para></listitem><listitem><para>eth1 is used for serving LTSP clients. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para>Laptops are movable workstations, so they have the same requirements as workstations. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section><section><title>Hardware known to work</title><para>A list of tested hardware is provided at <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Hardware/"/> . This list is not nearly complete <inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata depth="16" fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/htdocs/debwiki/img/smile.png" width="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>:)</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/InstallingDebianOn"/> is an effort to document how to install, configure and use Debian on some specific hardware, allowing potential buyers to know if that hardware is supported and existing owners to know how get the best out of that hardware. </para></section></section><section><title>Requirements for network setup</title><section><title>Default Setup</title><para>When using the default network architecture, these rules apply: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>You need exactly one main server, the tjener. </para></listitem><listitem><para>You can have hundreds of workstations on the main network. </para></listitem><listitem><para>You can have a lot of LTSP servers on the main network; two different subnets are preconfigured (DNS, DHCP) in LDAP, more can be added. </para></listitem><listitem><para>You can have hundreds of thin clients and/or diskless workstations on each LTSP server network. </para></listitem><listitem><para>You can have hundreds of other machines which will have dynamic IP addresses assigned. </para></listitem><listitem><para>For access to the Internet you need a router/gateway (see below). </para></listitem></itemizedlist><para><anchor id="Requirements--Internet_router"/> </para></section><section><title>Internet router</title><para>A router/gateway, connected to the Internet on the external interface and running on the IP address 10.0.0.1 with netmask 255.0.0.0 on the internal interface, is needed to connect to the Internet. </para><para>The router should not run a DHCP server, it can run a DNS server, though this is not needed and will not be used. </para><para>In case you already have a router but are unable to configure it as needed (eg because you are not allowed to do so, or for technical reasons), an older computer with two network interfaces can be turned into a gateway between the existing network and the Debian Edu one. </para><para>A simple way is to install Debian Edu on this computer; select 'Minimal' as profile during installation. </para><para>After installation, run <code>/usr/share/debian-edu-config/tools/configure-edu-gateway --firewall <yes|no></code> which will make the following changes: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>Adjust the /etc/network/interfaces file. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Change the hostname permanently to 'gateway'. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Remove superfluous scripts. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Enable IP forwarding and NAT for the 10.0.0.0/8 network. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Install a firewall (optional). </para></listitem></itemizedlist><para>If you need something for an embedded router or accesspoint we recommend using <ulink url="https://openwrt.org">OpenWRT</ulink>, though of course you can also use the original firmware. Using the original firmware is easier; using OpenWRT gives you more choices and control. Check the OpenWRT webpages for a list of <ulink url="https://wiki.openwrt.org/toh/start">supported hardware</ulink>. </para><para>It is possible to use a different network setup (there is a <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/HowTo/ChangeIpSubnet">documented procedure</ulink> to do this), but if you are not forced to do this by an existing network infrastructure, we recommend against doing so and recommend you stay with the default <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Architecture#">network architecture</ulink>. </para><para><ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/CategoryPermalink#">CategoryPermalink</ulink> </para></section></section><para><anchor id="Installation"/> </para><section><title>Installation and download options</title><section><title>Where to find additional information</title><para>We recommend that you read or at least take a look at the <ulink url="https://www.debian.org/releases/bullseye/releasenotes">release notes for Debian Bullseye</ulink> before you start installing a system for production use. There is more information about the Debian Bullseye release available in its <ulink url="https://www.debian.org/releases/bullseye/installmanual">installation manual</ulink>. </para><para>Please give Debian Edu/Skolelinux a try, it should just work. <inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata depth="16" fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/htdocs/debwiki/img/smile.png" width="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>:-)</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para>It is recommended, though, to read the chapters about <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Requirements#">hardware and network requirements</ulink> and about the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Architecture#">architecture</ulink> before starting to install a main server. </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata depth="16" fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/htdocs/debwiki/img/alert.png" width="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>/!\</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> Be sure to also read the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/GettingStarted#">getting started</ulink> chapter of this manual, as it explains how to log in for the first time. </para></section><section><title>Download the installation media for Debian Edu 11 Codename Bullseye</title><section><title>amd64 or i386</title><para><code>amd64</code> and <code>i386</code> are the names of two Debian architectures for x86 CPUs, both are or have been build by AMD, Intel and other manufacturers. <code>amd64</code> is a 64-bit architecture and <code>i386</code> is a 32-bit architecture. New installations today should be done using <code>amd64</code>. <code>i386</code> should only be used for old hardware. </para></section><section><title>netinst iso images for amd64 or i386</title><para>The netinst iso image can be used for installation from CD/DVD and USB flash drives and is available for two Debian architectures: amd64 or i386. As the name implies, internet access is required for the installation. </para><para>Once Bullseye has been released these images will be available for download from: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para><ulink url="https://get.debian.org/cdimage/release/current/amd64/iso-cd/"/> </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://get.debian.org/cdimage/release/current/i386/iso-cd/"/> </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section><section><title>BD iso images for i386 or amd64</title><para>This ISO image is approximately 5 GB large and can be used for installation of amd64 or i386 machines, also without access to the Internet. Like the netinst image it can be installed on USB flash drives or disk media of sufficient size. </para><para>Once Bullseye has been released these images will be available for download from: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para><ulink url="https://get.debian.org/cdimage/release/current/amd64/iso-bd/"/> </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://get.debian.org/cdimage/release/current/i386/iso-bd/"/> </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section><section><title>Verification of downloaded image files</title><para>Detailed instructions for verifying these images are part of the <ulink url="https://www.debian.org/CD/faq/index.en.html#verify">Debian-CD FAQ</ulink>. </para></section><section><title>Sources</title><para>Sources are available from the Debian archive at the usual locations, several media are linked on <ulink url="https://get.debian.org/cdimage/release/current/source/"/> </para></section></section><section><title>Installing Debian Edu</title><para>When you do a Debian Edu installation, you have a few options to choose from. Don't be afraid; there aren't many. We have done a good job of hiding the complexity of Debian during the installation and beyond. However, Debian Edu is Debian, and if you want there are more than 57,000 packages to choose from and a billion configuration options. For the majority of our users, our defaults should be fine. Please note: if LTSP is intended to be used, choose a lightweight desktop environment. </para><section><title>Main server installation scenarios</title><orderedlist numeration="upperalpha"><listitem><para>Typical school or home network with Internet access through a router providing DHCP: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>Installation of a main server is possible, but after reboot there will be no Internet access (due to primary network interface IP 10.0.2.2/8). </para></listitem><listitem><para>See the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Requirements#Internet_router">Internet router</ulink> chapter for details how to set up a gateway if it is not possible to configure an existing one as needed. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Connect all components like shown in the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Architecture#Network">architecture</ulink> chapter. </para></listitem><listitem><para>The main server should have Internet connection once bootet the first time in the correct environment. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para>Typical school or institution network, similar to the one above, but with proxy use required. </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>Add 'debian-edu-expert' to the kernel command line; see further below for details how this is done. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Some additional questions must be answered, the proxy server related one included. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para>Network with router/gateway IP 10.0.0.1/8 (which does not provide a DHCP server) and Internet access: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>As soon as the automatic network configuration fails (due to missing DHCP), choose manual network configuration. </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>Enter 10.0.2.2/8 as host IP </para></listitem><listitem><para>Enter 10.0.0.1 as gateway IP </para></listitem><listitem><para>Enter 8.8.8.8 as nameserver IP unless you know better </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para>The main server should just work after the first boot. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para>Offline (no Internet connection): </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>Use the BD ISO image. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Make sure all (real/virtual) network cables are unplugged. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Choose 'Do not configure the network at this time' (after DHCP failed to configure the network and you pressed 'Continue'). </para></listitem><listitem><para>Update the system once bootet the first time in the correct environment with Internet access. