[med-svn] [praat] 01/01: Imported Upstream version 5.4.0
Rafael Laboissière
rlaboiss-guest at moszumanska.debian.org
Wed Oct 8 14:55:30 UTC 2014
This is an automated email from the git hooks/post-receive script.
rlaboiss-guest pushed a commit to branch upstream
in repository praat.
commit 59e321e4728a008dd77ea88b7aed00b48486849f
Author: Rafael Laboissiere <rafael at laboissiere.net>
Date: Sun Oct 5 17:54:50 2014 -0300
Imported Upstream version 5.4.0
---
EEG/ERPWindow.cpp | 4 +-
artsynth/manual_Artsynth.cpp | 22 +-
fon/TextGridEditor.cpp | 2 +-
fon/TimeSoundAnalysisEditor.cpp | 2 +-
fon/manual_Fon.cpp | 327 +++---
fon/manual_Script.cpp | 8 +-
fon/manual_annotation.cpp | 2 +-
fon/manual_formant.cpp | 48 +-
fon/manual_glossary.cpp | 88 +-
fon/manual_soundFiles.cpp | 138 +--
fon/manual_spectrum.cpp | 166 +--
fon/manual_tutorials.cpp | 2365 ++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
gram/OTGrammar.cpp | 2 +-
gram/OTGrammarEditor.cpp | 4 +-
gram/OTMultiEditor.cpp | 4 +-
gram/manual_gram.cpp | 130 ++-
main/main_Praat.cpp | 4 +-
stat/manual_statistics.cpp | 63 +-
sys/Graphics.cpp | 4 +
sys/Graphics_enums.h | 10 +-
sys/GuiFileSelect.cpp | 13 +-
sys/ManPagesM.h | 8 +-
sys/Manual.cpp | 4 +-
sys/praat_version.h | 8 +-
24 files changed, 1715 insertions(+), 1711 deletions(-)
diff --git a/EEG/ERPWindow.cpp b/EEG/ERPWindow.cpp
index 7b35fbf..348618b 100644
--- a/EEG/ERPWindow.cpp
+++ b/EEG/ERPWindow.cpp
@@ -163,9 +163,9 @@ void ERP_drawScalp_garnish (Graphics graphics, double vmin, double vmax, enum kG
Graphics_setColourScale (graphics, kGraphics_colourScale_GREY);
Graphics_rectangle (graphics, 0.85, 0.98, -0.8, +0.8);
Graphics_setTextAlignment (graphics, Graphics_RIGHT, Graphics_TOP);
- Graphics_text2 (graphics, 1.0, -0.8, Melder_double (vmin * 1e6), L" \\muV");
+ Graphics_text2 (graphics, 1.0, -0.8, Melder_double (vmin * 1e6), L" μV");
Graphics_setTextAlignment (graphics, Graphics_RIGHT, Graphics_BOTTOM);
- Graphics_text2 (graphics, 1.0, +0.8, Melder_double (vmax * 1e6), L" \\muV");
+ Graphics_text2 (graphics, 1.0, +0.8, Melder_double (vmax * 1e6), L" μV");
}
void ERP_drawScalp (ERP me, Graphics graphics, double tmin, double tmax, double vmin, double vmax, enum kGraphics_colourScale colourScale, bool garnish) {
diff --git a/artsynth/manual_Artsynth.cpp b/artsynth/manual_Artsynth.cpp
index e208aed..ad19eee 100644
--- a/artsynth/manual_Artsynth.cpp
+++ b/artsynth/manual_Artsynth.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ INTRO (L"This is a description of the articulatory synthesis package in Praat. "
"see @@Boersma (1998)@, chapters 2 and 3. "
"For examples of how to synthesize utterances, consult http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/paul/diss/ch5/.")
ENTRY (L"How to start (after reading the @Intro)")
-NORMAL (L"We are going to have the synthesizer say [\\swp\\sw]. We need a @Speaker and an @Artword object.")
+NORMAL (L"We are going to have the synthesizer say [əpə]. We need a @Speaker and an @Artword object.")
NORMAL (L"1. Create a speaker with @@Create Speaker...@ from the @@New menu at .")
NORMAL (L"2. Create an articulation word of 0.5 seconds with @@Create Artword... at .")
NORMAL (L"3. Edit the Artword by selecting it and clicking ##View & Edit#.")
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ MAN_BEGIN (L"Artword", L"ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO (L"One of the @@types of objects@ in Praat. See @@Articulatory synthesis at .")
NORMAL (L"An object of class Artword object represents the activities of several speech muscles as functions of time.")
ENTRY (L"Artword commands")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create Artword...@: creates an Artword with relaxed muscles")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Artword & Speaker: To Sound...@: articulatory synthesis")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create Artword...@: creates an Artword with relaxed muscles")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Artword & Speaker: To Sound...@: articulatory synthesis")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Artword & Speaker: To Sound...", L"ppgb", 20040331)
@@ -115,13 +115,13 @@ LIST_ITEM (L"65..78: nose (from back to front)")
LIST_ITEM (L"79..86: conus elasticus (only for a 10-mass model)")
LIST_ITEM (L"87..89: glottal shunt between the arytenoids (from bottom to top)")
NORMAL (L"Some structural properties:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Tube 1 is closed at the bottom.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Tubes 64 (lips) and 78 (nostrils) radiate into the air.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu The nasopharyngeal branch is at tubes 50, 51, and 65. They are constrained to have equal lengths.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu For a one-mass model of the vocal cords, tube 36 is connected to 38.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu For a 10-mass model, tubes 32..35 are replaced with 79..86, so that "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Tube 1 is closed at the bottom.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Tubes 64 (lips) and 78 (nostrils) radiate into the air.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• The nasopharyngeal branch is at tubes 50, 51, and 65. They are constrained to have equal lengths.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• For a one-mass model of the vocal cords, tube 36 is connected to 38.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• For a 10-mass model, tubes 32..35 are replaced with 79..86, so that "
"tube 31 is connected to 79, and 86 is connected to 36.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu A glottal shunt will be implemented if the speaker's $$shunt.Dx$ attribute is not zero. "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• A glottal shunt will be implemented if the speaker's $$shunt.Dx$ attribute is not zero. "
"A branch is then made from tubes 34 and 35 (or 85 and 86) to 87, "
"and from tube 89 to 38 and 39.")
MAN_END
@@ -165,8 +165,8 @@ MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Speaker", L"ppgb", 19980201)
INTRO (L"One of the @@types of objects@ in Praat. See @@Articulatory synthesis at .")
ENTRY (L"Speaker commands")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create Speaker...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Artword & Speaker: To Sound...@: articulatory synthesis")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create Speaker...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Artword & Speaker: To Sound...@: articulatory synthesis")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"VocalTract", L"ppgb", 20030316)
diff --git a/fon/TextGridEditor.cpp b/fon/TextGridEditor.cpp
index 910ce4b..200dc4b 100644
--- a/fon/TextGridEditor.cpp
+++ b/fon/TextGridEditor.cpp
@@ -1596,7 +1596,7 @@ void structTextGridEditor :: v_draw () {
Graphics_setFont (d_graphics, oldFont);
Graphics_setFontSize (d_graphics, 14);
Graphics_setTextAlignment (d_graphics, Graphics_RIGHT, Graphics_HALF);
- Graphics_text2 (d_graphics, d_startWindow, 0.5, tierIsSelected ? L"\\pf " : L"", Melder_integer (itier));
+ Graphics_text2 (d_graphics, d_startWindow, 0.5, tierIsSelected ? L"☞ " : L"", Melder_integer (itier));
Graphics_setFontSize (d_graphics, oldFontSize);
if (anyTier -> name && anyTier -> name [0]) {
Graphics_setTextAlignment (d_graphics, Graphics_LEFT,
diff --git a/fon/TimeSoundAnalysisEditor.cpp b/fon/TimeSoundAnalysisEditor.cpp
index f68a9b3..2809c09 100644
--- a/fon/TimeSoundAnalysisEditor.cpp
+++ b/fon/TimeSoundAnalysisEditor.cpp
@@ -1879,7 +1879,7 @@ static void TimeSoundAnalysisEditor_v_draw_analysis (TimeSoundAnalysisEditor me)
Graphics_setColour (my d_graphics, textColour);
intensityCursorVisible = NUMdefined (intensityCursor) && intensityCursor > my p_intensity_viewFrom && intensityCursor < my p_intensity_viewTo;
if (intensityCursorVisible) {
- static const wchar_t *methodString [] = { L" (.5)", L" (\\muE)", L" (\\muS)", L" (\\mu)" };
+ static const wchar_t *methodString [] = { L" (.5)", L" (μE)", L" (μS)", L" (μ)" };
Graphics_setTextAlignment (my d_graphics, alignment, Graphics_HALF);
Graphics_text3 (my d_graphics, y, intensityCursor, Melder_float (Melder_half (intensityCursor)), L" dB",
my d_startSelection == my d_endSelection ? L"" : methodString [my p_intensity_averagingMethod]);
diff --git a/fon/manual_Fon.cpp b/fon/manual_Fon.cpp
index dd068cd..9e44480 100644
--- a/fon/manual_Fon.cpp
+++ b/fon/manual_Fon.cpp
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ CODE (L"Add point: 0.6, 2.3")
CODE (L"Add point: 0.7, 1")
NORMAL (L"The result will look like")
PICTURE (5, 2.5, draw_CreateDurationTier)
-NORMAL (L"The target duration will be the area under this curve, which is 0.9 + 1/2 \\.c 1.3 \\.c 0.4 = 1.16 seconds.")
+NORMAL (L"The target duration will be the area under this curve, which is 0.9 + 1/2 · 1.3 · 0.4 = 1.16 seconds.")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Create empty PointProcess...", L"ppgb", 20021204)
@@ -173,8 +173,8 @@ MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Create Poisson process...", L"ppgb", 20041005)
INTRO (L"A command to create a @PointProcess object that represents a Poisson process.")
-NORMAL (L"A Poisson process is a stationary point process with a fixed density %\\la, "
- "which means that there are, on the average, %\\la events per second.")
+NORMAL (L"A Poisson process is a stationary point process with a fixed density %λ, "
+ "which means that there are, on the average, %λ events per second.")
ENTRY (L"Settings")
TAG (L"##Start time (s)")
DEFINITION (L"%t__%min_, the beginning of the time domain, in seconds.")
@@ -184,11 +184,11 @@ TAG (L"##Density (Hz)")
DEFINITION (L"the average number of points per second.")
ENTRY (L"Algorithm")
NORMAL (L"First, the number of points %N in the time domain is determined. Its expectation value is")
-FORMULA (L"%\\la = (%t__%max_ \\-- %t__%min_) \\.c %density")
+FORMULA (L"%λ = (%t__%max_ – %t__%min_) · %density")
NORMAL (L"but its actual value is taken from the Poisson distribution:")
-FORMULA (L"%p(%n) = (%%\\la^n% / %n!) %e^^\\--%\\la")
+FORMULA (L"%p(%n) = (%%λ^n% / %n!) %e^^–%λ")
NORMAL (L"Then, %N points are computed throughout the time domain, according to a uniform distribution:")
-FORMULA (L"%p(%t) = 1 / (%t__%max_ \\-- %t__%min_) for %t \\e= [%t__%min_, %t__%max_]")
+FORMULA (L"%p(%t) = 1 / (%t__%max_ – %t__%min_) for %t ∈ [%t__%min_, %t__%max_]")
FORMULA (L"%p(%t) = 0 outside [%t__%min_, %t__%max_]")
MAN_END
@@ -337,20 +337,20 @@ MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Editors", L"ppgb", 20110128)
INTRO (L"Many @@types of objects@ in Praat can be viewed and edited in their own windows.")
ENTRY (L"Editor windows")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @SoundEditor")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @LongSoundEditor")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @TextGridEditor")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @ManipulationEditor")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @SpectrumEditor")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @PitchEditor")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @PointEditor")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @PitchTierEditor")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @IntensityTierEditor")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @DurationTierEditor")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu #SpectrogramEditor")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu #ArtwordEditor")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @OTGrammarEditor")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu (any type: @Inspect)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @SoundEditor")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @LongSoundEditor")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @TextGridEditor")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @ManipulationEditor")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @SpectrumEditor")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @PitchEditor")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @PointEditor")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @PitchTierEditor")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @IntensityTierEditor")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @DurationTierEditor")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• #SpectrogramEditor")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• #ArtwordEditor")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @OTGrammarEditor")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• (any type: @Inspect)")
ENTRY (L"How to open an editor for an object")
NORMAL (L"To open an editor window for an object in the list, select the object and choose ##View & Edit# "
"(if the ##View & Edit# button exists, it is usually at the top of the @@Dynamic menu@). "
@@ -367,12 +367,12 @@ NORMAL (L"All editors are independent windows: you can minimize and maximize the
NORMAL (L"If you rename an object that you are viewing or editing (with @@Rename...@), "
"the title of the editor window immediately changes to the new name.")
ENTRY (L"Ways to control an editor window")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Click")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Shift-click")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Drag")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Shift-drag")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Time selection")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Keyboard shortcuts")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Click")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Shift-click")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Drag")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Shift-drag")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Time selection")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Keyboard shortcuts")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Excitation", L"ppgb", 20030316)
@@ -407,11 +407,11 @@ ENTRY (L"Return value")
NORMAL (L"the loudness in sone units.")
ENTRY (L"Algorithm")
NORMAL (L"The loudness is defined as")
-FORMULA (L"\\in%df 2^^(%e(%f) - 40 phon) / 10^")
+FORMULA (L"∫%df 2^^(%e(%f) - 40 phon) / 10^")
NORMAL (L"where %f is the frequency in Bark, and %e(%f) the excitation in phon. "
"For our discrete Excitation object, the loudness is computed as")
-FORMULA (L"\\De%f \\su 2^^(%e__%i_ - 40) / 10")
-NORMAL (L"where \\De%f is the distance between the excitation channels (in Bark).")
+FORMULA (L"Δ%f ∑ 2^^(%e__%i_ - 40) / 10")
+NORMAL (L"where Δ%f is the distance between the excitation channels (in Bark).")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Excitation_hertzToBark", L"ppgb", 19970401)
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ INTRO (L"A routine for converting frequency into basilar place, "
ENTRY (L"Syntax")
PROTOTYPE (L"##double Excitation_hertzToBark (double #%hertz##);")
ENTRY (L"Algorithm")
-NORMAL (L"Returns 7 \\.c ln (%hertz / 650 + \\Vr (1 + (%hertz / 650)^2)).")
+NORMAL (L"Returns 7 · ln (%hertz / 650 + √ (1 + (%hertz / 650)^2)).")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Excitation_barkToHertz", L"ppgb", 19970401)
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ INTRO (L"A routine for converting basilar place into frequency, "
ENTRY (L"Syntax")
PROTOTYPE (L"##double Excitation_barkToHertz (double #%bark##);")
ENTRY (L"Algorithm")
-NORMAL (L"Returns 650 \\.c sinh (%bark / 7).")
+NORMAL (L"Returns 650 · sinh (%bark / 7).")
MAN_END
/*
@@ -501,13 +501,13 @@ DEFINITION (L"the selected time domain. Values outside this domain are ignored.
ENTRY (L"Algorithm")
NORMAL (L"The curve consists of a sequence of line segments. The contribution of the line segment from "
"(%t__1_, %f__1_) to (%t__2_, %f__2_) to the area is")
-FORMULA (L"1/2 (%f__1_ + %f__2_) (%t__2_ \\-- %t__1_)")
+FORMULA (L"1/2 (%f__1_ + %f__2_) (%t__2_ – %t__1_)")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Intensity", L"ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO (L"One of the @@types of objects@ in Praat.")
NORMAL (L"An Intensity object represents an intensity contour at linearly spaced time points "
- "%t__%i_ = %t__1_ + (%i \\-- 1) %dt, with values in dB SPL, i.e. dB relative to 2\\.c10^^-5^ Pascal, "
+ "%t__%i_ = %t__1_ + (%i – 1) %dt, with values in dB SPL, i.e. dB relative to 2·10^^-5^ Pascal, "
"which is the normative auditory threshold for a 1000-Hz sine wave.")
MAN_END
@@ -541,11 +541,11 @@ DEFINITION (L"the units in which the averaging is performed. If the method is #e
"and based on averaging properties of the human ear.")
ENTRY (L"Algorithm")
NORMAL (L"If the averaging method is #dB, the mean intensity between the times %t__1_ and %t__2_ is defined as")
-FORMULA (L"1/(%t__2_ - %t__1_) \\in__%%t%1_^^%%t%2^ %x(%t) %dt")
+FORMULA (L"1/(%t__2_ - %t__1_) ∫__%%t%1_^^%%t%2^ %x(%t) %dt")
NORMAL (L"where %x(%t) is the intensity as a function of time, in dB. If the method is #energy, the result is")
-FORMULA (L"10 log__10_ { 1/(%t__2_ - %t__1_) \\in__%%t%1_^^%%t%2^ 10^^%x(%t)/10^ %dt }")
+FORMULA (L"10 log__10_ { 1/(%t__2_ - %t__1_) ∫__%%t%1_^^%%t%2^ 10^^%x(%t)/10^ %dt }")
NORMAL (L"If the method is #sones, the result is")
-FORMULA (L"10 log__2_ { 1/(%t__2_ - %t__1_) \\in__%%t%1_^^%%t%2^ 2^^%x(%t)/10^ %dt }")
+FORMULA (L"10 log__2_ { 1/(%t__2_ - %t__1_) ∫__%%t%1_^^%%t%2^ 2^^%x(%t)/10^ %dt }")
ENTRY (L"Behaviour")
NORMAL (L"After you do @@Sound: To Intensity...@, the mean intensity of the resulting #Intensity, "
"if the averaging method is #energy, should be close to the mean SPL of the original #Sound, "
@@ -576,10 +576,10 @@ DEFINITION (L"the time range (%t__1_, %t__2_). Values outside this range are ign
"If %t__1_ is not less than %t__2_, the entire time domain of the Intensity is considered.")
ENTRY (L"Algorithm")
NORMAL (L"The standard deviation between the times %t__1_ and %t__2_ is defined as")
-FORMULA (L"\\Vr {1/(%t__2_ - %t__1_) \\in__%%t%1_^^%%t%2^ %dt (%x(%t) - %\\mu)^2}")
-NORMAL (L"where %x(%t) is the intensity (in dB) as a function of time, and %\\mu its mean. "
+FORMULA (L"√ {1/(%t__2_ - %t__1_) ∫__%%t%1_^^%%t%2^ %dt (%x(%t) - %μ)^2}")
+NORMAL (L"where %x(%t) is the intensity (in dB) as a function of time, and %μ its mean. "
"For our discrete Intensity object, the standard deviation is approximated by")
-FORMULA (L"\\Vr {1/(%n-1) \\su__%i=%m..%m+%n-1_ (%x__%i_ - %\\mu)^2}")
+FORMULA (L"√ {1/(%n-1) ∑__%i=%m..%m+%n-1_ (%x__%i_ - %μ)^2}")
NORMAL (L"where %n is the number of frames between %t__1_ and %t__2_. Note the \"minus 1\".")
MAN_END
@@ -641,15 +641,15 @@ ENTRY (L"Behaviour")
NORMAL (L"Every sample in the @Intensity object is copied to a point on the @IntensityTier.")
ENTRY (L"Postconditions")
DEFINITION (L"Equal time domains:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu %result. %xmin == %intensity. %xmin")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu %result. %xmax == %intensity. %xmax")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• %result. %xmin == %intensity. %xmin")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• %result. %xmax == %intensity. %xmax")
DEFINITION (L"Equal number of points:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu %result. %points. %size == %intensity. %nx")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• %result. %points. %size == %intensity. %nx")
NORMAL (L"For all points %i = 1 ... %intensity. %nx:")
DEFINITION (L" Explicit times:")
-LIST_ITEM (L" \\bu %result. %points. %item [%i]. %time == %intensity. %x1 + (%i \\-- 1) * %intensity. %dx")
+LIST_ITEM (L" • %result. %points. %item [%i]. %time == %intensity. %x1 + (%i – 1) * %intensity. %dx")
DEFINITION (L" Equal number of points:")
-LIST_ITEM (L" \\bu %result. %points. %item [%i]. %value == %intensity. %z [1] [%i]")
+LIST_ITEM (L" • %result. %points. %item [%i]. %value == %intensity. %z [1] [%i]")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Intensity & PointProcess: To IntensityTier...", L"ppgb", 20101230)
@@ -668,27 +668,27 @@ NORMAL (L"For examples, see @@Source-filter synthesis at .")
ENTRY (L"IntensityTier commands")
NORMAL (L"Creation:")
LIST_ITEM (L"From scratch:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create IntensityTier...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@IntensityTier: Add point...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create IntensityTier...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@IntensityTier: Add point...")
LIST_ITEM (L"Copy from another object:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Intensity: To IntensityTier@: trivial copying of linearly spaced points.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Intensity & PointProcess: To IntensityTier...@: copying interpolated values at specified points.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Up to IntensityTier...@: equal values at specified points.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Intensity: To IntensityTier@: trivial copying of linearly spaced points.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Intensity & PointProcess: To IntensityTier...@: copying interpolated values at specified points.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Up to IntensityTier...@: equal values at specified points.")
NORMAL (L"Viewing and editing:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @IntensityTierEditor")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @IntensityTierEditor")
NORMAL (L"Conversion:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@IntensityTier: Down to PointProcess@: copy times.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@IntensityTier: Down to PointProcess@: copy times.")
NORMAL (L"Synthesis (see @@Source-filter synthesis@):")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound & IntensityTier: Multiply@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound & IntensityTier: Multiply@")
NORMAL (L"Queries:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Get low index from time...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Get high index from time...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Get nearest index from time...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Get low index from time...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Get high index from time...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Get nearest index from time...")
NORMAL (L"Modification:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Remove point...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Remove point near...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Remove points between...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@IntensityTier: Add point...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Remove point...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Remove point near...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Remove points between...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@IntensityTier: Add point...@")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"IntensityTier: Add point...", L"ppgb", 20010410)
@@ -839,7 +839,7 @@ NORMAL (L"Beware of the following pitfall: if your pitch units are not hertz, bu
"then \'f0\' will give the result in semitones. A format as in this example will then be misleading.")
ENTRY (L"Example 2: formant logging")
NORMAL (L"Suppose you want to log the start and finish of the selection, its duration, and the mean values "
- "of the first three formants, all separated by tab stops for easy importation into Microsoft\\re Excel\\tm. "
+ "of the first three formants, all separated by tab stops for easy importation into Microsoft® Excel™. "
"You could use the following log format:")
CODE (L"\'t1:4\'\'tab\\$ \'\'t2:4\'\'tab\\$ \'\'f1:0\'\'tab\\$ \'\'f2:0\'\'tab\\$ \'\'f3:0\'")
NORMAL (L"You see that \'t1\' and \'t2\' are the start and finish of the selection, respectively, "
@@ -917,10 +917,10 @@ LIST_ITEM (L"3. The pitch contour is converted to a pitch tier with many points
LIST_ITEM (L"4. An empty @DurationTier is created.")
ENTRY (L"Resynthesis")
TAG (L"A Manipulation object can produce Sound input. This Sound can be computed in several ways:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@overlap-add@: from original sound + pulses + pitch tier + duration tier;")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu #LPC: from LPC (from original sound) + pulses + pitch tier;")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu from the pulses only, as a pulse train or hummed;")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu from the pitch tier only, as a pulse train or hummed.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@overlap-add@: from original sound + pulses + pitch tier + duration tier;")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• #LPC: from LPC (from original sound) + pulses + pitch tier;")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• from the pulses only, as a pulse train or hummed;")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• from the pitch tier only, as a pulse train or hummed.")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Manipulation: Extract duration tier", L"ppgb", 20010330)
@@ -973,16 +973,16 @@ MAN_BEGIN (L"ManipulationEditor", L"ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO (L"One of the @Editors in Praat, for viewing and manipulating a @Manipulation object.")
ENTRY (L"Objects")
NORMAL (L"The editor shows:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu The original @Sound.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu The @PointProcess that represents the glottal %pulses. "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• The original @Sound.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• The @PointProcess that represents the glottal %pulses. "
"You can edit it for improving the pitch analysis.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu A pitch contour based on the locations of the pulses, for comparison (drawn as grey dots). "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• A pitch contour based on the locations of the pulses, for comparison (drawn as grey dots). "
"Changes shape if you edit the pulses.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu The @PitchTier that determines the pitch contour of the resynthesized @Sound (drawn as blue circles). "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• The @PitchTier that determines the pitch contour of the resynthesized @Sound (drawn as blue circles). "
"At the creation of the @Manipulation object, it is computed from the original pitch contour. "
"You can manipulate it by simplifying it (i.e., removing targets), "
"or by moving parts of it up and down, and back and forth.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu A @DurationTier for manipulating the relative durations of the voiced parts of the sound.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• A @DurationTier for manipulating the relative durations of the voiced parts of the sound.")
ENTRY (L"Playing")
NORMAL (L"To play (a part of) the %resynthesized sound (by any of the methods shown in the #Synth menu, "
"like @@overlap-add@ and #LPC), @click on any of the 1 to 8 buttons below and above the drawing area "
@@ -1023,43 +1023,43 @@ MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Matrix", L"ppgb", 20030216)
INTRO (L"One of the @@types of objects@ in Praat. "
"A Matrix object represents a function %z (%x, %y) "
- "on the domain [%x__%min_, %x__%max_] \\xx [%y__%min_, %y__%max_]. "
+ "on the domain [%x__%min_, %x__%max_] × [%y__%min_, %y__%max_]. "
"The domain has been sampled in the %x and %y directions "
"with constant sampling intervals (%dx and %dy) along each direction. "
"The samples are thus %z [%i__%y_] [%i__%x_], %i__%x_ = 1 ... %n__%x_, %i__%y_ = 1 ... %n__%y_. "
"The samples represent the function values %z (%x__1_ + (%ix - 1) %dx, %y__1_ + (%iy - 1) %dy).")
ENTRY (L"Matrix commands")
NORMAL (L"Creation:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create Matrix...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create simple Matrix...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Read from file...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Read Matrix from raw text file...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##Read Matrix from LVS AP file...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create Matrix...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create simple Matrix...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Read from file...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Read Matrix from raw text file...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##Read Matrix from LVS AP file...")
NORMAL (L"Drawing:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##Matrix: Draw rows...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##Matrix: Draw contours...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##Matrix: Paint contours...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##Matrix: Paint cells...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##Matrix: Scatter plot...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Matrix: Draw as squares...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##Matrix: Draw value distribution...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##Matrix: Paint surface...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##Matrix: Draw rows...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##Matrix: Draw contours...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##Matrix: Paint contours...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##Matrix: Paint cells...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##Matrix: Scatter plot...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Matrix: Draw as squares...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##Matrix: Draw value distribution...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##Matrix: Paint surface...")
NORMAL (L"Modification:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Matrix: Formula...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##Matrix: Scale...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Matrix: Formula...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##Matrix: Scale...")
ENTRY (L"Inside a Matrix object")
NORMAL (L"With @Inspect, you will see the following attributes.")
-TAG (L"%xmin, %xmax \\>_ %xmin")
+TAG (L"%xmin, %xmax ≥ %xmin")
DEFINITION (L"%x domain.")
-TAG (L"%nx \\>_ 1")
+TAG (L"%nx ≥ 1")
DEFINITION (L"number of columns.")
TAG (L"%dx > 0.0")
DEFINITION (L"distance between columns.")
TAG (L"%x1")
DEFINITION (L"%x value associated with first column.")
-TAG (L"%ymin, %ymax \\>_ %ymin")
+TAG (L"%ymin, %ymax ≥ %ymin")
DEFINITION (L"%y domain.")
-TAG (L"%ny \\>_ 1")
+TAG (L"%ny ≥ 1")
DEFINITION (L"number of rows.")
TAG (L"%dy > 0.0")
DEFINITION (L"distance between rows.")
@@ -1070,7 +1070,7 @@ DEFINITION (L"The sample values.")
NORMAL (L"After creation of the #Matrix, %xmin, %xmax, %ymin, %ymax, "
"%nx, %ny, %dx, %dy, %x1, and %y1 "
"do not usually change. The contents of %z do.")
-NORMAL (L"Normally, you will want %xmin \\<_ %x1 and %xmax \\>_ %x1 + (%nx - 1) %dx.")
+NORMAL (L"Normally, you will want %xmin ≤ %x1 and %xmax ≥ %x1 + (%nx - 1) %dx.")
ENTRY (L"Example: simple matrix")
NORMAL (L"If a simple matrix has %x equal to column number "
"and %y equal to row number, it has the following attributes:")
@@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ LIST_ITEM (L"%ymin = 1; %ymax = %ny; %dy = 1; %y1 = 1;")
ENTRY (L"Example: sampled signal")
NORMAL (L"If the matrix represents a sampled signal of 1 second duration "
"with a sampling frequency of 10 kHz, it has the following attributes:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"%xmin = 0.0; %xmax = 1.0; %nx = 10000 ; %dx = 1.0\\.c10^^-4^; %x1 = 0.5\\.c10^^-4^;")
+LIST_ITEM (L"%xmin = 0.0; %xmax = 1.0; %nx = 10000 ; %dx = 1.0·10^^-4^; %x1 = 0.5·10^^-4^;")
LIST_ITEM (L"%ymin = 1; %ymax = 1; %ny = 1; %dy = 1; %y1 = 1;")
ENTRY (L"Example: complex signal")
NORMAL (L"If the matrix represents a complex spectrum "
@@ -1097,11 +1097,11 @@ ENTRY (L"Settings")
TAG (L"##Xmin")
TAG (L"##Xmax")
DEFINITION (L"the windowing domain in the %x direction. Elements outside will not be drawn. "
- "%Autowindowing: if (%Xmin \\>_ %Xmax), the entire %x domain [%x__%min_, %x__%max_] of the Matrix is used.")
+ "%Autowindowing: if (%Xmin ≥ %Xmax), the entire %x domain [%x__%min_, %x__%max_] of the Matrix is used.")
TAG (L"##Ymin")
TAG (L"##Ymax")
DEFINITION (L"the windowing domain in the %y direction. Elements outside will not be drawn. "
- "%Autowindowing: if (%Ymin \\>_ %Ymax), the entire %y domain [%y__%min_, %y__%max_] of the Matrix is used.")
+ "%Autowindowing: if (%Ymin ≥ %Ymax), the entire %y domain [%y__%min_, %y__%max_] of the Matrix is used.")
TAG (L"##Garnish")
DEFINITION (L"determines whether axes are drawn around the picture. "
"Turn this button off if you prefer to garnish your picture by yourself with the @Margins menu.")
@@ -1379,9 +1379,9 @@ INTRO (L"One of the @Editors in Praat, for viewing and manipulating a @PointProc
"which is optionally shown together with a @Sound object.")
ENTRY (L"Objects")
NORMAL (L"The editor shows:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu The @Sound, if you selected a Sound object together with the PointProcess object "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• The @Sound, if you selected a Sound object together with the PointProcess object "
"before you clicked ##View & Edit#.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu The @PointProcess; vertical blue lines represent the points.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• The @PointProcess; vertical blue lines represent the points.")
ENTRY (L"Playing")
NORMAL (L"To play (a part of) the %resynthesized sound (pulse train): "
"@click on any of the 8 buttons below and above the drawing area, or choose a Play command from the View menu.")
@@ -1401,59 +1401,59 @@ NORMAL (L"A PointProcess object represents a %%point process%, "
"The index %i runs from 1 to the number of points. The points are sorted by time, i.e. %t__%i+1_ > %t__%i_.")
ENTRY (L"PointProcess commands")
NORMAL (L"Creation from scratch:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create empty PointProcess...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create Poisson process...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create empty PointProcess...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create Poisson process...@")
NORMAL (L"Creation of a pulse train from a pitch contour:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PitchTier: To PointProcess@: area-1 along entire time domain.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Pitch: To PointProcess@: same, but excludes voiceless intervals.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound & Pitch: To PointProcess (cc)@: \"pitch-synchronous\": near locations of high amplitude.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound & Pitch: To PointProcess (peaks)...@: \"pitch-synchronous\": near locations of high amplitude.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound: To PointProcess (periodic, cc)...@: near locations of high amplitude.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound: To PointProcess (periodic, peaks)...@: near locations of high amplitude.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PitchTier: To PointProcess@: area-1 along entire time domain.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Pitch: To PointProcess@: same, but excludes voiceless intervals.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound & Pitch: To PointProcess (cc)@: \"pitch-synchronous\": near locations of high amplitude.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound & Pitch: To PointProcess (peaks)...@: \"pitch-synchronous\": near locations of high amplitude.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound: To PointProcess (periodic, cc)...@: near locations of high amplitude.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound: To PointProcess (periodic, peaks)...@: near locations of high amplitude.")
NORMAL (L"Creation from converting another object:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##Matrix: To PointProcess")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PitchTier: Down to PointProcess@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@IntensityTier: Down to PointProcess@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##Matrix: To PointProcess")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PitchTier: Down to PointProcess@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@IntensityTier: Down to PointProcess@")
NORMAL (L"Hearing:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Play@: pulse train.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Hum@: pulse train with formants.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Play@: pulse train.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Hum@: pulse train with formants.")
NORMAL (L"Drawing:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Draw...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Draw...@")
NORMAL (L"Editing:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##PointProcess: View & Edit#: invokes a @PointEditor.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##PointProcess & Sound: View & Edit#: invokes a @PointEditor.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Inside a @ManipulationEditor.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##PointProcess: View & Edit#: invokes a @PointEditor.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##PointProcess & Sound: View & Edit#: invokes a @PointEditor.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Inside a @ManipulationEditor.")
NORMAL (L"Queries:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Get jitter (local)...@: periodic jitter.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Get jitter (local, absolute)...@: periodic jitter.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Get jitter (rap)...@: periodic jitter.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Get jitter (ppq5)...@: periodic jitter.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Get jitter (ddp)...@: periodic jitter.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Get low index...@: index of nearest point not after specified time.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Get high index...@: index of nearest point not before specified time.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Get nearest index...@: index of point nearest to specified time.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Get interval...@: duration of interval around specified time.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Get jitter (local)...@: periodic jitter.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Get jitter (local, absolute)...@: periodic jitter.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Get jitter (rap)...@: periodic jitter.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Get jitter (ppq5)...@: periodic jitter.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Get jitter (ddp)...@: periodic jitter.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Get low index...@: index of nearest point not after specified time.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Get high index...@: index of nearest point not before specified time.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Get nearest index...@: index of point nearest to specified time.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Get interval...@: duration of interval around specified time.")
NORMAL (L"Set calculations:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcesses: Union@: the union of two point processes.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcesses: Intersection@: the intersection of two point processes.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcesses: Difference@: the difference of two point processes.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcesses: Union@: the union of two point processes.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcesses: Intersection@: the intersection of two point processes.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcesses: Difference@: the difference of two point processes.")
NORMAL (L"Modification:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Add point...@: at a specified time.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Remove point...@: at specified index.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Remove point near...@: near specified time.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Remove points...@: between specified indices.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Remove points between...@: between specified times.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Add point...@: at a specified time.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Remove point...@: at specified index.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Remove point near...@: near specified time.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Remove points...@: between specified indices.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Remove points between...@: between specified times.")
NORMAL (L"Analysis:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: To PitchTier...@: pitch values in interval centres.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##PointProcess & Sound: To Manipulation")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: To PitchTier...@: pitch values in interval centres.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##PointProcess & Sound: To Manipulation")
NORMAL (L"Synthesis:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: To Sound (pulse train)...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: To Sound (hum)...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: To Sound (pulse train)...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: To Sound (hum)...@")
NORMAL (L"Conversion:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##PointProcess: To Matrix")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Up to TextGrid...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Up to PitchTier...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: Up to IntensityTier...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##PointProcess: To Matrix")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Up to TextGrid...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Up to PitchTier...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: Up to IntensityTier...")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"PointProcess: Add point...", L"ppgb", 20010410)
@@ -1549,14 +1549,14 @@ NORMAL (L"The local jitter is defined as the relative mean absolute "
"second-order difference of the point process (= the first-order difference of the interval process), as follows.")
NORMAL (L"First, we define the absolute (non-relative) local jitter (in seconds) as the mean absolute (non-negative) "
"difference of consecutive intervals:")
-FORMULA (L"%jitter(seconds) = \\su__%i=2_^^%N^ |%T__%i_ - %T__%i-1_| / (%N - 1)")
+FORMULA (L"%jitter(seconds) = ∑__%i=2_^^%N^ |%T__%i_ - %T__%i-1_| / (%N - 1)")
NORMAL (L"where %T__%i_ is the duration of the %%i%th interval and %N is the number of intervals. "
"If an interval %T__%i-1_ or %T__%i_ is not between ##Period floor# and ##Period ceiling#, "
"or if %T__%i-1_/%T__%i_ or %T__%i_/%T__%i-1_ is greater than ##Maximum period factor#, "
"the term |%T__%i_ - %T__%i-1_| is not counted in the sum, and %N is lowered by 1 "
"(if %N ends up being less than 2, the result of the command is @undefined).")
NORMAL (L"Second, we define the mean period as")
-FORMULA (L"%meanPeriod(seconds) = \\su__%i=1_^^%N^ %T__%i_ / %N")
+FORMULA (L"%meanPeriod(seconds) = ∑__%i=1_^^%N^ %T__%i_ / %N")
NORMAL (L"where %T__%i_ is the duration of the %%i%th interval and %N is the number of intervals. "
"If an interval %T__%i_ is not between ##Period floor# and ##Period ceiling#, "
"or if %T__%i-1_/%T__%i_ or %T__%i_/%T__%i-1_ is greater than ##Maximum period factor# "
@@ -1612,7 +1612,7 @@ NORMAL (L"The absolute local jitter is defined as the absolute (i.e. non-relativ
"second-order difference of the point process (= the first-order difference of the interval process), as follows.")
NORMAL (L"The absolute local jitter (in seconds) is the mean absolute (non-negative) "
"difference of consecutive intervals:")
-FORMULA (L"%jitter(seconds) = \\su__%i=2_^^%N^ |%T__%i_ - %T__%i-1_| / (%N - 1)")
+FORMULA (L"%jitter(seconds) = ∑__%i=2_^^%N^ |%T__%i_ - %T__%i-1_| / (%N - 1)")
NORMAL (L"where %T__%i_ is the duration of the %%i%th interval and %N is the number of intervals. "
"If an interval %T__%i-1_ or %T__%i_ is not between ##Period floor# and ##Period ceiling#, "
"or if %T__%i-1_/%T__%i_ or %T__%i_/%T__%i-1_ is greater than ##Maximum period factor#, "
@@ -1662,14 +1662,14 @@ NORMAL (L"The RAP can be used as a measure of voice quality; "
ENTRY (L"3. Algorithm")
NORMAL (L"Relative Average Perturbation is defined in terms of three consecutive intervals, as follows.")