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></orderedlist></section><section><title>Desktop environments</title><para>Several desktop environments are available: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>Xfce has a slightly bigger footprint than LXDE but a very good language support (106 languages). </para></listitem><listitem><para>KDE and GNOME both have good language support, but too big a footprint for both older computers and for LTSP clients. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Cinnamon is a lighter alternative to GNOME. </para></listitem><listitem><para>MATE is lighter than the three above, but is missing good language support for several countries. </para></listitem><listitem><para>LXDE has the smallest footprint and supports 35 languages. </para></listitem><listitem><para>LXQt is a lightweight desktop environment (language support similar to LXDE) with a more modern look and feel (based on Qt just like KDE). </para></listitem></itemizedlist><para>Debian Edu as an international project has chosen to use Xfce as the default desktop environment; see below how to set a different one. </para></section><section><title>Modular installation</title><itemizedlist><listitem><para>When installing a system with profile <emphasis>Workstation</emphasis> included, a lot of education related programs are installed. To install only the basic profile, remove the <emphasis>desktop=xxxx</emphasis> kernel command line param before starting the installation; see further below for details how this is done. This allows one to install a site specific system and could be used to speed up test installations. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Please note: If you want to install a desktop environment afterwards, don't use the Debian Edu meta-packages like e.g. <ulink url="https://packages.debian.org/stable/education-desktop-mate#">education-desktop-mate</ulink> because these would pull in all education related programs; rather install e.g. <ulink url="https://packages.debian.org/stable/task-mate-desktop#">task-mate-desktop</ulink> instead. One or more of the new school level related meta-packages <emphasis>education-preschool</emphasis>, <emphasis>education-primaryschool</emphasis>, <emphasis>education-secondaryschool</emphasis>, <emphasis>education-highschool</emphasis> could be installed to match the use case. </para></listitem><listitem><para>For details about Debian Edu meta-packages, see the <ulink url="https://blends.debian.org/edu/tasks/">Debian Edu packages overview</ulink> page. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section><section><title>Installation types and options</title><para>ipxe <emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=01-Installer_64bit_boot_menu.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>64-bit Installer boot menu</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para> <emphasis role="strong">Graphical install</emphasis> uses the GTK installer where you can use the mouse.</para><para> <emphasis role="strong">Install</emphasis> uses text mode.</para><para> <emphasis role="strong">Advanced options ></emphasis> gives a sub menu with more detailed options to choose.</para><para><emphasis role="strong">Help</emphasis> gives some hints on using the installer; see screenshot below. </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=01a-Installer_64bit_advanced_options.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>64-bit Installer advanced options screen 1</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para> <emphasis role="strong">Back..</emphasis> brings back to the main menu.</para><para><emphasis role="strong">Graphical expert install</emphasis> gives access to all available questions, mouse usable.</para><para> <emphasis role="strong">Graphical rescue mode</emphasis> makes this install medium become a rescue disk for emergency tasks.</para><para> <emphasis role="strong">Graphical automated install</emphasis> needs a preseed file.</para><para> <emphasis role="strong">Expert install</emphasis> gives access to all available questions in text mode.</para><para> <emphasis role="strong">Rescue mode</emphasis> text mode; makes this install medium become a rescue disk for emergency tasks.</para><para> <emphasis role="strong">Automated install</emphasis> text mode; needs a preseed file. </para><para> <inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata depth="16" fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/htdocs/debwiki/img/alert.png" width="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>/!\</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> Do not use <code>Graphical expert install</code> or <code>Expert install</code>, use <code>debian-edu-expert</code> instead as an additional kernel parameter in exceptional cases. </para><para><emphasis>Help screen</emphasis> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=01c-Installer_help.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>Installer help screen</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para> This Help screen is self explaining and enables the <F>-keys on the keyboard for getting more detailed help on the topics described. </para><para><emphasis>Add or change boot parameters for installations</emphasis> </para><para>In both cases, boot options can be edited by pressing the TAB key (BIOS mode) or the E key (UEFI mode) in the boot menu; the screenshot shows the command line for <emphasis role="strong">Graphical install</emphasis>. </para><para> <inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=01b-Installer_64bit_command_line.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>Edit command line options</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>You can use an existing HTTP proxy service on the network to speed up the installation of the main server profile from CD. Add e.g. <code>mirror/http/proxy=http://10.0.2.2:3128</code> as an additional boot parameter. </para></listitem><listitem><para>If you have already installed the main server profile on a machine, further installations should be done via PXE, as this will automatically use the proxy of the main server. </para></listitem><listitem><para>To install the <emphasis role="strong">GNOME</emphasis> desktop environment instead of the default <emphasis role="strong">Xfce</emphasis> desktop environment, replace <code>xfce</code> with <code>gnome</code> in the <code>desktop=xfce</code> parameter. </para></listitem><listitem><para>To install the <emphasis role="strong">LXDE</emphasis> desktop environment instead, use <code>desktop=lxde</code>. </para></listitem><listitem><para>To install the <emphasis role="strong">LXQt</emphasis> desktop environment instead, use <code>desktop=lxqt</code>. </para></listitem><listitem><para>To install the <emphasis role="strong">KDE Plasma</emphasis> desktop environment instead, use <code>desktop=kde</code>. </para></listitem><listitem><para>To install the <emphasis role="strong">Cinnamon</emphasis> desktop environment instead, use <code>desktop=cinnamon</code>. </para></listitem><listitem><para>And to install the <emphasis role="strong">MATE</emphasis> desktop environment instead, use <code>desktop=mate</code>. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section><section><title>The installation process</title><para>Remember the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Requirements#">system requirements</ulink> and make sure you have at least two network cards (NICs) if you plan on setting up an LTSP server. </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>Choose a language (for the installation and the installed system). </para></listitem><listitem><para>Choose a location which normally should be the location where you live. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Choose a keyboard keymap (the country's default is usually fine). </para></listitem><listitem><para>Choose profile(s) from the following list: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para><emphasis role="strong">Main Server</emphasis> </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none"><para>This is the main server (tjener) for your school providing all services pre-configured to work out of the box. You must install only one main server per school! This profile does not include a graphical user interface. If you want a graphical user interface, then select Workstation or LTSP Server in addition to this one. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para><emphasis role="strong">Workstation</emphasis> </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none"><para>A computer booting from its local hard drive, and running all software and devices locally like an ordinary computer, except that user logins are authenticated by the main server, where the users' files and desktop profile are stored. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para><emphasis role="strong">Roaming workstation</emphasis> </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none"><para>Same as workstation but capable of authentication using cached credentials, meaning it can be used outside the school network. The users' files and profiles are stored on the local disk. For single user notebooks and laptops this profile should be selected and not 'Workstation' or 'Standalone' as suggested in earlier releases. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para><emphasis role="strong">LTSP Server</emphasis> </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none"><para>A thin client (and diskless workstation) server, is called an LTSP server. Clients without hard drives boot and run software from this server. This computer needs two network interfaces, a lot of memory, and ideally more than one processor or core. See the chapter about <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/HowTo/NetworkClients#">networked clients</ulink> for more information on this subject. Choosing this profile also enables the workstation profile (even if it is not selected) - an LTSP server can always be used as a workstation, too. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para><emphasis role="strong">Standalone</emphasis> </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none"><para>An ordinary computer that can function without a main server (that is, it doesn't need to be on the network). Includes laptops. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para><emphasis role="strong">Minimal</emphasis> </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none"><para>This profile will install the base packages and configure the machine to integrate into the Debian Edu network, but without any services and applications. It is useful as a platform for single services manually moved out from the main-server.</para><para> In case ordinary users should be able to use such a system, it needs to be added using GOsa² (similar to a workstation) and the libpam-krb5 package needs to be installed. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></itemizedlist><para>The <emphasis role="strong">Main Server</emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong">Workstation</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">LTSP Server</emphasis> profiles are preselected. These profiles can be installed on one machine together if you want to install a so called <emphasis>combined main server</emphasis>. This means the main server will be an LTSP server and also be used as a workstation. This is the default choice, since we assume most people will want it. Please note that you must have 2 network cards installed in a machine which is going to be installed as a combined main server or as an LTSP server to become useful after the installation. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Say "yes" or "no" to automatic partitioning. Be aware that saying "yes" will destroy all data on the hard drives! Saying "no" on the other hand will require more work - you will need to make sure that the required partitions are created and are big enough. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Please say "yes" to submitting information to <ulink url="https://popcon.debian.org/"/> to allow us to know which packages are popular and should be kept for future releases. Although you don't have to, it is a simple way for you to help. <inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata depth="16" fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/htdocs/debwiki/img/smile.png" width="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>:)</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para></listitem><listitem><para>Wait. If the selected profiles include LTSP Server then the installer will spend quite some time at the end, "Finishing the installation - Running debian-edu-profile-udeb..." </para></listitem><listitem><para>After giving the root password, you will be asked to create a normal user account "for non-administrative tasks". For Debian Edu this account is very important: it is the account you will use to manage the Skolelinux network. </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata depth="16" fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/htdocs/debwiki/img/alert.png" width="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>/!\</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> The password for this user <emphasis role="strong">must</emphasis> have a length of <emphasis role="strong">at least 5 characters</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">must differ</emphasis> from the <emphasis role="strong">username</emphasis> - otherwise login will not be possible (even though a shorter password and also a password matching the username will be accepted by the installer). </para></listitem><listitem><para>Wait again in case of a <emphasis>combined main server</emphasis> after rebooting the system. It will spend quite some time generating the SquashFS image for diskless workstations. </para></listitem><listitem><para>In case of a separate LTSP server, the diskless workstation and/or thin client setup needs some manual steps. For details, see the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/HowTo/NetworkClients#">Network clients HowTo</ulink> chapter. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section><section><title>Notes on some characteristics</title><section><title>A note on notebooks</title><para>Most likely you will want to use the 'Roaming workstation' profile (see above). Be aware that all data is stored locally (so take some extra care over backups) and login credentials are cached (so after a password change, logins may require your old password if you have not connected your laptop to the network and logged in with the new password). </para></section><section><title>A note on USB flash drive / Blu-ray disc image installs</title><para>After you install from the USB flash drive / Blu-ray disc image, <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> will only contain sources from that image. If you have an Internet connection, we strongly suggest adding the following lines to it so that available security updates can be installed: </para><screen><![CDATA[deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ bullseye main
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC '-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN' 'http://www.docbook.org/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd'><article><articleinfo><title>DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne</title><revhistory><revision><revnumber>1</revnumber><date>2020-02-13 14:08:14</date><authorinitials>WolfgangSchweer</authorinitials><revremark>WIP: starting to work on Debian Edu Bullseye documentation as a copy with s/buster/bullseye/ and some other adjustments</revremark></revision></revhistory></articleinfo><section><title>Manual for Debian Edu 11 Codename Bullseye</title><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AboutDebianEdu?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=i.png" width="800"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>Debian Edu Installer Logo</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para>This is the manual for the Debian Edu 11 Bullseye release. </para><para>The version at <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye"/> is a wiki and updated frequently. </para><para><ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Translations#">Translations</ulink> are part of the <code>debian-edu-doc</code> package which can be installed on a webserver, and is available <ulink url="https://jenkins.debian.net/userContent/debian-edu-doc/">online</ulink>. </para></section><section><title>About Debian Edu and Skolelinux</title><para>Debian Edu aka Skolelinux is a Linux distribution based on Debian providing an out-of-the box environment of a completely configured school network. It implements a client-server approach. Servers and clients are <emphasis>pieces of software</emphasis> that interact with one another. Servers provide information required by clients to function. When a server is installed on one machine and its client on a different machine, the machines themselves are referred to as the server and the client, by extension of the concept. </para><para>The chapters about <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Requirements#">hardware and network requirements</ulink> and about the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Architecture#">architecture</ulink> contain basic environment details. </para><para>After installation of a main server all services needed for a school network are set up and the system is ready to be used. Only users and machines need to be added via GOsa², a comfortable Web-UI, or any other LDAP editor. A netbooting environment using PXE/<ulink url="https://ipxe.org/">iPXE</ulink> has also been prepared, so after initial installation of the main server from CD, Blu-ray disc or USB flash drive all other machines can be installed via the network, this includes "roaming workstations" (ones that can be taken away from the school network, usually laptops or netbooks). Also, machines can be booted via PXE/iPXE as diskless workstations or thin clients. </para><para>Several educational applications like GeoGebra, Kalzium, KGeography, GNU Solfege and Scratch are included in the default desktop setup, which can be extended easily and almost endlessly via the Debian universe. </para><section><title>Some history and why two names</title><para><ulink url="https://blends.debian.org/edu">Debian Edu / Skolelinux</ulink> is a Linux distribution created by the Debian Edu project. As a <ulink url="https://blends.debian.org">Debian Pure Blend</ulink> distribution it is an official <ulink url="https://www.debian.org">Debian</ulink> subproject. </para><para>What this means for your school is that Skolelinux is a version of Debian providing an out-of-the box environment of a completely configured school-network. </para><para>The Skolelinux project in Norway was founded on July 2nd 2001 and about the same time Raphaël Hertzog started Debian-Edu in France. Since 2003 both projects are united, but both names stayed. "Skole" and (Debian-)"Education" are just two well understood terms in these regions. </para><para>Today the system is in use in several countries around the world. </para><para><ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/CategoryPermalink#">CategoryPermalink</ulink> </para></section></section><para><anchor id="Architecture"/> </para><section><title>Architecture</title><para><anchor id="Architecture--Network"/> </para><section><title>Network</title><para>This section of the document describes the network architecture and services provided by a Skolelinux installation. </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Architecture?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=Debian_Edu_Network_Bullseye.png" width="1024"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>The Debian Edu network topology</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para>The figure is a sketch of the assumed network topology. The default setup of a Skolelinux network assumes that there is one (and only one) main server, while allowing the inclusion of both normal workstations and LTSP servers (with associated thin clients and/or diskless workstations). The number of workstations can be as large or small as you want (starting from none to a lot). The same goes for the LTSP servers, each of which is on a separate network so that the traffic between the clients and the LTSP server doesn't affect the rest of the network services. LTSP is explained in detail in <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/HowTo/NetworkClients#">the related HowTo</ulink> chapter. </para><para>The reason that there can only be one main server in each school network is that the main server provides DHCP, and there can be only one machine doing so in each network. It is possible to move services from the main server to other machines by setting up the service on another machine, and subsequently updating the DNS configuration, pointing the DNS alias for that service to the right computer. </para><para>In order to simplify the standard setup of Skolelinux, the Internet connection runs over a separate router, also called gateway. See the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Requirements#Internet_router">Internet router</ulink> chapter for details how to set up such a gateway if it is not possible to configure an existing one as needed. </para><section><title>The default network setup</title><para>DHCP on the main server serves the 10.0.0.0/8 network, providing a PXE boot menu where you can choose whether to install a new server/workstation, boot a thin client or a diskless workstation, run memtest, or boot from the local hard disk. </para><para>This is designed to be modified; for details, see <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/HowTo/NetworkClients#">the related HowTo</ulink> chapter. </para><para>DHCP on the LTSP servers only serves a dedicated network on the second interface (192.168.0.0/24 and 192.168.1.0/24 are preconfigured options) and should seldom need to be changed. </para><para>The configuration of all subnets is stored in LDAP. </para></section><section><title>Main server</title><para>A Skolelinux network needs one main server (also called "tjener" which is Norwegian and means "server") which per default has the IP address 10.0.2.2 and is installed by selecting the Main Server profile. It's possible (but not required) to also select and install the LTSP Server and Workstation profiles in addition to the Main Server profile. </para></section><section><title>Services running on the main server</title><para>With the exception of the control of the thin clients, all services are initially set up on one central computer (the main server). For performance reasons, the LTSP server(s) should be separate (though it is possible to install both the Main Server and LTSP Server profiles on the same machine). All services are allocated a dedicated DNS-name and are offered exclusively over IPv4. The allocated DNS name makes it easy to move individual services from the main server to a different machine, by simply stopping the service on the main server, and changing the DNS configuration to point to the new location of the service (which should be set up on that machine first, of course). </para><para>To ensure security all connections where passwords are transmitted over the network are encrypted, so