NORMAL (L"First, we define the absolute (i.e. non-relative) Average Perturbation (in seconds):")
-FORMULA (L"%absAP(seconds) = \\su__%i=2_^^%N-1^ |%T__%i_ - (%T__%i-1_ + %T__%i_ + %T__%i+1_) / 3| / (%N - 2)")
+FORMULA (L"%absAP(seconds) = ∑__%i=2_^^%N-1^ |%T__%i_ - (%T__%i-1_ + %T__%i_ + %T__%i+1_) / 3| / (%N - 2)")
NORMAL (L"where %T__%i_ is the duration of the %%i%th interval and %N is the number of intervals. "
"If an interval %T__%i-1_ or %T__%i_ or %T__%i+1_ is not between ##Period floor# and ##Period ceiling#, "
"or if %T__%i-1_/%T__%i_ or %T__%i_/%T__%i-1_ or %T__%i+1_/%T__%i_ or %T__%i_/%T__%i+1_ is greater than ##Maximum period factor#, "
"the term |%T__%i_ - (%T__%i-1_ + %T__%i_ + %T__%i+1_) / 3| is not counted in the sum, and %N is lowered by 1 "
"(if %N ends up being less than 3, the result of the command is @undefined).")
NORMAL (L"Second, we define the mean period as")
-FORMULA (L"%meanPeriod(seconds) = \\su__%i=1_^^%N^ %T__%i_ / %N")
+FORMULA (L"%meanPeriod(seconds) = ∑__%i=1_^^%N^ %T__%i_ / %N")
NORMAL (L"where %T__%i_ is the duration of the %%i%th interval and %N is the number of intervals. "
"If an interval %T__%i_ is not between ##Period floor# and ##Period ceiling#, "
"or if %T__%i-1_/%T__%i_ or %T__%i_/%T__%i-1_ is greater than ##Maximum period factor# "
@@ -1723,14 +1723,14 @@ NORMAL (L"The jitter can be used as a measure of voice quality. See @@Voice 2. J
ENTRY (L"3. Algorithm")
NORMAL (L"The five-point Period Perturbation Quotient (PPQ5) is defined in terms of five consecutive intervals, as follows.")
NORMAL (L"First, we define the absolute (i.e. non-relative) PPQ5 (in seconds):")
-FORMULA (L"%absPPQ5(seconds) = \\su__%i=3_^^%N-2^ |%T__%i_ - (%T__%i-2_ + %T__%i-1_ + %T__%i_ + %T__%i+1_ + %T__%i+2_) / 5| / (%N - 4)")
+FORMULA (L"%absPPQ5(seconds) = ∑__%i=3_^^%N-2^ |%T__%i_ - (%T__%i-2_ + %T__%i-1_ + %T__%i_ + %T__%i+1_ + %T__%i+2_) / 5| / (%N - 4)")
NORMAL (L"where %T__%i_ is the duration of the %%i%th interval and %N is the number of intervals. "
"If an interval %T__%i-2_ or %T__%i-1_ or %T__%i_ or %T__%i+1_ or %T__%i+2_ is not between ##Period floor# and ##Period ceiling#, "
"or if %T__%i-2_/%T__%i-1_ or %T__%i-1_/%T__%i-2_ or %T__%i-1_/%T__%i_ or %T__%i_/%T__%i-1_ or %T__%i+1_/%T__%i_ or %T__%i_/%T__%i+1_ or %T__%i+2_/%T__%i+1_ or %T__%i+1_/%T__%i+2_ is greater than ##Maximum period factor#, "
"the term |%T__%i_ - (%T__%i-2_ + %T__%i-1_ + %T__%i_ + %T__%i+1_ + %T__%i+2_) / 5| is not counted in the sum, and %N is lowered by 1 "
"(if %N ends up being less than 5, the result of the command is @undefined).")
NORMAL (L"Second, we define the mean period as")
-FORMULA (L"%meanPeriod(seconds) = \\su__%i=1_^^%N^ %T__%i_ / %N")
+FORMULA (L"%meanPeriod(seconds) = ∑__%i=1_^^%N^ %T__%i_ / %N")
NORMAL (L"where %T__%i_ is the duration of the %%i%th interval and %N is the number of intervals. "
"If an interval %T__%i_ is not between ##Period floor# and ##Period ceiling#, "
"or if %T__%i-1_/%T__%i_ or %T__%i_/%T__%i-1_ is greater than ##Maximum period factor# "
@@ -1788,14 +1788,14 @@ NORMAL (L"DDP is defined as the relative mean absolute (i.e. non-negative) "
"third-order difference of the point process (= the second-order difference of the interval process), as follows.")
NORMAL (L"First, we define the absolute (i.e. non-relative) Average Perturbation (in seconds) as one third of the mean absolute (non-negative) "
"difference of difference of consecutive intervals:")
-FORMULA (L"%absDDP(seconds) = \\su__%i=2_^^%N-1^ |(%T__%i+1_ - %T__%i_) - (%T__%i_ - %T__%i-1_)| / (%N - 2)")
+FORMULA (L"%absDDP(seconds) = ∑__%i=2_^^%N-1^ |(%T__%i+1_ - %T__%i_) - (%T__%i_ - %T__%i-1_)| / (%N - 2)")
NORMAL (L"where %T__%i_ is the duration of the %%i%th interval and %N is the number of intervals. "
"If an interval %T__%i-1_ or %T__%i_ or %T__%i+1_ is not between ###Period floor# and ##Period ceiling#, "
"or if %T__%i-1_/%T__%i_ or %T__%i_/%T__%i-1_ or %T__%i+1_/%T__%i_ or %T__%i_/%T__%i+1_ is greater than ##Maximum period factor#, "
"the term |2%T__%i_ - %T__%i-1_ - %T__%i+1_| is not counted in the sum, and %N is lowered by 1 "
"(if %N ends up being less than 3, the result of the command is @undefined).")
NORMAL (L"Second, we define the mean period as")
-FORMULA (L"%meanPeriod(seconds) = \\su__%i=1_^^%N^ %T__%i_ / %N")
+FORMULA (L"%meanPeriod(seconds) = ∑__%i=1_^^%N^ %T__%i_ / %N")
NORMAL (L"where %T__%i_ is the duration of the %%i%th interval and %N is the number of intervals. "
"If an interval %T__%i_ is not between ##Period floor# and ##Period ceiling#, "
"or if %T__%i-1_/%T__%i_ or %T__%i_/%T__%i-1_ is greater than ##Maximum period factor# "
@@ -1887,7 +1887,7 @@ MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"PointProcess: Remove points...", L"ppgb", 20021212)
INTRO (L"A command to remove a range of points from every selected @PointProcess.")
ENTRY (L"Settings")
-TAG (L"##From index (\\>_ 1)")
+TAG (L"##From index (≥ 1)")
DEFINITION (L"the first index of the range of points that are to be removed.")
TAG (L"##To index")
DEFINITION (L"the last index of the range of points that are to be removed.")
@@ -2004,7 +2004,7 @@ SCRIPT (4.5, 2.5,
)
NORMAL (L"The final setting that influences the shape of the glottal flow is the %%collision phase%. "
"If it is 0.03, for instance, the glottal flow derivative will not go abruptly to 0 at a pulse, "
- "but will instead decay by a factor of %e (\\~~ 2.7183) every 3 percent of a period. "
+ "but will instead decay by a factor of %e (≈ 2.7183) every 3 percent of a period. "
"In order to keep the glottal flow curve smooth (and the derivative continuous), "
"the basic shape discussed above has to be shifted slightly to the right and truncated "
"at the time of the pulse, to be replaced there with the exponential decay curve; "
@@ -2161,45 +2161,34 @@ NORMAL (L"The resulting Sound equals the original sound, multiplied by a linear
"Afterwards, the resulting Sound is scaled so that its maximum absolute amplitude is 0.9.")
MAN_END
-MAN_BEGIN (L"Strings", L"ppgb", 20041110)
+MAN_BEGIN (L"Strings", L"ppgb", 20141001)
INTRO (L"One of the @@types of objects@ in Praat. Represents an ordered list of strings.")
ENTRY (L"Creation")
-NORMAL (L"The difficult way is to create a #Strings object from a generic Praat text file:")
+NORMAL (L"The difficult way is to create a #Strings object from a generic Praat text file "
+ "(if there are non-ASCII symbols, use UTF-8 or UTF-16 format):")
CODE (L"\"ooTextFile\"")
CODE (L"\"Strings\"")
CODE (L"5 ! number of strings")
CODE (L"\"Hello\"")
CODE (L"\"Goodbye\"")
CODE (L"\"Auf wiedersehen\"")
-CODE (L"\"Tsch\\bsu\\\" \\\" ss\"")
+CODE (L"\"Tschüss\"")
CODE (L"\"Arrivederci\"")
NORMAL (L"In this example, we see that a double quote within a string should be written twice; "
- "the fourth string will therefore be read as ##Tsch\\bsu\\\" ss#, "
- "and will be shown in info messages or in graphical text as ##Tsch\\u\"ss# (see @@special symbols@). "
+ "the fourth string will therefore be read as ##Tschüss#. "
"This file can be read simply with the generic @@Read from file...@ command from the #Open menu.")
NORMAL (L"An easier way is to use the special command @@Read Strings from raw text file... at . "
"The file can then simply look like this:")
CODE (L"Hello")
CODE (L"Goodbye")
CODE (L"Auf wiedersehen")
-CODE (L"Tsch\\bsu\\\" ss")
+CODE (L"Tschüss")
CODE (L"Arrivederci")
-NORMAL (L"In this example, all the strings are in the generic system-independent ASCII format that is used "
- "everywhere in Praat (messages, graphical text) "
- "for @@special symbols at . You could also have supplied the strings in a native format, which is "
- "ISO-Latin1 encoding on Unix and Windows computers, or Mac encoding on Macintosh computers. "
- "The file would then have simply looked like:")
-CODE (L"Hello")
-CODE (L"Goodbye")
-CODE (L"Auf wiedersehen")
-CODE (L"Tsch\\u\"ss")
-CODE (L"Arrivederci")
-NORMAL (L"To convert this into the generic system-independent ASCII format, use the #Genericize command.")
NORMAL (L"You can also create a #Strings object from a directory listing or from some other objects:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create Strings as file list...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Distributions: To Strings...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@OTGrammar: Generate inputs...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@OTGrammar & Strings: Inputs to outputs...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create Strings as file list...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Distributions: To Strings...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@OTGrammar: Generate inputs...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@OTGrammar & Strings: Inputs to outputs...@")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Strings: To Distributions", L"ppgb", 19971025)
diff --git a/fon/manual_Script.cpp b/fon/manual_Script.cpp
index 95a5a21..835fd56 100644
--- a/fon/manual_Script.cpp
+++ b/fon/manual_Script.cpp
@@ -3455,7 +3455,7 @@ ENTRY (L"Example 2: playing a sound")
NORMAL (L"Suppose we are in the Praat-shell program #Als, which is a browser for dictionaries, "
"and has no idea of what a %sound is. From this program, we can play a sound file "
"by sending a message to the Praat-shell program #Praat, which does know about sounds:")
-CODE (L"fileName\\$ = chooseReadFile: \"Play a sound file\"")
+CODE (L"fileName\\$ = chooseReadFile\\$ : \"Play a sound file\"")
CODE (L"beginSendpraat: \"Praat\", \"fileName\\$ \"")
CODE1 (L"Read from file: fileName\\$ ")
CODE1 (L"Play")
@@ -3464,7 +3464,7 @@ CODE (L"endSendpraat")
NORMAL (L"After #beginSendpraat, you first mention the name of the receiving program (here \"Praat\"), "
"then the names of the variables you want the receiving program to know about.")
NORMAL (L"To have the receiving program return information to you, specify the variables that are to be handed back:")
-CODE (L"fileName\\$ = chooseReadFile: \"Measure a sound file\"")
+CODE (L"fileName\\$ = chooseReadFile\\$ : \"Measure a sound file\"")
CODE (L"beginSendpraat: \"Praat\", \"fileName\\$ \"")
CODE1 (L"Read from file: fileName\\$ ")
CODE1 (L"duration = Get total duration")
@@ -3763,10 +3763,10 @@ CODE (L"for i to n-1")
CODE (L"endfor")
MAN_END
-MAN_BEGIN (L"Script for analysing pitch with a TextGrid", L"ppgb", 20140112)
+MAN_BEGIN (L"Script for analysing pitch with a TextGrid", L"ppgb", 20141001)
INTRO (L"\"I want the mean pitch of every interval that has a non-empty label on tier 5.\"")
CODE (L"if numberOfSelected (\"Sound\") <> 1 or numberOfSelected (\"TextGrid\") <> 1")
- CODE1 (L"exit Please select a Sound and a TextGrid first.")
+ CODE1 (L"exitScript: \"Please select a Sound and a TextGrid first.\"")
CODE (L"endif")
CODE (L"sound = selected (\"Sound\")")
CODE (L"textgrid = selected (\"TextGrid\")")
diff --git a/fon/manual_annotation.cpp b/fon/manual_annotation.cpp
index 7041dae..2fcda4e 100644
--- a/fon/manual_annotation.cpp
+++ b/fon/manual_annotation.cpp
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ NORMAL (L"You can use all the @@Special symbols@ "
"and phonetic symbols.")
ENTRY (L"Selecting a tier")
NORMAL (L"To select a tier, click anywhere inside it. Its number and name will be drawn in red, "
- "and a pointing finger symbol (\\pf) will appear on its left.")
+ "and a pointing finger symbol (☞) will appear on its left.")
ENTRY (L"Selecting a boundary or point")
NORMAL (L"To select a boundary on an interval tier, @click in its vicinity or inside the following interval; "
"the boundary will be drawn in red. The text in the interval will appear in the text window.")
diff --git a/fon/manual_formant.cpp b/fon/manual_formant.cpp
index 432ad72..47c5340 100644
--- a/fon/manual_formant.cpp
+++ b/fon/manual_formant.cpp
@@ -62,13 +62,13 @@ DEFINITION (L"start time, in seconds.")
TAG (L"%xmax")
DEFINITION (L"end time, in seconds.")
TAG (L"%nx")
-DEFINITION (L"the number of frames (\\>_ 1).")
+DEFINITION (L"the number of frames (≥ 1).")
TAG (L"%dx")
DEFINITION (L"time step = frame length = frame duration, in seconds.")
TAG (L"%x1")
DEFINITION (L"the time associated with the first frame, in seconds. "
"This will usually be in the range [%xmin, %xmax]. "
- "The time associated with the last frame (i.e., %x1 + (%nx \\-- 1) %dx)) "
+ "The time associated with the last frame (i.e., %x1 + (%nx – 1) %dx)) "
"will also usually be in that range.")
TAG (L"%frame__%i_, %i = 1 ... %nx")
DEFINITION (L"the frames (see below).")
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ ENTRY (L"Algorithm")
NORMAL (L"If possible (i.e. if the adjacent frame has enough formants), "
"a linear interpolation is performed between the centre of the frame and the centre of the adjacent frame. "
"With Bark units, the hertz-to-Bark transformation is performed "
- "on the two frequencies %F \\+_ 1/2 %B (after interpolation), and the result is the difference between these two values")
+ "on the two frequencies %F ± 1/2 %B (after interpolation), and the result is the difference between these two values")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Formant: Get maximum...", L"ppgb", 19991016)
@@ -392,30 +392,30 @@ DEFINITION (L"the local cost of having a formant value in your track that deviat
"the cost of putting this formant in the first track is 0.250, "
"because the distance to the reference F1 of 550 Hz is 250 Hz. "
"The cost of putting the formant in the second track would be 0.850 "
- "(= (1.650 kHz - 0.600 kHz) \\.c 1.0/kHz), so we see that the procedure "
+ "(= (1.650 kHz - 0.600 kHz) · 1.0/kHz), so we see that the procedure "
"locally favours the inclusion of the 800 Hz candidate into the F1 track. "
"But the next two cost factors may override this local preference.")
TAG (L"##Bandwidth cost")
DEFINITION (L"the local cost of having a bandwidth, relative to the formant frequency. "
"For instance, if a candidate has a formant frequency of 400 Hz and "
"a bandwidth of 80 Hz, and ##Bandwidth cost# is 1.0, "
- "the cost of having this formant in any track is (80/400) \\.c 1.0 = 0.200. "
+ "the cost of having this formant in any track is (80/400) · 1.0 = 0.200. "
"So we see that the procedure locally favours the inclusion of candidates "
"with low relative bandwidths.")
TAG (L"##Transition cost (per octave)")
DEFINITION (L"the cost of having two different consecutive formant values in a track. "
"For instance, if a proposed track through the candidates has two consecutive formant "
"values of 300 Hz and 424 Hz, and ##Transition cost# is 1.0/octave, "
- "the cost of having this large frequency jump is (0.5 octave) \\.c (1.0/octave) = 0.500.")
+ "the cost of having this large frequency jump is (0.5 octave) · (1.0/octave) = 0.500.")
ENTRY (L"Algorithm")
NORMAL (L"This command uses a Viterbi algorithm with multiple planes. For instance, if the selected Formant object "
"contains up to five formants per frame, and you request three tracks, the Viterbi algorithm will have to choose "
"between ten candidates (the number of combinations of three out of five) for each frame.")
NORMAL (L"The formula for the cost of e.g. track 3, with proposed values %F__2%i_ (%i = 1...%N, "
"where %N is the number of frames) is:")
-FORMULA (L"\\su__%i=1..%N_ %frequencyCost\\.c\\|f%F__3%i_ \\-- %referenceF3\\|f/1000 +")
-FORMULA (L"+ \\su__%i=1..%N_ %bandWidthCost\\.c%B__3%i_/%F__3%i_ +")
-FORMULA (L"+ \\su__%i=1..%N-1_ %transitionCost\\.c\\|flog__2_(%F__3%i_/%F__3,%i+1_)\\|f")
+FORMULA (L"∑__%i=1..%N_ %frequencyCost·|%F__3%i_ – %referenceF3|/1000 +")
+FORMULA (L"+ ∑__%i=1..%N_ %bandWidthCost·%B__3%i_/%F__3%i_ +")
+FORMULA (L"+ ∑__%i=1..%N-1_ %transitionCost·|log__2_(%F__3%i_/%F__3,%i+1_)|")
NORMAL (L"Analogous formulas compute the cost of track 1 and track 2. "
"The procedure will assign those candidates to the three tracks that minimize "
"the sum of three track costs.")
@@ -430,26 +430,26 @@ NORMAL (L"For examples, see @@Source-filter synthesis at .")
ENTRY (L"FormantGrid commands")
NORMAL (L"Creation:")
LIST_ITEM (L"From scratch:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create FormantGrid...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@FormantGrid: Add formant point...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@FormantGrid: Add bandwidth point...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create FormantGrid...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@FormantGrid: Add formant point...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@FormantGrid: Add bandwidth point...")
LIST_ITEM (L"Copy from another object:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Formant: Down to FormantGrid@: trivial copying of frames to points.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Formant: Down to FormantGrid@: trivial copying of frames to points.")
//NORMAL (L"Conversion:")
-//LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@FormantGrid: Down to PointProcess@: copy times.")
+//LIST_ITEM (L"• @@FormantGrid: Down to PointProcess@: copy times.")
NORMAL (L"Synthesis:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound & FormantGrid: Filter@: see @@Source-filter synthesis at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound & FormantGrid: Filter@: see @@Source-filter synthesis at .")
//NORMAL (L"Queries:")
-//LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Get low index from time...")
-//LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Get high index from time...")
-//LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Get nearest index from time...")
+//LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Get low index from time...")
+//LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Get high index from time...")
+//LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Get nearest index from time...")
NORMAL (L"Modification:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@FormantGrid: Add formant point...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@FormantGrid: Add bandwidth point...")
-//LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Remove point...")
-//LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Remove point near...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@FormantGrid: Remove formant points between...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@FormantGrid: Remove bandwidth points between...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@FormantGrid: Add formant point...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@FormantGrid: Add bandwidth point...")
+//LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Remove point...")
+//LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Remove point near...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@FormantGrid: Remove formant points between...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@FormantGrid: Remove bandwidth points between...")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"FormantGrid: Add bandwidth point...", L"ppgb", 20080425)
diff --git a/fon/manual_glossary.cpp b/fon/manual_glossary.cpp
index 43f984f..6ac5481 100644
--- a/fon/manual_glossary.cpp
+++ b/fon/manual_glossary.cpp
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ MAN_BEGIN (L"overlap-add", L"ppgb", 20070816)
INTRO (L"A method for manipulating the pitch and duration of an acoustic speech signal. "
"This method was realized by @@Moulines & Charpentier (1990)@, "
"who called it Time-Domain Pitch-Synchronous Overlap-and-Add (TD-PSOLA). "
- "Nowadays, PSOLA\\tm and TD-PSOLA\\tm are trademarks owned by France Telecom^\\re.")
+ "Nowadays, PSOLA™ and TD-PSOLA™ are trademarks owned by France Telecom^®.")
ENTRY (L"Overlap-add synthesis")
NORMAL (L"When a @Sound is created from a @Manipulation object, the following steps are performed:")
LIST_ITEM (L"1. From the @PitchTier, new points are generated along the entire time domain, "
@@ -235,22 +235,22 @@ MAN_BEGIN (L"power spectral density", L"ppgb", 20101026)
INTRO (L"The average power in a sound during a certain time range and in a certain frequency range, expressed in Pa^2/Hz.")
ENTRY (L"Mathematical definition")
NORMAL (L"The %%complex spectrum% of a sound %x(%t) in the time range (%t__1_, %t__2_) is")
-FORMULA (L"%X(%f) \\=3 \\in__%%t%1_^^%%t%2^ %x(%t) e^^-2%\\pi%ift^ %dt")
+FORMULA (L"%X(%f) ≡ ∫__%%t%1_^^%%t%2^ %x(%t) e^^-2%π%ift^ %dt")
NORMAL (L"for any frequency %f in the two-sided frequency domain (-%F, +%F). "
"If %x(%t) is expressed in units of Pascal, %X(%f) is expressed in units of Pa/Hz. "
"In Praat, this complex spectrum is the quantity stored in a @Spectrum.")
NORMAL (L"From the complex spectrum we can compute the %%one-sided power spectral density% in Pa^2/Hz as")
-FORMULA (L"PSD(%f) \\=3 2|%X(%f)|^2 / (%t__2_ - %t__1_)")
+FORMULA (L"PSD(%f) ≡ 2|%X(%f)|^2 / (%t__2_ - %t__1_)")
NORMAL (L"where the factor 2 is due to adding the contributions from positive and negative frequencies. "
"In Praat, this power spectral density is the quantity stored in a @Spectrogram.")
NORMAL (L"The PSD divides up the total power of the sound. "
"To see this, we integrate it over its entire one-sided frequency domain (0, %F):")
-FORMULA (L"\\in__0_^^%F^ PSD(%f) %df = \\in__0_^^%F^ 2|%X(%f)|^2/(%t__2_-%t__1_) %df =")
-FORMULA (L"= 1/(%t__2_-%t__1_) \\in__-%F_^^+%F^ |%X(%f)|^2 %df = 1/(%t__2_-%t__1_) \\in__%%t%1_^^%%t%2^ |%x(%t)|^2 %dt")
+FORMULA (L"∫__0_^^%F^ PSD(%f) %df = ∫__0_^^%F^ 2|%X(%f)|^2/(%t__2_-%t__1_) %df =")
+FORMULA (L"= 1/(%t__2_-%t__1_) ∫__-%F_^^+%F^ |%X(%f)|^2 %df = 1/(%t__2_-%t__1_) ∫__%%t%1_^^%%t%2^ |%x(%t)|^2 %dt")
NORMAL (L"where the last step uses %%Parceval's theorem%. "
"The result is precisely the average power of the sound in the time range (%t__1_, %t__2_).")
ENTRY (L"The logarithmic power spectral density")
-NORMAL (L"It is often useful to express the power spectral density in dB relative to %%P__ref_% = 2\\.c10^^-5^ Pa:")
+NORMAL (L"It is often useful to express the power spectral density in dB relative to %%P__ref_% = 2·10^^-5^ Pa:")
FORMULA (L"PSD__dB_(%f) = 10 log__10_ { PSD(%f) / %%P__ref_%^2 }")
NORMAL (L"Since the argument of the logarithm is in units of Hz^^-1^, this spectral measure can loosely be said "
"to be in units of `dB/Hz'. In Praat, this logarithmic power spectral density is the quantity stored in an @Ltas; "
@@ -296,11 +296,11 @@ NORMAL (L"We assume that the attested values 15, 20, 32, and 60 each take up one
"These four values are in the middles of those quarters, so they are at the 0.125, 0.375, 0.625, and 0.875 quantiles.")
NORMAL (L"Quantiles in between 0.125 and 0.875 are evaluated by linear interpolation: the 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 quantiles "
"are 17.5, 26, and 46, respectively. Note that the 0.50 quantile is the median. The 0.40 quantile, for example, "
- "is estimated as 20 + (32 - 20)\\.c(0.40 - 0.375)/(0.625 - 0.375) = 21.2.")
+ "is estimated as 20 + (32 - 20)·(0.40 - 0.375)/(0.625 - 0.375) = 21.2.")
NORMAL (L"Quantiles between 0 and 0.125 or between 0.875 and 1 are evaluated by linear extrapolation from the "
"lowest or highest pair of values: the 0\\% quantile is estimated as 15 - 1/2 (20 - 15) = 12.5, "
- "and the 100\\% quantile is estimated as 60 + 1/2 (60 - 32) = 74. The 0.10 quantile is estimated as "
- "12.5 + (15 - 12.5)\\.c(0.10 - 0.0)/(0.125 - 0.0) = 14.5.")
+ "and the 100\\% quantile is estimated as 60 + 1/2 (60 – 32) = 74. The 0.10 quantile is estimated as "
+ "12.5 + (15 – 12.5)·(0.10 – 0.0)/(0.125 – 0.0) = 14.5.")
NORMAL (L"Note that the estimated values for the very low or high quantiles can lie outside the range of attested values. "
"In fact, the computed 0\\% and 100\\% quantiles are thought to be estimates of the minimum and maximum values "
"of the distribution. For uniform distributions, these estimates are reasonable; for a normal distribution, of course, "
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ NORMAL (L"Air pressures are measured in Pascal (Pa), which are Newtons per squar
NORMAL (L"A normative human ear can detect a root-mean-squared air pressure "
"as small as 0.00002 Pa, for a sine wave with a frequency of 1000 Hz. "
"The %%sound pressure level% can be expressed in dB relative to this normative threshold:")
-FORMULA (L"SPL = 10 log__10_ { 1/(%t__2_-%t__1_) \\in__t1_^^t2^ %x^2(%t) %dt / (2\\.c10^^-5^ Pa)^2 }")
+FORMULA (L"SPL = 10 log__10_ { 1/(%t__2_-%t__1_) ∫__t1_^^t2^ %x^2(%t) %dt / (2·10^^-5^ Pa)^2 }")
NORMAL (L"where %x(%t) is the sound pressure in Pa as a function of time, "
"and %t__1_ and %t__2_ are the times between which the energy (squared air pressure) is averaged. "
"For a calibrated sound, Praat's sound window will show you the SPL as a function of time, "
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ NORMAL (L"Besides sounds, many other types of objects in Praat have a time scale
"will run from 0 to 0.3 seconds.")
NORMAL (L"In order to prevent confusion, Praat always requires times to be expressed in seconds. "
"So if you want to supply a window length of 5 milliseconds (5 ms), you fill in 0.005 or 5e-3. "
- "For 83.2 microseconds (83.2 \\mus), you say 0.0000832, or better 83.2e-6 or 8.32e-5.")
+ "For 83.2 microseconds (83.2 μs), you say 0.0000832, or better 83.2e-6 or 8.32e-5.")
NORMAL (L"On a clock, time runs around in circles. In Praat's editor windows, time runs from left to right. "
"You can often see only a part of the time scale in the window. "
"To see another part, you %scroll backward or forward.")
@@ -530,14 +530,14 @@ NORMAL (L"The signal is described with the sequence %y__%i_, %i = 1...%n, where
"where %dx is the sample period.")
NORMAL (L"The maximum is looked for in two kinds of locations:")
LIST_ITEM (L"1. At the left and right edge, i.e. at %i = 1 and at %i = %n.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"2. At or %near all local maxima, i.e. at or %near those %i that satisfy %y__%i-1_ < %y__%i_ \\<_ %y__%i+1_.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"2. At or %near all local maxima, i.e. at or %near those %i that satisfy %y__%i-1_ < %y__%i_ ≤ %y__%i+1_.")
NORMAL (L"The greatest of the following values, therefore, will be the maximum:")
LIST_ITEM (L"1. %y__1_.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"2. The local maxima, which are at or %near %y__%i_, where %y__%i-1_ < %y__%i_ \\<_ %y__%i+1_.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"2. The local maxima, which are at or %near %y__%i_, where %y__%i-1_ < %y__%i_ ≤ %y__%i+1_.")
LIST_ITEM (L"3. %y__%n_.")
NORMAL (L"We will now see what %near means. The precision of the result depends on the %%interpolation method% of this algorithm.")
ENTRY (L"1. Lowest precision: round to sample")
-NORMAL (L"If the interpolation method is None, the local maxima are %at the samples %m that satisfy %y__%m-1_ < %y__%m_ \\<_ %y__%m+1_. "
+NORMAL (L"If the interpolation method is None, the local maxima are %at the samples %m that satisfy %y__%m-1_ < %y__%m_ ≤ %y__%m+1_. "
"Thus, their %x values are at %x__%m_ = %x__1_ + (%m - 1) %dx, and their %y values are %y__%m_.")
NORMAL (L"This kind of precision is appropriate for an unordered sequence of values %y__%i_: the result is simply the greatest available value.")
ENTRY (L"2. Middle precision: parabolic interpolation")
@@ -545,10 +545,10 @@ NORMAL (L"If the interpolation method is Parabolic, the algorithm uses one point
"to estimate the location and value of the local maximum. Because a Taylor expansion shows that any smooth curve "
"can be approximated as a parabola in the vicinity of any local maximum, the location %x__%max_ and value %y__%max_ can be found "
"with the following procedure:")
-FORMULA (L"%dy \\=3 1/2 (%y__%m+1_ - %y__%m-1_)")
-FORMULA (L"%d^2%y \\=3 2 %y__%m_ - %y__%m-1_ - %y__%m+1_")
-FORMULA (L"%m\\'p \\=3 %m + %dy/%d^2%y")
-FORMULA (L"%x__%max_ = %x__1_ + (%m\\'p - 1) %dx")
+FORMULA (L"%dy ≡ 1/2 (%y__%m+1_ - %y__%m-1_)")
+FORMULA (L"%d^2%y ≡ 2 %y__%m_ - %y__%m-1_ - %y__%m+1_")
+FORMULA (L"%m′ ≡ %m + %dy/%d^2%y")
+FORMULA (L"%x__%max_ = %x__1_ + (%m′ - 1) %dx")
FORMULA (L"%y__%max_ = %y__%m_ + 1/2 %dy^2 / %d^2%y")
NORMAL (L"This kind of precision is appropriate if %y is considered a smooth function of %x, as in:")
LIST_ITEM (L"@@Formant: Get minimum...")
@@ -588,63 +588,63 @@ NORMAL (L"If the resulting %s is an integer number, the %y value must be %y__%s_
"from nearby values of %y. The precision of the result depends on the %%interpolation method% of this algorithm.")
ENTRY (L"1. Lowest precision: round to sample")
NORMAL (L"If the interpolation method is Nearest, we take the value of the nearest point:")
-FORMULA (L"%near \\=3 round (%s)")
-FORMULA (L"%y(%s) \\~~ %y__%near_")
+FORMULA (L"%near ≡ round (%s)")
+FORMULA (L"%y(%s) ≈ %y__%near_")
ENTRY (L"2. Middle precision: linear interpolation")
NORMAL (L"If you know or assume that the function that underlies your points is continuous, the \"rounding\" interpolation would be poor, "
"because the rounded value would abruptly change at the centres between the sample points.")
NORMAL (L"For a linear interpolation, therefore, we use the attested values on both sides (%left and %right) of %s:")
-FORMULA (L"%s__%l_ \\=3 floor (%s) ; %s__%r_ \\=3 %s__%l_ + 1")
-FORMULA (L"%y(%s) \\~~ %y__%l_ + (%s - %s__%l_) \\.c (%y__%r_ - %y__%l_)")
+FORMULA (L"%s__%l_ ≡ floor (%s) ; %s__%r_ ≡ %s__%l_ + 1")
+FORMULA (L"%y(%s) ≈ %y__%l_ + (%s - %s__%l_) · (%y__%r_ - %y__%l_)")
NORMAL (L"where #floor (%x) computes the greatest integer not greater than %x. This interpolation is continuous.")
ENTRY (L"3. Higher precision: cubic interpolation")
NORMAL (L"If you know or assume that the function that underlies your points is %smooth, i.e. its derivative is defined for every %x, "
"linear interpolation would probably be poor, because the derivative of the interpolated function would abruptly change at every "
"sample point.")
NORMAL (L"The next higher interpolation (Cubic), therefore, is differentiable at sample points. To enforce this, we define the "
- "derivatives %y\\'p__%l_ and %y\\'p__%r_ at the left and right sample points on the basis of %their immediate neighbours "
+ "derivatives %y′__%l_ and %y′__%r_ at the left and right sample points on the basis of %their immediate neighbours "
"(i.e., the algorithm needs four sample points), perhaps by a parabolic interpolation through these three points. "
"A parabolic interpolation has the advantage that the extrema will be computed correctly if "
"the underlying function can be approximated by a parabola near its extremes (see @@vector peak interpolation@).")
NORMAL (L"Because the derivative of a parabolic function is a linear function of %x, "
"the derivatives at the left and right sample points are simply estimated as")
-FORMULA (L"%y\\'p__%l_ \\~~ (%y__%r_ - %y__%l-1_) / 2 ; %y\\'p__%r_ \\~~ (%y__%r+1_ - %y__%l_) / 2")
-NORMAL (L"Now that we know %y__%l_, %y__%r_, %y\\'p__%l_, and %y\\'p__%r_, we can fit these values with a "
+FORMULA (L"%y′__%l_ ≈ (%y__%r_ - %y__%l-1_) / 2 ; %y′__%r_ ≈ (%y__%r+1_ - %y__%l_) / 2")
+NORMAL (L"Now that we know %y__%l_, %y__%r_, %y′__%l_, and %y′__%r_, we can fit these values with a "
"third-degree (%cubic) polynomial:")
FORMULA (L"%As__%l_^3 + %Bs__%l_^2 + %Cs__%l_ + %D = %y__%l_")
FORMULA (L"%As__%r_^3 + %Bs__%r_^2 + %Cs__%r_ + %D = %y__%r_")
-FORMULA (L"3%As__%l_^2 + 2%Bs__%l_ + %C = %y\\'p__%l_")
-FORMULA (L"3%As__%r_^2 + 2%Bs__%r_ + %C = %y\\'p__%r_")
+FORMULA (L"3%As__%l_^2 + 2%Bs__%l_ + %C = %y′__%l_")
+FORMULA (L"3%As__%r_^2 + 2%Bs__%r_ + %C = %y′__%r_")
NORMAL (L"If we shift the %x axis to the left sample point, we can reduce the four equations to")
FORMULA (L"%D = %y__%l_")
FORMULA (L"%A + %B + %C + %D = %y__%r_")
-FORMULA (L"%C = %y\\'p__%l_")
-FORMULA (L"3%A + 2%B + %C = %y\\'p__%r_")
+FORMULA (L"%C = %y′__%l_")
+FORMULA (L"3%A + 2%B + %C = %y′__%r_")
NORMAL (L"so that the interpolated value %y(%s) at any point %s between %s__%l_ and %s__%r_ is estimated as")
-FORMULA (L"(%y\\'p__%r_ + %y\\'p__%l_ - 2%y__%r_ + 2%y__%l_) %\\fi__%l_^3 + "
- "(3%y__%r_ - 3%y__%l_ - 2%y\\'p__%l_ - %y\\'p__%r_) %\\fi__%l_^2 + %y\\'p__%l_ %\\fi__%l_ + %y__%l_")
-NORMAL (L"where %\\fi__%l_ \\=3 %s - %s__%l_. Some rearrangement gives")
-FORMULA (L"%y(%s) \\~~ %y__%l_ %\\fi__%r_ + %y__%r_ %\\fi__%l_ +")
-FORMULA (L"- %\\fi__%l_ %\\fi__%r_ [1/2 (%y\\'p__%r_ - %y\\'p__%l_) + (%\\fi__%l_ - 1/2) "
- "(%y\\'p__%l_ + %y\\'p__%r_ - 2(%y__%r_ - %y__%l_))]")
-NORMAL (L"where %\\fi__%r_ \\=3 1 - %\\fi__%l_. From this formula we see:")
+FORMULA (L"(%y′__%r_ + %y′__%l_ - 2%y__%r_ + 2%y__%l_) %φ__%l_^3 + "
+ "(3%y__%r_ - 3%y__%l_ - 2%y′__%l_ - %y′__%r_) %φ__%l_^2 + %y′__%l_ %φ__%l_ + %y__%l_")
+NORMAL (L"where %φ__%l_ ≡ %s - %s__%l_. Some rearrangement gives")
+FORMULA (L"%y(%s) ≈ %y__%l_ %φ__%r_ + %y__%r_ %φ__%l_ +")
+FORMULA (L"- %φ__%l_ %φ__%r_ [1/2 (%y′__%r_ - %y′__%l_) + (%φ__%l_ - 1/2) "
+ "(%y′__%l_ + %y′__%r_ - 2(%y__%r_ - %y__%l_))]")
+NORMAL (L"where %φ__%r_ ≡ 1 - %φ__%l_. From this formula we see:")
LIST_ITEM (L"1. The first two terms define the linear interpolation.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"2. If the underlying function is linear, so that %y\\'p__%l_ equals %y\\'p__%r_ and both equal %y__%r_ - %y__%l_, "
+LIST_ITEM (L"2. If the underlying function is linear, so that %y′__%l_ equals %y′__%r_ and both equal %y__%r_ - %y__%l_, "
"the higher-degree terms are zero.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"3. If %y\\'p__%l_ + %y\\'p__%r_ equals 2(%y__%r_ - %y__%l_), the third-degree term is zero, "
+LIST_ITEM (L"3. If %y′__%l_ + %y′__%r_ equals 2(%y__%r_ - %y__%l_), the third-degree term is zero, "
"so that the interpolated function is parabolic.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"4. At the left and right points, one of the %\\fi is 0 and the other is 1, so that at these boundary points, "
+LIST_ITEM (L"4. At the left and right points, one of the %φ is 0 and the other is 1, so that at these boundary points, "
"%y is computed with exact precision.")
ENTRY (L"4. Highest precision: sinc interpolation")
NORMAL (L"If the interpolation method is Sinc70 or Sinc700, the algorithm assumes that the signal "
"is a sum of sinc functions, so that a number of points (the %%interpolation depth%: 70 or 700) on each side of %s must be taken into account.")