no passwords are sent over the network as plain text. </para><para>Below is a table of the services that are set up by default in a Skolelinux network and the DNS name of each service. If possible all configuration files will refer to the service by name (without the domain name) thus making it easy for schools to change either their domain (if they have an own DNS domain) or the IP addresses they use. </para><informaltable><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><colspec colname="col_2"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_2" namest="col_0" rowsep="1"><para><emphasis role="strong">Table of services</emphasis></para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> <emphasis role="strong">Service description</emphasis> </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> <emphasis role="strong">Common name</emphasis> </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> <emphasis role="strong">DNS service name</emphasis> </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Centralised Logging </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> rsyslog </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> syslog </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Domain Name Service </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> DNS (BIND) </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> domain </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Automatic Network Configuration of Machines </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> DHCP </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> bootps </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Clock Synchronisation </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> NTP </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> ntp </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Home Directories via Network File System </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> SMB / NFS </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> homes </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Electronic Post Office </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> IMAP (Dovecot) </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> postoffice </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Directory Service </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> OpenLDAP </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> ldap </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> User Administration </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> GOsa² </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> --- </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Web Server </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Apache/PHP </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> www </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Central Backup </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> sl-backup, slbackup-php </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> backup </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Web Cache </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Proxy (Squid) </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> webcache </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Printing </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> CUPS </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> ipp </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Secure Remote Login </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> OpenSSH </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> ssh </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Automatic Configuration </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> CFEngine </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> cfengine </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> LTSP Server/s </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> LTSP </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> ltsp </para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> Machine and Service Surveillance with Error Reporting, plus Status and History on the Web. Error Reporting by email </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para>Munin, Icinga and Sitesummary </para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"><para> sitesummary </para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable><para>Personal files for each user are stored in their home directories, which are made available by the server. Home directories are accessible from all machines, giving users access to the same files regardless of which machine they are using. The server is operating system agnostic, offering access via NFS for Unix clients and via SMB2/SMB3 for other clients. </para><para>By default email is set up for local delivery (i.e. within the school) only, though email delivery to the wider Internet may be set up if the school has a permanent Internet connection. Clients are set up to deliver mail to the server (using 'smarthost'), and users can <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/HowTo/Users#Using_email">access their personal mail</ulink> through IMAP. </para><para>All services are accessible using the same username and password, thanks to the central user database for authentication and authorisation. </para><para>To increase performance on frequently accessed sites a web proxy that caches files locally (Squid) is used. In conjunction with blocking web-traffic in the router this also enables control of Internet access on individual machines. </para><para>Network configuration on the clients is done automatically using DHCP. All types of clients can be connected to the private 10.0.0.0/8 subnet and will get according IP addresses; LTSP clients should be connected to the corresponding LTSP server via the separate subnet 192.168.0.0/24 (this is to ensure that the network traffic of the LTSP clients doesn't interfere with the rest of the network services). </para><para>Centralised logging is set up so that all machines send their syslog messages to the server. The syslog service is set up so that it only accepts incoming messages from the local network. </para><para>By default the DNS server is set up with a domain for internal use only (*.intern), until a real ("external") DNS domain can be set up. The DNS server is set up as caching DNS server so that all machines on the network can use it as the main DNS Server. </para><para>Pupils and teachers have the ability to publish websites. The web server provides mechanisms for authenticating users, and for limiting access to individual pages and subdirectories to certain users and groups. Users will have the ability to create dynamic web pages, as the web server will be programmable on the server side. </para><para>Information on users and machines can be changed in one central location, and is made accessible to all computers on the network automatically. To achieve this a centralised directory server is set up. The directory will have information on users, user groups, machines and groups of machines. To avoid user confusion there won't be any difference between file groups and network groups. This implies that groups of machines which are to form network groups will use the same namespace as user groups. </para><para>Administration of services and users will mainly be via the web, and follow established standards, functioning well in the web browsers which are part of Skolelinux. The delegation of certain tasks to individual users or user groups will be made possible by the administration systems. </para><para>In order to avoid certain problems with NFS, and to make it simpler to debug problems, the different machines need synchronised clocks. To achieve this the Skolelinux server is set up as a local Network Time Protocol (NTP) server, and all workstations and clients are set up to synchronise with the server. The server itself should synchronise its clock via NTP against machines on the Internet, thus ensuring the whole network has the correct time. </para><para>Printers are connected where convenient, either directly onto the main network, or connected to a server, workstation or LTSP server. Access to printers can be controlled for individual users according to the groups they belong to; this will be achieved by using quota and access control for printers. </para></section><section><title>LTSP server(s)</title><para>A Skolelinux network can have many LTSP servers, which are installed by selecting the LTSP Server profile. </para><para>The LTSP servers are set up to receive syslog from thin clients and workstations, and forward these messages to the central syslog recipient. </para><para>Please note: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>LTSP diskless workstations are using the programs installed on the server. </para></listitem><listitem><para>The client root filesystem is provided using NFS. After each modification to the LTSP server the related image has to be re-generated; run <code>debian-edu-ltsp-install --diskless_workstation yes</code> on the LTSP server. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section><section><title>Thin clients</title><para>A thin client setup enables ordinary PCs to function as (X-)terminals. This means that the machine boots directly from the server using PXE without using the local client hard drive. The thin client setup now uses X2Go, because LTSP has dropped support. </para><para>Thin clients are a good way to still make use of very old (mostly 32-bit) machines as they effectively run all programs on the LTSP server. This works as follows: the service uses DHCP and TFTP to connect to the network and boot from the network. Next, the file system is mounted from the LTSP server using NFS, and finally the X2Go client is started. </para></section><section><title>Diskless workstations</title><para>A diskless workstation runs all software on the PC without a locally installed operating system. This means that client machines boot via PXE without running software installed on a local hard drive. </para><para>Diskless workstations are an excellent way of using powerful hardware with the same low maintenance cost as with thin clients. Software is administered and maintained on the server with no need for local installed software on the clients. Home directories and system settings are stored on the server too. </para></section><section><title>Networked clients</title><para>The term "networked clients" is used in this manual to refer to both thin clients and diskless workstations, as well as computers running macOS or Windows. </para></section></section><section><title>Administration</title><para>All the Linux machines that are installed with the Skolelinux installer will be administrable from a central computer, most likely the server. It will be possible to log in to all machines via SSH, and thereby have full access to the machines. As root one needs to run <code>kinit</code> first to get a Kerberos TGT. </para><para>All user information is kept in an LDAP directory. Updates of user accounts are made against this database, which is used by the clients for user authentication. </para><section><title>Installation</title><para>Currently there are two kinds of installation media images: netinst and BD. Both images can also be booted from USB sticks. </para><para>The aim is to be able to install a server from any type of medium once, and install all other clients over the network by booting from the network. </para><para>Only the netinstall image needs access to the Internet during installation. </para><para>The installation should not ask any questions, with the exception of desired language, location, keyboard and machine profile (Main Server, Workstation, LTSP Server, ...). All other configuration will be set up automatically with reasonable values, to be changed from a central location by the system administrator subsequent to the installation. </para><para><anchor id="Architecture--File_system_access_configuration"/> </para></section><section><title>File system access configuration</title><para>Each Skolelinux user account is assigned a section of the file system on the file server. This section (home directory) contains the user's configuration files, documents, email and web pages. Some of the files should be set to have read access for other users on the system, some should be readable by everyone on the Internet, and some should not be accessible for reading by anyone but the user. </para><para>To ensure that all disks that are used for user directories or shared directories can be uniquely named across all the computers in the installation, they can be mounted as <code>/skole/host/directory/</code>. Initially, one directory is created on the file server, <code>/skole/tjener/home0/</code>, in which all the user accounts are created. More directories may then be created when needed to accommodate particular user groups or particular patterns of usage. </para><para>To enable shared access to files under the normal UNIX permissions system, users need to be in supplementary shared groups (such as "students") as well as the personal primary group that they're in by default. If users have an appropriate umask to make newly created items group-accessible (002 or 007), and if the directories they're working in are setgid to ensure the files inherit the correct group-ownership, the result is controlled file sharing between the members of a group. </para><para>The initial access settings for newly created files are a matter of policy. The Debian default umask is 022 (which would not allow group-access as described above), but Debian Edu uses a default of 002 - meaning that files are created with read access for everybody, which can later be removed by explicit user action. This can alternatively be changed (by editing <code>/etc/pam.d/common-session</code>) to a umask of 007 - meaning read access is initially blocked, necessitating user action to make them accessible. The first approach encourages knowledge sharing, and makes the system more transparent, whereas the second method decreases the risk of unwanted spreading of sensitive information. The problem with the first solution is that it is not apparent to the users that the material they create will be accessible to all other users. They can only detect this by inspecting other users' directories and seeing that their files are readable. The problem with the second solution is that few people are likely to make their files accessible, even if they do not contain sensitive information and the content would be helpful to inquisitive users who want to learn how others have solved particular problems (typically configuration issues). </para><para><ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/CategoryPermalink#">CategoryPermalink</ulink> </para></section></section></section><para><anchor id="Requirements"/> </para><section><title>Requirements</title><para>There are different ways of setting up a Skolelinux solution. It can be installed on just one standalone PC, or as a region-wide solution at many schools operated centrally. This flexibility makes a huge difference to the configuration of network components, servers and client machines. </para><section><title>Hardware requirements</title><para>The purpose of the different profiles is explained in the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Architecture#">network architecture</ulink> chapter. </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata depth="16" fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/htdocs/debwiki/img/idea.png" width="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>(!)</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> If LTSP is intended to be used, take a look at the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/LTSP/Ltsp%20Hardware%20Requirements">LTSP Hardware Requirements wiki page</ulink>. </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>The computers running Debian Edu / Skolelinux must have either 32 bit (Debian architecture 'i386', oldest supported processors are 686 class ones) or 64 bit (Debian architecture 'amd64') x86 processors. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Thin clients with only 256 MiB RAM and 400 MHz are possible, though more RAM and faster processors are recommended. </para></listitem><listitem><para>For workstations, diskless workstations and standalone systems, 1500 MHz and 1024 MiB RAM are the absolute minimum requirements. For running modern webbrowsers and LibreOffice at least 2048 MiB RAM is recommended. </para></listitem><listitem><para>The minimum disk space requirements depend on the profile which is installed: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>combined main server + LTSP server: 60 GiB (plus additional space for user accounts). </para></listitem><listitem><para>LTSP server: 40 GiB. </para></listitem><listitem><para>workstation or standalone: 30 GiB. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para>LTSP servers need two network cards when using the default network architecture: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>eth0 is connected to the main network (10.0.0.0/8), </para></listitem><listitem><para>eth1 is used for serving LTSP clients. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para>Laptops are movable workstations, so they have the same requirements as workstations. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section><section><title>Hardware known to work</title><para>A list of tested hardware is provided at <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Hardware/"/> . This list is not nearly complete <inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata depth="16" fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/htdocs/debwiki/img/smile.png" width="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>:)</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/InstallingDebianOn"/> is an effort to document how to install, configure and use Debian on some specific hardware, allowing potential buyers to know if that hardware is supported and existing owners to know how get the best out of that hardware. </para></section></section><section><title>Requirements for network setup</title><section><title>Default Setup</title><para>When using the default network architecture, these rules apply: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>You need exactly one main server, the tjener. </para></listitem><listitem><para>You can have hundreds of workstations on the main network. </para></listitem><listitem><para>You can have a lot of LTSP servers on the main network; two different subnets are preconfigured (DNS, DHCP) in LDAP, more can be added. </para></listitem><listitem><para>You can have hundreds of thin clients and/or diskless workstations on each LTSP server network. </para></listitem><listitem><para>You can have hundreds of other machines which will have dynamic IP addresses assigned. </para></listitem><listitem><para>For access to the Internet you need a router/gateway (see below). </para></listitem></itemizedlist><para><anchor id="Requirements--Internet_router"/> </para></section><section><title>Internet router</title><para>A router/gateway, connected to the Internet on the external interface and running on the IP address 10.0.0.1 with netmask 255.0.0.0 on the internal interface, is needed to connect to the Internet. </para><para>The router should not run a DHCP server, it can run a DNS server, though this is not needed and will not be used. </para><para>In case you already have a router but are unable to configure it as needed (eg because you are not allowed to do so, or for technical reasons), an older computer with two network interfaces can be turned into a gateway between the existing network and the Debian Edu one. </para><para>A simple way is to install Debian Edu on this computer; select 'Minimal' as profile during installation. </para><para>After installation, run <code>/usr/share/debian-edu-config/tools/configure-edu-gateway --firewall <yes|no></code> which will make the following changes: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>Adjust the /etc/network/interfaces file. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Change the hostname permanently to 'gateway'. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Remove superfluous scripts. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Enable IP forwarding and NAT for the 10.0.0.0/8 network. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Install a firewall (optional). </para></listitem></itemizedlist><para>If you need something for an embedded router or accesspoint we recommend using <ulink url="https://openwrt.org">OpenWRT</ulink>, though of course you can also use the original firmware. Using the original firmware is easier; using OpenWRT gives you more choices and control. Check the OpenWRT webpages for a list of <ulink url="https://wiki.openwrt.org/toh/start">supported hardware</ulink>. </para><para>It is possible to use a different network setup (there is a <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/HowTo/ChangeIpSubnet">documented procedure</ulink> to do this), but if you are not forced to do this by an existing network infrastructure, we recommend against doing so and recommend you stay with the default <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Architecture#">network architecture</ulink>. </para><para><ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/CategoryPermalink#">CategoryPermalink</ulink> </para></section></section><para><anchor id="Installation"/> </para><section><title>Installation and download options</title><section><title>Where to find additional information</title><para>We recommend that you read or at least take a look at the <ulink url="https://www.debian.org/releases/bullseye/releasenotes">release notes for Debian Bullseye</ulink> before you start installing a system for production use. There is more information about the Debian Bullseye release available in its <ulink url="https://www.debian.org/releases/bullseye/installmanual">installation manual</ulink>. </para><para>Please give Debian Edu/Skolelinux a try, it should just work. <inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata depth="16" fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/htdocs/debwiki/img/smile.png" width="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>:-)</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para>It is recommended, though, to read the chapters about <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Requirements#">hardware and network requirements</ulink> and about the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Architecture#">architecture</ulink> before starting to install a main server. </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata depth="16" fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/htdocs/debwiki/img/alert.png" width="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>/!