NORMAL (L"Because the interpolation depth must be finite, the sum of sinc functions is multiplied by a Hanning window:")
-FORMULA (L"%s__%l_ \\=3 floor (%s); %s__%r_ \\=3 %s__%l_ + 1")
-FORMULA (L"%\\fi__%l_ \\=3 %s - %s__%l_; %\\fi__%r_ \\=3 1 - %\\fi__%l_")
-FORMULA (L"%y(%s) \\~~ \\su__%i=1...%N_ %y__%r-%i_ sinc (%\\pi(%\\fi__%l_+%i-1)) (1/2 + 1/2 cos (%\\pi(%\\fi__%l_+%i-1)/(%\\fi__%l_+%N))) +")
-FORMULA (L"+ \\su__%i=1...%N_ %y__%l+%i_ sinc (%\\pi(%\\fi__%r_+%i-1)) (1/2 + 1/2 cos (%\\pi(%\\fi__%r_+%i-1)/(%\\fi__%r_+%N)))")
+FORMULA (L"%s__%l_ ≡ floor (%s); %s__%r_ ≡ %s__%l_ + 1")
+FORMULA (L"%φ__%l_ ≡ %s - %s__%l_; %φ__%r_ ≡ 1 - %φ__%l_")
+FORMULA (L"%y(%s) ≈ ∑__%i=1...%N_ %y__%r-%i_ sinc (%π(%φ__%l_+%i-1)) (1/2 + 1/2 cos (%π(%φ__%l_+%i-1)/(%φ__%l_+%N))) +")
+FORMULA (L"+ ∑__%i=1...%N_ %y__%l+%i_ sinc (%π(%φ__%r_+%i-1)) (1/2 + 1/2 cos (%π(%φ__%r_+%i-1)/(%φ__%r_+%N)))")
NORMAL (L"where the sinc function is defined as")
-FORMULA (L"sinc (0) \\=3 1; sinc (%x) \\=3 sin %x / %x for %x \\=/ 0")
+FORMULA (L"sinc (0) ≡ 1; sinc (%x) ≡ sin %x / %x for %x ≠ 0")
NORMAL (L"If %s is less than the interpolation depth or greater than %n + 1 minus the interpolation depth, "
"the depth is reduced accordingly.")
NORMAL (L"This method is appropriate for signals that result from sampling a continuous signal after it has been low-pass filtered "
diff --git a/fon/manual_soundFiles.cpp b/fon/manual_soundFiles.cpp
index b168c7b..54451c7 100644
--- a/fon/manual_soundFiles.cpp
+++ b/fon/manual_soundFiles.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ INTRO (L"This tutorial describes the sound files that you can read "
NORMAL (L"You can read this tutorial sequentially with the help of the \"< 1\" and \"1 >\" buttons.")
LIST_ITEM (L"1. @@Sound files 1. General structure|General structure@")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"1.1. @@Sound files 1.1. Sampling|Sampling@ (sampling frequency)")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"1.2. @@Sound files 1.2. Quantization|Quantization@ (linear, endian, \\mu-law, A-law)")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"1.2. @@Sound files 1.2. Quantization|Quantization@ (linear, endian, μ-law, A-law)")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"1.3. @@Sound files 1.3. Channels|Channels@ (mono, stereo)")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"1.4. @@Sound files 1.4. The header|The header@")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"1.5. @@Sound files 1.5. Size|Size@")
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ MAN_BEGIN (L"Sound files 1. General structure", L"ppgb", 20000123)
INTRO (L"This is chapter 1 of the @@Sound files@ tutorial. "
"It describes the general structure of the headers and data parts of sound files.")
LIST_ITEM (L"1.1. @@Sound files 1.1. Sampling|Sampling@ (sampling frequency)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"1.2. @@Sound files 1.2. Quantization|Quantization@ (linear, \\mu-law, A-law)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"1.2. @@Sound files 1.2. Quantization|Quantization@ (linear, μ-law, A-law)")
LIST_ITEM (L"1.3. @@Sound files 1.3. Channels|Channels@ (mono, stereo)")
LIST_ITEM (L"1.4. @@Sound files 1.4. The header|The header@")
LIST_ITEM (L"1.5. @@Sound files 1.5. Size|Size@")
@@ -63,17 +63,17 @@ NORMAL (L"Sampling is the discretization of the time domain of the signal: "
"each second of the signal is divided up into 11025, 22050, or 44100 "
"slices (or any other suitable number), and a %%sample value% is associated with "
"each slice. For instance, a continuous 377-Hz sine wave is expressed by")
-FORMULA (L"%x(%t) = sin (2%\\pi 377 %t)")
+FORMULA (L"%x(%t) = sin (2%π 377 %t)")
NORMAL (L"If the %%sampling frequency% (or %%sample rate%) is 44100 Hz, this sine wave will be sampled at "
- "points spaced \\De%t = 1/44100 second apart, and the sample values will be")
-FORMULA (L"%x__%i_ = sin (2%\\pi 377 (%t__0_ + %i \\De%t))")
+ "points spaced Δ%t = 1/44100 second apart, and the sample values will be")
+FORMULA (L"%x__%i_ = sin (2%π 377 (%t__0_ + %i Δ%t))")
NORMAL (L"where %t__0_ is the time after which sampling begins. "
- "\\De%t is called the %%sample period%.")
-NORMAL (L"Quantization is handled in the next section (@@Sound files 1.2. Quantization|\\SS1.2@).")
+ "Δ%t is called the %%sample period%.")
+NORMAL (L"Quantization is handled in the next section (@@Sound files 1.2. Quantization|§1.2@).")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Sound files 1.2. Quantization", L"ppgb", 20000126)
-NORMAL (L"Apart from sampling (@@Sound files 1.1. Sampling|\\SS1.1@), "
+NORMAL (L"Apart from sampling (@@Sound files 1.1. Sampling|§1.1@), "
"digitization also involves quantization, which is the conversion of a sample value "
"into a number that fits into 8 or 16 bits.")
MAN_END
@@ -87,9 +87,9 @@ NORMAL (L"The bulk of most sound files is formed by the samples. "
"The sample part is usually preceded by a header, which contains "
"information about:")
LIST_ITEM (L"1. The type of file (WAV, AIFF, AIFC, NeXT/Sun, NIST, Kay, FLAC...).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"2. The sampling frequency (@@Sound files 1.1. Sampling|\\SS1.1@).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"3. The encoding (linear, 8 or 16 bit, byte order, \\mu-law, A-law, see @@Sound files 1.2. Quantization|\\SS1.2@).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"4. The number of channels (mono, stereo, see @@Sound files 1.3. Channels|\\SS1.3@).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"2. The sampling frequency (@@Sound files 1.1. Sampling|§1.1@).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"3. The encoding (linear, 8 or 16 bit, byte order, μ-law, A-law, see @@Sound files 1.2. Quantization|§1.2@).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"4. The number of channels (mono, stereo, see @@Sound files 1.3. Channels|§1.3@).")
LIST_ITEM (L"5. The duration (usually the number of samples).")
MAN_END
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ NORMAL (L"For instance, a stereo sound with a duration of 3 seconds, sampled at
"would, when written into a 16-bit NeXT/Sun file, take up a disk space of")
FORMULA (L"28 + 2 * 3.0 * 44100 * 2 = 529228 bytes")
NORMAL (L"whereas the same sound, when averaged to mono, downsampled to 8000 Hz, "
- "and written into a \\mu-law NeXT/Sun file, take up only a disk space of")
+ "and written into a μ-law NeXT/Sun file, take up only a disk space of")
FORMULA (L"28 + 1 * 3.0 * 8000 * 1 = 24028 bytes")
NORMAL (L"The first example is typical of CD quality, the second of telephone speech.")
MAN_END
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Sound files 2.3. AIFC files", L"ppgb", 20040223)
NORMAL (L"AIFC is short for AIFF(C) or AIFF-C, i.e. the Audio Interchange File Format "
- "(@@Sound files 2.2. AIFF files|\\SS2.2@) with optional compression.")
+ "(@@Sound files 2.2. AIFF files|§2.2@) with optional compression.")
NORMAL (L"Praat reads and write uncompressed AIFC files, but does not support compressed AIFC files.")
MAN_END
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ NORMAL (L"To read a #Sound from a Sun audio file on disk, use @@Read from file..
"After you click OK, Praat determines the encoding of the file. "
"If the encoding is 16-bit linear, the 16-bit sample values are divided by 32768 so that the amplitude "
"of the resulting Sound is between -1.0 and +1.0. "
- "If the encoding is 8-bit %\\mu-law, the 16-bit sample value is determined by table look-up first.")
+ "If the encoding is 8-bit %μ-law, the 16-bit sample value is determined by table look-up first.")
NORMAL (L"The resulting Sound will appear in the list of objects; "
"its name will be equal to the file name, without extension.")
ENTRY (L"Saving")
@@ -163,15 +163,15 @@ MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Sound files 2.5. NIST files", L"ppgb", 20040223)
NORMAL (L"An audio file type used by speech researchers. Used, for instance, in the TIMIT database. "
- "Praat reads several kinds of NIST files: big-endian, little-endian, \\mu-law, A-law, Polyphone. "
+ "Praat reads several kinds of NIST files: big-endian, little-endian, μ-law, A-law, Polyphone. "
"NIST files compressed with #shorten are no longer supported "
- "(see @@Sound files 1.6. Compression|\\SS1.6@)")
+ "(see @@Sound files 1.6. Compression|§1.6@)")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Sound files 2.6. FLAC files", L"Erez Volk", 20070514)
NORMAL (L"A lossless compressed audio format (see ##http://flac.sourceforge.net##). "
"Praat reads FLAC files in all bitrate/frequency settings "
- "(see also @@Sound files 1.6. Compression|\\SS1.6@)")
+ "(see also @@Sound files 1.6. Compression|§1.6@)")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Sound files 3. Files that Praat can read", L"ppgb", 20070602)
@@ -179,52 +179,52 @@ INTRO (L"Praat can read five types of standard sound files in several formats, "
"and a number of proprietary types of sound files as well.")
ENTRY (L"Standard sound files")
NORMAL (L"The @@Open menu@ contains two commands for opening sound files:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu With @@Read from file...@, you read the entire file into memory. "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• With @@Read from file...@, you read the entire file into memory. "
"A @Sound object will appear in the list. "
"This is appropriate if your sound is not too long to fit into memory. "
"The advantage of having a @Sound object is that you can perform analysis "
"on it directly.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu With @@Open long sound file...@, you open a sound file that is too long "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• With @@Open long sound file...@, you open a sound file that is too long "
"to read into memory completely. A @LongSound object will appear in the list. "
"You will typically choose #View to view the contents of this sound and analyse it. "
"Praat will only read so much of the file into memory as is needed to play or display "
"parts of it.")
NORMAL (L"Both commands understand the following five standard audio file formats:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu WAV:")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu linear 16-bit little-endian")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu 8-bit \\mu-law")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu 8-bit A-law")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu linear 8-bit unsigned")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu AIFF or AIFC:")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu linear 16-bit big-endian")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu linear 8-bit signed")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu NeXT/Sun (.au):")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu linear 16-bit big-endian")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu 8-bit \\mu-law")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu 8-bit A-law")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu linear 8-bit signed")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu NIST:")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu linear 16-bit little-endian")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu linear 16-bit big-endian")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu 8-bit \\mu-law")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu 8-bit A-law")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu linear 8-bit signed")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu FLAC:")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit or 32-bit")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu all sampling frequencies")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu MP3:")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu all constant or variable bitrates")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• WAV:")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• linear 16-bit little-endian")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• 8-bit μ-law")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• 8-bit A-law")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• linear 8-bit unsigned")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• AIFF or AIFC:")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• linear 16-bit big-endian")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• linear 8-bit signed")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• NeXT/Sun (.au):")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• linear 16-bit big-endian")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• 8-bit μ-law")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• 8-bit A-law")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• linear 8-bit signed")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• NIST:")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• linear 16-bit little-endian")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• linear 16-bit big-endian")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• 8-bit μ-law")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• 8-bit A-law")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• linear 8-bit signed")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• FLAC:")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit or 32-bit")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• all sampling frequencies")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• MP3:")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• all constant or variable bitrates")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Sound files 4. Files that Praat can write", L"ppgb", 20110129)
INTRO (L"Praat can write five types of standard sound files in an appropriate linear 16-bit formats, "
"and a number of proprietary types of sound files as well:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Save as WAV file...@ (16-bit little-endian)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Save as AIFF file...@ (16-bit big-endian)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Save as AIFC file...@ (16-bit big-endian)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Save as NeXT/Sun file...@ (16-bit big-endian)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Save as NIST file...@ (16-bit little-endian)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Save as FLAC file...@ (16-bit)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Save as WAV file...@ (16-bit little-endian)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Save as AIFF file...@ (16-bit big-endian)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Save as AIFC file...@ (16-bit big-endian)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Save as NeXT/Sun file...@ (16-bit big-endian)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Save as NIST file...@ (16-bit little-endian)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Save as FLAC file...@ (16-bit)")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"AIFF and AIFC files", L"ppgb", 20110131)
@@ -235,19 +235,19 @@ NORMAL (L"@@Read from file...@ recognizes AIFF and AIFC files with 8-bit and 16-
"but not compressed AIFC files. It recognizes any sampling frequency. The two channels of stereo files "
"are averaged. ##Read two Sounds from AIFF file...# reads both channels separately and names "
"them %left and %right.")
-NORMAL (L"The sample values are divided by 2^^(%numberOfBitsPerSample \\-- 1)^, "
- "so that the amplitude of the resulting Sound is between \\--1.0 and +1.0; "
+NORMAL (L"The sample values are divided by 2^^(%numberOfBitsPerSample – 1)^, "
+ "so that the amplitude of the resulting Sound is between –1.0 and +1.0; "
"the maximum sound pressure level for a sine wave is therefore: "
- "20 \\.c ^^10^log (\\Vr2 / 2\\.c10^^\\--5^) = 91 dB.")
+ "20 · ^^10^log (√2 / 2·10^^–5^) = 91 dB.")
NORMAL (L"The resulting Sound will appear in the List of Objects; "
"its name will be equal to the file name, without extension.")
ENTRY (L"Saving")
NORMAL (L"With @@Save as AIFF file... at .")
NORMAL (L"The samples of the Sound are multiplied by 32768 "
- "and quantized between \\--32768 and 32767.")
+ "and quantized between –32768 and 32767.")
NORMAL (L"To avoid clipping, keep the absolute amplitude below 1.000. "
"If the maximum sound pressure level is 91 dB (top = 32767), "
- "the quantization threshold is (top = 1/2) \\--5 dB.")
+ "the quantization threshold is (top = 1/2) –5 dB.")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Save as WAV file...", L"ppgb", 20110129)
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ MAN_BEGIN (L"Sound files 2.7. MP3 files", L"Erez Volk", 20070601)
NORMAL (L"A ubiquitous lossy audio compression format. "
"Praat supports MP3 decoding through the MPEG Audio Decoder library "
"##http://www.underbit.com/products/mad/##. "
- "(see also @@Sound files 1.6. Compression|\\SS1.6@)")
+ "(see also @@Sound files 1.6. Compression|§1.6@)")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"NIST files", L"Erez Volk", 20110131)
@@ -329,16 +329,16 @@ NORMAL (L"This only works if all the sounds have the same sampling frequency "
ENTRY (L"Available formats")
NORMAL (L"The format of the original sound files may be 16-bit linear "
"(with big-endian or little-endian byte order), 8-bit linear (signed or unsigned), "
- "8-bit \\mu-law, or 8-bit A-law. The format of the resulting sound file is always "
+ "8-bit μ-law, or 8-bit A-law. The format of the resulting sound file is always "
"16-bit linear, with an appropriate default byte order. The following commands "
"are available in the @@Save menu@ of you select any combination of @LongSound "
"and/or @Sound objects:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Save as WAV file...@ (little-endian)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Save as AIFF file...@ (big-endian)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Save as AIFC file...@ (big-endian)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Save as NeXT/Sun file...@ (big-endian)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Save as NIST file...@ (little-endian)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Save as FLAC file...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Save as WAV file...@ (little-endian)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Save as AIFF file...@ (big-endian)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Save as AIFC file...@ (big-endian)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Save as NeXT/Sun file...@ (big-endian)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Save as NIST file...@ (little-endian)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Save as FLAC file...@")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"LongSound", L"ppgb", 20110131)
@@ -381,10 +381,10 @@ MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"LongSoundEditor", L"ppgb", 20041124)
INTRO (L"One of the @Editors in Praat, for viewing a @LongSound object.")
NORMAL (L"This viewer allows you:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu to view and hear parts of the sound as it is on disk;")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu to copy a selected part as a @Sound object to the list of objects, so that you "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• to view and hear parts of the sound as it is on disk;")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• to copy a selected part as a @Sound object to the list of objects, so that you "
"can perform analyses on it or save it to a smaller sound file;")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu to copy a selected part as a @Sound object to the @Sound clipboard, "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• to copy a selected part as a @Sound object to the @Sound clipboard, "
"so that you can paste it into another Sound object that you are viewing in a @SoundEditor.")
NORMAL (L"To label and segment the LongSound object, use the @TextGridEditor instead (see @LongSound).")
NORMAL (L"The display and playback of the samples is restricted to 60 seconds at a time, for reasons of speed "
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ ENTRY (L"Reading")
NORMAL (L"With @@Read from file... at .")
NORMAL (L"To read a Sound from a Macintosh sound file on disk, use @@Read from file...@ (Macintosh only).")
NORMAL (L"The 8-bit sample values are divided by 128 so that the amplitude "
- "of the resulting Sound is between \\--1.0 and +1.0.")
+ "of the resulting Sound is between –1.0 and +1.0.")
NORMAL (L"The resulting Sound will appear in the list of objects; "
"its name will be equal to the file name, without extension.")
ENTRY (L"Saving")
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ INTRO (L"A command in the @@Open menu@ that creates a @LongSound object.")
NORMAL (L"The file will be opened for reading only. The file stays open until you remove the LongSound object.")
MAN_END
-MAN_BEGIN (L"Sesam/LVS files", L"ppgb", 20110131)
+MAN_BEGIN (L"Sesam/LVS files", L"ppgb", 20141001)
INTRO (L"A way for storing a @Sound object on disk.")
ENTRY (L"File format")
NORMAL (L"The sound files used by the SESAM and LVS programs. Each sample is normally quantized into 12 bits.")
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ NORMAL (L"The 12-bit sample values are divided by 2048 so that the amplitude "
NORMAL (L"The resulting #Sound will appear in the List of Objects; "
"its name will be equal to the file name, without extension.")
NORMAL (L"If the sound was encoded in 16 bits per sample, you should divide by 16 after reading "
- "(with $$Formula... self/16$)")
+ "(with $$Formula: \"self/16\"$)")
ENTRY (L"Saving")
NORMAL (L"With ##Save as Sesam file...#. Praat then asks you for a file name. "
"After you click OK, the samples of the Sound are multiplied by 2048 "
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ NORMAL (L"To avoid clipping, keep the absolute amplitude below 1.000. "
"If the maximum sound pressure level is 91 dB (top = 2047), "
"the quantization threshold is (top = 1/2) 19 dB.")
NORMAL (L"If you prefer 16-bit encoding, you should multiply by 16 before saving "
- "(with $$Formula... self*16$)")
+ "(with $$Formula: \"self*16\"$)")
MAN_END
}
diff --git a/fon/manual_spectrum.cpp b/fon/manual_spectrum.cpp
index 573bd95..7e1e5ca 100644
--- a/fon/manual_spectrum.cpp
+++ b/fon/manual_spectrum.cpp
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ MAN_BEGIN (L"Ltas", L"ppgb", 20070320)
INTRO (L"One of the @@types of objects@ in Praat. "
"#Ltas is short for Long-Term Average Spectrum.")
NORMAL (L"An object of class Ltas represents the logarithmic @@power spectral density@ as a function of frequency, "
- "expressed in dB/Hz relative to 2\\.c10^^-5^ Pa. ")
+ "expressed in dB/Hz relative to 2·10^^-5^ Pa. ")
ENTRY (L"Inside an Ltas object")
NORMAL (L"With @Inspect, you will see the following attributes:")
TAG (L"%x__%min_")
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ DEFINITION (L"the bottom of the frequency domain, in hertz. Usually 0.")
TAG (L"%x__%max_")
DEFINITION (L"the top of the frequency domain, in hertz.")
TAG (L"%n__%x_")
-DEFINITION (L"the number of frequency bins (\\>_ 1).")
+DEFINITION (L"the number of frequency bins (≥ 1).")
TAG (L"%dx")
DEFINITION (L"the frequency step, or %%bin width%, in hertz.")
TAG (L"%x__1_")
@@ -139,9 +139,9 @@ TAG (L"##Bin number")
DEFINITION (L"the bin number whose frequency is sought.")
ENTRY (L"Algorithm")
NORMAL (L"the result is")
-FORMULA (L"%f__1_ + (%binNumber - 1) \\.c \\De%f")
+FORMULA (L"%f__1_ + (%binNumber - 1) · Δ%f")
NORMAL (L"where %f__1_ is the frequency associated with the centre of the first bin, "
- "and \\De%f is the bin width.")
+ "and Δ%f is the bin width.")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Ltas: Get frequency of maximum...", L"ppgb", 20110701)
@@ -216,10 +216,10 @@ DEFINITION (L"the frequency range. Values outside this range are ignored. "
"If ##To frequency# is not greater than ##From frequency#, the entire frequency domain of the Ltas is considered.")
ENTRY (L"Algorithm")
NORMAL (L"The mean value between the frequencies %f__1_ and %f__2_ is defined as")
-FORMULA (L"1/(%f__2_ - %f__1_) \\in__%%f%1_^^%%f%2^ %df %x(%f)")
+FORMULA (L"1/(%f__2_ - %f__1_) ∫__%%f%1_^^%%f%2^ %df %x(%f)")
NORMAL (L"where %x(%f) is the LTAS as a function of frequency, expressed in dB. "
"For our discrete Ltas object, this mean is approximated by")
-FORMULA (L"1/%n \\su__%i=%m..%m+%n-1_ %x__%i_")
+FORMULA (L"1/%n ∑__%i=%m..%m+%n-1_ %x__%i_")
NORMAL (L"where %n is the number of band centres between %f__1_ and %f__2_.")
MAN_END
@@ -257,10 +257,10 @@ DEFINITION (L"the frequency window. Values outside this domain are ignored. "
"If ##To frequency# is not greater than ##From frequency#, the entire frequency domain of the Ltas is considered.")
ENTRY (L"Algorithm")
NORMAL (L"The standard deviation between the frequencies %f__1_ and %f__2_ is defined as")
-FORMULA (L"1/(%f__2_ - %f__1_) \\in__%%f%1_^^%%f%2^ %df (%x(%f) - %\\mu)^2")
-NORMAL (L"where %x(%f) is the LTAS as a function of frequency, and %\\mu its mean. "
+FORMULA (L"1/(%f__2_ – %f__1_) ∫__%%f%1_^^%%f%2^ %df (%x(%f) – %μ)^2")
+NORMAL (L"where %x(%f) is the LTAS as a function of frequency, and %μ its mean. "
"For our discrete Ltas object, the standard deviation is approximated by")
-FORMULA (L"1/(%n-1) \\su__%i=%m..%m+%n-1_ (%x__%i_ - %\\mu)^2")
+FORMULA (L"1/(%n–1) ∑__%i=%m..%m+%n-1_ (%x__%i_ – %μ)^2")
NORMAL (L"where %n is the number of band centres between %f__1_ and %f__2_. Note the \"minus 1\".")
MAN_END
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ DEFINITION (L"the duration of the analysis window, in seconds. If this is 0.005
"(for Gaussian windows, Praat actually uses a bit more than that). "
"The window length determines the %bandwidth of the spectral analysis, i.e. the width of the horizontal line "
"in the spectrogram of a pure sine wave. "
- "For a Gaussian window, the -3 dB bandwidth is 2*sqrt(6*ln(2))/(\\pi*%%Window length%), "
+ "For a Gaussian window, the -3 dB bandwidth is 2*sqrt(6*ln(2))/(%π*%%Window length%), "
"or 1.2982804 / %%Window length%. "
"To get a `broad-band' spectrogram (bandwidth 260 Hz), set %%Window length% to 5 milliseconds; "
"to get a `narrow-band' spectrogram (bandwidth 43 Hz), set it to 30 milliseconds. "
@@ -328,10 +328,10 @@ DEFINITION (L"determines the shape of the analysis window. "
"it analyzes a factor of 2 slower than the other window shapes, "
"because the analysis is actually performed on twice as many samples per frame.")
NORMAL (L"For purposes of computation speed, Praat may decide to change the time step and the frequency step. "
- "This is because the time step never needs to be smaller than 1/(8\\Vr\\pi) of the window length, "
- "and the frequency step never needs to be smaller than (\\Vr\\pi)/8 of the inverse of the window length. "
- "For instance, if the window length is 29 ms, the actual time step will be never be less than 29/(8\\Vr\\pi) = 2.045 ms. "
- "And if the window length is 5 ms, the actual frequency step will never be less than (\\Vr\\pi)/8/0.005 = 44.31 Hz.")
+ "This is because the time step never needs to be smaller than 1/(8√%π) of the window length, "
+ "and the frequency step never needs to be smaller than (√%π)/8 of the inverse of the window length. "
+ "For instance, if the window length is 29 ms, the actual time step will be never be less than 29/(8√%π) = 2.045 ms. "
+ "And if the window length is 5 ms, the actual frequency step will never be less than (√%π)/8/0.005 = 44.31 Hz.")
ENTRY (L"Tests of the bandwidth")
NORMAL (L"You can check the bandwidth formula with the following procedure:")
CODE (L"! create a 1000-Hz sine wave, windowed by a 0.2-seconds Gaussian window.")
@@ -410,39 +410,39 @@ ENTRY (L"Mathematical procedure")
NORMAL (L"For the Fourier transform, the Praat-defined @@time domain@ of the @Sound is ignored. "
"Instead, its time domain is considered to run from %t=0 to %t=%T, "
"where %t=0 is supposed to be aligned with the first sample, "
- "and %T is the total duration of the samples, i.e. %%N%\\De%t, "
- "where %N is the number of samples and \\De%t is the @@sampling period at . "
- "Thus, the last sample lies at %t=%T-\\De%t.")
+ "and %T is the total duration of the samples, i.e. %%N%Δ%t, "
+ "where %N is the number of samples and Δe%t is the @@sampling period at . "
+ "Thus, the last sample lies at %t=%T–Δ%t.")
NORMAL (L"For a sound %x(%t), defined for all times %t in the domain (0, %T), "
"the complex spectrum %X(%f) for any frequency %f is the forward Fourier transform of %x(%t), with a negative exponent:")
-FORMULA (L"%X(%f) = \\in__0_^^%T^ %x(%t) %e^^-2%%\\piift%^ %dt")
-NORMAL (L"If the Sound is expressed in Pascal (Pa), the Spectrum is expressed in Pa\\.cs, or Pa/Hz. "
+FORMULA (L"%X(%f) = ∫__0_^^%T^ %x(%t) %e^^-2%%πift%^ %dt")
+NORMAL (L"If the Sound is expressed in Pascal (Pa), the Spectrum is expressed in Pa·s, or Pa/Hz. "
"Since a @Spectrum object can only contain a finite number of frequency samples, "
- "it is only computed for frequencies that are multiples of \\De%f = 1/%T. "
+ "it is only computed for frequencies that are multiples of Δ%f = 1/%T. "
"The number of those frequencies is determined by the number of samples %N of the sound.")
NORMAL (L"If %N is odd, there will be %N frequency samples. For instance, if the sound has 20,457 samples, "
- "the spectrum will be computed at the frequencies -10,228\\De%f, -10,227\\De%f, ..., -\\De%f, 0, +\\De%f, ..., "
- "+10,227\\De%f, +10,228\\De%f. If we suppose that a frequency sample represents a frequency bin with a width of \\De%f, "
+ "the spectrum will be computed at the frequencies -10,228Δ%f, -10,227Δ%f, ..., –Δ%f, 0, +Δ%f, ..., "
+ "+10,227Δ%f, +10,228Δ%f. If we suppose that a frequency sample represents a frequency bin with a width of Δ%f, "
"we see that the frequency samples span adjacent frequency ranges, "
- "e.g. the first sample runs from -10,228.5\\De%f to -10,227.5\\De%f, the second from -10,227.5\\De%f to -10,226.5\\De%f. "
+ "e.g. the first sample runs from -10,228.5Δ%f to -10,227.5Δ%f, the second from -10,227.5Δ%f to -10,226.5Δ%f. "
"Together, the frequency samples span the frequency domain of the spectrum, "
- "which runs from -%F to +%F, where %F = 10,228.5\\De%f. "
+ "which runs from -%F to +%F, where %F = 10,228.5Δ%f. "
"We can see that this frequency equals one half of the @@sampling frequency@ of the original sound: "
- "%F = 10,228.5\\De%f = 10,228.5/%T = 10,228.5/(20,457\\De%t) = 0.5/\\De%t. This is the so-called @@Nyquist frequency at .")
+ "%F = 10,228.5Δ%f = 10,228.5/%T = 10,228.5/(20,457Δ%t) = 0.5/Δ%t. This is the so-called @@Nyquist frequency at .")
NORMAL (L"If %N is even, there will be %N+1 frequency samples. For instance, if the sound has 32,768 samples, "
- "the spectrum will be computed at the frequencies -16,384\\De%f, -16,383\\De%f, ..., -\\De%f, 0, +\\De%f, ..., "
- "+16,383\\De%f, +16,384\\De%f. Again, the frequency samples span adjacent frequency ranges, "
+ "the spectrum will be computed at the frequencies -16,384Δ%f, -16,383Δ%f, ..., -Δ%f, 0, +Δ%f, ..., "
+ "+16,383Δ%f, +16,384Δ%f. Again, the frequency samples span adjacent frequency ranges, "
"but the first and last samples are only half as wide as the rest, "
- "i.e. the first sample runs from -16,384\\De%f to -16,383.5\\De%f, the second from -16,383.5\\De%f to -16,382.5\\De%f, "
- "and the last from +16,383.5\\De%f to +16,384\\De%f. "
+ "i.e. the first sample runs from -16,384Δ%f to -16,383.5Δ%f, the second from -16,383.5Δ%f to -16,382.5Δ%f, "
+ "and the last from +16,383.5Δ%f to +16,384Δ%f. "
"Together, the frequency samples again span the frequency domain of the spectrum, "
- "which runs from -%F to +%F, where %F = 16,384\\De%f = 0.5/\\De%t, the Nyquist frequency.")
+ "which runs from –%F to +%F, where %F = 16,384Δ%f = 0.5/Δ%t, the Nyquist frequency.")
ENTRY (L"Storage")
NORMAL (L"In a @Spectrum object, Praat stores the real and imaginary parts of the complex spectrum separately. "
"The real part is equal to the cosine transform:")
-FORMULA (L"re %X(%f) = \\in__0_^^%T^ %x(%t) cos (2%%\\pift%) %dt")
+FORMULA (L"re %X(%f) = ∫__0_^^%T^ %x(%t) cos (2%%πft%) %dt")
NORMAL (L"The imaginary part is equal to the reverse of the sine transform:")
-FORMULA (L"im %X(%f) = - \\in__0_^^%T^ %x(%t) sin (2%%\\pift%) %dt")
+FORMULA (L"im %X(%f) = – ∫__0_^^%T^ %x(%t) sin (2%%πft%) %dt")
NORMAL (L"The complex spectrum can be reconstructed from the real and imaginary part as follows:")
FORMULA (L"%X(%f) = re %X(%f) + %i im %X(%f)")
NORMAL (L"Since the cosine is a symmetric function of %t and the sine is an antisymmetric function of %t, "
@@ -450,22 +450,22 @@ NORMAL (L"Since the cosine is a symmetric function of %t and the sine is an anti
"positive frequency:")
FORMULA (L"%X(-%f) = re %X(-%f) + %i im %X(-%f) = re %X(%f) - %i im %X(%f) = %X^*(%f)")
NORMAL (L"For purposes of storage, therefore, the negative frequencies are superfluous. "
- "For this reason, the Spectrum object stores re %X(%f) and im %X(%f) only for frequencies %f = 0, \\De%f, 2\\De%f... "
+ "For this reason, the Spectrum object stores re %X(%f) and im %X(%f) only for frequencies %f = 0, Δ%f, 2Δ%f... "
"In the case of a sound with 20,457 samples, the Spectrum object contains the real part of %X(0) "
"(its imaginary part is always zero), and the real and imaginary parts of %X(%f) "
- "for frequencies from \\De%f to 10,228\\De%f, which makes in total 1+2\\.c10,228 = 20,457 real values. "
- "In the case of a sound with 32,768 samples, the Spectrum object contains the real parts of %X(0) and %X(16,384\\De%f) "
+ "for frequencies from Δ%f to 10,228Δ%f, which makes in total 1+2·10,228 = 20,457 real values. "
+ "In the case of a sound with 32,768 samples, the Spectrum object contains the real parts of %X(0) and %X(16,384Δ%f) "
"(their imaginary parts are always zero), and the real and imaginary parts of %X(%f) "
- "for frequencies from \\De%f to 16,383\\De%f, which makes in total 2+2\\.c16,383 = 32,768 real values.")
+ "for frequencies from Δ%f to 16,383Δ%f, which makes in total 2+2·16,383 = 32,768 real values.")
NORMAL (L"Since the negative frequencies have been removed, the frequency domain now runs from 0 to %F. "
- "This means that the first frequency bin is now only 0.5\\De%f wide (i.e. as wide as the last bin for even-%N spectra), "
+ "This means that the first frequency bin is now only 0.5Δ%f wide (i.e. as wide as the last bin for even-%N spectra), "
"which has consequences for computations of energies.")
ENTRY (L"Behaviour")
NORMAL (L"If you perform @@Spectrum: To Sound@ on the resulting Spectrum object, "
"a Sound is created that is equal to the original Sound (or to the original Sound with appended zeroes).")
ENTRY (L"Properties")
NORMAL (L"The frequency integral over the squared Spectrum equals the time integral over the squared Sound:")
-FORMULA (L"\\in__-%F_^^+%F^ |%X(%f)|^2 %df = \\in__0_^%T |%x(%t)|^2 %dt")
+FORMULA (L"∫__-%F_^^+%F^ |%X(%f)|^2 %df = ∫__0_^%T |%x(%t)|^2 %dt")
NORMAL (L"This is called %%Parceval's theorem%.")
/*
Copy... square
@@ -502,25 +502,25 @@ DEFINITION (L"start time, in seconds.")
TAG (L"%xmax")
DEFINITION (L"end time, in seconds.")
TAG (L"%nx")
-DEFINITION (L"the number of times (\\>_ 1).")
+DEFINITION (L"the number of times (≥ 1).")
TAG (L"%dx")
DEFINITION (L"time step, in seconds.")
TAG (L"%x1")
DEFINITION (L"the time associated with the first column, in seconds. "
"This will usually be in the range [%xmin, %xmax]. "
- "The time associated with the last column (i.e., %x1 + (%nx \\-- 1) %dx)) "
+ "The time associated with the last column (i.e., %x1 + (%nx – 1) %dx)) "
"will also usually be in that range.")
TAG (L"%ymin")
DEFINITION (L"lowest frequency, in Hertz. Normally 0.")
TAG (L"%ymax")
DEFINITION (L"highest frequency, in Hertz.")
TAG (L"%ny")
-DEFINITION (L"the number of frequencies (\\>_ 1).")
+DEFINITION (L"the number of frequencies (≥ 1).")
TAG (L"%dy")
DEFINITION (L"frequency step, in Hertz.")
TAG (L"%y1")
DEFINITION (L"the frequency associated with the first row, in Hertz. Usually %dy / 2. "
- "The frequency associated with the last row (i.e., %y1 + (%ny \\-- 1) %dy)) "
+ "The frequency associated with the last row (i.e., %y1 + (%ny – 1) %dy)) "
"will often be %ymax - %dy / 2.")
TAG (L"%z__%ij_, %i = 1 ... %ny, %j = 1 ... %nx")
DEFINITION (L"the power spectral density, in Pa^2/Hz. ")
@@ -578,22 +578,22 @@ INTRO (L"One of the @@types of objects@ in Praat. A Spectrum object represents "
"For detailed information, see @@Sound: To Spectrum... at .")
ENTRY (L"Spectrum commands")
NORMAL (L"Creation:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound: To Spectrum...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound: To Spectrum...")
NORMAL (L"Queries:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get centre of gravity...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get standard deviation...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get skewness...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get kurtosis...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get central moment...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get centre of gravity...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get standard deviation...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get skewness...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get kurtosis...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get central moment...")
NORMAL (L"Modification:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Filter (pass Hann band)...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Filter (stop Hann band)...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Formula...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Filter (pass Hann band)...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Filter (stop Hann band)...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Formula...")
NORMAL (L"Conversion:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: To Ltas (1-to-1)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: To Spectrogram")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: To Ltas (1-to-1)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: To Spectrogram")
NORMAL (L"Synthesis:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: To Sound")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: To Sound")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Spectrum: Filter (pass Hann band)...", L"ppgb", 20030916)
@@ -643,11 +643,11 @@ MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Spectrum: Get central moment...", L"ppgb", 20020323)
INTRO (L"A command to query the selected @Spectrum object.")
NORMAL (L"If the complex spectrum is given by %S(%f), the %%n%th central spectral moment is given by")
-FORMULA (L"\\in__0_^\\oo (%f \\-- %f__%c_)^%n |%S(%f)|^%p %df")
+FORMULA (L"∫__0_^∞ (%f – %f__%c_)^%n |%S(%f)|^%p %df")
NORMAL (L"divided by the \"energy\"")
-FORMULA (L"\\in__0_^\\oo |%S(%f)|^%p %df")
+FORMULA (L"∫__0_^∞ |%S(%f)|^%p %df")
NORMAL (L"In this formula, %f__%c_ is the spectral centre of gravity (see @@Spectrum: Get centre of gravity...@). "
- "Thus, the %%n%th central moment is the average of (%f \\-- %f__%c_)^%n over the entire frequency domain, "
+ "Thus, the %%n%th central moment is the average of (%f – %f__%c_)^%n over the entire frequency domain, "
"weighted by |%S(%f)|^%p. For %p = 2, the weighting is done by the power spectrum, and for %p = 1, "
"the weighting is done by the absolute spectrum. A value of %p = 2/3 has been seen as well.")
ENTRY (L"Settings")
@@ -663,19 +663,19 @@ NORMAL (L"For %n = 1, the central moment should be zero, since the centre of gra
"to normalize it, you can divide by the 1.5 power of the second moment. For %n = 4, you get the "
"non-normalized spectral kurtosis; to normalize it, you can divide by the square of the second moment "
"and subtract 3. Praat can directly give you the quantities mentioned here:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get centre of gravity...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get standard deviation...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get skewness...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get kurtosis...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get centre of gravity...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get standard deviation...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get skewness...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get kurtosis...")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Spectrum: Get centre of gravity...", L"ppgb", 20070225)
INTRO (L"A command to query the selected @Spectrum object.")
NORMAL (L"If the complex spectrum is given by %S(%f), where %f is the frequency, the %%centre of gravity% "
"is given by")
-FORMULA (L"\\in__0_^\\oo %f |%S(%f)|^%p %df")
+FORMULA (L"∫__0_^∞ %f |%S(%f)|^%p %df")
NORMAL (L"divided by the \"energy\"")
-FORMULA (L"\\in__0_^\\oo |%S(%f)|^%p %df")
+FORMULA (L"∫__0_^∞ |%S(%f)|^%p %df")
NORMAL (L"Thus, the centre of gravity is the average of %f over the entire frequency domain, "
"weighted by |%S(%f)|^%p. For %p = 2, the weighting is done by the power spectrum, and for %p = 1, "
"the weighting is done by the absolute spectrum. A value of %p = 2/3 has been seen as well.")
@@ -690,10 +690,10 @@ NORMAL (L"The spectral centre of gravity is a measure for how high the frequenci
"the centre of gravity is 5512.5 Hz, i.e. one half of the @@Nyquist frequency at .")
ENTRY (L"Related measures")
NORMAL (L"The centre of gravity is used in the computation of spectral moments:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get central moment...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get standard deviation...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get skewness...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get kurtosis...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get central moment...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get standard deviation...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get skewness...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get kurtosis...")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Spectrum: Get kurtosis...", L"ppgb", 20020323)
@@ -710,10 +710,10 @@ NORMAL (L"The kurtosis is a measure for how much the shape of the spectrum aroun
"%%centre of gravity% is different from a Gaussian shape. "
"For a white noise, the kurtosis is -6/5.")
ENTRY (L"Related measures")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get centre of gravity...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get central moment...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get standard deviation...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get skewness...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get centre of gravity...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get central moment...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get standard deviation...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get skewness...")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Spectrum: Get skewness...", L"ppgb", 20020323)
@@ -730,10 +730,10 @@ NORMAL (L"The skewness is a measure for how much the shape of the spectrum below
"%%centre of gravity% is different from the shape above the mean frequency. "
"For a white noise, the skewness is zero.")
ENTRY (L"Related measures")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get centre of gravity...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get central moment...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get standard deviation...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get kurtosis...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get centre of gravity...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get central moment...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get standard deviation...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get kurtosis...")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Spectrum: Get standard deviation...", L"ppgb", 20020323)
@@ -748,21 +748,21 @@ ENTRY (L"Interpretation")
NORMAL (L"The standard deviation is a measure for how much the frequencies in a spectrum can deviate from "
"the %%centre of gravity%. "
"For a sine wave, the standard deviation is zero. For a white noise, the standard deviation "
- "is the @@Nyquist frequency@ divided by \\Vr12.")
+ "is the @@Nyquist frequency@ divided by √12.")
ENTRY (L"Related measures")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get centre of gravity...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get central moment...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get skewness...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Get kurtosis...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get centre of gravity...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get central moment...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get skewness...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Get kurtosis...")
MAN_END
-MAN_BEGIN (L"Spectrum: To Ltas (1-to-1)", L"ppgb", 19980327)
+MAN_BEGIN (L"Spectrum: To Ltas (1-to-1)", L"ppgb", 20141001)
INTRO (L"A command for converting each selected @Spectrum object into an @Ltas object without loss of frequency resolution.")
ENTRY (L"Algorithm")
NORMAL (L"Each band %b__%i_ in the Ltas is computed from a single frequency sample %s__%i_ in the Spectrum as follows:")
-FORMULA (L"%b__%i_ = 2 ((Re (%s__%i_))^2 + (Im (%s__%i_))^2) / 4.0\\.c10^^-10^")
+FORMULA (L"%b__%i_ = 2 ((re (%s__%i_))^2 + (im (%s__%i_))^2) / 4.0·10^^-10^")
NORMAL (L"If the original Spectrum is expressible in Pa / Hz (sound pressure in air), the Ltas values "
- "are in \"dB/Hz\" relative to the auditory threshold at 1000 Hz (2\\.c10^^-5^ Pa).")
+ "are in \"dB/Hz\" relative to the auditory threshold at 1000 Hz (2·10^^-5^ Pa).")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Spectrum: To Sound", L"ppgb", 200411123)
diff --git a/fon/manual_tutorials.cpp b/fon/manual_tutorials.cpp
index 5927b43..e36460a 100644
--- a/fon/manual_tutorials.cpp
+++ b/fon/manual_tutorials.cpp
@@ -23,1616 +23,1620 @@
void manual_tutorials_init (ManPages me);
void manual_tutorials_init (ManPages me) {
-MAN_BEGIN (L"What's new?", L"ppgb", 20140928)
+MAN_BEGIN (L"What's new?", L"ppgb", 20141004)
INTRO (L"Latest changes in Praat.")
-/*LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Manual page about @@drawing a vowel triangle at .")*/
+/*LIST_ITEM (L"• Manual page about @@drawing a vowel triangle at .")*/
+NORMAL (L"##5.4# (4 October 2014)")
+NORMAL (L"##5.3.87# (3 October 2014)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows scripting: prevented incorrect handling of relative paths after the use of chooseReadFile\\$ .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: repaired a bug that could cause Praat to crash if a metafile resolution was 180 or 1200 dpi.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.86# (28 September 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux audio: reverted to old version of PortAudio because of race problems in the Alsa–PulseAudio cooperation.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux audio: reverted to old version of PortAudio because of race problems in the Alsa–PulseAudio cooperation.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.85# (19 September 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Mac audio: circumvented a bug in PortAudio by which playback of sounds with sampling frequencies "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Mac audio: circumvented a bug in PortAudio by which playback of sounds with sampling frequencies "
"below 44100 Hz could be distorted on some USB headsets.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.84# (26 August 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Manipulation: repaired a bug that could cause Praat to crash when playing a manipulation of a Sound created by the SpeechSynthesizer.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Manipulation: repaired a bug that could cause Praat to crash when playing a manipulation of a Sound created by the SpeechSynthesizer.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.83# (16 August 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid window: repaired a bug with automatic alignment that could cause an analysis tier to go out of order.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux audio: created a second workaround that reduces even more the chances of a freeze that is due to a potential deadlock "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid window: repaired a bug with automatic alignment that could cause an analysis tier to go out of order.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux audio: created a second workaround that reduces even more the chances of a freeze that is due to a potential deadlock "
"in the collaboration between Alsa and PulseAudio that can occur when the playback of a sound is cancelled.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Smoother communication with Phon.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: repaired a memory leak when saving PNG files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Smoother communication with Phon.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: repaired a memory leak when saving PNG files.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.82# (26 July 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Audio playback: if the sound has more channels than the audio hardware, distribute them evenly.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Pause forms: more consistent appearance of the Revert button.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: pauseScript ( ) function.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Audio playback: if the sound has more channels than the audio hardware, distribute them evenly.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Pause forms: more consistent appearance of the Revert button.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: pauseScript ( ) function.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.81# (2 July 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu EEG: can work with status %numbers instead of only with status %bits.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: repaired a bug that could cause Praat to crash if there was a 96-dpi printer.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• EEG: can work with status %numbers instead of only with status %bits.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: repaired a bug that could cause Praat to crash if there was a 96-dpi printer.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.80# (29 June 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Praat preferences: choice between Chinese and Japanese style for Han characters.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Praat preferences: choice between Chinese and Japanese style for Han characters.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.79# (21 June 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Can now play sounds over more than two channels.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Asynchronous play in scripts (see @@Demo window@).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu EEG: blue-to-red colour scale for scalp distributions.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Can now play sounds over more than two channels.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Asynchronous play in scripts (see @@Demo window@).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• EEG: blue-to-red colour scale for scalp distributions.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.78# (12 June 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Multithreading can now speed up pitch analysis by a factor of 4 or so, "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Multithreading can now speed up pitch analysis by a factor of 4 or so, "
"depending on the number of cores in your processor.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: can now open and save Photo objects (from PNG files) "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: can now open and save Photo objects (from PNG files) "
"and use @@Insert picture from file... at .")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Open WAV files that are in the \"extensible\" format (previously \"unsupported format -2\").")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: support for dropping more than one file on the Praat icon.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: can now use the #editor command with an object's ID instead of only with its name.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: removed a bug that sometimes disallowed saving more than one JPEG file.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux audio: created a workaround that reduces the chances of a freeze that is due to a potential deadlock "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Open WAV files that are in the \"extensible\" format (previously \"unsupported format -2\").")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: support for dropping more than one file on the Praat icon.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: can now use the #editor command with an object's ID instead of only with its name.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: removed a bug that sometimes disallowed saving more than one JPEG file.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux audio: created a workaround that reduces the chances of a freeze that is due to a potential deadlock "
"in the collaboration between Alsa and PulseAudio that can occur when the playback of a sound is cancelled.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.77# (18 May 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu EEG: more facilities for EDF+ files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• EEG: more facilities for EDF+ files.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.76# (8 May 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu One can determine the size of \"speckles\" (filled circles) with ##Speckle size...# in the #Pen menu. "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• One can determine the size of \"speckles\" (filled circles) with ##Speckle size...# in the #Pen menu. "
"Speckles are used in drawing Formant, PitchTier, and several other kinds of objects.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.75# (30 April 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux Matrix graphics bug fix: corrected working of ##Draw cells...#.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting bug fix: ability to use x and y as indexed variables.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu PowerCepstrogram bug fix: made old version of Paint command available again for scripts.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux Matrix graphics bug fix: corrected working of ##Draw cells...#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting bug fix: ability to use x and y as indexed variables.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• PowerCepstrogram bug fix: made old version of Paint command available again for scripts.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.74# (24 April 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu EEG: more interpretation of triggers in EDF+ files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• EEG: more interpretation of triggers in EDF+ files.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.73# (21 April 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu EEG: understand more EGI/NetStation files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• EEG: understand more EGI/NetStation files.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.72# (17 April 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: repaired a bug that caused two black edges in PNG files.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: repaired a bug that could cause Praat to crash if a metafile resolution was 360 dpi.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: repaired a bug that caused Praat to crash when cutting or pasting a sound in the Sound window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: repaired a bug that caused two black edges in PNG files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: repaired a bug that could cause Praat to crash if a metafile resolution was 360 dpi.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: repaired a bug that caused Praat to crash when cutting or pasting a sound in the Sound window.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.71# (9 April 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: brought more unity in the style of Chinese characters.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: brought more unity in the style of Chinese characters.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.70# (2 April 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Added some query commands for DurationTier objects.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Repaired a bug that caused Praat not to run as a console app.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Added some query commands for DurationTier objects.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Repaired a bug that caused Praat not to run as a console app.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.69# (28 March 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Picture window: can save to 300-dpi and 600-dpi PNG files.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Graphics: sub-pixel precision line drawing on Mac and Linux.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Repaired a bug that could show spurious buttons in the Objects window if a plug-in created objects.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Picture window: can save to 300-dpi and 600-dpi PNG files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Graphics: sub-pixel precision line drawing on Mac and Linux.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Repaired a bug that could show spurious buttons in the Objects window if a plug-in created objects.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.68# (20 March 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Mac: corrected a bug introduced in 5.3.67 that could cause crashes when drawing a spectrogram.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Mac and Linux: @@Create Strings as file list...@ handles broken symbolic links more leniently.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Mac: corrected a bug introduced in 5.3.67 that could cause crashes when drawing a spectrogram.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Mac and Linux: @@Create Strings as file list...@ handles broken symbolic links more leniently.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.67# (19 March 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that would create strange PNG files if the selection did not touch the upper left corner of the Picture window.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Mac: can save the Picture window to PNG file.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu EEG: understand trigger letters in BDF/EDF files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that would create strange PNG files if the selection did not touch the upper left corner of the Picture window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Mac: can save the Picture window to PNG file.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• EEG: understand trigger letters in BDF/EDF files.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.66# (9 March 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows and Linux: can save the Picture window to PNG file.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: opening, modifying and saving PNG, TIFF or JPEG files (the Photo object, as on the Mac).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows and Linux: can save the Picture window to PNG file.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: opening, modifying and saving PNG, TIFF or JPEG files (the Photo object, as on the Mac).")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.65# (27 February 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting language: removed some bugs from runScript.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: can save the Picture window to PDF file.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting language: removed some bugs from runScript.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: can save the Picture window to PDF file.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.64# (12 February 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting language: writeInfo, procedure, exitScript, runScript: all with colons.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu 64-bit Mac graphics: better highlighting and unhighlighting of selection.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu 64-bit Mac graphics: full screen.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting language: writeInfo, procedure, exitScript, runScript: all with colons.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• 64-bit Mac graphics: better highlighting and unhighlighting of selection.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• 64-bit Mac graphics: full screen.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.63# (24 January 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting language: easier menu command invocation using the colon \":\".")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu 64-bit Mac graphics: better handling of any absence of Doulos SIL or Charis SIL.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows scripting: can now use \"~\" in file names to refer to home directory, as on Mac and Linux.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting language: easier menu command invocation using the colon \":\".")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• 64-bit Mac graphics: better handling of any absence of Doulos SIL or Charis SIL.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows scripting: can now use \"~\" in file names to refer to home directory, as on Mac and Linux.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.62# (2 January 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu 64-bit Mac: removed a bug introduced in 5.3.61 that could cause text containing \"ff\" to become invisible.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• 64-bit Mac: removed a bug introduced in 5.3.61 that could cause text containing \"ff\" to become invisible.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.61# (1 January 2014)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu EEG: understand status registers that contain text.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu KlattGrid: removed a bug introduced in May 2009 that could make Praat crash after editing an oral formant grid.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• EEG: understand status registers that contain text.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• KlattGrid: removed a bug introduced in May 2009 that could make Praat crash after editing an oral formant grid.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.60# (8 December 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Mac 64-bit: implemented swiping (to scroll with the trackpad) and pinching (to zoom with the trackpad).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: backslashTrigraphsToUnicode () and unicodeToBackslashTrigraphs ().")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Mac 64-bit: implemented swiping (to scroll with the trackpad) and pinching (to zoom with the trackpad).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: backslashTrigraphsToUnicode () and unicodeToBackslashTrigraphs ().")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.59# (20 November 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu EEG: faster reading of BDF and EDF files.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Batch scripting: made ##appendInfo()# write to the console in the same way as #print.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Removed a bug introduced in 5.3.57 whereby some Praat text files could not be read.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• EEG: faster reading of BDF and EDF files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Batch scripting: made ##appendInfo()# write to the console in the same way as #print.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Removed a bug introduced in 5.3.57 whereby some Praat text files could not be read.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.58# (17 November 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu EEG: support for 16-bit (next to 24-bit) BDF files and for 16-bit (next to 8-bit) statuses.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Mac: 64-bit beta version.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• EEG: support for 16-bit (next to 24-bit) BDF files and for 16-bit (next to 8-bit) statuses.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Mac: 64-bit beta version.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.57# (27 October 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Mac: opening, modifying and saving image files (the Photo object).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Mac 64-bit: some small improvements in the user interface.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Mac: opening, modifying and saving image files (the Photo object).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Mac 64-bit: some small improvements in the user interface.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.56# (15 September 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Mac: 64-bit alpha version.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: improved selecting in the Picture window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Mac: 64-bit alpha version.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: improved selecting in the Picture window.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.55# (2 September 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug introduced in 5.3.54 by which you couldn't select a file for saving.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug introduced in 5.3.54 by which you couldn't select a file for saving.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.54# (1 September 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound window: removed a bug introduced in 5.3.42 by which you couldn't ask for an odd number of poles in Formant Settings "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound window: removed a bug introduced in 5.3.42 by which you couldn't ask for an odd number of poles in Formant Settings "
"(by e.g. specifying \"5.5\" for the number of formants).")
LIST_ITEM (L" Linux: improved dragging of selections in the Picture window and the Sound window.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.53# (9 July 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: more drawing commands.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: more drawing commands.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.52# (12 June 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: editor windows understand #do and ##do\\$ #.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: editor windows understand #do and ##do\\$ #.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.51# (30 May 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound window: ##Extract selected sound for overlap...#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound window: ##Extract selected sound for overlap...#.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.49# (13 May 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid window: alignment of the sound and the annotation in an interval, via Espeak.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: repaired a bug introduced in 5.3.32 that could cause very slow running of scripts.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid window: alignment of the sound and the annotation in an interval, via Espeak.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: repaired a bug introduced in 5.3.32 that could cause very slow running of scripts.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.48# (1 May 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: variable-substitution-free object selection and file writing.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: #selectObject and #removeObject can select or remove multiple objects at a time.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: variable-substitution-free object selection and file writing.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: #selectObject and #removeObject can select or remove multiple objects at a time.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.47# (23 April 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OTGrammar: included Giorgio Magri's (2012) update rule (weighted all up, high down).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OTGrammar: included Giorgio Magri's (2012) update rule (weighted all up, high down).")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.46# (21 April 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: variable-substitution-free procedure calls.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: made the Save menu compatible with Ubuntu 12.04.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: variable-substitution-free procedure calls.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: made the Save menu compatible with Ubuntu 12.04.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.45# (15 April 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu More parts of the manual reflect variable-substitution-free scripting.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• More parts of the manual reflect variable-substitution-free scripting.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.44# (7 April 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##Create Sound as pure tone...#.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu First steps towards variable-substitution-free scripting: the #do, ##do\\$ #, #writeInfo and #appendInfo functions.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##Create Sound as pure tone...#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• First steps towards variable-substitution-free scripting: the #do, ##do\\$ #, #writeInfo and #appendInfo functions.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.43# (27 March 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Read and write stereo Kay sound files.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Phonetic symbols \\ts, \\tS and \\ap.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Network: ##Normalize weights...#, ##List weights...#, ##Weights down to Table...#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Read and write stereo Kay sound files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Phonetic symbols \\ts, \\tS and \\ap.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Network: ##Normalize weights...#, ##List weights...#, ##Weights down to Table...#.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.42# (2 March 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Repaired some minor bugs regarding synchronization between multiple windows.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Repaired some minor bugs regarding synchronization between multiple windows.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.41# (9 February 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: repaired a bug that could cause Praat to crash when closing the Info window or a script window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: repaired a bug that could cause Praat to crash when closing the Info window or a script window.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.40# (2 February 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: better handling (in the LongSound window) of sounds that are too long to play.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Mac: corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash when closing the Strings window.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: made audio output work again on 32-bit Linux.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: better handling (in the LongSound window) of sounds that are too long to play.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Mac: corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash when closing the Strings window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: made audio output work again on 32-bit Linux.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.39# (6 January 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Formant & Spectrogram: To IntensityTier...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Formant & Spectrogram: To IntensityTier...")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.38# (4 January 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ExperimentMFC: repaired a bug introduced in 5.3.36 that caused sound to fail to play completely if the screen did not blank.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ExperimentMFC: repaired a bug introduced in 5.3.36 that caused sound to fail to play completely if the screen did not blank.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.37# (2 January 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ExperimentMFC: after screen blanking, reaction times count from when the response buttons appear.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ExperimentMFC: after screen blanking, reaction times count from when the response buttons appear.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.36# (1 January 2013)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ExperimentMFC: made it possible to blank the screen while the sound is playing.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ExperimentMFC: made it possible to blank the screen while the sound is playing.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.35# (8 December 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu SpeechSynthesizer: made it possible to have more than one at a time.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: corrected a bug that caused incorrect alignment of the buttons in the Objects window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• SpeechSynthesizer: made it possible to have more than one at a time.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: corrected a bug that caused incorrect alignment of the buttons in the Objects window.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.34# (21 November 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: corrected a bug that caused incorrect alignment of the buttons in the Objects window.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu The new ##Sound: Combine to stereo# can now work with Sounds of different durations, as the old could.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash when creating a SpeechSynthesizer.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: corrected a bug that caused incorrect alignment of the buttons in the Objects window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• The new ##Sound: Combine to stereo# can now work with Sounds of different durations, as the old could.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash when creating a SpeechSynthesizer.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.33# (20 November 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##Sound: Combine to stereo# can now combine any number of Sounds into a new Sound whose number of channels "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##Sound: Combine to stereo# can now combine any number of Sounds into a new Sound whose number of channels "
"is the sum of the numbers of channels of the original Sounds.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ERP: Down to Sound.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ERP: Down to Sound.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.32# (17 October 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound window: corrected the working of the \"by window\" scaling option.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound window: corrected the working of the \"by window\" scaling option.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.31# (10 October 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ERP: Down to Table...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash after closing a file selector window for saving.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ERP: Down to Table...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash after closing a file selector window for saving.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.30# (6 October 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Circumvented a rare Windows bug that could cause Praat to start to write 1.5 as 1,5 in some countries "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Circumvented a rare Windows bug that could cause Praat to start to write 1.5 as 1,5 in some countries "
"after opening a strange directory.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: corrected a bug introduced in 5.3.24 that could cause Praat to crash when quitting.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: corrected a bug introduced in 5.3.24 that could cause the Objects window to look weird after resizing.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: corrected a bug introduced in 5.3.24 that could cause Praat to crash when quitting.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: corrected a bug introduced in 5.3.24 that could cause the Objects window to look weird after resizing.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.29# (30 September 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @EEG: Draw scalp..., including gray legend.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Made the new Sound scaling options available for LongSounds.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @EEG: Draw scalp..., including gray legend.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Made the new Sound scaling options available for LongSounds.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.28# (28 September 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug introduced in 5.3.24 that made Praat crash on OSX 10.5.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug introduced in 5.3.24 that made Praat crash on OSX 10.5.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.27# (27 September 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a couple of small bugs.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a couple of small bugs.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.26# (26 September 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug introduced in 5.3.24 that prevented Praat from running in batch mode.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug introduced in 5.3.24 that prevented Praat from running in batch mode.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.25# (26 September 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu EEG: view of scalp distribution takes scaling options into account.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: swipable Sound window and manual.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: corrected a bug introduced in 5.3.24 whereby TextGrids could not be edited.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• EEG: view of scalp distribution takes scaling options into account.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: swipable Sound window and manual.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: corrected a bug introduced in 5.3.24 whereby TextGrids could not be edited.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.24# (24 September 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu More kinds of vertical scaling in e.g. Sound and EEG windows.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Rewritten user interface (may contain some bugs).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• More kinds of vertical scaling in e.g. Sound and EEG windows.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Rewritten user interface (may contain some bugs).")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.23# (7 August 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Mac: removed a bug introduced in September 2011 that could cause incorrect behaviour of regular expressions since July 2012.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Mac: removed a bug introduced in September 2011 that could cause incorrect behaviour of regular expressions since July 2012.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.22# (21 July 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: removed a bug introduced in 5.3.21 that could cause Praat to crash when opening files.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Neural networks: correct writing and reading of learning settings.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: removed a bug introduced in 5.3.21 that could cause Praat to crash when opening files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Neural networks: correct writing and reading of learning settings.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.21# (10 July 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: better folder choice in file selector window for opening files.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Repaired a bug that caused Praat to crash when opening a ManPages file on some platforms.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: better folder choice in file selector window for opening files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Repaired a bug that caused Praat to crash when opening a ManPages file on some platforms.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.20# (5 July 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @EEG: ##Replace TextGrid#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @EEG: ##Replace TextGrid#.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.19# (24 June 2012)")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.18# (15 June 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug in @@Sound: Change gender...@ that caused a part of the sound not to be changed.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug in @@Sound: Change gender...@ that caused a part of the sound not to be changed.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.17# (12 June 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @EEG window: extent autoscaling by window.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ERPTier: Remove events between...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @EEG window: extent autoscaling by window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ERPTier: Remove events between...")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.16# (23 May 2012)")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.15# (10 May 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Improvements in clipboards, PDF and EPS files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Improvements in clipboards, PDF and EPS files.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.14# (28 April 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: Tab shortcut for playing the selection.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu EPS files: higher minimum image resolution for spectrograms (300 instead of 106 dpi).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: Tab shortcut for playing the selection.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• EPS files: higher minimum image resolution for spectrograms (300 instead of 106 dpi).")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.13# (11 April 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @EEG: Extract part...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @EEG: Extract part...")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.12# (5 April 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Praat picture file: allow larger function drawings (up to 10^9 instead of 10^6 points).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: better audio compatibility with Ubuntu 11.10 (support for unusual sampling frequencies when playing LongSounds).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Praat picture file: allow larger function drawings (up to 10^9 instead of 10^6 points).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: better audio compatibility with Ubuntu 11.10 (support for unusual sampling frequencies when playing LongSounds).")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.11# (27 March 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @EEG: a selected ERPTier can extract events on the basis of a column of a selected Table.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @EEG: a selected ERPTier can extract events on the basis of a column of a selected Table.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.10# (12 March 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @EEG: Concatenate.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @EEG: Concatenate.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.09# (10 March 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Better text-to-speech.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Better text-to-speech.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.08# (5 March 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Removed a bug introduced in 5.3.07 that could cause Praat to crash when viewing a LongSound.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Removed a bug introduced in 5.3.07 that could cause Praat to crash when viewing a LongSound.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.07# (4 March 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Praat can now save Sounds as 24-bit and 32-bit WAV files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Praat can now save Sounds as 24-bit and 32-bit WAV files.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.06# (28 February 2012)")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.05# (19 February 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu SpeechSynthesizer (#New menu \\-> #Sound): text-to-speech.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @EEG: better scalp distribution drawing for both 32-channel and 64-channel recordings.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• SpeechSynthesizer (#New menu \\-> #Sound): text-to-speech.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @EEG: better scalp distribution drawing for both 32-channel and 64-channel recordings.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.04# (12 January 2012)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu EEG: draw scalp distribution.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: better audio compatibility with Ubuntu 11.10 (support for unusual sampling frequencies when playing Sounds).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• EEG: draw scalp distribution.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: better audio compatibility with Ubuntu 11.10 (support for unusual sampling frequencies when playing Sounds).")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.03# (21 November 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu EEG: filtering, editing, more viewing.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• EEG: filtering, editing, more viewing.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.02# (7 November 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug introduced in 5.3.01 that could cause the PitchTier or PointProcess window to crash.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that could cause the Info window to freeze after an error message in a script window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug introduced in 5.3.01 that could cause the PitchTier or PointProcess window to crash.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that could cause the Info window to freeze after an error message in a script window.")
NORMAL (L"##5.3.01# (1 November 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh and Windows: better window positioning if the Dock or Task Bar is on the left or right.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu IPA symbol: you can now use \\bs.f for the half-length sign (\\.f).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu EEG window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh and Windows: better window positioning if the Dock or Task Bar is on the left or right.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• IPA symbol: you can now use \\bs.f for the half-length sign (\\.f).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• EEG window.")
ENTRY (L"What used to be new?")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@What was new in 5.3?")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@What was new in 5.2?")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@What was new in 5.1?")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@What was new in 5.0?")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@What was new in 4.6?")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@What was new in 4.5?")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@What was new in 4.4?")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@What was new in 4.3?")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@What was new in 4.2?")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@What was new in 4.1?")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@What was new in 4.0?")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@What was new in 3.9?")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@What was new in 3.8?")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@What was new in 3.7?")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@What was new in 3.6?")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@What was new in 3.5?")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@What was new in 3.3?")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@What was new in 3.2?")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@What was new in 3.1?")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@What was new in 5.3?")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@What was new in 5.2?")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@What was new in 5.1?")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@What was new in 5.0?")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@What was new in 4.6?")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@What was new in 4.5?")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@What was new in 4.4?")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@What was new in 4.3?")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@What was new in 4.2?")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@What was new in 4.1?")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@What was new in 4.0?")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@What was new in 3.9?")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@What was new in 3.8?")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@What was new in 3.7?")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@What was new in 3.6?")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@What was new in 3.5?")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@What was new in 3.3?")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@What was new in 3.2?")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@What was new in 3.1?")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"What was new in 5.3?", L"ppgb", 20111015)
NORMAL (L"##5.3# (15 October 2011)")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.46# (7 October 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected the same very old bug as in 5.2.44, but now also for opening and saving files.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Many better messages.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected the same very old bug as in 5.2.44, but now also for opening and saving files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Many better messages.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.45# (29 September 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Spectrum window: ##Move cursor to nearest peak#.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: ##Save as comma-separated file...#.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: you can now change the font size of the script window.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows scripting: the Info window now updates while you are writing to it.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: error messages now stay at the front so that you never have to click away "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Spectrum window: ##Move cursor to nearest peak#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: ##Save as comma-separated file...#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: you can now change the font size of the script window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows scripting: the Info window now updates while you are writing to it.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: error messages now stay at the front so that you never have to click away "
"an invisible message window anymore.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.44# (23 September 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a very old bug in the history mechanism (the button title wouldn't always show up).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a very old bug in the history mechanism (the button title wouldn't always show up).")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.43# (21 September 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: you can now change the font size of the script window.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when opening an already open file in the script window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: you can now change the font size of the script window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when opening an already open file in the script window.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.42# (18 September 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug introduced in 5.2.36 that prevented formulas from working on FormantGrid objects.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug introduced in 5.2.36 that prevented formulas from working on FormantGrid objects.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.41# (17 September 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Improved dashed-dotted lines in EPS files.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug introduced in 5.2.36 that caused Praat to crash when running an ExperimentMFC.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Improved dashed-dotted lines in EPS files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug introduced in 5.2.36 that caused Praat to crash when running an ExperimentMFC.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.40# (11 September 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug in the 64-bit Windows edition that led to an incorrect location for the preferences files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug in the 64-bit Windows edition that led to an incorrect location for the preferences files.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.39# (10 September 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu 64-bit edition for Windows.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash instead of saying \"undefined\" when reporting the shimmer of a sound with fewer than 3 pulses.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• 64-bit edition for Windows.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash instead of saying \"undefined\" when reporting the shimmer of a sound with fewer than 3 pulses.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.38# (6 September 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected several bugs that were introduced in 5.2.36 in the Inspect window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected several bugs that were introduced in 5.2.36 in the Inspect window.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.37# (2 September 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Graphics: added the Chinese phonetic symbols \\id and \\ir. See @@Phonetic symbols: vowels at .")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug introduced in 5.2.36 that caused Praat to crash when querying formant quantiles.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Graphics: added the Chinese phonetic symbols \\id and \\ir. See @@Phonetic symbols: vowels at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug introduced in 5.2.36 that caused Praat to crash when querying formant quantiles.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.36# (30 August 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Graphics: added superscript diacritics as single symbols: \\^h (\\bs\\^ h), \\^j (\\bs\\^ j), "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Graphics: added superscript diacritics as single symbols: \\^h (\\bs\\^ h), \\^j (\\bs\\^ j), "
"and many more; also \\_u (\\bs\\_ u). See @@Phonetic symbols: diacritics at .")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Praat fully converted to C++ (this may initially cause some bugs, but will be more reliable in the end).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Praat fully converted to C++ (this may initially cause some bugs, but will be more reliable in the end).")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.35# (5 August 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected the menus of the Sound and TextGrid windows.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected the menus of the Sound and TextGrid windows.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.34# (3 August 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Insert picture from file...@ now works on Windows (as well as on the Mac).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when playing a LongSound.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Insert picture from file...@ now works on Windows (as well as on the Mac).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when playing a LongSound.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.33# (29 July 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Improved the reliability of sound playing and several other things.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Improved several error messages.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Improved the reliability of sound playing and several other things.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Improved several error messages.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.32# (22 July 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected several problems with error messages.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that could cause slow execution of scripts with forms.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected several problems with error messages.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that could cause slow execution of scripts with forms.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.31# (21 July 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that caused an incorrect window size in the VowelEditor.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that caused incorrect error messages when opening a FLAC file as a LongSound.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound window: corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when zooming in on the left or right edge.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that caused an incorrect window size in the VowelEditor.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that caused incorrect error messages when opening a FLAC file as a LongSound.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound window: corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when zooming in on the left or right edge.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.30# (18 July 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug introduced in 5.2.29 whereby the list of object actions could stay empty after an error message in a script.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug in Klatt synthesis whereby the generation of a sound could be refused.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug introduced in 5.2.29 whereby the list of object actions could stay empty after an error message in a script.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug in Klatt synthesis whereby the generation of a sound could be refused.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.29# (12 July 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu More accurate error checking, due to Praat's conversion to C++ (last C-only version was 5.2.17).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• More accurate error checking, due to Praat's conversion to C++ (last C-only version was 5.2.17).")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.28# (28 June 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected some Polygon bugs.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected some Polygon bugs.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.27# (19 June 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Polygon: ##Draw (closed)...#.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: To Sound (phonation)...@: "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Polygon: ##Draw (closed)...#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: To Sound (phonation)...@: "
"corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash if pulses lay outside the time domain.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.26# (24 May 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash on some platforms when reading a Praat binary file.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @ExperimentMFC: corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash if an experiment contained zero trials.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash when merging multiple IntervalTiers.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash on some platforms when reading a Praat binary file.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @ExperimentMFC: corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash if an experiment contained zero trials.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash when merging multiple IntervalTiers.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.25# (11 May 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OT learning: corrected a crashing bug from ##Get candidate...#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OT learning: corrected a crashing bug from ##Get candidate...#.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.24# (10 May 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Ability to open WAV files that contain incorrect information about the number of samples.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Removed an old bug that could cause Praat to fail to read a chronological TextGrid text file.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Ability to open WAV files that contain incorrect information about the number of samples.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Removed an old bug that could cause Praat to fail to read a chronological TextGrid text file.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.23# (1 May 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Removed a bug introduced recently that could cause Praat to crash when working with derivatives of TableOfReal (such as Distributions).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Removed a bug introduced recently that could cause Praat to crash when working with derivatives of TableOfReal (such as Distributions).")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.22# (14 April 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @ExperimentMFC: reaction times for key presses.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: more reliable start-up on German systems.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @ExperimentMFC: reaction times for key presses.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: more reliable start-up on German systems.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.21# (29 March 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: removed a crashing bug introduced for colour names in 5.2.20.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: removed a crashing bug introduced for colour names in 5.2.20.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.20# (25 March 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: removed a large memory leak for indexed variables.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: removed a small memory leak for colour names.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Support for very long file paths on the Mac.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: removed a large memory leak for indexed variables.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: removed a small memory leak for colour names.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Support for very long file paths on the Mac.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.19# (16 March 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @ExperimentMFC: corrected a bug introduced in 5.2.18 that could cause Praat to crash when extracting results from an incomplete experiment.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @ExperimentMFC: corrected a bug introduced in 5.2.18 that could cause Praat to crash when extracting results from an incomplete experiment.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.18# (9 March 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @ExperimentMFC: incomplete experiments can nevertheless output their incomplete results.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @ExperimentMFC: incomplete experiments can nevertheless output their incomplete results.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.17# (2 March 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Better names for Table opening and saving commands.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @ExperimentMFC: reaction times for mouse clicks.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux/GTK: corrected triple clicks in ExperimentMFC.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Better names for Table opening and saving commands.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @ExperimentMFC: reaction times for mouse clicks.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux/GTK: corrected triple clicks in ExperimentMFC.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.16# (20 February 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Better support for WAV files with special \"chunks\" in them.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Manual: documentation of explicit formulas for @@Voice 2. Jitter|jitter measurements at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Better support for WAV files with special \"chunks\" in them.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Manual: documentation of explicit formulas for @@Voice 2. Jitter|jitter measurements at .")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.15# (11 February 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sounds: Concatenate with overlap... at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sounds: Concatenate with overlap... at .")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.14# (8 February 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Repaired crashing bug in Manipulation window introduced in 5.2.13.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Repaired crashing bug in Manipulation window introduced in 5.2.13.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.13# (7 February 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Renamed #Write commands to #Save commands.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: allow pause forms without #Stop button (see @@Scripting 6.6. Controlling the user@).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: correct behaviour of default buttons.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Renamed #Write commands to #Save commands.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: allow pause forms without #Stop button (see @@Scripting 6.6. Controlling the user@).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: correct behaviour of default buttons.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.12# (28 January 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Renamed #Edit buttons to ##View & Edit#.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Better visibility of dragged things on Linux.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Renamed #Edit buttons to ##View & Edit#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Better visibility of dragged things on Linux.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.11# (18 January 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Better visibility of dragged things (sound selection, tier points, TextGrid boundaries) on Windows and Linux.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Better visibility of dragged things (sound selection, tier points, TextGrid boundaries) on Windows and Linux.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.10# (11 January 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Renamed #Read and #Write menus to #Open and #Save.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound: use of ##Formula (part)...# can speed up formulas appreciably.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Renamed #Read and #Write menus to #Open and #Save.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound: use of ##Formula (part)...# can speed up formulas appreciably.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.09# (9 January 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Much improved scripting tutorial.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Listening experiments can now show pictures instead of just texts (on the Mac).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu EPS files can now be many miles wide instead of just 55 inches.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Much improved scripting tutorial.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Listening experiments can now show pictures instead of just texts (on the Mac).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• EPS files can now be many miles wide instead of just 55 inches.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.08# (1 January 2011)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Improved manual.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Improved memory allocation on 32-bit platforms: "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Improved manual.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Improved memory allocation on 32-bit platforms: "
"less probability of crashes when you approach the 2 GB memory limit gradually, and a new \"low on memory; save your work now\" warning.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Removed IntervalTier and TextTier datatypes from Praat (old scripts that use them will continue to work).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Removed IntervalTier and TextTier datatypes from Praat (old scripts that use them will continue to work).")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.07# (24 December 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Support for reading and writing multi-channel sound files (i.e. above two-channel stereo).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Support for reading and writing multi-channel sound files (i.e. above two-channel stereo).")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.06# (18 December 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Picture window: a new (the fourth) line type, namely dashed-dotted.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Support for analysing and drawing multi-channel sounds (i.e. above two-channel stereo).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Can read some EEG files (BioSemi 24-bit BDF) as a Sound and a TextGrid object.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: compatibility with computers without English language support.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: support for high-plane (i.e. very uncommon) Unicode characters in file names (as already existed on Unix and Windows).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Picture window: a new (the fourth) line type, namely dashed-dotted.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Support for analysing and drawing multi-channel sounds (i.e. above two-channel stereo).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Can read some EEG files (BioSemi 24-bit BDF) as a Sound and a TextGrid object.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: compatibility with computers without English language support.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: support for high-plane (i.e. very uncommon) Unicode characters in file names (as already existed on Unix and Windows).")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.05# (4 December 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Regular expressions: better Unicode support.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting window: command ##Convert to C string#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Regular expressions: better Unicode support.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting window: command ##Convert to C string#.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.04# (27 November 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: allow directory (folder) selector windows; see @@Scripting 6.6. Controlling the user at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: allow directory (folder) selector windows; see @@Scripting 6.6. Controlling the user at .")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.03# (19 November 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: support for string arrays.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: support for string arrays.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.02# (17 November 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid window: corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash (instead of doing nothing) when you tried to add boundaries "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid window: corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash (instead of doing nothing) when you tried to add boundaries "
"if the selection ran from the penultimate interval to the end of the TextGrid.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: support for arrays with multiple indexes.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: made spectrogram drawing compatible with Ubuntu 10.10.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: made sound more easily available on Ubuntu 10.10.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: support for arrays with multiple indexes.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: made spectrogram drawing compatible with Ubuntu 10.10.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: made sound more easily available on Ubuntu 10.10.")