\</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> Be sure to also read the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/GettingStarted#">getting started</ulink> chapter of this manual, as it explains how to log in for the first time. </para></section><section><title>Download the installation media for Debian Edu 11 Codename Bullseye</title><section><title>amd64 or i386</title><para><code>amd64</code> and <code>i386</code> are the names of two Debian architectures for x86 CPUs, both are or have been build by AMD, Intel and other manufacturers. <code>amd64</code> is a 64-bit architecture and <code>i386</code> is a 32-bit architecture. New installations today should be done using <code>amd64</code>. <code>i386</code> should only be used for old hardware. </para></section><section><title>netinst iso images for amd64 or i386</title><para>The netinst iso image can be used for installation from CD/DVD and USB flash drives and is available for two Debian architectures: amd64 or i386. As the name implies, internet access is required for the installation. </para><para>Once Bullseye has been released these images will be available for download from: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para><ulink url="https://get.debian.org/cdimage/release/current/amd64/iso-cd/"/> </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://get.debian.org/cdimage/release/current/i386/iso-cd/"/> </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section><section><title>BD iso images for i386 or amd64</title><para>This ISO image is approximately 5 GB large and can be used for installation of amd64 or i386 machines, also without access to the Internet. Like the netinst image it can be installed on USB flash drives or disk media of sufficient size. </para><para>Once Bullseye has been released these images will be available for download from: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para><ulink url="https://get.debian.org/cdimage/release/current/amd64/iso-bd/"/> </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://get.debian.org/cdimage/release/current/i386/iso-bd/"/> </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section><section><title>Verification of downloaded image files</title><para>Detailed instructions for verifying these images are part of the <ulink url="https://www.debian.org/CD/faq/index.en.html#verify">Debian-CD FAQ</ulink>. </para></section><section><title>Sources</title><para>Sources are available from the Debian archive at the usual locations, several media are linked on <ulink url="https://get.debian.org/cdimage/release/current/source/"/> </para></section></section><section><title>Installing Debian Edu</title><para>When you do a Debian Edu installation, you have a few options to choose from. Don't be afraid; there aren't many. We have done a good job of hiding the complexity of Debian during the installation and beyond. However, Debian Edu is Debian, and if you want there are more than 57,000 packages to choose from and a billion configuration options. For the majority of our users, our defaults should be fine. Please note: if LTSP is intended to be used, choose a lightweight desktop environment. </para><section><title>Main server installation scenarios</title><orderedlist numeration="upperalpha"><listitem><para>Typical school or home network with Internet access through a router providing DHCP: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>Installation of a main server is possible, but after reboot there will be no Internet access (due to primary network interface IP 10.0.2.2/8). </para></listitem><listitem><para>See the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Requirements#Internet_router">Internet router</ulink> chapter for details how to set up a gateway if it is not possible to configure an existing one as needed. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Connect all components like shown in the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Architecture#Network">architecture</ulink> chapter. </para></listitem><listitem><para>The main server should have Internet connection once bootet the first time in the correct environment. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para>Typical school or institution network, similar to the one above, but with proxy use required. </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>Add 'debian-edu-expert' to the kernel command line; see further below for details how this is done. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Some additional questions must be answered, the proxy server related one included. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para>Network with router/gateway IP 10.0.0.1/8 (which does not provide a DHCP server) and Internet access: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>As soon as the automatic network configuration fails (due to missing DHCP), choose manual network configuration. </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>Enter 10.0.2.2/8 as host IP </para></listitem><listitem><para>Enter 10.0.0.1 as gateway IP </para></listitem><listitem><para>Enter 8.8.8.8 as nameserver IP unless you know better </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para>The main server should just work after the first boot. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para>Offline (no Internet connection): </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>Use the BD ISO image. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Make sure all (real/virtual) network cables are unplugged. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Choose 'Do not configure the network at this time' (after DHCP failed to configure the network and you pressed 'Continue'). </para></listitem><listitem><para>Update the system once bootet the first time in the correct environment with Internet access. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></orderedlist></section><section><title>Desktop environments</title><para>Several desktop environments are available: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>Xfce has a slightly bigger footprint than LXDE but a very good language support (106 languages). </para></listitem><listitem><para>KDE and GNOME both have good language support, but too big a footprint for both older computers and for LTSP clients. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Cinnamon is a lighter alternative to GNOME. </para></listitem><listitem><para>MATE is lighter than the three above, but is missing good language support for several countries. </para></listitem><listitem><para>LXDE has the smallest footprint and supports 35 languages. </para></listitem><listitem><para>LXQt is a lightweight desktop environment (language support similar to LXDE) with a more modern look and feel (based on Qt just like KDE). </para></listitem></itemizedlist><para>Debian Edu as an international project has chosen to use Xfce as the default desktop environment; see below how to set a different one. </para></section><section><title>Modular installation</title><itemizedlist><listitem><para>When installing a system with profile <emphasis>Workstation</emphasis> included, a lot of education related programs are installed. To install only the basic profile, remove the <emphasis>desktop=xxxx</emphasis> kernel command line param before starting the installation; see further below for details how this is done. This allows one to install a site specific system and could be used to speed up test installations. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Please note: If you want to install a desktop environment afterwards, don't use the Debian Edu meta-packages like e.g. <ulink url="https://packages.debian.org/stable/education-desktop-mate#">education-desktop-mate</ulink> because these would pull in all education related programs; rather install e.g. <ulink url="https://packages.debian.org/stable/task-mate-desktop#">task-mate-desktop</ulink> instead. One or more of the new school level related meta-packages <emphasis>education-preschool</emphasis>, <emphasis>education-primaryschool</emphasis>, <emphasis>education-secondaryschool</emphasis>, <emphasis>education-highschool</emphasis> could be installed to match the use case. </para></listitem><listitem><para>For details about Debian Edu meta-packages, see the <ulink url="https://blends.debian.org/edu/tasks/">Debian Edu packages overview</ulink> page. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section><section><title>Installation types and options</title><para><emphasis>Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware</emphasis> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=01-Installer_64bit_boot_menu.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>64-bit Installer boot menu</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para> <emphasis role="strong">Graphical install</emphasis> uses the GTK installer where you can use the mouse.</para><para> <emphasis role="strong">Install</emphasis> uses text mode.</para><para> <emphasis role="strong">Advanced options ></emphasis> gives a sub menu with more detailed options to choose.</para><para><emphasis role="strong">Help</emphasis> gives some hints on using the installer; see screenshot below. </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=01a-Installer_64bit_advanced_options.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>64-bit Installer advanced options screen 1</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para> <emphasis role="strong">Back..</emphasis> brings back to the main menu.</para><para><emphasis role="strong">Graphical expert install</emphasis> gives access to all available questions, mouse usable.</para><para> <emphasis role="strong">Graphical rescue mode</emphasis> makes this install medium become a rescue disk for emergency tasks.</para><para> <emphasis role="strong">Graphical automated install</emphasis> needs a preseed file.</para><para> <emphasis role="strong">Expert install</emphasis> gives access to all available questions in text mode.</para><para> <emphasis role="strong">Rescue mode</emphasis> text mode; makes this install medium become a rescue disk for emergency tasks.</para><para> <emphasis role="strong">Automated install</emphasis> text mode; needs a preseed file. </para><para> <inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata depth="16" fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/htdocs/debwiki/img/alert.png" width="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>/!\</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> Do not use <code>Graphical expert install</code> or <code>Expert install</code>, use <code>debian-edu-expert</code> instead as an additional kernel parameter in exceptional cases. </para><para><emphasis>Help screen</emphasis> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=01c-Installer_help.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>Installer help screen</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para> This Help screen is self explaining and enables the <F>-keys on the keyboard for getting more detailed help on the topics described. </para><para><emphasis>Add or change boot parameters for installations</emphasis> </para><para>In both cases, boot options can be edited by pressing the TAB key (BIOS mode) or the E key (UEFI mode) in the boot menu; the screenshot shows the command line for <emphasis role="strong">Graphical install</emphasis>. </para><para> <inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=01b-Installer_64bit_command_line.