NORMAL (L"##5.2.01# (4 November 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: support for numeric @@Scripting 5.6. Arrays|arrays at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: support for numeric @@Scripting 5.6. Arrays|arrays at .")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"What was new in 5.2?", L"ppgb", 20101029)
NORMAL (L"##5.2# (29 October 2010)")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.45# (26 October 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux/GTK: allow Praat to run without an X display.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sounds are played synchronously in scripts run from ManPages with \\bsSC.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux/GTK: allow Praat to run without an X display.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sounds are played synchronously in scripts run from ManPages with \\bsSC.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.44# (4 October 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux/GTK: visibility of ExperimentMFC window.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux/GTK: keyboard shortcuts.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux/GTK: visibility of ExperimentMFC window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux/GTK: keyboard shortcuts.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.43# (4 August 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: support for stand-alone programs; see @@Scripting 9.1. Turning a script into a stand-alone program at .")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: allow drawing of ellipses even if irrelevant columns contain undefined data.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux/GTK: correct resizing of Table window.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux/GTK: prevented multiple storing of Picture window selection in scripting history.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: support for stand-alone programs; see @@Scripting 9.1. Turning a script into a stand-alone program at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: allow drawing of ellipses even if irrelevant columns contain undefined data.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux/GTK: correct resizing of Table window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux/GTK: prevented multiple storing of Picture window selection in scripting history.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.42# (26 July 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: allow file selector windows; see @@Scripting 6.6. Controlling the user at .")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: multiple file selection.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: allow file selector windows; see @@Scripting 6.6. Controlling the user at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: multiple file selection.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.41# (15 July 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OTGrammar: ##Compare candidates...#")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: support for the Doulos SIL and Charis SIL fonts.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: working vowel editor.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Vowel editor: repaired memory leak.")
-//LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: Picture window: front when drawing.")
-//LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: correct scrolling in manuals.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OTGrammar: ##Compare candidates...#")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: support for the Doulos SIL and Charis SIL fonts.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: working vowel editor.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Vowel editor: repaired memory leak.")
+//LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: Picture window: front when drawing.")
+//LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: correct scrolling in manuals.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.40# (13 July 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: working Demo window (drawing, clicks, keys).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: pause forms.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: manual pages: receive a white background, for compatibility with dark-background themes.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: in settings windows, better alignment of labels to radio groups.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: rotated text.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: working Demo window (drawing, clicks, keys).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: pause forms.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: manual pages: receive a white background, for compatibility with dark-background themes.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: in settings windows, better alignment of labels to radio groups.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: rotated text.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.39# (10 July 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK beta version.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: made ##Sound: Record fixed time...# work correctly (the sampling frequency was wrong).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: list of objects: multiple selection, working Rename button.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: running a script no longer deselects all objects at the start.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: working Buttons editor.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: correctly laid out settings windows.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK beta version.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: made ##Sound: Record fixed time...# work correctly (the sampling frequency was wrong).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: list of objects: multiple selection, working Rename button.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: running a script no longer deselects all objects at the start.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: working Buttons editor.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: correctly laid out settings windows.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.38# (2 July 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: made ##Sound: Record fixed time...# work correctly (the sampling frequency was wrong).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Mac: repaired a bug introduced in 5.1.35 that could cause Praat to crash if neither Doulos SIL nor Charis SIL were installed.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Mac: correct live scrolling in Picture window and DataEditor.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: made ##Sound: Record fixed time...# work correctly (the sampling frequency was wrong).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Mac: repaired a bug introduced in 5.1.35 that could cause Praat to crash if neither Doulos SIL nor Charis SIL were installed.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Mac: correct live scrolling in Picture window and DataEditor.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.37# (23 June 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu PitchTier window and similar windows: can drag multiple points simultaneously.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: %t-tests report the number of degrees of freedom.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: correct progress bar again.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: correct behaviour of Synth menu in manipulation window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• PitchTier window and similar windows: can drag multiple points simultaneously.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: %t-tests report the number of degrees of freedom.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: correct progress bar again.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: correct behaviour of Synth menu in manipulation window.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.36# (18 June 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Mac: live scrolling.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Demo window: the Demo window can now run from the command line.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Motif: corrected a bug introduced in 5.1.33 whereby things in the Picture window could be placed incorrectly.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: script window accepts Unicode again.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Mac: live scrolling.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Demo window: the Demo window can now run from the command line.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Motif: corrected a bug introduced in 5.1.33 whereby things in the Picture window could be placed incorrectly.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: script window accepts Unicode again.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.35# (10 June 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid window: removed a very old bug that could lead to reversed intervals and to crashes when you inserted a boundary after using Shift-arrow and Command-arrow.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Graphics: Praat now uses Doulos SIL instead of Charis SIL if your font setting is \"Times\" and the font is nonbold and nonitalic, "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid window: removed a very old bug that could lead to reversed intervals and to crashes when you inserted a boundary after using Shift-arrow and Command-arrow.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Graphics: Praat now uses Doulos SIL instead of Charis SIL if your font setting is \"Times\" and the font is nonbold and nonitalic, "
"because Doulos SIL matches Times New Roman better.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu kNN: made Ola S\\o\"der's k-nearest-neighbours classification compatible with Windows.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• kNN: made Ola Söder's k-nearest-neighbours classification compatible with Windows.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.34# (31 May 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound window: corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash if the analysis window was shorter than 2 samples.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: scrolling in the Info window and script window.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: script editor: implemented searching, replacing, and change dialogs.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound window: corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash if the analysis window was shorter than 2 samples.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: scrolling in the Info window and script window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: script editor: implemented searching, replacing, and change dialogs.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.33# (24 May 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK alpha version.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Abolished resolution independence: the Sound window now looks the same on all platforms, "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK alpha version.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Abolished resolution independence: the Sound window now looks the same on all platforms, "
"and the Demo window has the same relative font size on your screen and on the video projector.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: support for asynchronous audio output.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: sound plays once rather than three times in Sound and other windows.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: can click more than once in the manual.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: correct pink selections in Sound and other windows.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: correct dragging in TextGrid, Manipulation, and tier windows.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: a working TextGrid window.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: no automatic triple click in the manual (and many other windows).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: moving cursor while sound is playing in Sound and other windows.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: correct colours of the rectangles in Sound and other windows.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: a working Group button.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: correct font menus, font size menus, colour menus, line type menus.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: scrolling in the manual (and many other windows).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: erase old texts in manual windows.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: made Picture window come back when drawing.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: Info window is fronted automatically.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu GTK: support sendpraat.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: support for asynchronous audio output.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: sound plays once rather than three times in Sound and other windows.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: can click more than once in the manual.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: correct pink selections in Sound and other windows.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: correct dragging in TextGrid, Manipulation, and tier windows.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: a working TextGrid window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: no automatic triple click in the manual (and many other windows).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: moving cursor while sound is playing in Sound and other windows.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: correct colours of the rectangles in Sound and other windows.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: a working Group button.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: correct font menus, font size menus, colour menus, line type menus.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: scrolling in the manual (and many other windows).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: erase old texts in manual windows.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: made Picture window come back when drawing.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: Info window is fronted automatically.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• GTK: support sendpraat.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.32# (30 April 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: command ##Expand include files#.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: accept lines that start with non-breaking spaces (as may occur in scripts copied from the web manual).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound files: accept MP3 files with extension written in capitals.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux audio recording: corrected input choice (microphone, line).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: command ##Expand include files#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: accept lines that start with non-breaking spaces (as may occur in scripts copied from the web manual).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound files: accept MP3 files with extension written in capitals.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux audio recording: corrected input choice (microphone, line).")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.31# (4 April 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sounds: Convolve...@, @@Sounds: Cross-correlate...@, @@Sound: Autocorrelate...@, with full documentation.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu More query commands for IntensityTier.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sounds: Convolve...@, @@Sounds: Cross-correlate...@, @@Sound: Autocorrelate...@, with full documentation.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• More query commands for IntensityTier.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.30# (25 March 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: $$createDirectory ()$ can now work with absolute paths.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu PointProcess: made it impossible to add a point where there is already a point.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: $$createDirectory ()$ can now work with absolute paths.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• PointProcess: made it impossible to add a point where there is already a point.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.29# (11 March 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Full support for unicode values above 0xFFFF on Macintosh.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Full support for unicode values above 0xFFFF on Macintosh.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.28# (10 March 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid window: removed a recently introduced bug that could cause Praat to crash when inserting a boundary.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid window: removed a recently introduced bug that could cause Praat to crash when inserting a boundary.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.27# (7 March 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: Wilcoxon rank sum test.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Logistic regression: corrected a bug by which a boundary would sometimes not be drawn.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: Wilcoxon rank sum test.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Logistic regression: corrected a bug by which a boundary would sometimes not be drawn.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.26# (25 February 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Experimental GTK version with the help of Franz Brau\\sse.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash if sound playing failed twice.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Experimental GTK version with the help of Franz Brauße.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash if sound playing failed twice.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.25# (20 January 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Script window: the new command ##Reopen from disk# allows you to edit the script with an external editor.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Script window: removed a bug that could cause Praat to crash of you did ##Find again# before having done any #Find.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Script window: the new command ##Reopen from disk# allows you to edit the script with an external editor.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Script window: removed a bug that could cause Praat to crash of you did ##Find again# before having done any #Find.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.24# (15 January 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Formulas run 10 to 20 percent faster.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: support for forward delete key and Command-`.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Formulas run 10 to 20 percent faster.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: support for forward delete key and Command-`.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.23# (1 January 2010)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Allowed multiple files to be selected with e.g. @@Read from file... at .")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Demo window: guarded against handling the Demo window from two scripts at a time.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Allowed multiple files to be selected with e.g. @@Read from file... at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Demo window: guarded against handling the Demo window from two scripts at a time.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.22# (15 December 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Picture window: millions of @@colour|colours@ instead of just twelve.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound window: ##Move frequency cursor to...#")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Picture window: millions of @@colour|colours@ instead of just twelve.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound window: ##Move frequency cursor to...#")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.21# (30 November 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound: Draw where...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##Matrix: Draw contours...# and ##LogisticRegression: Draw boundary...# support reversed axes.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound window: ##Move frequency cursor to...#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound: Draw where...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##Matrix: Draw contours...# and ##LogisticRegression: Draw boundary...# support reversed axes.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound window: ##Move frequency cursor to...#.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.20# (26 October 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Editor windows: repaired the Synchronized Zoom And Scroll preference.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Editor windows: repaired the Synchronized Zoom And Scroll preference.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.19# (21 October 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: Randomize rows")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Tables: Append (vertically)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash if the name of a field in a form contained a colon.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: corrected arc drawing.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: Randomize rows")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Tables: Append (vertically)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash if the name of a field in a form contained a colon.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: corrected arc drawing.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.18# (9 October 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu The @@Demo window@ is less often automatically moved to the front "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• The @@Demo window@ is less often automatically moved to the front "
"(in order to allow it to pop up other editor windows).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@DTW & TextGrid: To TextGrid (warp times)@: corrected a bug that could "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@DTW & TextGrid: To TextGrid (warp times)@: corrected a bug that could "
"lead to an incorrect end time of the last interval in new IntervalTiers.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.17# (22 September 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Made more stereo movies readable.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Editor windows now have a ##Zoom Back# button.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Made more stereo movies readable.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Editor windows now have a ##Zoom Back# button.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.16# (17 September 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: corrected a bug that caused incorrect phonetic symbols if Charis SIL was available but SIL Doulos IPA93 was not.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: corrected a bug that caused incorrect phonetic symbols if Charis SIL was available but SIL Doulos IPA93 was not.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.15# (30 August 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug in @@Sound: Change gender...@ introduced in 5.1.14.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug in @@Sound: Change gender...@ introduced in 5.1.14.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.14# (27 August 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: corrected a bug introduced in 5.1.13 that caused Praat to crash during tab navigation.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Made @@Sound: Change gender...@ compatible with elephant calls (i.e. very low F0).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: corrected a bug introduced in 5.1.13 that caused Praat to crash during tab navigation.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Made @@Sound: Change gender...@ compatible with elephant calls (i.e. very low F0).")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.13# (21 August 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Script window: #Find and #Replace.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Picture window (and therefore Demo window!): @@Insert picture from file...@ (MacOS 10.4 and up).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Demo window@: full screen (on the Mac).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: faster object selection (scripts no longer slow down when there are many objects in the list).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: $$variableExists$.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: PDF clipboard (MacOS 10.4 and up).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Script window: #Find and #Replace.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Picture window (and therefore Demo window!): @@Insert picture from file...@ (MacOS 10.4 and up).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Demo window@: full screen (on the Mac).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: faster object selection (scripts no longer slow down when there are many objects in the list).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: $$variableExists$.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: PDF clipboard (MacOS 10.4 and up).")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.12# (4 August 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: the Picture window can save to PDF file (you need MacOS 10.4 or up).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash at start-up on MacOS 10.3.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: the Picture window can save to PDF file (you need MacOS 10.4 or up).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash at start-up on MacOS 10.3.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.11# (19 July 2009)")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.10# (8 July 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash if the Demo window was closed after an \"execute\".")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OTGrammar & PairDistribution: added ##Get minimum number correct...#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash if the Demo window was closed after an \"execute\".")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OTGrammar & PairDistribution: added ##Get minimum number correct...#.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.09# (28 June 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Made East-European Roman characters available in EPS files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Made East-European Roman characters available in EPS files.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.08# (21 June 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Removed a bug introduced in 5.1.07 that could cause strange pictures in manual.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: execute @sendpraat messages immediately instead of waiting for the user to click the jumping Praat icon.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Removed a bug introduced in 5.1.07 that could cause strange pictures in manual.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: execute @sendpraat messages immediately instead of waiting for the user to click the jumping Praat icon.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.07# (12 May 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Demo window: navigation by arrow keys also on Windows.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Demo window: no longer crashes on Linux.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Demo window: navigation by arrow keys also on Windows.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Demo window: no longer crashes on Linux.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.06# (11 May 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Demo window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Demo window.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.05# (7 May 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu KlattGrid update.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• KlattGrid update.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.04# (4 April 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that could cause a missing text character in EPS files produced by a version of Praat running in batch.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that could cause high values in a Matrix computed from a Pitch.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that could cause a missing text character in EPS files produced by a version of Praat running in batch.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that could cause high values in a Matrix computed from a Pitch.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.03# (21 March 2009)")
-//LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OT learning: the \"Random up, highest down\" update rule.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ExperimentMFC: corrected a bug introduced in 5.0.36 that caused Praat to crash if a sound file did not exist.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Articulatory synthesis: corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when copying Artwords.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: corrected a bug that could cause poor text alignment in picture.")
+//LIST_ITEM (L"• OT learning: the \"Random up, highest down\" update rule.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ExperimentMFC: corrected a bug introduced in 5.0.36 that caused Praat to crash if a sound file did not exist.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Articulatory synthesis: corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when copying Artwords.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: corrected a bug that could cause poor text alignment in picture.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.02# (9 March 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Allow pause forms without fields.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu The value \"undefined\" is disallowed from all fields in command windows "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Allow pause forms without fields.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• The value \"undefined\" is disallowed from all fields in command windows "
"except ##Table: Set numeric value...# and ##TableOfReal: Set value...#.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid: ##List...# and ##Down to Table...#.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OT learning: Giorgio Magri's \"Weighted all up, highest down\" update rule.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid: ##List...# and ##Down to Table...#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OT learning: Giorgio Magri's \"Weighted all up, highest down\" update rule.")
NORMAL (L"##5.1.01# (26 February 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected several bugs in Klatt synthesis.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected several bugs in Klatt synthesis.")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"What was new in 5.1?", L"ppgb", 20090131)
NORMAL (L"##5.1# (31 January 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Editors for Klatt synthesis.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected many bugs.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Editors for Klatt synthesis.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected many bugs.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.47# (21 January 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Extensive pause windows: @@Scripting 6.6. Controlling the user at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Extensive pause windows: @@Scripting 6.6. Controlling the user at .")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.46# (7 January 2009)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu More Klatt synthesizer.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu First pause form support.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Renewed CategoriesEditor.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Repaired several memory leaks.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• More Klatt synthesizer.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• First pause form support.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Renewed CategoriesEditor.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Repaired several memory leaks.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.45# (29 December 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Bug fixes in Klatt synthesizer.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Bug fixes in Klatt synthesizer.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.44# (24 December 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu David's Klatt synthesizer: @KlattGrid.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• David's Klatt synthesizer: @KlattGrid.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.43# (9 December 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting tutorial: local variables in procedures.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting tutorial: local variables in procedures.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.42# (26 November 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Removed a bug that could cause Praat to crash when drawing pictures in the manual window.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Removed a bug that could cause Praat to crash when drawing multi-line text.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Removed a bug that could cause Praat to crash when drawing pictures in the manual window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Removed a bug that could cause Praat to crash when drawing multi-line text.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.41# (23 November 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ExperimentMFC: allow multiple lines in all texts.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Regular expressions: removed a bug that could cause Praat to hang when using \".*\".")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: Draw ellipses: removed a bug that could cause Praat to crash if some cells were undefined.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ExperimentMFC: allow multiple lines in all texts.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Regular expressions: removed a bug that could cause Praat to hang when using \".*\".")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: Draw ellipses: removed a bug that could cause Praat to crash if some cells were undefined.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.40# (10 November 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Improved reading and writing of text files (faster, bigger).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Improved reading and writing of text files (faster, bigger).")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.39# (1 November 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu praatcon -a (for sending ANSI encoding when redirected)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• praatcon -a (for sending ANSI encoding when redirected)")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.38# (28 October 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @FormantGrid: To Formant...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @FormantGrid: To Formant...")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.36# (20 October 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @ExperimentMFC: accepts nonstandard sound files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @ExperimentMFC: accepts nonstandard sound files.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.35# (5 October 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##Scale times by...# and ##Scale times to...# (Modify menu).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##Scale times by...# and ##Scale times to...# (Modify menu).")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.34# (22 September 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##Shift times by...# and ##Shift times to...# (Modify menu).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound: @@Combine to stereo@ works even if the two mono sounds have different durations or time domains.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##Shift times by...# and ##Shift times to...# (Modify menu).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound: @@Combine to stereo@ works even if the two mono sounds have different durations or time domains.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.33# (9 September 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: prevented warning messages about \"Widget type\".")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: prevented warning messages about \"Widget type\".")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.32# (12 August 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Contributed by Ola S\\o\"der: @@kNN classifiers@ and @@k-means clustering at .")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Made UTF-16-encoded chronological TextGrid files readable.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Contributed by Ola Söder: @@kNN classifiers@ and @@k-means clustering at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Made UTF-16-encoded chronological TextGrid files readable.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.31# (6 August 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: corrected a bug introduced in 5.0.30 that caused Praat to crash when you pressed the Tab key "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: corrected a bug introduced in 5.0.30 that caused Praat to crash when you pressed the Tab key "
"in a window without text fields.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.30# (22 July 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh and Windows: tab navigation.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh and Windows: tab navigation.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.29# (8 July 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OTMulti: can record history.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Picture window: corrected text in Praat picture files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OTMulti: can record history.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Picture window: corrected text in Praat picture files.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.28# (3 July 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: audio output uses DirectX (next to Multi-Media Extensions).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: audio output uses DirectX (next to Multi-Media Extensions).")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.27# (28 June 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Phonetic symbols@: breve (a\\N^).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Annotation: improved some SpellingChecker commands.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: can now set string values that contain spaces.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Phonetic symbols@: breve (a\\N^).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Annotation: improved some SpellingChecker commands.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: can now set string values that contain spaces.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.26# (15 June 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: sound recording no longer makes your laptop's fan spin.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: no longer any 64 MB limit on recorded sounds.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: audio input and output uses Alsa (next to OSS).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: sound recording no longer makes your laptop's fan spin.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: no longer any 64 MB limit on recorded sounds.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: audio input and output uses Alsa (next to OSS).")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.25# (31 May 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OT learning: added decision strategy ExponentialMaximumEntropy.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OT learning: added decision strategy ExponentialMaximumEntropy.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.24# (14 May 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: corrected a bug at start-up.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: corrected a bug at start-up.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.23# (9 May 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when you edited an Artword that you had read from a file.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when you edited an Artword that you had read from a file.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.22# (26 April 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Editing formant contours: @FormantGrid.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Editing formant contours: @FormantGrid.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.21# (22 April 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Annotating with Cyrillic, Arabic, Chinese, Korean characters, and many more (on Macintosh and Windows).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Annotating with Cyrillic, Arabic, Chinese, Korean characters, and many more (on Macintosh and Windows).")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.20# (8 April 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @ExperimentMFC: prevented the OK key from working if no response (and goodness choice) had been made.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OT learning: sped up learning from partial outputs by a factor of five or more.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @ExperimentMFC: prevented the OK key from working if no response (and goodness choice) had been made.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OT learning: sped up learning from partial outputs by a factor of five or more.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.19# (4 April 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid window: corrected a bug introduced in 5.0.17 that could cause Praat to crash when handling point tiers.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid window: corrected a bug introduced in 5.0.17 that could cause Praat to crash when handling point tiers.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.18# (31 March 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Manipulation window: corrected a bug introduced in 5.0.17 that caused Praat to crash when adding the first duration point.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound: added ##Extract all channels#.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OT learning: added @@OTGrammar & PairDistribution: Find positive weights... at .")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ExperimentMFC: corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash when the second of multiple experiments "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Manipulation window: corrected a bug introduced in 5.0.17 that caused Praat to crash when adding the first duration point.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound: added ##Extract all channels#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OT learning: added @@OTGrammar & PairDistribution: Find positive weights... at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ExperimentMFC: corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash when the second of multiple experiments "
"referred to non-existing sound files.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.17# (29 March 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sped up vowel editor by a large factor.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OT learning: corrected Exponential HG update rule from OT-GLA to HG-GLA.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OT learning: shift Exponential HG average constraint weight to zero after every learning step.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sped up vowel editor by a large factor.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OT learning: corrected Exponential HG update rule from OT-GLA to HG-GLA.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OT learning: shift Exponential HG average constraint weight to zero after every learning step.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.16# (25 March 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: returned to old compiler because of incompatibility with MacOS X 10.4.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: returned to old compiler because of incompatibility with MacOS X 10.4.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.15# (21 March 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: more reliable dropping of files on the Praat icon when Praat is already running.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: more reliable dropping of files on the Praat icon when Praat is already running.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.14# (20 March 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu David's vowel editor (New \\-> Sound).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Formulas: corrected scaling of sinc function.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• David's vowel editor (New \\-> Sound).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Formulas: corrected scaling of sinc function.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.13# (18 March 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected drawing of histograms.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid window: selected part of the TextGrid can be extracted and saved.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid: more complete conversion between backslash trigraphs and Unicode.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: more reliable dropping of files on the Praat icon when Praat is not running yet.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Formulas: sinc function.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected drawing of histograms.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid window: selected part of the TextGrid can be extracted and saved.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid: more complete conversion between backslash trigraphs and Unicode.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: more reliable dropping of files on the Praat icon when Praat is not running yet.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Formulas: sinc function.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.12# (12 March 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Bigger ligature symbol (k\\lip).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Bigger ligature symbol (k\\lip).")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.11# (7 March 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected saving of new binary Manipulation files (you can send any unreadable Manipulation files to Paul Boersma for correction).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected saving of new binary Manipulation files (you can send any unreadable Manipulation files to Paul Boersma for correction).")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.10# (27 February 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Added the characters \\d- and \\D-.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: made ##praatcon.exe# compatible with Unicode command lines.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Added the characters \\d- and \\D-.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: made ##praatcon.exe# compatible with Unicode command lines.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.09# (16 February 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: corrected a bug by which Praat would not open files that were dragged on the Praat icon "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: corrected a bug by which Praat would not open files that were dragged on the Praat icon "
"if the names of these files or their directory paths contained non-ASCII characters.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: ignore the Mod2 key, because of its unpredictable assignment.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: ignore the Mod2 key, because of its unpredictable assignment.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.08# (10 February 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected the minus sign (\\bs-m = \"\\-m\").")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected the minus sign (\\bs-m = \"\\-m\").")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.07# (8 February 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Object IDs are visible in editor windows.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Object IDs are visible in editor windows.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.06# (31 January 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that caused ##Find again# in the TextGrid window not to work.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: made Praat work correctly on 10.3 computers with missing fonts.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that caused ##Find again# in the TextGrid window not to work.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: made Praat work correctly on 10.3 computers with missing fonts.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.05# (19 January 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu All Matrix, Sound, Spectrogram, Pitch, Ltas, and Spectrum objects (and more) are now in 52-bit relative precision (instead of the earlier 23 bits).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that could lead to \"Unknown opcode (0)\" messages when drawing large sounds (more than 16 million samples) in the Picture window.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: solved around a bug in the C library that could cause incorrect representation of non-ASCII characters (in the OTGrammar window).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• All Matrix, Sound, Spectrogram, Pitch, Ltas, and Spectrum objects (and more) are now in 52-bit relative precision (instead of the earlier 23 bits).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that could lead to \"Unknown opcode (0)\" messages when drawing large sounds (more than 16 million samples) in the Picture window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: solved around a bug in the C library that could cause incorrect representation of non-ASCII characters (in the OTGrammar window).")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.04# (12 January 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: corrected a bug introduced in 5.0.03 that caused Praat to crash if you pressed a key in the Sound window.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: some cosmetic corrections.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: corrected a bug introduced in 5.0.03 that caused Praat to crash if you pressed a key in the Sound window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: some cosmetic corrections.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.03# (9 January 2008)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: guard against opening the same file more than once.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: possibility of regarding a column as a distribution (#Generate menu).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: corrected line colours.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: guard against opening the same file more than once.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: possibility of regarding a column as a distribution (#Generate menu).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: corrected line colours.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.02# (27 December 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid window: corrected the drawing of numbers to the right of the tiers.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash when doing ##SpectrumTier: List#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid window: corrected the drawing of numbers to the right of the tiers.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that caused Praat to crash when doing ##SpectrumTier: List#.")
NORMAL (L"##5.0.01# (18 December 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when redrawing the sound or TextGrid window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when redrawing the sound or TextGrid window.")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"What was new in 5.0?", L"ppgb", 20071210)
NORMAL (L"##5.0# (10 December 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected many bugs.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Display font sizes in points rather than pixels.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected many bugs.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Display font sizes in points rather than pixels.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.41# (9 December 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: corrected a bug that could cause listening experiments not to run when the directory path included non-ASCII characters; "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: corrected a bug that could cause listening experiments not to run when the directory path included non-ASCII characters; "
"the same bug could (under comparable circumstances) cause scripted menu commands not to work.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that could cause null bytes in data files when the text output encoding preference was ##try ISO Latin-1, then UTF-16#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that could cause null bytes in data files when the text output encoding preference was ##try ISO Latin-1, then UTF-16#.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.40# (3 December 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected some minor bugs.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected some minor bugs.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.39# (1 December 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Manual: corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when viewing certain manual pages with pictures.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when a long string was used as an argument to a procedure.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Manual: corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when viewing certain manual pages with pictures.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when a long string was used as an argument to a procedure.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.38# (19 November 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu More extensive @@logistic regression at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• More extensive @@logistic regression at .")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.37# (15 November 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Object list shows numbers.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: corrected saving of non-ASCII text settings.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Object list shows numbers.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: corrected saving of non-ASCII text settings.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.36# (2 November 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound and TextGrid windows: direct drawing of intensity, formants, pulses, and TextGrid.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Regular expressions: corrected handling of newlines on Windows.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: improved positioning of settings windows for script commands in editors on Windows.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound and TextGrid windows: direct drawing of intensity, formants, pulses, and TextGrid.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Regular expressions: corrected handling of newlines on Windows.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: improved positioning of settings windows for script commands in editors on Windows.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.35# (22 October 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows and Linux: better positioning of form windows of editor scripts.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: OTMulti learning window more compatible with non-ASCII characters.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows and Linux: better positioning of form windows of editor scripts.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: OTMulti learning window more compatible with non-ASCII characters.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.34# (18 October 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug introduced in September that could cause Praat to crash when starting up "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug introduced in September that could cause Praat to crash when starting up "
"if the user had explicitly made action commands visible or invisible in an earlier session.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.33# (16 October 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug introduced in September that caused Praat to crash when a PointProcess window was opened without a Sound.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: objects with non-ASCII names show up correctly in the list.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug introduced in September that caused Praat to crash when a PointProcess window was opened without a Sound.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: objects with non-ASCII names show up correctly in the list.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.32# (14 October 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Unicode support for names of objects.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: first Unicode support (in window titles).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows scripting: corrected a bug that caused weird characters in Paste History.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Unicode support for names of objects.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: first Unicode support (in window titles).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows scripting: corrected a bug that caused weird characters in Paste History.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.31# (8 October 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid window: made Save command available again for TextGrid windows without a sound.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that caused binary Collection files with objects with names with non-ASCII characters to be unreadable.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid window: made Save command available again for TextGrid windows without a sound.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that caused binary Collection files with objects with names with non-ASCII characters to be unreadable.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.30# (3 October 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OTMulti: added an evaluate command in the Objects window, so that paced learning becomes scriptable.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: worked around a feature of a system library that could cause Praat to crash when reading a Collection text file "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OTMulti: added an evaluate command in the Objects window, so that paced learning becomes scriptable.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: worked around a feature of a system library that could cause Praat to crash when reading a Collection text file "
"that contained objects with non-ASCII names.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.29# (1 October 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OT learning: leak and constraint in OTMulti.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Support for saving Table, TableOfReal, Strings, OTGrammar and OTMulti in Unicode.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OT learning: leak and constraint in OTMulti.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Support for saving Table, TableOfReal, Strings, OTGrammar and OTMulti in Unicode.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.28# (1 October 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OT learning: positive constraint satisfactions in OTMulti tableaus.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when reading a non-UTF-8 text file "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OT learning: positive constraint satisfactions in OTMulti tableaus.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when reading a non-UTF-8 text file "
"when the \"Text reading preference\" had been set to UTF-8.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.27# (29 September 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected redrawing of text with non-ASCII characters.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected redrawing of text with non-ASCII characters.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.26# (29 September 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected reading of high UTF-8 codes.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected reading of high UTF-8 codes.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.25# (26 September 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @ExperimentMFC: can set font size for response buttons.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @ExperimentMFC: can set font size for response buttons.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.24# (24 September 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Czech, Polish, Croatian, and Hungarian characters such as \\c< \\uo \\t< \\e; \\s' \\l/ \\c\' \\o: (see @@Special symbols@).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Some support for Hebrew characters such as \\?+ \\B+ \\sU (see @@Special symbols@).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Czech, Polish, Croatian, and Hungarian characters such as \\c< \\uo \\t< \\e; \\s' \\l/ \\c\' \\o: (see @@Special symbols@).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Some support for Hebrew characters such as \\?+ \\B+ \\sU (see @@Special symbols@).")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.23# (22 September 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug introduced in 4.6.13 that caused crashes in text handling (mainly on Linux).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Info commands in editors.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug introduced in 4.6.13 that caused crashes in text handling (mainly on Linux).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Info commands in editors.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.22# (17 September 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Phonetic symbols: added the nonsyllabicity diacritic (a\\nv).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: worked around a feature of a system library that could cause strange behaviour of forms in scripts with non-ASCII characters.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Phonetic symbols: added the nonsyllabicity diacritic (a\\nv).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: worked around a feature of a system library that could cause strange behaviour of forms in scripts with non-ASCII characters.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.21# (5 September 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound and TextGrid windows: direct drawing of selected sound to the picture window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound and TextGrid windows: direct drawing of selected sound to the picture window.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.20# (2 September 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Introduced direct drawing of spectrogram and pitch to the Praat picture window from Sound windows and TextGrid windows.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug introduced in 4.6.13 by which Inspect did not show all data in a TextGrid.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Introduced direct drawing of spectrogram and pitch to the Praat picture window from Sound windows and TextGrid windows.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug introduced in 4.6.13 by which Inspect did not show all data in a TextGrid.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.19# (31 August 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: worked around a bug in a system library that caused Praat to crash (since version 4.6.13) "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: worked around a bug in a system library that caused Praat to crash (since version 4.6.13) "
"when removing a boundary from a TextGrid interval in MacOS X 10.3 or earlier.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.18# (28 August 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound: Filter (formula): now works in the same way as the other filter commands "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound: Filter (formula): now works in the same way as the other filter commands "
"(without adding an empty space at the end), and on stereo sounds.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.17# (25 August 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: improved rotated text, also for copy-paste and printing.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: phonetic characters on the screen now require the Charis SIL or Doulos SIL font.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Picture settings report (mainly for script writers).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when closing a manual page that had been read from a file.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: improved rotated text, also for copy-paste and printing.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: phonetic characters on the screen now require the Charis SIL or Doulos SIL font.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Picture settings report (mainly for script writers).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug that could cause Praat to crash when closing a manual page that had been read from a file.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.16# (22 August 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: corrected a bug introduced in 4.6.13 that could cause Praat to crash when drawing a spectrogram in MacOS X 10.3 or earlier.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: corrected a bug introduced in 4.6.13 that could cause Praat to crash when drawing a spectrogram in MacOS X 10.3 or earlier.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.15# (21 August 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug introduced in 4.6.14 that prevented the use of Helvetica in the Picture window.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug in \"Read Table from table file...\", introduced in 4.6.13.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug introduced in 4.6.14 that prevented the use of Helvetica in the Picture window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug in \"Read Table from table file...\", introduced in 4.6.13.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.14# (20 August 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug introduced in 4.6.13 that prevented any other font than Palatino in the Picture window.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: corrected height of subscripts and superscripts (broken in 4.6.13).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug introduced in 4.6.13 that prevented any other font than Palatino in the Picture window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: corrected height of subscripts and superscripts (broken in 4.6.13).")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.13# (16 August 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid: corrected reading of chronological files.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: text looks better (and rotated text is now readable on Intel Macs).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: phonetic characters on the screen now require the Charis SIL or Doulos SIL font.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid: corrected reading of chronological files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: text looks better (and rotated text is now readable on Intel Macs).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: phonetic characters on the screen now require the Charis SIL or Doulos SIL font.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.12# (27 July 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OTGrammar bug fix: leak and constraint plasticity correctly written into OTGrammar text files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OTGrammar bug fix: leak and constraint plasticity correctly written into OTGrammar text files.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.11# (25 July 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OTGrammar: introduced %%constraint plasticity% for slowing down or halting the speed with which constraints are reranked.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OTGrammar: introduced %%leak% for implementing forgetful learning of correlations.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OTGrammar: positive constraint satisfactions are drawn as `+' in tableaus.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OTGrammar: introduced %%constraint plasticity% for slowing down or halting the speed with which constraints are reranked.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OTGrammar: introduced %%leak% for implementing forgetful learning of correlations.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OTGrammar: positive constraint satisfactions are drawn as `+' in tableaus.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.10# (22 July 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Improved reading of UTF-16 data files.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Improved error messages when reading text files (line numbers are mentioned).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: Get group mean (Student t)...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Improved reading of UTF-16 data files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Improved error messages when reading text files (line numbers are mentioned).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: Get group mean (Student t)...")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.09# (24 June 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug introduced in 4.6.07 that caused a crash when reading Collections.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug introduced in 4.6.07 that caused incorrect Open buttons in Inspect.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu How come 4.6.07 introduced those bugs? Because of large changes in the Praat source code as a result of the transition to Unicode.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug introduced in 4.6.07 that caused a crash when reading Collections.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug introduced in 4.6.07 that caused incorrect Open buttons in Inspect.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• How come 4.6.07 introduced those bugs? Because of large changes in the Praat source code as a result of the transition to Unicode.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.08# (22 June 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: worked around a `feature' of the C library that caused 3-byte line-breaks in the buttons file.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: returned to smaller font in script window.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OT learning: corrected a bug in PositiveHG.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: worked around a `feature' of the C library that caused 3-byte line-breaks in the buttons file.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: returned to smaller font in script window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OT learning: corrected a bug in PositiveHG.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.07# (20 June 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound files: MP3 as LongSound (implemented by Erez Volk).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: Unicode support for strings and script window (Mac and Windows only).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound files: MP3 as LongSound (implemented by Erez Volk).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: Unicode support for strings and script window (Mac and Windows only).")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.06# (4 June 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Script window: corrected a bug introduced in 4.6.05 that could cause incorrect symbols in saved files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Script window: corrected a bug introduced in 4.6.05 that could cause incorrect symbols in saved files.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.05# (2 June 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound files: reading MP3 audio files (implemented by Erez Volk).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound files: reading MP3 audio files (implemented by Erez Volk).")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.04# (29 May 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OT learning: added decision strategy PositiveHG.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OT learning: added decision strategy PositiveHG.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.03# (24 May 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Spectral slices have better names.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Spectral slices have better names.")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.02# (17 May 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound files: saving FLAC audio files (implemented by Erez Volk).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound files: saving FLAC audio files (implemented by Erez Volk).")
NORMAL (L"##4.6.01# (16 May 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Removed a bug that caused downsampling (and therefore formant measurements) "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Removed a bug that caused downsampling (and therefore formant measurements) "
"to be incorrect for stereo sounds.")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"What was new in 4.6?", L"ppgb", 20070512)
NORMAL (L"##4.6# (12 May 2007)")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.26# (8 May 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound files: reading FLAC audio files (implemented by Erez Volk).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound files: reading FLAC audio files (implemented by Erez Volk).")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.25# (7 May 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: Rows to columns...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: Collapse rows... (renamed from Pool).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: Formula (column range)...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OT learning: OTGrammar window shows harmonies.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: Rows to columns...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: Collapse rows... (renamed from Pool).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: Formula (column range)...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OT learning: OTGrammar window shows harmonies.")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.24# (27 April 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OT learning: added decision strategy MaximumEntropy; "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OT learning: added decision strategy MaximumEntropy; "
"this has the same harmony determination method as Harmonic Grammar (include the additive constraint noise), "
"but there is some more variability, in that every candidate gets a relative probability of exp(harmony).")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.23# (26 April 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: much smaller sizes (in kilobytes) of spectrograms for printing and clipboard; "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: much smaller sizes (in kilobytes) of spectrograms for printing and clipboard; "
"this improves the compatibility with other programs such as Microsoft Word for large spectrograms.")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.22# (25 April 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: improved drawing of spectrograms for printing and clipboard "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: improved drawing of spectrograms for printing and clipboard "
"(this was crippled in 4.5.18, but now it is better than before 4.5.18).")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.21# (24 April 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OT learning: corrected HarmonicGrammar (and LinearOT) learning procedure "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OT learning: corrected HarmonicGrammar (and LinearOT) learning procedure "
"to the stochastic gradient ascent method applied by @@Jäger (2003)@ to MaxEnt grammars.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: removed a bug that could make selection checking (in command windows) unreliable after a script was run.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: removed a bug that could make selection checking (in command windows) unreliable after a script was run.")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.20# (19 April 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: allow assignments like $$pitch = To Pitch... 0 75 600$.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu PitchTier Formula: guard against undefined values.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: allow assignments like $$pitch = To Pitch... 0 75 600$.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• PitchTier Formula: guard against undefined values.")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.19# (2 April 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: allow comments with \"\\# \" and \";\" in forms.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows audio playing: attempt at more compatibility with Vista.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: allow comments with \"\\# \" and \";\" in forms.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows audio playing: attempt at more compatibility with Vista.")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.18# (30 March 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: better image drawing (more grey values).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu More tabulation commands.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu More SpectrumTier commands.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Picture window: keyboard shortcut for ##Erase all#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: better image drawing (more grey values).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• More tabulation commands.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• More SpectrumTier commands.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Picture window: keyboard shortcut for ##Erase all#.")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.17# (19 March 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Picture window: can change arrow size.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Several #List commands.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Spectrum: To SpectrumTier (peaks).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Picture window: can change arrow size.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Several #List commands.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Spectrum: To SpectrumTier (peaks).")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.16# (22 February 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound-to-Intensity: made resistant against undefined settings.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: made Ctrl-. available as a shortcut.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: made it more likely to find the correct fonts.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound-to-Intensity: made resistant against undefined settings.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: made Ctrl-. available as a shortcut.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: made it more likely to find the correct fonts.")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.15# (12 February 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows XP: worked around a bug in Windows XP that could cause Praat to crash "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows XP: worked around a bug in Windows XP that could cause Praat to crash "
"when the user moved the mouse pointer over a file in the Desktop in the file selector. "
"The workaround is to temporarily disable file info tips when the file selector window is on the screen.")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.14# (5 February 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: some new predefined string variables like preferencesDirectory\\$ .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: some new predefined string variables like preferencesDirectory\\$ .")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.13# (3 February 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu For stereo sounds, pitch analysis is based on correlations pooled over channels "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• For stereo sounds, pitch analysis is based on correlations pooled over channels "
"(rather than on correlations of the channel average).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu For stereo sounds, spectrogram analysis is based on power density averaged across channels "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• For stereo sounds, spectrogram analysis is based on power density averaged across channels "
"(rather than on the power density of the channel average).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: removed a bug introduced in 4.5.06 that caused some variables not to be substituted.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: removed a bug introduced in 4.5.06 that caused some variables not to be substituted.")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.12# (30 January 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Made cross-correlation pitch analysis as fast as it used to be before 4.5.11.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Made cross-correlation pitch analysis as fast as it used to be before 4.5.11.")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.11# (29 January 2007)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound objects can be stereo, for better playback quality "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound objects can be stereo, for better playback quality "
"(most analyses will work on the averaged mono signal).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: recording a sound now uses CoreAudio instead of SoundManager, "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: recording a sound now uses CoreAudio instead of SoundManager, "
"for more compatibility with modern recording devices, "
"and the possibility to record with a sampling frequency of 96 kHz.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @ManPages allow picture scripts with separate object lists.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: better scroll bars in object list for Lesstif (Debian).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: made @@Create Strings as file list...@ work on Reiser.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @sendpraat scripts correctly wait until sounds have played.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @ManPages allow picture scripts with separate object lists.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: better scroll bars in object list for Lesstif (Debian).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: made @@Create Strings as file list...@ work on Reiser.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @sendpraat scripts correctly wait until sounds have played.")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.08# (20 December 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ExperimentMFC: can use stereo sounds.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ExperimentMFC: can use stereo sounds.")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.07# (16 December 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: playing a sound now uses CoreAudio instead of SoundManager.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Phonetic symbols: \\\'1primary stress and \\\'1secon\\\'2dary stress.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: playing a sound now uses CoreAudio instead of SoundManager.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Phonetic symbols: \\\'1primary stress and \\\'1secon\\\'2dary stress.")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.06# (13 December 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Support for 32-bit floating-point WAV files.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: removed several kinds of restrictions on string length.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu SSCP: Draw confidence ellipse: corrected a bug that would sometimes not draw the ellipse when %N was very large.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Support for 32-bit floating-point WAV files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: removed several kinds of restrictions on string length.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• SSCP: Draw confidence ellipse: corrected a bug that would sometimes not draw the ellipse when %N was very large.")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.05# (5 December 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh scripting: European symbols such as \\o\" and \\e' and \\c, are now allowed in file names in scripts "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh scripting: European symbols such as ö and é and ç are now allowed in file names in scripts "
"and in MacRoman-encoded file names sent by other programs through the sendpraat subroutine.")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.04# (1 December 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound: Change gender...@: corrected a bug that often caused a female-to-male conversion to sound monotonous.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound: Change gender...@: corrected a bug that often caused a female-to-male conversion to sound monotonous.")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.03# (29 November 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: added independent-samples t-test.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: corrected a bug introduced in 4.5.02 that prevented sounds from playing and other weird things.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: added independent-samples t-test.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: corrected a bug introduced in 4.5.02 that prevented sounds from playing and other weird things.")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.02# (16 November 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected yet another bug in the new @@Sound: To TextGrid (silences)... at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected yet another bug in the new @@Sound: To TextGrid (silences)... at .")
NORMAL (L"##4.5.01# (28 October 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound window: the pitch drawing method is #Curves, #Speckles, or #Automatic.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected another bug in the new @@Sound: To TextGrid (silences)... at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound window: the pitch drawing method is #Curves, #Speckles, or #Automatic.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected another bug in the new @@Sound: To TextGrid (silences)... at .")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"What was new in 4.5?", L"ppgb", 20061026)
NORMAL (L"##4.5# (26 October 2006)")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.35# (20 October 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu In @ManPages you can now draw pictures.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• In @ManPages you can now draw pictures.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.34# (19 October 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Corrected a bug in the new @@Sound: To TextGrid (silences)... at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Corrected a bug in the new @@Sound: To TextGrid (silences)... at .")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.33# (4 October 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: corrected a bug introduced in 4.4.31 that caused Praat to skip the first line of the Buttons file.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: corrected a bug introduced in 4.4.31 that caused Praat to skip the first line of the Buttons file.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.32# (30 September 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: more techniques for @@Scripting 4. Object selection|object selection at .")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: more support for putting the results of the #Info command into a string variable.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: more techniques for @@Scripting 4. Object selection|object selection at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: more support for putting the results of the #Info command into a string variable.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.31# (23 September 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Support for @@plug-ins at .")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Split between @@Create Strings as file list...@ and @@Create Strings as directory list... at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Support for @@plug-ins at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Split between @@Create Strings as file list...@ and @@Create Strings as directory list... at .")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.30# (28 August 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: Draw ellipse (standard deviation)...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: Draw ellipse (standard deviation)...")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.29# (21 August 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Allowed \"European\" symbols in file names and object names.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Allowed \"European\" symbols in file names and object names.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.28# (10 August 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows XP: Praat files can finally again be opened by double-clicking and by dragging them onto the Praat icon.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting (Windows): removed a bug that caused Praat to crash if the script window was closed when a file selector window was open.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows XP: Praat files can finally again be opened by double-clicking and by dragging them onto the Praat icon.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting (Windows): removed a bug that caused Praat to crash if the script window was closed when a file selector window was open.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.27# (4 August 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table window: corrected vertical scroll bar (on Windows).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Formulas: invSigmoid.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Logging: added 'power' (and documented the 'freq' command).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Removed a bug that caused ##Read two Sounds from stereo file...# not to work in scripts.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table window: corrected vertical scroll bar (on Windows).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Formulas: invSigmoid.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Logging: added 'power' (and documented the 'freq' command).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Removed a bug that caused ##Read two Sounds from stereo file...# not to work in scripts.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.26# (24 July 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##Sound & FormantTier: Filter#: much more accurate.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##Sound & FormantTier: Filter#: much more accurate.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.25# (16 July 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid reading: don't set first boundary to zero for .wrd label files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid reading: don't set first boundary to zero for .wrd label files.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.24# (19 June 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: regular expressions allow replacement with empty string.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: regular expressions allow replacement with empty string.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.23# (1 June 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: ignore more white space.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: ignore more white space.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.22# (30 May 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: replacing with regular expression. See @@Formulas 5. String functions at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: replacing with regular expression. See @@Formulas 5. String functions at .")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.21# (29 May 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Made Manipulation objects readable again.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Made Manipulation objects readable again.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.20# (3 May 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Removed limit on number of menus (Praat could crash if the number of open windows was high).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Removed limit on number of menus (Praat could crash if the number of open windows was high).")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.19# (28 April 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: ##Get mean#, ##Get standard deviation#, ##Get quantile#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: ##Get mean#, ##Get standard deviation#, ##Get quantile#.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.18# (24 April 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: ##View & Edit#: view the contents of a table.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: ##Scatter plot#.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: more warnings against missing or extra spaces.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: ##View & Edit#: view the contents of a table.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: ##Scatter plot#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: more warnings against missing or extra spaces.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.17# (19 April 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: #Pool: computing averages and medians of dependent variables "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: #Pool: computing averages and medians of dependent variables "
"for a selected combination of independent variables.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: #Formula accepts string expressions as well as numeric expressions.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: #Sort can sort by any number of columns.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: ##Create with column names#.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: ##Report mean#.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Formulas: @@Formulas 7. Attributes of objects|row\\$ and col\\$ attributes at .")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Warning when trying to read data files whose format is newer than the Praat version.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: #Formula accepts string expressions as well as numeric expressions.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: #Sort can sort by any number of columns.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: ##Create with column names#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: ##Report mean#.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Formulas: @@Formulas 7. Attributes of objects|row\\$ and col\\$ attributes at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Warning when trying to read data files whose format is newer than the Praat version.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.16# (1 April 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Spectrum window: dynamic range setting.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu SoundRecorder: corrected a bug in the Intel Mac edition.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Spectrum window: dynamic range setting.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• SoundRecorder: corrected a bug in the Intel Mac edition.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.15# (30 March 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Source code even more compatible with 64-bit compilers.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Source code even more compatible with 64-bit compilers.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.14# (29 March 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Source code more compatible with 64-bit compilers.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Source code more compatible with 64-bit compilers.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.13# (8 March 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table To TableOfReal: better handling of --undefined-- values (are now numeric).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu MacOS X: TextGrid files can be double-clicked to open.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create Strings as file list...@: now handles up to 1,000,000 files per directory.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table To TableOfReal: better handling of --undefined-- values (are now numeric).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• MacOS X: TextGrid files can be double-clicked to open.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create Strings as file list...@: now handles up to 1,000,000 files per directory.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.12# (24 February 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid: removed a bug introduced in 4.4.10 that caused Praat to crash when converting an IntervalTier into a TextGrid.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid: removed a bug introduced in 4.4.10 that caused Praat to crash when converting an IntervalTier into a TextGrid.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.11# (23 February 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Listening experiments: removed a bug that could cause Praat to crash when an ExperimentMFC object was removed.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Listening experiments: removed a bug that could cause Praat to crash when an ExperimentMFC object was removed.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.10# (20 February 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Intel computers: corrected reading and writing of 24-bit sound files (error introduced in 4.4.09).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Create TextGrid: guard against zero tiers.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu MacOS X: correct visibility of Praat icon.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu MacOS X: correct dropping of Praat files on Praat icon.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Intel computers: corrected reading and writing of 24-bit sound files (error introduced in 4.4.09).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Create TextGrid: guard against zero tiers.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• MacOS X: correct visibility of Praat icon.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• MacOS X: correct dropping of Praat files on Praat icon.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.09# (19 February 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: first Intel Macintosh version.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: Create Strings from directory list...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: first Intel Macintosh version.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: Create Strings from directory list...")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.08# (6 February 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Much improved cepstral smoothing.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Much improved cepstral smoothing.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.07# (2 February 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu More scripting facilities (local variables in procedures, e.g. .x and .text\\$ ).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Faster formulas.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• More scripting facilities (local variables in procedures, e.g. .x and .text\\$ ).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Faster formulas.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.06# (30 January 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu More scripting facilities (Object_xxx [ ], Self.nx, Table_xxx\\$ [ ], better messages).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Better reading and writing of Xwaves label files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• More scripting facilities (Object_xxx [ ], Self.nx, Table_xxx\\$ [ ], better messages).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Better reading and writing of Xwaves label files.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.05# (26 January 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @ExperimentMFC: removed a bug that caused Praat to crash when the Oops button was pressed after the experiment finished.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid: an IntervalTier can be written to an Xwaves label file.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @ExperimentMFC: removed a bug that caused Praat to crash when the Oops button was pressed after the experiment finished.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid: an IntervalTier can be written to an Xwaves label file.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.04# (6 January 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: Quicktime support (see at 4.4.03).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: Quicktime support (see at 4.4.03).")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.03# (6 January 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: Quicktime support, i.e., \"Read from file\" can now read the audio from several kinds of movie files (.mov, .avi).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: Quicktime support, i.e., \"Read from file\" can now read the audio from several kinds of movie files (.mov, .avi).")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.02# (5 January 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OT learning: allow the decision strategies of Harmonic Grammar and Linear OT.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OT learning: allow the decision strategies of Harmonic Grammar and Linear OT.")
NORMAL (L"##4.4.01# (2 January 2006)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Picture window: \"Logarithmic marks\" allows reversed axes.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Manipulation window: removed a bug from \"Shift frequencies\" that caused much too small shifts in semitones.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid: \"Remove point...\".")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Picture window: \"Logarithmic marks\" allows reversed axes.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Manipulation window: removed a bug from \"Shift frequencies\" that caused much too small shifts in semitones.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid: \"Remove point...\".")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"What was new in 4.4?", L"ppgb", 20051219)
NORMAL (L"##4.4# (19 December 2005)")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.37# (15 December 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Principal component analysis@: now accepts tables with more variables (columns) than cases (rows).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TIMIT label files: removed a bug that caused Praat to crash for files whose first part was not labelled.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Principal component analysis@: now accepts tables with more variables (columns) than cases (rows).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TIMIT label files: removed a bug that caused Praat to crash for files whose first part was not labelled.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.36# (11 December 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Ltas: Average.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Optimality Theory: compute crucial rankings (select OTGrammar + PairDistribution).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Ltas: Average.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Optimality Theory: compute crucial rankings (select OTGrammar + PairDistribution).")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.35# (8 December 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @ExperimentMFC: switched off warnings for stereo files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @ExperimentMFC: switched off warnings for stereo files.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.34# (8 December 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound window: the arrow scroll step is settable.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu You can now run multiple listening experiments (@ExperimentMFC) in one \"Run\".")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Formant: Get quantile of bandwidth...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound window: the arrow scroll step is settable.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• You can now run multiple listening experiments (@ExperimentMFC) in one \"Run\".")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Formant: Get quantile of bandwidth...")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.33# (6 December 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Removed three bugs introduced in 4.3.32 in @ExperimentMFC.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Removed three bugs introduced in 4.3.32 in @ExperimentMFC.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.32# (5 December 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Many more possibilities in @ExperimentMFC.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Many more possibilities in @ExperimentMFC.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.31# (27 November 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound: To Ltas (pitch-corrected)...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound: To Ltas (pitch-corrected)...@")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.30# (18 November 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TableOfReal: Scatter plot: allows reversed axes.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TableOfReal: Scatter plot: allows reversed axes.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.29# (11 November 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: many more font sizes.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: many more font sizes.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.28# (7 November 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Fontless EPS files: corrected character width for Symbol font (depended on SILIPA setting).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: more reliable detection of home directory.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Fontless EPS files: corrected character width for Symbol font (depended on SILIPA setting).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: more reliable detection of home directory.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.27# (7 October 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid & Pitch: draw with text alignment.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid & Pitch: draw with text alignment.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.26# (29 September 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: corrected error introduced in 4.3.25.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: corrected error introduced in 4.3.25.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.25# (28 September 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: allowed recording with sample rates of 12 and 64 kHz.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: allowed recording with sample rates of 12 and 64 kHz.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.24# (26 September 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: Down to TableOfReal...: one column of the Table can be used as the row labels for the TableOfReal, "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: Down to TableOfReal...: one column of the Table can be used as the row labels for the TableOfReal, "
"and the strings in the remaining columns of the Table are replaced with whole numbers assigned in alphabetical order.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.23# (24 September 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Read Table from comma-separated file...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Read Table from tab-separated file...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Write picture as fontless EPS file: choice between XIPA and SILIPA93.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Bold IPA symbols in EPS files (fontless SILIPA93 only).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Read Table from comma-separated file...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Read Table from tab-separated file...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Write picture as fontless EPS file: choice between XIPA and SILIPA93.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Bold IPA symbols in EPS files (fontless SILIPA93 only).")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.22# (8 September 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: variable scroll bar size (finally, 7 years since System 8.5).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: variable scroll bar size (finally, 7 years since System 8.5).")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.21# (1 September 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: error message if any of the fonts Times, Helvetica, Courier and Symbol are unavailable at start-up.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Renamed \"Control\" menu to \"Praat\" on all platforms (as on the Mac), "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: error message if any of the fonts Times, Helvetica, Courier and Symbol are unavailable at start-up.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Renamed \"Control\" menu to \"Praat\" on all platforms (as on the Mac), "
"to reflect the fact that no other programs than Praat have used the Praat shell for five years.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Script editor: Undo and Redo buttons (only on the Mac for now).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Manual: corrected a bug that sometimes caused Praat to crash when trying to print.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Script editor: Undo and Redo buttons (only on the Mac for now).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Manual: corrected a bug that sometimes caused Praat to crash when trying to print.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.20# (18 August 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Log files: include name of editor window.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Log files: include name of editor window.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.19# (20 July 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Improved buttons in manual.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TableOfReal: Read from headerless spreadsheet file: allow row and column labels to be 30,000 rather than 100 characters.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Improved buttons in manual.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TableOfReal: Read from headerless spreadsheet file: allow row and column labels to be 30,000 rather than 100 characters.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.18# (12 July 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Glottal source for sound synthesis, corrected and documented.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Glottal source for sound synthesis, corrected and documented.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.17# (7 July 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Glottal source for sound synthesis.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Multi-level Optimality Theory: parallel evaluation and bidirectional learning.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Glottal source for sound synthesis.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Multi-level Optimality Theory: parallel evaluation and bidirectional learning.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.16# (22 June 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Pitch drawing: corrected logarithmic scales.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Pitch drawing: corrected logarithmic scales.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.15# (22 June 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Graphics: better dotted lines in pitch contours; clipped pitch curves in editor windows.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Pitch analysis: more different units (semitones %re 1 Hz).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Graphics: better dotted lines in pitch contours; clipped pitch curves in editor windows.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Pitch analysis: more different units (semitones %re 1 Hz).")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.14# (14 June 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: regular expressions.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Removed a bug that caused Praat to crash if a proposed object name was longer than 200 characters.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: regular expressions.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Removed a bug that caused Praat to crash if a proposed object name was longer than 200 characters.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.13# (19 May 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: an option to switch off screen previews in EPS files.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sources: compatibility of makefiles with MinGW (Minimalist GNU for Windows).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: an option to switch off screen previews in EPS files.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sources: compatibility of makefiles with MinGW (Minimalist GNU for Windows).")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.12# (10 May 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Some more manual tricks.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Some more manual tricks.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.11# (6 May 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid editor: show number of intervals.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid editor: show number of intervals.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.10# (25 April 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: Get logistic regression.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: Get logistic regression.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.08# (19 April 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OT learning: store history with \"OTGrammar & Strings: Learn from partial outputs...\".")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• OT learning: store history with \"OTGrammar & Strings: Learn from partial outputs...\".")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.07# (31 March 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: removed a bug that could cause a sound to stop playing.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: removed a bug that could cause a sound to stop playing.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.04# (9 March 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Use SIL Doulos IPA 1993/1996 instead of 1989.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Use SIL Doulos IPA 1993/1996 instead of 1989.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.03# (2 March 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid window: green colouring of matching text.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Regular expressions can be used in many places.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Pitch analysis: switched off formant-pulling.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid window: green colouring of matching text.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Regular expressions can be used in many places.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Pitch analysis: switched off formant-pulling.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.02# (16 February 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid: Remove boundary at time...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Scripting: corrected %nowarn.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: guard against blocking audio device.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: guard against out-of-range audio level meter.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid: Remove boundary at time...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Scripting: corrected %nowarn.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: guard against blocking audio device.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: guard against out-of-range audio level meter.")
NORMAL (L"##4.3.01# (9 February 2005)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Replaced PostScript font SILDoulosIPA with XIPA (adapted for Praat by Rafael Laboissi\\e`re).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound: Set part to zero...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Pitch: To Sound (sine)...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound & TextGrid: Clone time domain.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Replaced PostScript font SILDoulosIPA with XIPA (adapted for Praat by Rafael Laboissière).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound: Set part to zero...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Pitch: To Sound (sine)...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound & TextGrid: Clone time domain.")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"What was new in 4.3?", L"ppgb", 20050126)
ENTRY (L"Praat 4.3, 26 January 2005")
NORMAL (L"General:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu `Apply' button in settings windows for menu commands and in script forms.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Info window can be saved.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Removed 30,000-character limit in Info window.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• `Apply' button in settings windows for menu commands and in script forms.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Info window can be saved.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Removed 30,000-character limit in Info window.")
NORMAL (L"Phonetics:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Speeded up intensity analysis by a factor of 10 "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Speeded up intensity analysis by a factor of 10 "
"(by making its time resolution 0.01 ms rather than 0.0001 ms at a sampling frequency of 44 kHz).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Speeded up pitch analysis and spectrogram analysis by a factor of two.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound: To Spectrum... now has a reasonably fast non-FFT version.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Calibrated long-term average spectrum (Sound: To Ltas...).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Pitch-corrected LTAS analysis.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound: Scale intensity.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu PitchTier: To Sound (sine).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Better warnings against use of the LPC object.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Speeded up pitch analysis and spectrogram analysis by a factor of two.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound: To Spectrum... now has a reasonably fast non-FFT version.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Calibrated long-term average spectrum (Sound: To Ltas...).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Pitch-corrected LTAS analysis.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound: Scale intensity.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• PitchTier: To Sound (sine).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Better warnings against use of the LPC object.")
NORMAL (L"Voice:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu July 9, 2004 (4.2.08): Shimmer measurements: more accurate and less sensitive to additive noise.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu More extensive voice report: pitch statistics; harmonicity.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• July 9, 2004 (4.2.08): Shimmer measurements: more accurate and less sensitive to additive noise.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• More extensive voice report: pitch statistics; harmonicity.")
NORMAL (L"Audio:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Reading and opening 24-bit and 32-bit sound files (saving still goes in 16 bits).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu LongSound: save separate channels.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: much faster reading of WAV files.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Reading and opening 24-bit and 32-bit sound files (saving still goes in 16 bits).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• LongSound: save separate channels.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: much faster reading of WAV files.")
NORMAL (L"Listening experiments:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Subjects can now respond with keyboard presses.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Subjects can now respond with keyboard presses.")
NORMAL (L"Graphics:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu One can now drag the inner viewport in the Picture window, excluding the margins. "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• One can now drag the inner viewport in the Picture window, excluding the margins. "
"This is nice e.g. for creating square viewports or for drawing a waveform and a spectrogram in close contact.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Unix: picture highlighting as on Mac and Windows.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu More drawing methods for Sound and Ltas (curve, bars, poles, speckles).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Unix: picture highlighting as on Mac and Windows.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• More drawing methods for Sound and Ltas (curve, bars, poles, speckles).")
NORMAL (L"OT learning:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Monitor rankings when learning.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OTGrammar: Remove harmonically bounded candidates...")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OTGrammar: Save as headerless spreadsheet file...")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Metrics grammar: added *Clash, *Lapse, WeightByPosition and *MoraicConsonant.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Monitor rankings when learning.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• OTGrammar: Remove harmonically bounded candidates...")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• OTGrammar: Save as headerless spreadsheet file...")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Metrics grammar: added *Clash, *Lapse, WeightByPosition and *MoraicConsonant.")
NORMAL (L"Scripting:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu nowarn, noprogress, nocheck.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Line numbers.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• nowarn, noprogress, nocheck.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Line numbers.")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"What was new in 4.2?", L"ppgb", 20040304)
ENTRY (L"Praat 4.2, 4 March 2004")
NORMAL (L"General:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu July 10, 2003: Open source code (General Public Licence).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• July 10, 2003: Open source code (General Public Licence).")
NORMAL (L"Phonetics:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Faster computation of spectrum, spectrogram, and pitch.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu More precision in numeric libraries.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu PitchTier: Interpolate quadratically.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrids can be saved chronologically (and Praat can read that file again).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound editor window @@Time step settings...@: \"Automatic\", \"Fixed\", and \"View-dependent\".")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound window: distinguish basic from advanced spectrogram and pitch settings.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Read TableOfReal from headerless spreadsheet file...: cells with strings are considered zero.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound window: introduced time step as advanced setting.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound window: reintroduced view range as advanced setting.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Ltas: Compute trend line, Subtract trend line.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Faster computation of spectrum, spectrogram, and pitch.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• More precision in numeric libraries.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• PitchTier: Interpolate quadratically.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrids can be saved chronologically (and Praat can read that file again).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound editor window @@Time step settings...@: \"Automatic\", \"Fixed\", and \"View-dependent\".")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound window: distinguish basic from advanced spectrogram and pitch settings.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Read TableOfReal from headerless spreadsheet file...: cells with strings are considered zero.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound window: introduced time step as advanced setting.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound window: reintroduced view range as advanced setting.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Ltas: Compute trend line, Subtract trend line.")
NORMAL (L"Audio:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sun workstations: support audio servers.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Sun workstations: support audio servers.")
NORMAL (L"Graphics:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Better selections in Picture window and editor windows.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Picture window: better handling of rectangles and ellipses for reversed axes.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: corrected positioning of pictures on clipboard and in metafiles.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: EPS files check availability of Times and TimesNewRomanPSMT.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Polygon: can now also paint in colour instead of only in grey values.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Unlimited number of points for polygons in PostScript (may not work on very old printers).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Picture window: line widths on all printers and clipboards are now equal to line widths used on PostScript printers: "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Better selections in Picture window and editor windows.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Picture window: better handling of rectangles and ellipses for reversed axes.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: corrected positioning of pictures on clipboard and in metafiles.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: EPS files check availability of Times and TimesNewRomanPSMT.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Polygon: can now also paint in colour instead of only in grey values.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Unlimited number of points for polygons in PostScript (may not work on very old printers).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Picture window: line widths on all printers and clipboards are now equal to line widths used on PostScript printers: "
"a line with a line width of \"1\" will be drawn with a width 3/8 points. This improves the looks of pictures printed "
"on non-PostScript printers, improves the looks of pictures copied to your wordprocessor when printed, "
"and changes the looks of pictures copied to your presentation program.")
NORMAL (L"OT learning:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Metrics grammar supports \'impoverished overt forms\', "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Metrics grammar supports \'impoverished overt forms\', "
"i.e. without secondary stress even if surface structures do have secondary stress.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Support for crucially tied constraints and tied candidates.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Support for backtracking in EDCD.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Queries for testing grammaticality.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Support for crucially tied constraints and tied candidates.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Support for backtracking in EDCD.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Queries for testing grammaticality.")
NORMAL (L"Scripting:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ManPages: script links can receive arguments.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ManPages: variable duration of recording.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Support for unlimited size of script files in editor window on Windows XP and MacOS X (the Unix editions already had this).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Improved the reception of %sendpraat commands on Windows XP.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• ManPages: script links can receive arguments.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• ManPages: variable duration of recording.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Support for unlimited size of script files in editor window on Windows XP and MacOS X (the Unix editions already had this).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Improved the reception of %sendpraat commands on Windows XP.")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"What was new in 4.1?", L"ppgb", 20030605)
ENTRY (L"Praat 4.1, 5 June 2003")
NORMAL (L"General:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu MacOS X edition.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Removed licensing.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu More than 99 percent of the source code distributed under the General Public Licence.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows 2000 and XP: put preferences files in home directory.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• MacOS X edition.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Removed licensing.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• More than 99 percent of the source code distributed under the General Public Licence.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows 2000 and XP: put preferences files in home directory.")
NORMAL (L"Phonetics:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Spectrum: the sign of the Fourier transform has changed, to comply with common use "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Spectrum: the sign of the Fourier transform has changed, to comply with common use "
"in technology and physics. Old Spectrum files are converted when read.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Spectral moments.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Many jitter and shimmer measures, also in the Sound editor window.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu PitchTier: shift or multiply frequencies (also in ManipulationEditor).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid: shift times, scale times.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Overlap-add synthesis: reduced buzz in voiceless parts.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound: Change gender...")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Editors: @@Intro 3.6. Viewing a spectral slice at .")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Editors: Get spectral power at cursor cross.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound: To PointProcess (periodic, peaks)...@")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Ltas: merge.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Spectral moments.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Many jitter and shimmer measures, also in the Sound editor window.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• PitchTier: shift or multiply frequencies (also in ManipulationEditor).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid: shift times, scale times.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Overlap-add synthesis: reduced buzz in voiceless parts.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound: Change gender...")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Editors: @@Intro 3.6. Viewing a spectral slice at .")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Editors: Get spectral power at cursor cross.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound: To PointProcess (periodic, peaks)...@")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Ltas: merge.")
NORMAL (L"Listening experiments:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Goodness judgments.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Multiple ResultsMFC: ##To Table#, so that the whole experiment can go into a single statistics file.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Stimulus file path can be relative to directory of experiment file.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @ExperimentMFC: multiple substimuli for discrimination tests.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Goodness judgments.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Multiple ResultsMFC: ##To Table#, so that the whole experiment can go into a single statistics file.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Stimulus file path can be relative to directory of experiment file.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @ExperimentMFC: multiple substimuli for discrimination tests.")
NORMAL (L"Statistics:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu New @Table object for column @statistics: Pearson's %r, Kendall's %\\ta-%b, %t-test.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: scatter plot.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Table: column names as variables.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@T-test at .")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TableOfReal: Extract rows where column...")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TableOfReal: Get correlation....")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Correlation: Confidence intervals...")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@SSCP: Get diagonality (bartlett)...")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• New @Table object for column @statistics: Pearson's %r, Kendall's %\\ta-%b, %t-test.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: scatter plot.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Table: column names as variables.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@T-test at .")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• TableOfReal: Extract rows where column...")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• TableOfReal: Get correlation....")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Correlation: Confidence intervals...")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@SSCP: Get diagonality (bartlett)...")
NORMAL (L"OT learning:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Tutorial for bidirectional learning.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Random choice between equally violating candidates.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu More constraints in metrics grammar.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Learning in editor.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Tutorial for bidirectional learning.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Random choice between equally violating candidates.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• More constraints in metrics grammar.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Learning in editor.")
NORMAL (L"Graphics:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Printing: hard-coded image interpolation for EPS files and PostScript printers.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Printing: hard-coded image interpolation for EPS files and PostScript printers.")
NORMAL (L"Scripting:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu New @Formulas tutorial.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Formulas: can use variables without quotes.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Formulas for PitchTier, IntensityTier, AmplitudeTier, DurationTier.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Refer to any matrices and tables in formulas, e.g. Sound_hello (x) or Table_everything [row, col] "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• New @Formulas tutorial.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @Formulas: can use variables without quotes.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Formulas for PitchTier, IntensityTier, AmplitudeTier, DurationTier.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Refer to any matrices and tables in formulas, e.g. Sound_hello (x) or Table_everything [row, col] "
"or Table_tokens [i, \"F1\"].")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Assignment by modification, as with += -= *= /=.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu New functions: date\\$ (), extractNumber, extractWord\\$ , extractLine\\$ . See @@Formulas 5. String functions at .")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Scripting 5.7. Including other scripts at .")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu String formulas in the calculator.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Stopped support of things that had been undocumented for the last four years: "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Assignment by modification, as with += -= *= /=.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• New functions: date\\$ (), extractNumber, extractWord\\$ , extractLine\\$ . See @@Formulas 5. String functions at .")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Scripting 5.7. Including other scripts at .")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• String formulas in the calculator.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Stopped support of things that had been undocumented for the last four years: "
"#let, #getnumber, #getstring, #ARGS, #copy, #proc, variables with capitals, and strings in numeric variables; "
"there are messages about how to modify your old scripts.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Disallowed ambiguous expressions like -3\\^ 2.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Disallowed ambiguous expressions like -3\\^ 2.")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"What was new in 4.0?", L"ppgb", 20011015)
ENTRY (L"Praat 4.0, 15 October 2001")
NORMAL (L"Editors:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Simplified selection and cursor in editor windows.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Spectrogram, pitch contour, formant contour, and intensity available in the "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Simplified selection and cursor in editor windows.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Spectrogram, pitch contour, formant contour, and intensity available in the "
"Sound, LongSound, and TextGrid editors.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid editor: additions and improvements.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Log files at .")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid editor: additions and improvements.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Log files at .")
NORMAL (L"Phonetics library:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @ExperimentMFC: multiple-forced-choice listening experiments.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound: To Pitch (ac)...@: pitch contour less dependent on time resolution. "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @ExperimentMFC: multiple-forced-choice listening experiments.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound: To Pitch (ac)...@: pitch contour less dependent on time resolution. "
"This improves the constancy of the contours in the editors when zooming.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid: additions and improvements.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sounds: Concatenate recoverably. Creates a TextGrid whose interval labels are the original "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid: additions and improvements.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Sounds: Concatenate recoverably. Creates a TextGrid whose interval labels are the original "
"names of the sounds.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound & TextGrid: Extract all intervals. The reverse of the previous command.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Filterbank analyses, @MelFilter, @BarkFilter and "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound & TextGrid: Extract all intervals. The reverse of the previous command.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Filterbank analyses, @MelFilter, @BarkFilter and "
"@FormantFilter, by @@band filtering in the frequency domain at ." )
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Cepstrum by David Weenink: @MFCC, @LFCC. "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Cepstrum by David Weenink: @MFCC, @LFCC. "
"@Cepstrum object is a representation of the %%complex cepstrum%.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Intensity: To IntensityTier (peaks, valleys).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Replaced Analysis and AnalysisEditor with @Manipulation and @ManipulationEditor.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Intensity: To IntensityTier (peaks, valleys).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Replaced Analysis and AnalysisEditor with @Manipulation and @ManipulationEditor.")
NORMAL (L"Phonology library:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu PairDistribution: Get percentage correct (maximum likelihood, probability matching).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OTGrammar & PairDistribution: Get percentage correct...")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• PairDistribution: Get percentage correct (maximum likelihood, probability matching).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• OTGrammar & PairDistribution: Get percentage correct...")
NORMAL (L"Graphics:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Improved spectrogram drawing.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Special symbols@: h\\a'c\\v^ek.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: improved screen rendition of rotated text.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Improved spectrogram drawing.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Special symbols@: háček.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: improved screen rendition of rotated text.")
NORMAL (L"Audio:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Macintosh: support for multiple audio input devices (sound cards).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Macintosh: support for multiple audio input devices (sound cards).")
NORMAL (L"Statistics and numerics library:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu More statistics by David Weenink.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Improved random numbers and other numerical stuff.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Regular expressions at .")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• More statistics by David Weenink.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Improved random numbers and other numerical stuff.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Regular expressions at .")
NORMAL (L"Scripting:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Formatting in variable substitution, e.g. 'pitch:2' gives two digits after the decimal point.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Added ##fixed\\$ # to scripting language for formatting of numbers.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Formatting in variable substitution, e.g. 'pitch:2' gives two digits after the decimal point.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Added ##fixed\\$ # to scripting language for formatting of numbers.")
NORMAL (L"Documentation:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Multidimensional scaling@ tutorial.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Enabled debugging-at-a-distance.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Multidimensional scaling@ tutorial.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Enabled debugging-at-a-distance.")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"What was new in 3.9?", L"ppgb", 20001018)
ENTRY (L"Praat 3.9, 18 October 2000")
NORMAL (L"Editors:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Shift-click and shift-drag extend or shrink selection in editor windows.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Grouped editors can have separate zooming and scrolling (FunctionEditor preferences).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Cursor follows playing sound in editors; interruption by Escape key moves the cursor.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGridEditor: optimized for transcribing large corpora: text field, directly movable boundaries, "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Shift-click and shift-drag extend or shrink selection in editor windows.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Grouped editors can have separate zooming and scrolling (FunctionEditor preferences).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Cursor follows playing sound in editors; interruption by Escape key moves the cursor.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGridEditor: optimized for transcribing large corpora: text field, directly movable boundaries, "
"more visible text in tiers, @SpellingChecker, "
"type while the sound is playing, complete keyboard navigation, control font size, control text alignment, "
"shift-click near boundary adds interval to selection.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Stereo display in LongSound and TextGrid editors.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu LongSoundEditor and TextGridEditor: write selection to audio file.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu SoundEditor: added command \"Extract selection (preserve times)\".")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu IntervalTierEditor, DurationTierEditor.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Added many query commands in editors.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Stereo display in LongSound and TextGrid editors.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• LongSoundEditor and TextGridEditor: write selection to audio file.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• SoundEditor: added command \"Extract selection (preserve times)\".")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• IntervalTierEditor, DurationTierEditor.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Added many query commands in editors.")
NORMAL (L"Phonetics library:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound: To Formant...: sample-rate-independent formant analysis.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound: To Harmonicity (glottal-to-noise excitation ratio).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Pitch: support for ERB units, draw all combinations of line/speckle and linear/logarithmic/semitones/mels/erbs, "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound: To Formant...: sample-rate-independent formant analysis.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound: To Harmonicity (glottal-to-noise excitation ratio).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Pitch: support for ERB units, draw all combinations of line/speckle and linear/logarithmic/semitones/mels/erbs, "
"optionally with TextGrid, Subtract linear fit.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Spectrum: Draw along logarithmic frequency axis.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid: modification commands, Extract part, Shift to zero, Scale times (with Sound or LongSound).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Matrix: To TableOfReal@, Draw contour...")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Concatenate Sound and LongSound objects.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu File formats: save PitchTier in spreadsheet format, read CGN syntax files (XML version), "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Spectrum: Draw along logarithmic frequency axis.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid: modification commands, Extract part, Shift to zero, Scale times (with Sound or LongSound).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Matrix: To TableOfReal@, Draw contour...")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Concatenate Sound and LongSound objects.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• File formats: save PitchTier in spreadsheet format, read CGN syntax files (XML version), "
"text files now completely file-server-safe (independent from Windows/Macintosh/Unix line separators).")
NORMAL (L"Statistics and numerics library:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Principal component analysis at .")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Discriminant analysis at .")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Polynomial: drawing, @@Roots|root@ finding etc.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@TableOfReal: Draw box plots... at .")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Covariance: To TableOfReal (random sampling)... at .")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@SSCP: Get sigma ellipse area... at .")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Query @DTW for 'weighted distance' of time warp.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Distributions: To Strings (exact)...")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Strings: Randomize.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Principal component analysis at .")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Discriminant analysis at .")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @Polynomial: drawing, @@Roots|root@ finding etc.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@TableOfReal: Draw box plots... at .")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Covariance: To TableOfReal (random sampling)... at .")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@SSCP: Get sigma ellipse area... at .")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Query @DTW for 'weighted distance' of time warp.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Distributions: To Strings (exact)...")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Strings: Randomize.")
NORMAL (L"Phonology library:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OTGrammar: To PairDistribution.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• OTGrammar: To PairDistribution.")
NORMAL (L"Graphics:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Full support for colour inkjet printers on Windows and Macintosh.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Full support for high-resolution colour clipboards and metafiles for "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Full support for colour inkjet printers on Windows and Macintosh.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Full support for high-resolution colour clipboards and metafiles for "
"Windows and Macintosh programs that support them (this include MS Word "
"for Windows, but unfortunately not MS Word for Macintosh).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Colour in EPS files.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Interpolating grey images, i.e. better zoomed spectrograms.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: support for 24-bits screens.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Colour in EPS files.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Interpolating grey images, i.e. better zoomed spectrograms.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: support for 24-bits screens.")