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>Edit command line options</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>You can use an existing HTTP proxy service on the network to speed up the installation of the main server profile from CD. Add e.g. <code>mirror/http/proxy=http://10.0.2.2:3128</code> as an additional boot parameter. </para></listitem><listitem><para>If you have already installed the main server profile on a machine, further installations should be done via PXE, as this will automatically use the proxy of the main server. </para></listitem><listitem><para>To install the <emphasis role="strong">GNOME</emphasis> desktop environment instead of the default <emphasis role="strong">Xfce</emphasis> desktop environment, replace <code>xfce</code> with <code>gnome</code> in the <code>desktop=xfce</code> parameter. </para></listitem><listitem><para>To install the <emphasis role="strong">LXDE</emphasis> desktop environment instead, use <code>desktop=lxde</code>. </para></listitem><listitem><para>To install the <emphasis role="strong">LXQt</emphasis> desktop environment instead, use <code>desktop=lxqt</code>. </para></listitem><listitem><para>To install the <emphasis role="strong">KDE Plasma</emphasis> desktop environment instead, use <code>desktop=kde</code>. </para></listitem><listitem><para>To install the <emphasis role="strong">Cinnamon</emphasis> desktop environment instead, use <code>desktop=cinnamon</code>. </para></listitem><listitem><para>And to install the <emphasis role="strong">MATE</emphasis> desktop environment instead, use <code>desktop=mate</code>. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section><section><title>The installation process</title><para>Remember the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Requirements#">system requirements</ulink> and make sure you have at least two network cards (NICs) if you plan on setting up an LTSP server. </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>Choose a language (for the installation and the installed system). </para></listitem><listitem><para>Choose a location which normally should be the location where you live. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Choose a keyboard keymap (the country's default is usually fine). </para></listitem><listitem><para>Choose profile(s) from the following list: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para><emphasis role="strong">Main Server</emphasis> </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none"><para>This is the main server (tjener) for your school providing all services pre-configured to work out of the box. You must install only one main server per school! This profile does not include a graphical user interface. If you want a graphical user interface, then select Workstation or LTSP Server in addition to this one. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para><emphasis role="strong">Workstation</emphasis> </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none"><para>A computer booting from its local hard drive, and running all software and devices locally like an ordinary computer, except that user logins are authenticated by the main server, where the users' files and desktop profile are stored. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para><emphasis role="strong">Roaming workstation</emphasis> </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none"><para>Same as workstation but capable of authentication using cached credentials, meaning it can be used outside the school network. The users' files and profiles are stored on the local disk. For single user notebooks and laptops this profile should be selected and not 'Workstation' or 'Standalone' as suggested in earlier releases. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para><emphasis role="strong">LTSP Server</emphasis> </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none"><para>A thin client (and diskless workstation) server, is called an LTSP server. Clients without hard drives boot and run software from this server. This computer needs two network interfaces, a lot of memory, and ideally more than one processor or core. See the chapter about <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/HowTo/NetworkClients#">networked clients</ulink> for more information on this subject. Choosing this profile also enables the workstation profile (even if it is not selected) - an LTSP server can always be used as a workstation, too. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para><emphasis role="strong">Standalone</emphasis> </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none"><para>An ordinary computer that can function without a main server (that is, it doesn't need to be on the network). Includes laptops. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem><listitem><para><emphasis role="strong">Minimal</emphasis> </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none"><para>This profile will install the base packages and configure the machine to integrate into the Debian Edu network, but without any services and applications. It is useful as a platform for single services manually moved out from the main-server.</para><para> In case ordinary users should be able to use such a system, it needs to be added using GOsa² (similar to a workstation) and the libpam-krb5 package needs to be installed. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></itemizedlist><para>The <emphasis role="strong">Main Server</emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong">Workstation</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">LTSP Server</emphasis> profiles are preselected. These profiles can be installed on one machine together if you want to install a so called <emphasis>combined main server</emphasis>. This means the main server will be an LTSP server and also be used as a workstation. This is the default choice, since we assume most people will want it. Please note that you must have 2 network cards installed in a machine which is going to be installed as a combined main server or as an LTSP server to become useful after the installation. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Say "yes" or "no" to automatic partitioning. Be aware that saying "yes" will destroy all data on the hard drives! Saying "no" on the other hand will require more work - you will need to make sure that the required partitions are created and are big enough. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Please say "yes" to submitting information to <ulink url="https://popcon.debian.org/"/> to allow us to know which packages are popular and should be kept for future releases. Although you don't have to, it is a simple way for you to help. <inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata depth="16" fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/htdocs/debwiki/img/smile.png" width="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>:)</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para></listitem><listitem><para>Wait. If the selected profiles include LTSP Server then the installer will spend quite some time at the end, "Finishing the installation - Running debian-edu-profile-udeb..." </para></listitem><listitem><para>After giving the root password, you will be asked to create a normal user account "for non-administrative tasks". For Debian Edu this account is very important: it is the account you will use to manage the Skolelinux network. </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata depth="16" fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/htdocs/debwiki/img/alert.png" width="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>/!\</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> The password for this user <emphasis role="strong">must</emphasis> have a length of <emphasis role="strong">at least 5 characters</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">must differ</emphasis> from the <emphasis role="strong">username</emphasis> - otherwise login will not be possible (even though a shorter password and also a password matching the username will be accepted by the installer). </para></listitem><listitem><para>Wait again in case of a <emphasis>combined main server</emphasis> after rebooting the system. It will spend quite some time generating the SquashFS image for diskless workstations. </para></listitem><listitem><para>In case of a separate LTSP server, the diskless workstation and/or thin client setup needs some manual steps. For details, see the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/HowTo/NetworkClients#">Network clients HowTo</ulink> chapter. </para></listitem></itemizedlist></section><section><title>Notes on some characteristics</title><section><title>A note on notebooks</title><para>Most likely you will want to use the 'Roaming workstation' profile (see above). Be aware that all data is stored locally (so take some extra care over backups) and login credentials are cached (so after a password change, logins may require your old password if you have not connected your laptop to the network and logged in with the new password). </para></section><section><title>A note on USB flash drive / Blu-ray disc image installs</title><para>After you install from the USB flash drive / Blu-ray disc image, <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> will only contain sources from that image. If you have an Internet connection, we strongly suggest adding the following lines to it so that available security updates can be installed: </para><screen><![CDATA[deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ bullseye main
deb http://security.debian.org bullseye-security main ]]></screen></section><section><title>A note on CD installs</title><para>A netinst installation (which is the type of installation our CD provides) will fetch some packages from the CD and the rest from the net. The amount of packages fetched from the net varies from profile to profile but stays below a gigabyte (unless you choose to install all possible desktop environments). Once you have installed the main-server (whether a pure main-server or combi-server does not matter), further installation will use its proxy to avoid downloading the same package several times from the net. </para></section></section><section><title>Installation using USB flash drives instead of CD / Blu-ray discs</title><para>It is possible to directly copy a CD/BD <code>.iso</code> image to USB flash drives (also known as "USB sticks") and boot from them. Simply execute a command like this, just adapting the file and device name to your needs: </para><para><code>sudo cat debian-edu-amd64-XXX.iso > /dev/sdX</code> </para><para>To determine the value of X, run this command before and after the USB device has been inserted: </para><para><code>lsblk -p</code> </para><para>Please note that copying will take quite some time. </para><para>Depending on which image you choose, the USB flash drive will behave just like a CD or Blu-ray disc. </para></section><section><title>Installation and booting over the network via PXE</title><para>For this installation method it is required that you have a running main server. When clients boot via the network, an iPXE menu with installer and boot selection options is displayed. If PXE installation fails with an error message claiming a XXX.bin file is missing, then most probably the client's network card requires nonfree firmware. In this case the Debian Installer's initrd must be modified. This can be achieved by executing the command: <code>/usr/share/debian-edu-config/tools/pxe-addfirmware </code> on the server. </para><para>This is how the iPXE menu looks with the <emphasis role="strong">Main-Server</emphasis> profile only: </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=30-Main-Server-GRUB_Boot_menu-PXE.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>width=400</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para>This is how the iPXE menu looks with the <emphasis role="strong">LTSP Server</emphasis> profile: </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=28-Diskless-WS-GRUB_Boot_menu-PXE.