NORMAL (L"Audio:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Asynchronous sound play.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Linux: solved problems with /dev/mixer (\"Cannot read MIC gain.\") on many computers.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Added possibility of zero padding for sound playing, "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Asynchronous sound play.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Linux: solved problems with /dev/mixer (\"Cannot read MIC gain.\") on many computers.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Added possibility of zero padding for sound playing, "
"in order to reduce clicks on some Linux and Sun computers.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu LongSound supports mono and stereo, 8-bit and 16-bit, %\\mu-law and A-law, "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• LongSound supports mono and stereo, 8-bit and 16-bit, %\\mu-law and A-law, "
"big-endian and little-endian, AIFC, WAV, NeXT/Sun, and NIST files.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu \"Read two Sounds from stereo file...\" supports 8-bit and 16-bit, %\\mu-law and A-law, "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• \"Read two Sounds from stereo file...\" supports 8-bit and 16-bit, %\\mu-law and A-law, "
"big-endian and little-endian, AIFC, WAV, NeXT/Sun, and NIST files.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu SoundRecorder writes to 16-bit AIFC, WAV, NeXT/Sun, and NIST mono and stereo files.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound & LongSound: write part or whole to mono or stereo audio file.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Read Sound from raw Alaw file.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Artword & Speaker (& Sound) movie: real time on all platforms.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• SoundRecorder writes to 16-bit AIFC, WAV, NeXT/Sun, and NIST mono and stereo files.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound & LongSound: write part or whole to mono or stereo audio file.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Read Sound from raw Alaw file.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Artword & Speaker (& Sound) movie: real time on all platforms.")
NORMAL (L"Scripting:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Formulas 4. Mathematical functions@: added statistical functions: %\\ci^2, Student T, Fisher F, binomial, "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Formulas 4. Mathematical functions@: added statistical functions: %\\ci^2, Student T, Fisher F, binomial, "
"and their inverse functions.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows: program #praatcon for use as a Unix-style console application.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Windows and Unix: Praat can be run with a command-line interface without quitting on errors.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Unix & Windows: can use <stdout> as a file name (supports pipes for binary data).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @sendpraat now also for Macintosh.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Scripting 6.7. Sending a message to another program|sendsocket at .")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Read from file...@ recognizes script files if they begin with \"\\# !\".")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Script links in @ManPages.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows: program #praatcon for use as a Unix-style console application.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Windows and Unix: Praat can be run with a command-line interface without quitting on errors.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Unix & Windows: can use <stdout> as a file name (supports pipes for binary data).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @sendpraat now also for Macintosh.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Scripting 6.7. Sending a message to another program|sendsocket at .")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Read from file...@ recognizes script files if they begin with \"\\# !\".")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Script links in @ManPages.")
NORMAL (L"Documentation")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Tutorials on all subjects available through @Intro.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Tutorials on all subjects available through @Intro.")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"What was new in 3.8?", L"ppgb", 19990112)
ENTRY (L"Praat 3.8, 12 January 1999")
NORMAL (L"Phonetics library")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu New objects: @LongSound (view and label long sound files), with editor; PairDistribution.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Overlap-add@ manipulation of voiceless intervals, version 2: quality much better now; "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• New objects: @LongSound (view and label long sound files), with editor; PairDistribution.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Overlap-add@ manipulation of voiceless intervals, version 2: quality much better now; "
"target duration is exactly as expected from Duration tier or specified lengthening in @@Sound: Lengthen (overlap-add)... at .")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Audio: Escape key stops audio playing (on Mac also Command-period).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @SoundRecorder: allows multiple recordings without close; Play button; Write buttons; buffer size can be set.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Reverse a Sound or a selection of a Sound.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound: Get nearest zero crossing... at .")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Formant: \"Scatter plot (reversed axes)...\".")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid & Pitch: \"Speckle separately...\".")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu \"Extract Sound selection (preserve times)\" in TextGridEditor.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu More query commands for Matrix, TableOfReal, Spectrum, PointProcess.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Audio: Escape key stops audio playing (on Mac also Command-period).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @SoundRecorder: allows multiple recordings without close; Play button; Write buttons; buffer size can be set.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Reverse a Sound or a selection of a Sound.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound: Get nearest zero crossing... at .")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Formant: \"Scatter plot (reversed axes)...\".")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid & Pitch: \"Speckle separately...\".")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• \"Extract Sound selection (preserve times)\" in TextGridEditor.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• More query commands for Matrix, TableOfReal, Spectrum, PointProcess.")
NORMAL (L"Phonology library")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu 25-page OT learning tutorial.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Made the OT learner 14 times as fast.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• 25-page OT learning tutorial.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Made the OT learner 14 times as fast.")
NORMAL (L"Platforms")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu May 23: Windows beta version.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu April 24: Windows alpha version.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• May 23: Windows beta version.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• April 24: Windows alpha version.")
NORMAL (L"Files")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Read more Kay, Sun (.au), and WAV sound files.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu \"Read Strings from raw text file...\"")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create Strings as file list... at .")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu \"Read IntervalTier from Xwaves...\"")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu hidden \"Read from old Windows Praat picture file...\"")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Read more Kay, Sun (.au), and WAV sound files.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• \"Read Strings from raw text file...\"")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create Strings as file list... at .")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• \"Read IntervalTier from Xwaves...\"")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• hidden \"Read from old Windows Praat picture file...\"")
NORMAL (L"Graphics")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Use colours (instead of only greys) in \"Paint ellipse...\" etc.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu More true colours (maroon, lime, navy, teal, purple, olive).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Direct printing from Macintosh to PostScript printers.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Hyperpage printing to PostScript printers and PostScript files.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Phonetic symbols: raising sign, lowering sign, script g, corner, ligature, pointing finger.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Use colours (instead of only greys) in \"Paint ellipse...\" etc.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• More true colours (maroon, lime, navy, teal, purple, olive).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Direct printing from Macintosh to PostScript printers.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Hyperpage printing to PostScript printers and PostScript files.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Phonetic symbols: raising sign, lowering sign, script g, corner, ligature, pointing finger.")
NORMAL (L"Shell")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu November 4: all dialogs are modeless (which is new for Unix and Mac).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu September 27: @sendpraat for Windows.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• November 4: all dialogs are modeless (which is new for Unix and Mac).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• September 27: @sendpraat for Windows.")
NORMAL (L"Scripting")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu January 7: scriptable editors.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu October 7: file I/O in scripts.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu August 23: script language includes all the important functions for string handling.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu June 24: string variables in scripts.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu June 22: faster look-up of script variables.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu June 22: unlimited number of script variables.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu April 5: suspended chopping of trailing spaces.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu March 29: enabled formulas as arguments to dialogs (also interactive).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• January 7: scriptable editors.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• October 7: file I/O in scripts.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• August 23: script language includes all the important functions for string handling.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• June 24: string variables in scripts.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• June 22: faster look-up of script variables.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• June 22: unlimited number of script variables.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• April 5: suspended chopping of trailing spaces.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• March 29: enabled formulas as arguments to dialogs (also interactive).")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"What was new in 3.7?", L"ppgb", 19980324)
ENTRY (L"Praat 3.7, 24 March 1998")
NORMAL (L"Editors:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu In all FunctionEditors: drag to get a selection.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• In all FunctionEditors: drag to get a selection.")
NORMAL (L"Phonetics library:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Many new query (#Get) commands for @Sound, @Intensity, @Harmonicity, @Pitch, "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Many new query (#Get) commands for @Sound, @Intensity, @Harmonicity, @Pitch, "
"@Formant, @Ltas, @PitchTier, @IntensityTier, @DurationTier, #FormantTier.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Many new modification commands.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Many new interpolations.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound enhancements: @@Sound: Lengthen (overlap-add)...@, @@Sound: Deepen band modulation...@")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Source-filter synthesis@ tutorial, @@Sound & IntensityTier: Multiply@, "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Many new modification commands.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Many new interpolations.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound enhancements: @@Sound: Lengthen (overlap-add)...@, @@Sound: Deepen band modulation...@")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Source-filter synthesis@ tutorial, @@Sound & IntensityTier: Multiply@, "
"##Sound & FormantTier: Filter#, @@Formant: Formula (frequencies)...@, @@Sound: Pre-emphasize (in-line)... at .")
NORMAL (L"Labelling")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid queries (#Get times and labels in a script).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@TextGrid: Count labels... at .")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@PointProcess: To TextGrid (vuv)...@: get voiced/unvoiced information from a point process.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu IntervalTier to TableOfReal: labels become row labels.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextTier to TableOfReal.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid queries (#Get times and labels in a script).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@TextGrid: Count labels... at .")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@PointProcess: To TextGrid (vuv)...@: get voiced/unvoiced information from a point process.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• IntervalTier to TableOfReal: labels become row labels.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• TextTier to TableOfReal.")
NORMAL (L"Numerics and statistics library")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Multidimensional scaling (Kruskal, INDSCAL, etc).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @TableOfReal: Set value, Formula, Remove column, Insert column, Draw as squares, To Matrix.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Multidimensional scaling (Kruskal, INDSCAL, etc).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @TableOfReal: Set value, Formula, Remove column, Insert column, Draw as squares, To Matrix.")
NORMAL (L"Phonology library")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu OT learning: new strategies: weighted symmetric plasticity (uncancelled or all).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• OT learning: new strategies: weighted symmetric plasticity (uncancelled or all).")
NORMAL (L"Praat shell")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu First Linux version.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Eight new functions like e.g. %hertzToBark in @@Formulas 4. Mathematical functions at .")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Praat script@: procedure arguments; object names.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• First Linux version.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Eight new functions like e.g. %hertzToBark in @@Formulas 4. Mathematical functions at .")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Praat script@: procedure arguments; object names.")
NORMAL (L"Documentation:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu 230 more man pages (now 630).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Hypertext: increased readability of formulas, navigation with keyboard.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• 230 more man pages (now 630).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Hypertext: increased readability of formulas, navigation with keyboard.")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"What was new in 3.6?", L"ppgb", 19971027)
ENTRY (L"Praat 3.6, 27 October 1997")
NORMAL (L"Editors:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Intuitive position of B and E buttons on left-handed mice.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @SoundEditor: copy %windowed selection to list of objects.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @SoundEditor: undo Cut, Paste, Zero.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @SpectrumEditor: copy band-filtered spectrum or sound to list of objects.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @ManipulationEditor: LPC-based pitch manipulation.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Intuitive position of B and E buttons on left-handed mice.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @SoundEditor: copy %windowed selection to list of objects.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @SoundEditor: undo Cut, Paste, Zero.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @SpectrumEditor: copy band-filtered spectrum or sound to list of objects.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @ManipulationEditor: LPC-based pitch manipulation.")
NORMAL (L"Objects:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Use '-', and '+' in object names.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Use '-', and '+' in object names.")
NORMAL (L"Phonetics library")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu LPC-based resynthesis in @ManipulationEditor.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Sound: direct modification without formulas (addition, multiplication, windowing)")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Sound: filtering in spectral domain by formula.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Create a simple @Pitch object from a @PitchTier (for %F__0_) and a @Pitch (for V/U).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Semitones in @PitchTier tables.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @PointProcess: transplant time domain from @Sound.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Much more...")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• LPC-based resynthesis in @ManipulationEditor.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @Sound: direct modification without formulas (addition, multiplication, windowing)")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @Sound: filtering in spectral domain by formula.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Create a simple @Pitch object from a @PitchTier (for %F__0_) and a @Pitch (for V/U).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Semitones in @PitchTier tables.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @PointProcess: transplant time domain from @Sound.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Much more...")
NORMAL (L"Phonology library")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Computational Optimality Theory. See @@OT learning at .")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Computational Optimality Theory. See @@OT learning at .")
NORMAL (L"Hypertext")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu You can use @ManPages files for creating your own tutorials. "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• You can use @ManPages files for creating your own tutorials. "
"These contains buttons for playing and recording sounds, so you can use this for creating "
"an interactive IPA sound training course.")
NORMAL (L"Scripting:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Programmable @@Praat script@ language: variables, expressions, control structures, "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Programmable @@Praat script@ language: variables, expressions, control structures, "
"procedures, complete dialog box, exchange of information with Info window, continuation lines.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Use platform-independent relative file paths in @@Praat script at .")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @ScriptEditor: Run selection.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Use platform-independent relative file paths in @@Praat script at .")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• @ScriptEditor: Run selection.")
NORMAL (L"Graphics:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Rotation and scaling while printing the @@Picture window at .")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Apart from bold and italic, now also bold-italic (see @@Text styles@).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Rounded rectangles.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Conversion of millimetres and world coordinates.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Measurement of text widths (screen and PostScript).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Rotation and scaling while printing the @@Picture window at .")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Apart from bold and italic, now also bold-italic (see @@Text styles@).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Rounded rectangles.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Conversion of millimetres and world coordinates.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Measurement of text widths (screen and PostScript).")
NORMAL (L"Unix:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Use the @sendpraat program for sending messages to running Praat programs.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Use the @sendpraat program for sending messages to running Praat programs.")
NORMAL (L"Mac:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Praat looks best with the new and beautiful System 8.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Praat looks best with the new and beautiful System 8.")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"What was new in 3.5?", L"ppgb", 19970527)
ENTRY (L"Praat 3.5, 27 May 1997")
NORMAL (L"New editors:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu #TextGridEditor replaces and extends LabelEditor: edit points as well as intervals.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu #AnalysisEditor replaces and extends PsolaEditor: view pitch, spectrum, formant, and intensity "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• #TextGridEditor replaces and extends LabelEditor: edit points as well as intervals.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• #AnalysisEditor replaces and extends PsolaEditor: view pitch, spectrum, formant, and intensity "
"analyses in a single window, and allow pitch and duration resynthesis by overlap-add and more (would be undone in 3.9.19).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu #SpectrumEditor allows you to view and edit spectra.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• #SpectrumEditor allows you to view and edit spectra.")
NORMAL (L"Praat shell:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##History mechanism# remembers all the commands that you have chosen, "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• ##History mechanism# remembers all the commands that you have chosen, "
"and allows you to put them into a script.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu #ScriptEditor allows you to edit and run any Praat script, and to put it under a button.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu All added and removed buttons are remembered across sessions.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu #ButtonEditor allows you to make buttons visible or invisible.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• #ScriptEditor allows you to edit and run any Praat script, and to put it under a button.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• All added and removed buttons are remembered across sessions.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• #ButtonEditor allows you to make buttons visible or invisible.")
NORMAL (L"Evaluations:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu In his 1996 doctoral thesis, Henning Reetz "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• In his 1996 doctoral thesis, Henning Reetz "
"compared five pitch analysis routines; @@Sound: To Pitch (ac)...@ appeared to make the fewest errors. "
"H. Reetz (1996): %%Pitch Perception in Speech: a Time Domain Approach%, Studies in Language and Language Use #26, "
"IFOTT, Amsterdam (ICG Printing, Dordrecht).")
NORMAL (L"Documentation:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu 140 more man pages (now 330).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Tables and pictures in manual.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Printing the entire manual.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Logo.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• 140 more man pages (now 330).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Tables and pictures in manual.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Printing the entire manual.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Logo.")
NORMAL (L"New types:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Labelling & segmentation: #TextGrid, #IntervalTier, #TextTier.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Analysis & manipulation: #Analysis.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Statistics: #TableOfReal, #Distributions, #Transition")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Labelling & segmentation: #TextGrid, #IntervalTier, #TextTier.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Analysis & manipulation: #Analysis.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Statistics: #TableOfReal, #Distributions, #Transition")
NORMAL (L"File formats:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Read and write rational numbers in text files.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Read 8-bit .au sound files.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Read and write raw 8-bit two\'s-complement and offset-binary sound files.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Read and write rational numbers in text files.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Read 8-bit .au sound files.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Read and write raw 8-bit two\'s-complement and offset-binary sound files.")
NORMAL (L"Audio:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu 16-bit interactive Sound I/O on Mac.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Record sounds at 9.8 kHz on SGI.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• 16-bit interactive Sound I/O on Mac.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Record sounds at 9.8 kHz on SGI.")
NORMAL (L"New commands:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Two more pitch-analysis routines.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound to PointProcess: collect all maxima, minima, zero crossings.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu PointProcess: set calculus.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid: extract time-point information.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Compute pitch or formants at given time points.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Put pitch, formants etc. in tables en get statistics.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Many more...")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Two more pitch-analysis routines.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound to PointProcess: collect all maxima, minima, zero crossings.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• PointProcess: set calculus.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid: extract time-point information.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Compute pitch or formants at given time points.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Put pitch, formants etc. in tables en get statistics.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Many more...")
NORMAL (L"Macintosh:")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu 16-bit interactive sound I/O.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Fast and interpolating spectrogram drawing.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Phonetic Mac screen font included in source code (as a fallback to using SIL Doulos IPA).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Keyboard shortcuts, text editor, help under question mark, etc.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• 16-bit interactive sound I/O.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Fast and interpolating spectrogram drawing.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Phonetic Mac screen font included in source code (as a fallback to using SIL Doulos IPA).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Keyboard shortcuts, text editor, help under question mark, etc.")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"What was new in 3.3?", L"ppgb", 19961006)
ENTRY (L"Praat 3.3, 6 October 1996")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Documentation: hypertext help browser, including the first 190 man pages.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu New editors: type #TextTier for labelling times instead of intervals.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu New actions: #Formant: Viterbi tracker, Statistics menu, Scatter plot.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Evaluation: For HNR analysis of speech, the cross-correlation method, "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Documentation: hypertext help browser, including the first 190 man pages.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• New editors: type #TextTier for labelling times instead of intervals.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• New actions: #Formant: Viterbi tracker, Statistics menu, Scatter plot.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Evaluation: For HNR analysis of speech, the cross-correlation method, "
"which has a sensitivity of 60 dB and a typical time resolution of 12 milliseconds, "
"must be considered better than the autocorrelation method, "
"which has a better sensitivity (80 dB), but a much worse time resolution (30 ms). "
"For pitch analysis, the autocorrelation method still beats the cross-correlation method "
"because of its better resistance against noise and echos, "
"and despite its marginally poorer resolution (15 vs. 12 ms).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu User preferences are saved across sessions.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu The phonetic X screen font included in the source code.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Xwindows resources included in the source code")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Graphics: eight colours, small caps, text rotation.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu File formats: Sun/NexT mu-law files, raw matrix text files, Xwaves mark files.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Accelerations: keyboard shortcuts, faster dynamic menu, Shift-OK keeps file selector on screen.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Object type changes: #StylPitch and #MarkTier are now called #PitchTier and #TextTier, respectively. "
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• User preferences are saved across sessions.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• The phonetic X screen font included in the source code.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Xwindows resources included in the source code")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Graphics: eight colours, small caps, text rotation.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• File formats: Sun/NexT mu-law files, raw matrix text files, Xwaves mark files.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Accelerations: keyboard shortcuts, faster dynamic menu, Shift-OK keeps file selector on screen.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Object type changes: #StylPitch and #MarkTier are now called #PitchTier and #TextTier, respectively. "
"Old files can still be read.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Script warning: all times in dialogs are in seconds now: milliseconds have gone.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Script warning: all times in dialogs are in seconds now: milliseconds have gone.")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"What was new in 3.2?", L"ppgb", 19960429)
ENTRY (L"Praat 3.2, 29 April 1996")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sound I/O for HPUX, Sun Sparc 5, and Sun Sparc LX.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Cross-correlation pitch and HNR analysis.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Facilities for generating tables from scripts.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Editing and playing stylized pitch contours and point processes.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Overlap-add pitch manipulation.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Spectral smoothing techniques: cepstrum and LPC.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Time-domain pitch analysis with jitter measurement.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Read and write Bell-Labs sound files and Kay CSL audio files.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Replaced IpaTimes font by free SILDoulos-IPA font, and embedded phonetic font in PostScript picture.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Completed main phonetic characters.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Sound I/O for HPUX, Sun Sparc 5, and Sun Sparc LX.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Cross-correlation pitch and HNR analysis.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Facilities for generating tables from scripts.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Editing and playing stylized pitch contours and point processes.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Overlap-add pitch manipulation.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Spectral smoothing techniques: cepstrum and LPC.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Time-domain pitch analysis with jitter measurement.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Read and write Bell-Labs sound files and Kay CSL audio files.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Replaced IpaTimes font by free SILDoulos-IPA font, and embedded phonetic font in PostScript picture.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Completed main phonetic characters.")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"What was new in 3.1?", L"ppgb", 19951205)
ENTRY (L"Praat 3.1, 5 December 1995")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Add and remove buttons dynamically.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu DataEditor (Inspect button).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Initialization scripts.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Logarithmic axes.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Call remote ADDA server directly.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Add and remove buttons dynamically.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• DataEditor (Inspect button).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Initialization scripts.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Logarithmic axes.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Call remote ADDA server directly.")
MAN_END
/*
BUGBASE
@@ -1648,27 +1652,27 @@ MAN_END
>lines (and is WAY too wide).
ENTRY (L"To do")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu TextGrid & Sound: Extract intervals with margins.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Spectrum: draw power, re, im, phase.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Formant: To Spectrum (slice)... (combines Formant-to-LPC and LPC-to-Spectrum-slice)")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Read and/or write Matlab files, MBROLA files, Xwaves files, CHAT files.") // Aix
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Matrix: draw numbers.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Fractions with \\bsf{a|b}.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Move objects up and down list.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Spectrogram cross-correlation.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Labels in AIFC file.") // Theo Veenker 19980323
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Improve scrolling and add selection in hyperpages.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Segment spectrograph?") // Ton Wempe, Jul 16 1996
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Phoneme-to-articulation conversion??") // Mirjam Ernestus, Jul 1 1996
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• TextGrid & Sound: Extract intervals with margins.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Spectrum: draw power, re, im, phase.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Formant: To Spectrum (slice)... (combines Formant-to-LPC and LPC-to-Spectrum-slice)")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Read and/or write Matlab files, MBROLA files, Xwaves files, CHAT files.") // Aix
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Matrix: draw numbers.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Fractions with \\bsf{a|b}.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Move objects up and down list.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Spectrogram cross-correlation.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Labels in AIFC file.") // Theo Veenker 19980323
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Improve scrolling and add selection in hyperpages.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Segment spectrograph?") // Ton Wempe, Jul 16 1996
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Phoneme-to-articulation conversion??") // Mirjam Ernestus, Jul 1 1996
ENTRY (L"Known bugs in the Windows version")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Cannot stand infinitesimal zooming in SpectrogramEditor.")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Clipboards with greys sometimes become black-and-white after use of colour.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Cannot stand infinitesimal zooming in SpectrogramEditor.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Clipboards with greys sometimes become black-and-white after use of colour.")
ENTRY (L"Known bugs in the Linux version")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Sounds shorter than 200 ms do not always play (workaround: add zeroes in prefs).")
- LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Keyboard shortcuts do not work if NumLock is on.")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Sounds shorter than 200 ms do not always play (workaround: add zeroes in prefs).")
+ LIST_ITEM (L"• Keyboard shortcuts do not work if NumLock is on.")
*/
-MAN_BEGIN (L"Acknowledgments", L"ppgb", 20130406)
+MAN_BEGIN (L"Acknowledgments", L"ppgb", 20140930)
NORMAL (L"The following people contributed source code to Praat:")
LIST_ITEM (L"Paul Boersma: user interface, graphics, @printing, @@Intro|sound@, "
"@@Intro 3. Spectral analysis|spectral analysis@, @@Intro 4. Pitch analysis|pitch analysis@, "
@@ -1681,11 +1685,11 @@ LIST_ITEM (L"David Weenink: "
"@@feedforward neural networks@, @@principal component analysis@, @@multidimensional scaling@, @@discriminant analysis@, @LPC, "
"@VowelEditor, "
"and adaptation of GSL, LAPACK, fftpack, regular expressions, and Espeak.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"Stefan de Konink and Franz Brau\\sse: major help in port to GTK.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"Stefan de Konink and Franz Brauße: major help in port to GTK.")
LIST_ITEM (L"Tom Naughton: major help in port to Cocoa.")
LIST_ITEM (L"Erez Volk: adaptation of FLAC and MAD.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"Ola S\\o\"der: @@kNN classifiers@, @@k-means clustering at .")
-LIST_ITEM (L"Rafael Laboissi\\e`re: adaptation of XIPA.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"Ola Söder: @@kNN classifiers@, @@k-means clustering at .")
+LIST_ITEM (L"Rafael Laboissière: adaptation of XIPA, audio bug fixes for Linux.")
LIST_ITEM (L"Darryl Purnell created the first version of audio for Praat for Linux.")
NORMAL (L"We included the following freely available software libraries in Praat (sometimes with adaptations):")
LIST_ITEM (L"XIPA: IPA font for Unix by Fukui Rei (GPL).")
@@ -1702,12 +1706,13 @@ LIST_ITEM (L"Regular expressions by Henry Spencer, Mark Edel, Christopher Conrad
NORMAL (L"For technical support and advice:")
LIST_ITEM (L"Ton Wempe, Dirk Jan Vet.")
NORMAL (L"For their financial support during the development of Praat:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) (1996\\--1999).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"Nederlandse Taalunie (2006\\--2008).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"Talkbank project, Carnegie Mellon / Linguistic Data Consortium (2002\\--2003).")
-LIST_ITEM (L"Spoken Dutch Corpus (CGN) (1999\\--2001).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) (1996–1999).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"Nederlandse Taalunie (2006–2008).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"Talkbank project, Carnegie Mellon / Linguistic Data Consortium (2002–2003).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"Stichting Spraaktechnologie (2014–2016).")
+LIST_ITEM (L"Spoken Dutch Corpus (CGN) (1999–2001).")
LIST_ITEM (L"Laboratorium Experimentele OtoRhinoLaryngologie, KU Leuven.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"DFG-Projekt Dialektintonation, Universit\\a\"t Freiburg.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"DFG-Projekt Dialektintonation, Universität Freiburg.")
LIST_ITEM (L"Department of Linguistics and Phonetics, Lund University.")
LIST_ITEM (L"Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Turku.")
LIST_ITEM (L"Linguistics Department, University of Joensuu.")
@@ -1715,7 +1720,7 @@ LIST_ITEM (L"Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, Paris.")
LIST_ITEM (L"Department of Linguistics, Northwestern University.")
LIST_ITEM (L"Department of Finnish and General Linguistics, University of Tampere.")
LIST_ITEM (L"Institute for Language and Speech Processing, Paradissos Amaroussiou.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"J\\o\"rg Jescheniak, Universit\\a\"t Leipzig.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"Jörg Jescheniak, Universität Leipzig.")
LIST_ITEM (L"The Linguistics Teaching Laboratory, Ohio State University.")
LIST_ITEM (L"Linguistics & Cognitive Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH.")
LIST_ITEM (L"Cornell Phonetics Lab, Ithaca NY.")
@@ -1940,34 +1945,34 @@ NORMAL (L"Modern computer techniques make possible an especially simple batch fi
"This leads to a zero phase shift for each frequency component. The impulse response is symmetric "
"in the time domain, which also means that the filter is %acausal: the filtered signal will show components "
"before they start in the original.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Filter (pass Hann band)...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Spectrum: Filter (stop Hann band)...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound: Filter (pass Hann band)...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound: Filter (stop Hann band)...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound: Filter (formula)...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Filter (pass Hann band)...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Spectrum: Filter (stop Hann band)...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound: Filter (pass Hann band)...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound: Filter (stop Hann band)...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound: Filter (formula)...@")
NORMAL (L"Spectro-temporal:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@band filtering in the frequency domain@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@band filtering in the frequency domain@")
ENTRY (L"Fast time-domain filtering")
NORMAL (L"Some very fast Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters can be defined in the time domain. "
"These include recursive all-pole filters and pre-emphasis. These filters are causal but have non-zero phase shifts. "
"There are versions that create new Sound objects:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound: Filter (one formant)...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound: Filter (pre-emphasis)...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound: Filter (de-emphasis)...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound: Filter (one formant)...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound: Filter (pre-emphasis)...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound: Filter (de-emphasis)...@")
NORMAL (L"And there are in-line versions, which modify the existing Sound objects:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound: Filter with one formant (in-line)...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound: Pre-emphasize (in-line)...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound: De-emphasize (in-line)...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound: Filter with one formant (in-line)...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound: Pre-emphasize (in-line)...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound: De-emphasize (in-line)...@")
ENTRY (L"Convolution")
NORMAL (L"A Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter can be described as a sampled sound. "
"Filtering with such a filter amounts to a %#convolution of the original sound and the filter:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sounds: Convolve...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sounds: Convolve...@")
ENTRY (L"Described elsewhere")
NORMAL (L"Described in the @@Source-filter synthesis@ tutorial:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound & Formant: Filter@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Sound & FormantGrid: Filter@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@LPC & Sound: Filter...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@LPC & Sound: Filter (inverse)@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound & Formant: Filter@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Sound & FormantGrid: Filter@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@LPC & Sound: Filter...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@LPC & Sound: Filter (inverse)@")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Formants & LPC menu", L"ppgb", 20011107)
@@ -2079,23 +2084,23 @@ LIST_ITEM (L"@@Intro 8. Manipulation@: of "
"@@Intro 8.4. Manipulation of formants|formants at .")
NORMAL (L"There are also more specialized tutorials:")
LIST_ITEM (L"Phonetics:")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu Voice analysis (jitter, shimmer, noise): @Voice")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu Listening experiments: @@ExperimentMFC@")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Sound files@")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Filtering@")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Source-filter synthesis@")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Articulatory synthesis@")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• Voice analysis (jitter, shimmer, noise): @Voice")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• Listening experiments: @@ExperimentMFC@")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Sound files@")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Filtering@")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Source-filter synthesis@")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Articulatory synthesis@")
LIST_ITEM (L"Learning:")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Feedforward neural networks@")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@OT learning@")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Feedforward neural networks@")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@OT learning@")
LIST_ITEM (L"Statistics:")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Principal component analysis@")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Multidimensional scaling@")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Discriminant analysis@")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Principal component analysis@")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Multidimensional scaling@")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Discriminant analysis@")
LIST_ITEM (L"General:")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Printing@")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Scripting@")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Demo window@")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Printing@")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Scripting@")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Demo window@")
ENTRY (L"The authors")
NORMAL (L"The Praat program was created by Paul Boersma and David Weenink of "
"the Institute of Phonetics Sciences of the University of Amsterdam. "
@@ -2590,7 +2595,7 @@ NORMAL (L"Normally, the range of pitch values that can be seen in the editor win
"You will usually do this by changing the pitch range in the @@Pitch settings...@ window. "
"However, the analysis range will also change in that case, so that the curve itself may change. "
"If you do not want that, you can change the %%View range% settings "
- "from \"0.0 (= auto)\" \\-- \"0.0 (=auto)\" to something else, perhaps \"350\" \\-- \"400\".")
+ "from \"0.0 (= auto)\" - \"0.0 (=auto)\" to something else, perhaps \"350\" - \"400\".")
ENTRY (L"Pitch analysis settings")
NORMAL (L"For information about these, see @@Sound: To Pitch (ac)... at . The standard settings are best in most cases. "
"For some pathological voices, you will want to set the voicing threshold to much less than the standard of 0.45, "
@@ -2913,24 +2918,24 @@ MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"New menu", L"ppgb", 20080427)
INTRO (L"The ##New menu# is one of the menus in the @@Object window at . "
"You use this menu to create new objects from scratch. It contains the following commands:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Record mono Sound...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Record stereo Sound...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create Sound from formula...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create Sound from tone complex...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create Sound from gammatone...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create Sound from Shepard tone...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create Matrix...@ (from a formula)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create simple Matrix...@ (from a formula)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create empty PointProcess...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create Poisson process...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create PitchTier...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create DurationTier...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create IntensityTier...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create FormantGrid...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create Strings as file list...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create TextGrid...@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@OT learning@ tutorial")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Create tongue-root grammar...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Record mono Sound...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Record stereo Sound...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create Sound from formula...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create Sound from tone complex...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create Sound from gammatone...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create Sound from Shepard tone...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create Matrix...@ (from a formula)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create simple Matrix...@ (from a formula)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create empty PointProcess...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create Poisson process...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create PitchTier...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create DurationTier...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create IntensityTier...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create FormantGrid...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create Strings as file list...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create TextGrid...@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@OT learning@ tutorial")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Create tongue-root grammar...@")
NORMAL (L"To create new objects from files on disk, use the @@Open menu@ instead. "
"Objects can also often be create from other objects, with commands that start with ##To#.")
MAN_END
@@ -2942,32 +2947,32 @@ LIST_ITEM (L"To the left: the @@List of Objects at .")
LIST_ITEM (L"To the right: the @@Dynamic menu at .")
ENTRY (L"Fixed buttons")
NORMAL (L"The following buttons appear below the List of Objects:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Rename...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Info")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Copy...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Remove")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Inspect")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Rename...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Info")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Copy...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Remove")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Inspect")
ENTRY (L"Menus")
LIST_ITEM (L"The Object window contains several fixed menus: "
"the #Praat, #New, #Open, and #Help menus. "
"It also contains the #Save menu, whose contents vary with the kinds of selected objects, "
"and must, therefore, be considered part of the dynamic menu.")
ENTRY (L"The Praat menu")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@New Praat script@: creates an empty @@ScriptEditor@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Open Praat script...@: creates a @@ScriptEditor@ with a script from disk")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu The ##Goodies submenu#: for doing things (like using the Calculator) "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@New Praat script@: creates an empty @@ScriptEditor@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Open Praat script...@: creates a @@ScriptEditor@ with a script from disk")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• The ##Goodies submenu#: for doing things (like using the Calculator) "
"that do not create new objects and do not depend on the kinds of selected objects.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu The ##Preferences submenu#: for program-wide preferences, "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• The ##Preferences submenu#: for program-wide preferences, "
"like audio input and output settings.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu ##Buttons...#: raises a @@ButtonEditor@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu (@@Add menu command...@)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu (@@Add action command...@)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Quit")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• ##Buttons...#: raises a @@ButtonEditor@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• (@@Add menu command...@)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• (@@Add action command...@)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Quit")
ENTRY (L"Other menus")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu The @@New menu@: for creating objects from scratch.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu The @@Open menu@: for reading objects from file into memory.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu The @@Save menu@: for writing objects from memory to file.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu The ##Help menu#: for viewing the manual.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• The @@New menu@: for creating objects from scratch.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• The @@Open menu@: for reading objects from file into memory.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• The @@Save menu@: for writing objects from memory to file.")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• The ##Help menu#: for viewing the manual.")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Periodicity menu", L"ppgb", 20010417)
@@ -3040,10 +3045,10 @@ NORMAL (L"If the file contains more than one object, these objects will appear i
"and their names will be the same as the names that they had "
"when they were saved with ##Save as text file...# or ##Save as binary file...#.")
ENTRY (L"Examples")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu If the file contains only one Pitch object and is called \"hallo.pit\", "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• If the file contains only one Pitch object and is called \"hallo.pit\", "
"an object with the name \"Pitch hallo\" will appear in the list of objects. "
"You may have more objects with the same name.")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu If the file contains one object of type Pitch, named \"hallo\", "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• If the file contains one object of type Pitch, named \"hallo\", "
"and one object of type Polygon, named \"kromme\", "
"there will appear two objects in the list, "
"called \"Pitch hallo\" and \"Polygon kromme\".")
@@ -3095,10 +3100,10 @@ NORMAL (L"You will often choose a command from this menu just before clicking th
ENTRY (L"Fixed commands")
NORMAL (L"If no object is selected, the #Save menu is empty. "
"If any object is selected, it will at least contain the following commands:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Write to console")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Save as text file...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Save as short text file...")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Save as binary file...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Write to console")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Save as text file...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Save as short text file...")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Save as binary file...")
ENTRY (L"Dynamic commands")
NORMAL (L"Depending on the type of the selected object, the following commands may be available "
"in the #Save menu:")
@@ -3524,79 +3529,79 @@ MAN_BEGIN (L"Types of objects", L"ppgb", 20101230)
INTRO (L"Praat contains the following types of objects and @Editors. "
"For an introduction and tutorials, see @Intro.")
NORMAL (L"General purpose:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Matrix: a sampled real-valued function of two variables")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Polygon")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @PointProcess: a point process (@PointEditor)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Sound: a sampled continuous process (@SoundEditor, @SoundRecorder, @@Sound files@)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @LongSound: a file-based version of a sound (@LongSoundEditor)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Strings")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Distributions, @PairDistribution")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Table, @TableOfReal")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Permutation")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @ParamCurve")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Matrix: a sampled real-valued function of two variables")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Polygon")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @PointProcess: a point process (@PointEditor)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Sound: a sampled continuous process (@SoundEditor, @SoundRecorder, @@Sound files@)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @LongSound: a file-based version of a sound (@LongSoundEditor)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Strings")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Distributions, @PairDistribution")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Table, @TableOfReal")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Permutation")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @ParamCurve")
NORMAL (L"Periodicity analysis:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Tutorials:")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Intro 4. Pitch analysis")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Intro 6. Intensity analysis")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @Voice (jitter, shimmer, noise)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Pitch: articulatory fundamental frequency, acoustic periodicity, or perceptual pitch (@PitchEditor)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Harmonicity: degree of periodicity")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Intensity, @IntensityTier: intensity contour")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Tutorials:")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Intro 4. Pitch analysis")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Intro 6. Intensity analysis")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @Voice (jitter, shimmer, noise)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Pitch: articulatory fundamental frequency, acoustic periodicity, or perceptual pitch (@PitchEditor)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Harmonicity: degree of periodicity")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Intensity, @IntensityTier: intensity contour")
NORMAL (L"Spectral analysis:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Tutorials:")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Intro 3. Spectral analysis")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Intro 5. Formant analysis")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Spectrum: complex-valued equally spaced frequency spectrum (@SpectrumEditor)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Ltas: long-term average spectrum")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Spectro-temporal: @Spectrogram, @BarkFilter, @MelFilter, @FormantFilter")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Formant: acoustic formant contours")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @LPC: coefficients of Linear Predictive Coding, as a function of time")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Cepstrum, @CC, @LFCC, @MFCC (cepstral coefficients)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Excitation: excitation pattern of basilar membrane")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Excitations: an ensemble of #Excitation objects")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Cochleagram: excitation pattern as a function of time")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Tutorials:")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Intro 3. Spectral analysis")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Intro 5. Formant analysis")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Spectrum: complex-valued equally spaced frequency spectrum (@SpectrumEditor)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Ltas: long-term average spectrum")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Spectro-temporal: @Spectrogram, @BarkFilter, @MelFilter, @FormantFilter")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Formant: acoustic formant contours")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @LPC: coefficients of Linear Predictive Coding, as a function of time")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Cepstrum, @CC, @LFCC, @MFCC (cepstral coefficients)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Excitation: excitation pattern of basilar membrane")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Excitations: an ensemble of #Excitation objects")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Cochleagram: excitation pattern as a function of time")
NORMAL (L"Labelling and segmentation (see @@Intro 7. Annotation@):")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @TextGrid (@TextGridEditor)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @TextGrid (@TextGridEditor)")
NORMAL (L"Listening experiments:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @ExperimentMFC")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @ExperimentMFC")
NORMAL (L"Manipulation of sound:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu Tutorials:")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Intro 8.1. Manipulation of pitch")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Intro 8.2. Manipulation of duration")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Intro 8.3. Manipulation of intensity")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Filtering")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\\bu @@Source-filter synthesis")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @PitchTier (@PitchTierEditor)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Manipulation (@ManipulationEditor): @@overlap-add@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @DurationTier")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @FormantGrid")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• Tutorials:")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Intro 8.1. Manipulation of pitch")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Intro 8.2. Manipulation of duration")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Intro 8.3. Manipulation of intensity")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Filtering")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"• @@Source-filter synthesis")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @PitchTier (@PitchTierEditor)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Manipulation (@ManipulationEditor): @@overlap-add@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @DurationTier")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @FormantGrid")
NORMAL (L"Articulatory synthesis (see the @@Articulatory synthesis@ tutorial):")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Speaker: speaker characteristics of a woman, a man, or a child")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu #Articulation: snapshot of articulatory specifications (muscle activities)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Artword: articulatory target specifications as functions of time")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu (@VocalTract: area function)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Speaker: speaker characteristics of a woman, a man, or a child")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• #Articulation: snapshot of articulatory specifications (muscle activities)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Artword: articulatory target specifications as functions of time")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• (@VocalTract: area function)")
NORMAL (L"Neural net package:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @FFNet: feed-forward neural net")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Pattern")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Categories: for classification (#CategoriesEditor)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @FFNet: feed-forward neural net")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Pattern")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Categories: for classification (#CategoriesEditor)")
NORMAL (L"Numerical and statistical analysis:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Eigen: eigenvectors and eigenvalues")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Polynomial, @Roots, @ChebyshevSeries, @LegendreSeries, @ISpline, @MSpline")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Covariance: covariance matrix")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Confusion: confusion matrix")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Discriminant analysis@: @Discriminant")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Principal component analysis@: @PCA")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Correlation, @ClassificationTable, @SSCP")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @DTW: dynamic time warping")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Eigen: eigenvectors and eigenvalues")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Polynomial, @Roots, @ChebyshevSeries, @LegendreSeries, @ISpline, @MSpline")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Covariance: covariance matrix")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Confusion: confusion matrix")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Discriminant analysis@: @Discriminant")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Principal component analysis@: @PCA")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Correlation, @ClassificationTable, @SSCP")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @DTW: dynamic time warping")
NORMAL (L"@@Multidimensional scaling@:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @Configuration (@Salience)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Kruskal analysis@: @Dissimilarity (@Weight), @Similarity")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@INDSCAL analysis@: @Distance, @ScalarProduct")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Correspondence analysis@: @ContingencyTable")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @Configuration (@Salience)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Kruskal analysis@: @Dissimilarity (@Weight), @Similarity")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@INDSCAL analysis@: @Distance, @ScalarProduct")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Correspondence analysis@: @ContingencyTable")
NORMAL (L"Optimality-theoretic learning (see the @@OT learning@ tutorial)")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @OTGrammar (@OTGrammarEditor)")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @OTGrammar (@OTGrammarEditor)")
NORMAL (L"Bureaucracy")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @WordList, @SpellingChecker")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @WordList, @SpellingChecker")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Unicode", L"ppgb", 20110129)
@@ -3628,7 +3633,7 @@ NORMAL (L"What you can do is go to ##Text writing preferences...# in the #Prefer
"which means one byte for every ASCII character and 2 to 4 bytes for every non-ASCII character. "
"Especially on Linux, many programs understand UTF-8 text and will display the correct characters. "
"Programs such as SPSS do not understand UTF-8 but will still display ASCII characters correctly; "
- "for instance, the names M\\u\"nchen and Wa\\l/\\e;sa may appear as M\\A~\\:-nchen and Wa\\Ao,\\A\"\\TMsa or so.")