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>width=400</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para>This setup also allows diskless workstations and thin clients to be booted on the main network. Unlike workstations and separate LTSP servers, diskless workstations don't have to be added to LDAP with GOsa². </para><para>More information about network clients can be found in the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/HowTo/NetworkClients#">Network clients HowTo</ulink> chapter. </para><para><anchor id="Installation--Modifying_PXE_installations"/> </para></section><section><title>Modifying PXE installations</title><para>The PXE installation uses a debian-installer preseed file, which can be modified to ask for more packages to install. </para><para>A line like the following needs to be added to <code>tjener:/etc/debian-edu/www/debian-edu-install.dat</code> </para><screen><![CDATA[d-i pkgsel/include string my-extra-package(s)]]></screen><para>The PXE installation uses the preseeding file <code>/etc/debian-edu/www/debian-edu-install.dat</code>. This file can be changed to adjust the preseeding used during installation, to avoid more questions when installing over the net. Another way to achieve this is to provide extra settings in <code>/etc/debian-edu/pxeinstall.conf</code> and <code>/etc/debian-edu/www/debian-edu-install.dat.local</code> and to run <code>/usr/sbin/debian-edu-pxeinstall</code> to update the generated files. </para><para>Further information can be found in the <ulink url="https://www.debian.org/releases/Bullseye/installmanual">manual of the Debian Installer</ulink>. </para><para>To disable or change the use of the proxy when installing via PXE, the lines containing <code>mirror/http/proxy</code>, <code>mirror/ftp/proxy</code> and <code>preseed/early_command</code> in <code>tjener:/etc/debian-edu/www/debian-edu-install.dat </code> need to be changed. To disable the use of a proxy when installing, put '#' in front of the first two lines, and remove the "<code>export http_proxy="http://webcache:3128"; </code>" part from the last one. </para><para>Some settings can not be preseeded because they are needed before the preseeding file is downloaded. Language, keyboard layout and desktop environment are examples of such settings. If you want to change the default settings, edit the iPXE menu file <code>/srv/tftp/ltsp/ltsp.ipxe</code> on the main server. </para></section><section><title>Custom images</title><para>Creating custom CDs, DVDs or Blu-ray discs can be quite easy since we use the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianInstaller/">Debian Installer</ulink>, which has a modular design and other nice features. <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianInstaller/Preseed">Preseeding</ulink> allows you to define answers to the questions normally asked. </para><para>So all you need to do is to create a preseeding file with your answers (this is described in the appendix of the Debian Installer manual) and <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianInstaller/Modify/CD">remaster the CD/DVD</ulink>. </para></section></section><section><title>Screenshot tour</title><para>The text mode and the graphical installation are functionally identical - only the appearance is different. The graphical mode offers the opportunity to use a mouse, and of course looks much nicer and more modern. Unless the hardware has trouble with the graphical mode, there is no reason not to use it. </para><para>So here is a screenshot tour through a graphical 64-bit Main Server + Workstation + LTSP Server installation and how it looks at the first boot of the main server and a PXE boot on the LTSP client network (thin client session screen - and login screen after the session on the right has been clicked). </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=01-Installer_64bit_boot_menu.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>01-Installer_64bit_boot_menu.png</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=02-select_a_language.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>02-select_a_language.png</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=03-select_your_location.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>03-select_your_location.png</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=04-Configure_the_keyboard.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>04-Configure_the_keyboard.png</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=05-Detect_network_hardware.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>05-Detect_network_hardware.png</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=06-Choose_Debian_Edu_profile.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>06-Choose_Debian_Edu_profile.png</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=07-Really_use_the_automatic_partitioning_tool_0.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>07-Really_use_the_automatic_partitioning_tool_0.png</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=08-Really_use_the_automatic_partitioning_tool_1.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>08-Really_use_the_automatic_partitioning_tool_1.png</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=09-Participate_in_the_package_usage_survey_0.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>09-Participate_in_the_package_usage_survey_0.png</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=10-Participate_in_the_package_usage_survey_1.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>10-Participate_in_the_package_usage_survey_1.png</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=11-Set_up_users_and_passwords_root.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>11-Set_up_users_and_passwords_root.png</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=12-Set_up_users_and_passwords_user_full_name.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>12-Set_up_users_and_passwords_user_full_name.png</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=13-Set_up_users_and_passwords_username.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>13-Set_up_users_and_passwords_username.png</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=14-Set_up_users_and_passwords_user_password.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>14-Set_up_users_and_passwords_user_password.png</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=21-Finish_the_Installation-Installation_complete.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>21-Finish_the_Installation-Installation_complete.png</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=22-Tjener-LightDM-Login.png" width="800"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>tjener Lightdm Login</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=26-Tjener-Xfce_Desktop_Browser.png" width="800"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>Xfce and Browser</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=27-Tjener-Xfce_Desktop.png" width="800"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>Xfce Desktop</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=24-Thin-Client-Welcome.png" width="800"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>Thin-Client-Welcome</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Installation?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=25-Thin-Client-Login.png" width="800"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>Thin-Client-Login</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> </para><para><ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/CategoryPermalink#">CategoryPermalink</ulink> </para></section></section><para><anchor id="GettingStarted"/> </para><section><title>Getting started</title><section><title>Minimum steps to get started</title><para>During installation of the main server a first user account was created. In the following text this account will be referenced as "first user". This account is special, as the home directory permission is set to 700 (so <code>chmod o+x ~</code> is needed to make personal web pages accessible), and the first user can use <code>sudo</code> to become root. </para><para>See the information about Debian Edu specific <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Architecture#File_system_access_configuration">file system access configuration</ulink> before adding users; adjust to your site's policy if needed. </para><para>After the installation, the first things you need to do as first user are: </para><orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para>Log into the server. </para></listitem><listitem><para>Add users with GOsa². </para></listitem><listitem><para>Add workstations with GOsa². </para></listitem></orderedlist><para>Adding users and workstations is described in detail below, so please read this chapter completely. It covers how to perform these minimum steps correctly as well as other stuff that everybody will probably need to do. </para><para>There is additional information available elsewhere in this manual: the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Features#">New features in Bullseye</ulink> chapter should be read by everyone who is familiar with previous releases. And for those upgrading from a previous release, make sure to read the <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/Upgrades#">Upgrades</ulink> chapter. </para><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata depth="16" fileref="https://wiki.debian.org/htdocs/debwiki/img/alert.png" width="16"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>/!\</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> If generic DNS traffic is blocked out of your network and you need to use some specific DNS server to look up internet hosts, you need to tell the DNS server to use this server as its "forwarder". Update /etc/bind/named.conf.options and specify the IP address of the DNS server to use. </para><para>The <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/AllInOne/DebianEdu/Documentation/Bullseye/HowTo#">HowTo</ulink> chapter covers more tips and tricks and some frequently asked questions. </para><section><title>Services running on the main server</title><para>There are several services running on the main server which can be managed via a web management interface. We'll describe each service below. </para></section></section><section><title>Introduction to GOsa²</title><para>GOsa² is a web based management tool that helps to manage some important parts of your Debian Edu setup. With GOsa² you can manage (add, modify, or delete) these main groups: </para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>User Administration </para></listitem><listitem><para>Group Administration </para></listitem><listitem><para>NIS Netgroup Administration </para></listitem><listitem><para>Machine Administration </para></listitem><listitem><para>DNS Administration </para></listitem><listitem><para>DHCP Administration </para></listitem></itemizedlist><para>For GOsa² access you need the Skolelinux main server and a (client) system with a web browser installed which can be the main server itself if it was installed as a so called combined server (Main Server + LTSP Server + Workstation profiles). </para><para>If you (probably accidentally) installed a pure main-server profile and don't have a client with a web-browser handy, it's easy to install a minimal desktop on the main server using this command sequence in a (non-graphical) shell as the user you created during the main server's installation (first user): </para><screen><![CDATA[ $ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install task-desktop-xfce lightdm education-menus
### after installation, run 'sudo service lightdm start'
View it on GitLab: https://salsa.debian.org/debian-edu/debian-edu-doc/-/commit/d346fdc54a6b2361fdb3feca531b4bacc0bb1646
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