+ "for instance, the names München and Wałęsa may appear as M\\A~\\:-nchen and Wa\\Ao,\\A\"\\TMsa or so.")
NORMAL (L"If you can get by with West-European characters (on Windows), "
"then you may choose ##try ISO Latin-1, then UTF-16# for the output encoding. "
"It is possible (but not guaranteed) that programs like SPSS then display your West-European text correctly. "
@@ -3639,7 +3644,7 @@ NORMAL (L"If you already have some UTF-16 text files and you want to convert the
"they do not contain non-West-European characters), then you can read them into Praat and save them again "
"(with the appropriate output encoding setting). "
"Other programs, such a NotePad and TextWrangler, can also do this conversion.")
-NORMAL (L"Finally, it is still possible to make sure that all texts are ASCII, e.g. you type the characters \\ss and \\o: "
+NORMAL (L"Finally, it is still possible to make sure that all texts are ASCII, e.g. you type the characters ß and ő "
"as \\bsss and \\bso: respectively. See @@special symbols at .")
MAN_END
diff --git a/gram/OTGrammar.cpp b/gram/OTGrammar.cpp
index 4fdea50..75ca576 100644
--- a/gram/OTGrammar.cpp
+++ b/gram/OTGrammar.cpp
@@ -887,7 +887,7 @@ void OTGrammar_drawTableau (OTGrammar me, Graphics g, bool vertical, const wchar
Graphics_setTextAlignment (g, Graphics_LEFT, Graphics_HALF);
Graphics_setFontSize (g, (int) (1.5 * fontSize));
if (numberOfOptimalCandidates > 1) Graphics_setColour (g, Graphics_RED);
- Graphics_text (g, x + margin, y + descent - Graphics_dyMMtoWC (g, 1.0) * fontSize / 12.0, L"\\pf");
+ Graphics_text (g, x + margin, y + descent - Graphics_dyMMtoWC (g, 1.0) * fontSize / 12.0, L"☞");
Graphics_setColour (g, colour);
Graphics_setFontSize (g, (int) fontSize);
}
diff --git a/gram/OTGrammarEditor.cpp b/gram/OTGrammarEditor.cpp
index 7d61eca..b599874 100644
--- a/gram/OTGrammarEditor.cpp
+++ b/gram/OTGrammarEditor.cpp
@@ -218,12 +218,12 @@ void structOTGrammarEditor :: v_draw () {
ot -> decisionStrategy == kOTGrammar_decisionStrategy_EXPONENTIAL_MAXIMUM_ENTROPY)
{
swprintf (text, 1000, L"\t%ls@@%ld|%ls@\t %.3f\t %.3f\t %.6f\t %ls",
- icons == selected ? L"\\sp " : L" ", icons, constraint -> name,
+ icons == selected ? L"♠︎ " : L" ", icons, constraint -> name,
constraint -> ranking, constraint -> disharmony, constraint -> plasticity,
Melder_float (Melder_half (exp (constraint -> disharmony))));
} else {
swprintf (text, 1000, L"\t%ls@@%ld|%ls@\t %.3f\t %.3f\t %.6f",
- icons == selected ? L"\\sp " : L" ", icons, constraint -> name,
+ icons == selected ? L"♠︎ " : L" ", icons, constraint -> name,
constraint -> ranking, constraint -> disharmony, constraint -> plasticity);
}
HyperPage_listItem (this, text);
diff --git a/gram/OTMultiEditor.cpp b/gram/OTMultiEditor.cpp
index b9a808d..ea6179f 100644
--- a/gram/OTMultiEditor.cpp
+++ b/gram/OTMultiEditor.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
/* OTMultiEditor.cpp
*
- * Copyright (C) 2005-2011,2012,2013 Paul Boersma
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2011,2012,2013,2014 Paul Boersma
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ void structOTMultiEditor :: v_draw () {
for (long icons = 1; icons <= grammar -> numberOfConstraints; icons ++) {
OTConstraint constraint = & grammar -> constraints [grammar -> index [icons]];
MelderString_empty (& buffer);
- MelderString_append (& buffer, L"\t", icons == selectedConstraint ? L"\\sp " : L" ", L"@@", Melder_integer (icons),
+ MelderString_append (& buffer, L"\t", icons == selectedConstraint ? L"♠︎ " : L" ", L"@@", Melder_integer (icons),
L"|", constraint -> name, L"@\t ", Melder_fixed (constraint -> ranking, 3));
MelderString_append (& buffer, L"\t ", Melder_fixed (constraint -> disharmony, 3));
MelderString_append (& buffer, L"\t ", Melder_fixed (constraint -> plasticity, 6));
diff --git a/gram/manual_gram.cpp b/gram/manual_gram.cpp
index 03bd61e..fb1e037 100644
--- a/gram/manual_gram.cpp
+++ b/gram/manual_gram.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
/* manual_gram.cpp
*
- * Copyright (C) 1997-2011 Paul Boersma
+ * Copyright (C) 1997-2011,2014 Paul Boersma
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -111,17 +111,15 @@ INTRO (L"In @@Optimality Theory@, the `rules' that an output form has to satisfy
NORMAL (L"See the @@OT learning@ tutorial for many examples.")
MAN_END
-MAN_BEGIN (L"Create tongue-root grammar...", L"ppgb", 20021204)
+MAN_BEGIN (L"Create tongue-root grammar...", L"ppgb", 20141001)
INTRO (L"A command in the @@New menu@ for creating an @OTGrammar object with a tongue-root-harmony grammar.")
NORMAL (L"These OTGrammar grammars only accept inputs of the form V__1_tV__2_, where V__1_ and V__2_ are "
- "chosen from the six front vowels i, \\ic, e, \\ef, \\sw, and a. In a text field, these "
- "vowels should be typed as $$##i#$, $$##\\bsic#$, $$##e#$, $$##\\bsep#$, $$##\\bssw#$, "
- "and $$##a#$, respectively (see @@Special symbols@).")
+ "chosen from the six front vowels i, ɪ, e, ɛ, ə, and a.")
NORMAL (L"The following phonological features are relevant:")
LIST_ITEM (L"\t\tATR\tRTR")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\thigh\ti\t\\ic")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\tmid\te\t\\ef")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\tlow\t\\sw\ta")
+LIST_ITEM (L"\thigh\ti\tɪ")
+LIST_ITEM (L"\tmid\te\tɛ")
+LIST_ITEM (L"\tlow\tə\ta")
ENTRY (L"Constraints")
NORMAL (L"The resulting OTGrammar will usually contain at least the following five constraints:")
TAG (L"*[rtr / hi]")
@@ -135,11 +133,11 @@ DEFINITION (L"\"make an underlying [advanced tongue root] specification surface.
TAG (L"*G\\s{ESTURE} (contour)")
DEFINITION (L"\"do not go from advanced to retracted tongue root, nor the other way around, within a word.\"")
NORMAL (L"This set of constraints thus comprises: ")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu two %%##grounding conditions#% (@@Archangeli & Pulleyblank (1994)@), "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• two %%##grounding conditions#% (@@Archangeli & Pulleyblank (1994)@), "
"which we can see as gestural constraints;")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu two %%##faithfulness constraints#%, which favour the similarity between input and output, "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• two %%##faithfulness constraints#%, which favour the similarity between input and output, "
"and can be seen as implementing the principle of maximization of perceptual contrast;")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu a %%##harmony constraint#%, which, if crucially ranked higher than at least one faithfulness constraint, "
+LIST_ITEM (L"• a %%##harmony constraint#%, which, if crucially ranked higher than at least one faithfulness constraint, "
"forces %%##tongue-root harmony#%.")
NORMAL (L"In addition, there may be the following four constraints:")
TAG (L"*[rtr / mid]")
@@ -288,7 +286,7 @@ NORMAL (L"From the first tableau, we see that the underlying form /pat/ will sur
"because the alternative [pat] violates a constraint (namely, N\\s{O}C\\s{ODA}) with a higher disharmony than does [pa], "
"which only violates P\\s{ARSE}, which has a lower disharmony.")
NORMAL (L"Note the standard OT tableau layout: asterisks (*) showing violations, exclamation marks (!) showing crucial violations, "
- "greying of cells that do not contribute to determining the winning candidate, and a finger (\\pf) pointing to the winner "
+ "greying of cells that do not contribute to determining the winning candidate, and a finger (☞) pointing to the winner "
"(this may look like a plus sign (+) if you don't have the Zapf Dingbats font installed on your computer or printer). "
"An HG tableau contains asterisks and a pointing finger, but no exclamation marks or grey cells.")
NORMAL (L"The second tableau shows that /pa/ always surfaces as [pa], which is no wonder since this is "
@@ -428,12 +426,12 @@ MAN_BEGIN (L"OT learning 2.5. Editing a grammar", L"ppgb", 20110808)
NORMAL (L"In the N\\s{O}C\\s{ODA} example, the winning candidate for the input /pat/ was always [pa].")
NORMAL (L"To make [pat] the winner instead, N\\s{O}C\\s{ODA} should be ranked lower than P\\s{ARSE}. "
"To achieve this even with zero noise, go to the editor and select the N\\s{O}C\\s{ODA} constraint by clicking on it "
- "(a spade symbol \\sp will mark the selected constraint), "
+ "(a spade symbol ♠︎ will mark the selected constraint), "
"and choose ##Edit ranking...# from the #Edit menu, or use the keyboard shortcut Command-E.")
NORMAL (L"In the resulting command window, we lower the ranking of the constraint from 100 to 80, and click OK. "
"This is what you will see in the editor:")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t\t %%ranking value\t %disharmony\t %plasticity")
-LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t\\sp ##N\\s{O}C\\s{ODA}#\t 80.000\t 103.429\t 1.000")
+LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t♠︎ ##N\\s{O}C\\s{ODA}#\t 80.000\t 103.429\t 1.000")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t##P\\s{ARSE}#\t 90.000\t 88.083\t 1.000")
PICTURE (3.0, 1.0, draw_NoCoda_pat)
NORMAL (L"Nothing has happened to the tableau, because the disharmonies still have their old values. So choose "
@@ -541,7 +539,7 @@ NORMAL (L"To ask the grammar to produce %many outputs for a specified input form
"and collect them in a @Strings object, "
"you select an @OTGrammar and choose @@OTGrammar: Input to outputs...|Input to outputs... at .")
NORMAL (L"For example, select the object \"OTGrammar assimilation\" from our place assimilation example "
- "(@@OT learning 2.6. Variable output|\\SS2.6@), and click ##Input to outputs...#. "
+ "(@@OT learning 2.6. Variable output|§2.6@), and click ##Input to outputs...#. "
"In the resulting command window, you specify 1000 trials, a noise strength of 2.0, and \"an+pa\" for the input form.")
NORMAL (L"After you click OK, a @Strings object will appear in the list. "
"If you click Info, you will see that it contains 1000 strings. "
@@ -565,18 +563,18 @@ LIST_ITEM (L"\tanpa\t169920")
NORMAL (L"The expected values under the 80\\% - 20\\% distribution hypothesis are:")
LIST_ITEM (L"\tampa\t800000")
LIST_ITEM (L"\tanpa\t200000")
-NORMAL (L"We compute (e.g. with @@Calculator...@) a %\\ci^2 of 30080^2/800000 + 30080^2/200000 = 5655.04, "
+NORMAL (L"We compute (e.g. with @@Calculator...@) a %χ^2 of 30080^2/800000 + 30080^2/200000 = 5655.04, "
"which, of course, is much too high for a distribution with a single degree of freedom. "
"So the ranking difference must be smaller. If it is 2.4 (change the ranking of *G\\s{ESTURE} to 102.4), "
"the numbers become something like")
LIST_ITEM (L"\tampa\t801974")
LIST_ITEM (L"\tanpa\t198026")
-NORMAL (L"which gives a %\\ci^2 of 24.35. By using the Calculator with the formula $$chiSquareQ (24.35, 1)$, "
- "we find that values larger than this have a probability of 8\\.c10^^-7^ "
+NORMAL (L"which gives a %χ^2 of 24.35. By using the Calculator with the formula $$chiSquareQ (24.35, 1)$, "
+ "we find that values larger than this have a probability of 8·10^^-7^ "
"under the 80\\% - 20\\% distribution hypothesis, which must therefore be rejected again.")
NORMAL (L"Rather than continuing this iterative procedure to find the correct ranking values for an "
"80\\% - 20\\% grammar, we will use the Gradual Learning Algorithm "
- "(@@OT learning 5. Learning a stochastic grammar|\\SS5@) to determine the rankings automatically, "
+ "(@@OT learning 5. Learning a stochastic grammar|§5@) to determine the rankings automatically, "
"without any memory of past events other than the memory associated with maintaining the ranking values.")
ENTRY (L"Measuring all inputs")
NORMAL (L"To measure the outcomes of all the possible inputs at once, you select an @OTGrammar "
@@ -629,7 +627,7 @@ NORMAL (L"To generate input-output pairs from the above distribution, select the
"i.e., the two series of strings are aligned. See also the example at @@PairDistribution: To Stringses... at .")
NORMAL (L"These two Strings objects are sufficient to help an @OTGrammar grammar to change its constraint rankings "
"in such a way that the output distributions generated by the grammar match the output distributions "
- "in the language data. See @@OT learning 5. Learning a stochastic grammar|\\SS5 at .")
+ "in the language data. See @@OT learning 5. Learning a stochastic grammar|§5 at .")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"OT learning 3.2. Data from another grammar", L"ppgb", 20110128)
@@ -651,24 +649,24 @@ NORMAL (L"This simplified Wolof grammar, with five constraints with clearly diff
"to the traditional OT ranking")
FORMULA (L"*[rtr / hi] >> P\\s{ARSE} (rtr) >> *G\\s{ESTURE} (contour) >> P\\s{ARSE} (atr) >> *[atr / lo]")
NORMAL (L"These constraints are based on a description of Wolof by "
- "@@Archangeli & Pulleyblank (1994)|Archangeli & Pulleyblank (1994: 225\\--239)@. "
+ "@@Archangeli & Pulleyblank (1994)|Archangeli & Pulleyblank (1994: 225–239)@. "
"For the meaning of these constraints, see @@Boersma (1998)|Boersma (1998: 295)@, "
"or the @@Create tongue-root grammar...@ manual page.")
NORMAL (L"For each input, there are four output candidates: "
"the vowel heights will be the same as those in the input, but the tongue-root values of V__1_ and V__2_ are varied. "
"For example, for the input [ita] we will have the four candidates "
- "[ita], [it\\sw], [\\icta], and [\\ict\\sw].")
+ "[ita], [itə], [ɪta], and [ɪtə].")
NORMAL (L"With this way of generating candidates, we see that the five constraints are completely ranked. "
- "First, the absolute prohibition on surface [\\ic] shows that *[rtr / hi] outranks RTR faithfulness "
- "(otherwise, [\\ict\\ic] would have been the winner):")
+ "First, the absolute prohibition on surface [ɪ] shows that *[rtr / hi] outranks RTR faithfulness "
+ "(otherwise, [ɪtɪ] would have been the winner):")
PICTURE (4.0, 1.5, draw_Wolof_ItI)
-NORMAL (L"Second, the faithful surfacing of the disharmonic /it\\ef/ shows that RTR faithfulness must outrank "
+NORMAL (L"Second, the faithful surfacing of the disharmonic /itɛ/ shows that RTR faithfulness must outrank "
"the harmony (anti-contour) constraint (otherwise, [ite] would have been the winner):")
PICTURE (4.0, 1.5, draw_Wolof_itE)
-NORMAL (L"Third, the RTR-dominant harmonicization of underlying disharmonic /et\\ef/ shows that harmony must outrank ATR faithfulness "
- "(otherwise, [et\\ef] would have won):")
+NORMAL (L"Third, the RTR-dominant harmonicization of underlying disharmonic /etɛ/ shows that harmony must outrank ATR faithfulness "
+ "(otherwise, [etɛ] would have won):")
PICTURE (4.0, 1.5, draw_Wolof_etE)
-NORMAL (L"Finally, the faithful surfacing of the low ATR vowel /\\sw/ even if not forced by harmony, shows that "
+NORMAL (L"Finally, the faithful surfacing of the low ATR vowel /ə/ even if not forced by harmony, shows that "
"ATR faithfulness outranks *[atr / lo] (otherwise, [ata] would have been the winning candidate):")
PICTURE (4.0, 1.5, draw_Wolof_schwatschwa)
NORMAL (L"These four ranking arguments clearly establish the crucial rankings of all five constraints.")
@@ -678,7 +676,7 @@ NORMAL (L"According to @@Prince & Smolensky (1993)@, the input to an OT grammar
"When doing a practical investigation, however, we are only interested in the inputs "
"that will illustrate the properties of our partial grammars. "
"In the case of simplified Wolof, this means the 36 possible V__1_tV__2_ sequences "
- "where V__1_ and V__2_ are any of the six front vowels i, \\ic, e, \\ef, \\sw, and a "
+ "where V__1_ and V__2_ are any of the six front vowels i, ɪ, e, ɛ, ə, and a "
"(see @@Create tongue-root grammar...@).")
NORMAL (L"A set of inputs can be generated from an @OTGrammar object by inspecting the list of tableaus. "
"So select the Wolof tongue-root grammar and choose @@OTGrammar: Generate inputs...|Generate inputs... at . "
@@ -686,7 +684,7 @@ NORMAL (L"A set of inputs can be generated from an @OTGrammar object by inspecti
"will appear in the list. Click Inspect and examine the 100 input strings. "
"You will see that they have been randomly chosen from the 36 possible V__1_tV__2_ sequences "
"as described at @@Create tongue-root grammar...@:")
-FORMULA (L"\\epta, et\\ef, \\epti, it\\ef, \\ept\\ef, iti, \\eft\\ic, it\\ic, \\icti, et\\ef, ...")
+FORMULA (L"ɛta, etɛ, ɛti, itɛ, ɛtɛ, iti, ɛtɪ, itɪ, ɪti, etɛ, ...")
NORMAL (L"Thus, when asked to generate a random input, these grammars produce any of the 36 possible V__1_tV__2_ "
"sequences, all with equal probability.")
ENTRY (L"Generating outputs from the grammar")
@@ -695,7 +693,7 @@ NORMAL (L"To compute the outputs for the above set of input forms, select %both
"perhaps specifying zero evaluation noise. "
"A new Strings objects called \"Wolof_out\" will appear in the list. "
"If you Inspect it, you will see that it contains a string sequence aligned with the original input strings:")
-FORMULA (L"\\epta, \\ept\\ef, \\efti, it\\ef, \\eft\\ef, iti, \\efti, iti, iti, \\eft\\ef, ...")
+FORMULA (L"ɛta, ɛtɛ, ɛti, itɛ, ɛtɛ, iti, ɛti, iti, iti, ɛtɛ, ...")
NORMAL (L"In this way, we have created two Strings objects, which together form a series of input-output pairs "
"needed for learning a grammar that contains faithfulness constraints.")
MAN_END
@@ -714,11 +712,11 @@ LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t##*[atr / lo]#\t 100.000\t 100.244\t 1.000")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t##*[rtr / hi]#\t 100.000\t 97.086\t 1.000")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t##P\\s{ARSE} (rtr)#\t 50.000\t 51.736\t 1.000")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t##P\\s{ARSE} (atr)#\t 50.000\t 46.959\t 1.000")
-NORMAL (L"Such a grammar produces all kinds of non-adult results. For instance, the input /\\swt\\ic/ "
- "will surface as [at\\ic]:")
+NORMAL (L"Such a grammar produces all kinds of non-adult results. For instance, the input /ətɪ/ "
+ "will surface as [atɪ]:")
PICTURE (4.0, 1.5, draw_Infant_swtI)
-NORMAL (L"The adult form is very different: [\\swti]. The cause of the discrepancy is in the order of "
- "the constraints *[atr / lo] and *[rtr / hi], which militate against [\\sw] and [\\ic], respectively. "
+NORMAL (L"The adult form is very different: [əti]. The cause of the discrepancy is in the order of "
+ "the constraints *[atr / lo] and *[rtr / hi], which militate against [ə] and [ɪ], respectively. "
"Simply reversing the rankings of these two constraints would solve the problem in this case. "
"More generally, @@Tesar & Smolensky (1998)@ claim that demoting all the constraints that cause the "
"adult form to lose into the stratum just below the highest-ranked constraint "
@@ -732,7 +730,7 @@ NORMAL (L"But Tesar & Smolensky's algorithm cannot be used for variable data, si
"Since language data do tend to be variable, we need a gradual and balanced learning algorithm, "
"and the following algorithm is guaranteed to converge "
"to the target language, if that language can be described by a stochastic OT grammar.")
-NORMAL (L"The reaction of the learner to hearing the mismatch between the adult [\\swti] and her own [at\\ic], "
+NORMAL (L"The reaction of the learner to hearing the mismatch between the adult [əti] and her own [atɪ], "
"is simply:")
LIST_ITEM (L"1. to move the constraints violated in her own form, i.e. *[rtr / hi] and P\\s{ARSE} (atr), "
"up by a small step along the ranking scale, thus decreasing the probability that her form will be the winner "
@@ -756,7 +754,7 @@ NORMAL (L"Note that the relative rankings of P\\s{ARSE} (atr) and P\\s{ARSE} (rt
"This does not matter: the procedure will converge nevertheless.")
NORMAL (L"We are now going to simulate the infant who learns simplified Wolof. Take an adult Wolof grammar "
"and generate 1000 input strings and the corresponding 1000 output strings "
- "following the procedure described in @@OT learning 3.2. Data from another grammar|\\SS3.2 at . "
+ "following the procedure described in @@OT learning 3.2. Data from another grammar|§3.2 at . "
"Now select the infant @OTGrammar and both @Strings objects, and choose @@OTGrammar & 2 Strings: Learn...|Learn... at . "
"After you click OK, the learner processes each of the 1000 input-output pairs in succession, "
"gradually changing the constraint ranking in case of a mismatch. The resulting grammar may look like:")
@@ -772,7 +770,7 @@ NORMAL (L"We already see some features of the target grammar, namely the top ran
"The step is also multiplied by the %%constraint plasticity%, which is simply 1.000 in all examples in this tutorial; "
"you could set it to 0.0 to prevent a constraint from moving up or down at all. "
"The %leak is the part of the constraint weight (especially in Harmonic Grammar) that is thrown away whenever a constraint is reranked; "
- "e.g if the leak is 0.01 and the step is 0.11, the constraint weight is multiplied by (1 \\-- 0.01\\.c0.11) = 0.9989 before "
+ "e.g if the leak is 0.01 and the step is 0.11, the constraint weight is multiplied by (1 – 0.01·0.11) = 0.9989 before "
"the learning step is taken; in this way you could implement forgetful learning of correlations.")
NORMAL (L"After learning once more with the same data, the result is:")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t\t %%ranking value\t %disharmony\t %plasticity")
@@ -793,7 +791,7 @@ LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t##P\\s{ARSE} (atr)#\t 79.409\t 76.853\t 1.000")
NORMAL (L"By inspecting the first column, you can see that the ranking values are already in the same order as in the target grammar, "
"so that the learner will produce 100 percent correct adult utterances if her evaluation noise is zero. However, "
"with a noise of 2.0, there will still be variation. For instance, the disharmonies above will "
- "produce [ata] instead of [\\swt\\sw] for underlying /\\swt\\sw/. Learning seven times more "
+ "produce [ata] instead of [ətə] for underlying /ətə/. Learning seven times more "
"with the same data gives a reasonable proficiency:")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t\t %%ranking value\t %disharmony\t %plasticity")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t##*[rtr / hi]#\t 100.800\t 99.167\t 1.000")
@@ -826,7 +824,7 @@ NORMAL (L"Our Harmonic Grammars with constraint noise (Noisy HG) are slightly di
"except that the learning step of each constraint is multiplied by "
"the difference of the number of violations of this constraint between the correct form and the incorrect winner; "
"this multiplication is crucial (without it, stochastic gradient ascent is not guaranteed to converge), "
- "as was noted by J\\a\"ger for MaxEnt. The same procedure for updating weights occurs "
+ "as was noted by Jäger for MaxEnt. The same procedure for updating weights occurs "
"in @@Soderstrom, Mathis & Smolensky (2006)@, who propose "
"an incremental version (formulas 21 and 35d) of the harmony version (formulas 14 and 18) "
"of the learning equation for Boltzmann machines (formula 13). "
@@ -839,19 +837,19 @@ MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"OT learning 5. Learning a stochastic grammar", L"ppgb", 20070725)
NORMAL (L"Having shown that the algorithm can learn deep obligatory rankings, we will now see "
"that it also performs well in replicating the variation in the language environment.")
-NORMAL (L"Create a place assimilation grammar as described in @@OT learning 2.6. Variable output|\\SS2.6@, "
+NORMAL (L"Create a place assimilation grammar as described in @@OT learning 2.6. Variable output|§2.6@, "
"and set all its rankings to 100.000:")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t\t %%ranking value\t %disharmony\t %plasticity")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t##*G\\s{ESTURE}#\t 100.000\t 100.000\t 1.000")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t##*R\\s{EPLACE} (t, p)#\t 100.000\t 100.000\t 1.000")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t##*R\\s{EPLACE} (n, m)#\t 100.000\t 100.000\t 1.000")
-NORMAL (L"Create a place assimilation distribution and generate 1000 string pairs (@@OT learning 3.1. Data from a pair distribution|\\SS3.1@). "
+NORMAL (L"Create a place assimilation distribution and generate 1000 string pairs (@@OT learning 3.1. Data from a pair distribution|§3.1@). "
"Select the grammar and the two @Strings objects, and learn with a plasticity of 0.1:")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t\t %%ranking value\t %disharmony\t %plasticity")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t##*R\\s{EPLACE} (t, p)#\t 104.540\t 103.140\t 1.000")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t##*R\\s{EPLACE} (n, m)#\t 96.214\t 99.321\t 1.000")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t##*G\\s{ESTURE}#\t 99.246\t 97.861")
-NORMAL (L"The output distributions are now (using @@OTGrammar: To output Distributions...@, see @@OT learning 2.9. Output distributions|\\SS2.9@):")
+NORMAL (L"The output distributions are now (using @@OTGrammar: To output Distributions...@, see @@OT learning 2.9. Output distributions|§2.9@):")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t/an+pa/ \\-> anpa\t14.3\\% ")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t/an+pa/ \\-> ampa\t85.7\\% ")
LIST_ITEM1 (L"\t/at+ma/ \\-> atma\t96.9\\% ")
@@ -945,29 +943,29 @@ INTRO (L"In order to be able to learn phonological production, both EDCD and GLA
ENTRY (L"Interpretive parsing")
NORMAL (L"The language-learning child has to construct both the surface form and the underlying form from the overt form "
"that she hears. @@Tesar & Smolensky (1998)@ proposed that the child computes a surface form from the "
- "overt form by using the same constraint ranking as in production. For instance, the overt form [\\si \\si\\'^ \\si], which "
+ "overt form by using the same constraint ranking as in production. For instance, the overt form [σ σ σ], which "
"is a sequence of three syllables with stress on the second syllable, will be interpreted as the surface form "
- "/(\\si \\si\\'^) \\si/ in iambic left-aligning languages (I\\s{AMBIC} >> T\\s{ROCHAIC}, and A\\s{LL}F\\s{EET}L\\s{EFT} "
- ">> A\\s{LL}F\\s{EET}R\\s{IGHT}), but as the surface form /\\si (\\si\\'^ \\si)/ in trochaic right-aligning languages. "
+ "/(σ σˈ) σ/ in iambic left-aligning languages (I\\s{AMBIC} >> T\\s{ROCHAIC}, and A\\s{LL}F\\s{EET}L\\s{EFT} "
+ ">> A\\s{LL}F\\s{EET}R\\s{IGHT}), but as the surface form /σ (σˈ σ)/ in trochaic right-aligning languages. "
"Tesar & Smolensky call this procedure @@Robust Interpretive Parsing@, because it works even if the listener's grammar "
"would never produce such a form. For instance, if I\\s{AMBIC} >> A\\s{LL}F\\s{EET}R\\s{IGHT} >> T\\s{ROCHAIC} >> "
- "A\\s{LL}F\\s{EET}L\\s{EFT}, the listener herself would produce the iambic right-aligned /\\si (\\si \\si\\'^)/ "
- "for any trisyllabic underlying form, though she will still interpret [\\si \\si\\'^ \\si] as /(\\si \\si\\'^) \\si/, "
+ "A\\s{LL}F\\s{EET}L\\s{EFT}, the listener herself would produce the iambic right-aligned /σ (σ σˈ)/ "
+ "for any trisyllabic underlying form, though she will still interpret [σ σˈ σ] as /(σ σˈ) σ/, "
"which is illegal in her own grammar. Hearing forms that are illegal in one's own grammar is of course a common "
"situation for language-learning children.")
NORMAL (L"In Tesar & Smolensky's view, the underlying form can be trivially computed from the surface form, "
- "since the surface form %contains enough information. For instance, the surface form /(\\si \\si\\'^) \\si/ must "
- "lead to the underlying form \\|f\\si \\si \\si\\|f if all parentheses and stress marks are removed. Since "
+ "since the surface form %contains enough information. For instance, the surface form /(σ σˈ) σ/ must "
+ "lead to the underlying form |σ σ σ| if all parentheses and stress marks are removed. Since "
"@@McCarthy & Prince (1995)@, this %containment view of surface representations has been abandoned. "
"In Praat, therefore, the underlying form is not trivially computed from the surface form, "
"but all the tableaus are scanned for the surface form that violates the least high-ranked constraints (in the usual "
"OT sense), as long as it contains the given overt form. For instance, if I\\s{AMBIC} >> A\\s{LL}F\\s{EET}R\\s{IGHT} "
- ">> T\\s{ROCHAIC} >> A\\s{LL}F\\s{EET}L\\s{EFT}, the overt form [\\si \\si\\'^ \\si] occurs in two candidates: "
- "the surface form /(\\si \\si\\'^) \\si/ in the tableau for the underlying form \\|f\\si \\si \\si\\|f, and "
- "the surface form /\\si (\\si\\'^ \\si)/ in the tableau for the underlying form \\|f\\si \\si \\si\\|f. The best candidate "
- "is the surface form /(\\si \\si\\'^) \\si/ in the tableau for the underlying form \\|f\\si \\si \\si\\|f. Hence, "
- "Praat's version of Robust Interpretive Parsing will map the overt form [\\si \\si\\'^ \\si] to the underlying form "
- "\\|f\\si \\si \\si\\|f (the 'winning tableau') and to the surface form /(\\si \\si\\'^) \\si/ (to be sure, "
+ ">> T\\s{ROCHAIC} >> A\\s{LL}F\\s{EET}L\\s{EFT}, the overt form [σ σˈ σ] occurs in two candidates: "
+ "the surface form /(σ σˈ) σ/ in the tableau for the underlying form |σ σ σ|, and "
+ "the surface form /σ (σˈ σ)/ in the tableau for the underlying form |σ σ σ|. The best candidate "
+ "is the surface form /(σ σˈ) σ/ in the tableau for the underlying form |σ σ σ|. Hence, "
+ "Praat's version of Robust Interpretive Parsing will map the overt form [σ σˈ σ] to the underlying form "
+ "|σ σ σ| (the ‘winning tableau’) and to the surface form /(σ σˈ) σ/ (to be sure, "
"this is the same result as in Tesar & Smolensky's "
"version, but crucial differences between the two versions will appear when faithfulness constraints are involved).")
NORMAL (L"In Praat, you can do interpretive parsing. For example, create a grammar with ##Create metrics grammar...# "
@@ -978,8 +976,8 @@ ENTRY (L"Learning from partial forms")
NORMAL (L"Now that the learning child can convert an overt form to an underlying-surface pair, she can compare this "
"surface form to the surface form that she herself would have derived from this underlying form. For instance, "
"If I\\s{AMBIC} >> A\\s{LL}F\\s{EET}R\\s{IGHT} >> T\\s{ROCHAIC} >> A\\s{LL}F\\s{EET}L\\s{EFT}, the winning "
- "tableau is \\|f\\si \\si \\si\\|f, and the perceived adult surface form is /(\\si \\si\\'^) \\si/. "
- "But from the underlying form \\|f\\si \\si \\si\\|f, the learner will derive /\\si (\\si \\si\\'^)/ as her own surface form. "
+ "tableau is |σ σ σ|, and the perceived adult surface form is /(σ σˈ) σ/. "
+ "But from the underlying form |σ σ σ|, the learner will derive /σ (σ σˈ)/ as her own surface form. "
"The two surface forms are different, so that the learner can take action by reranking one or more constraints, "
"perhaps with EDCD or GLA.")
NORMAL (L"In Praat, you can learn from partial forms. Select the metrics grammar and choose ##Learn from one partial output...#, "
@@ -1073,8 +1071,8 @@ LIST_ITEM (L"##*G\\s{ESTURE} (contour)# 99.000 99.000")
LIST_ITEM (L"##*[atr / lo]# 99.000 99.000")
NORMAL (L"You will get a comparable result with @@OTAnyGrammar & Strings: Learn output (GLA)... at .")
NORMAL (L"The resulting grammar represents the learner's state after the acquisition of "
- "all the relevant gestures. The learner will now faithfully reproduce /et\\ef/ "
- "if that were in her lexicon. Before being able to render such an underlying form as [\\eft\\ef], "
+ "all the relevant gestures. The learner will now faithfully reproduce /etɛ/ "
+ "if that were in her lexicon. Before being able to render such an underlying form as [ɛtɛ], "
"she must learn that faithfulness can be violated.")
ENTRY (L"Example 2: When underlying forms are irrelevant")
NORMAL (L"Underlying forms are relevant only if faithfulness constraints are involved. "
@@ -1125,7 +1123,7 @@ NORMAL (L"Instead of generating the data from a @Distributions, you could have g
MAN_END
*/
-MAN_BEGIN (L"OTGrammar", L"ppgb", 20041110)
+MAN_BEGIN (L"OTGrammar", L"ppgb", 20141001)
INTRO (L"One of the @@types of objects@ in Praat. See the @@OT learning@ tutorial.")
ENTRY (L"Inside an OTGrammar")
NORMAL (L"With @Inspect, you will see the following attributes:")
@@ -1150,14 +1148,14 @@ TAG (L"%tableaus")
DEFINITION (L"a list of tableaus. Each tableau contains the following attributes:")
TAG1 (L"%input")
DEFINITION1 (L"the input string of the tableau. For production grammaras, the underlying form of the utterance, for example "
- "\\|fan+pa\\|f or \\|fb\\rt\\ic\\ng + \\s{PAST}\\|f.")
+ "|an+pa| or |bɹɪŋ + \\s{PAST}|.")
TAG1 (L"%candidates")
DEFINITION1 (L"a list of output candidates. Each output candidate consists of:")
TAG2 (L"%output")
-DEFINITION2 (L"the output string of the tableau. In generative phonology: the surface form of the utterance, for example "
- "[anpa] or [ampa] or [b\\rt\\ct:t] or [b\\rt\\ae\\ng]. In functional phonology: the combination of the articulatory "
- "and the perceptual results, for example [anpa]-/anpa/ or [ampa]-/ampa/ or [b\\rt\\ct:t]-/b\\rt\\ct:t/ or "
- "[b\\rt\\ae\\ng]-/b\\rt\\ae\\ng/.")
+DEFINITION2 (L"the output string of the tableau. In two-level phonology: the surface form of the utterance, for example "
+ "[anpa] or [ampa] or [bɹɔːt] or [bɹæŋ]. In multi-level phonology: the combination of phonological surface "
+ "and phonetic results, for example /anpa/[anpa] or /ampa/[ampa] or /bɹɔːt/[bɹɔːt] or "
+ "/bɹæŋ/[bɹæŋ].")
TAG2 (L"%marks")
DEFINITION2 (L"a list of the number of violations of each constraint for this output form. If there are 13 constraints, "
"this list will contain 13 integer numbers for each candidate.")
diff --git a/main/main_Praat.cpp b/main/main_Praat.cpp
index 6bb087f..314531c 100644
--- a/main/main_Praat.cpp
+++ b/main/main_Praat.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
/* main_Praat.cpp
*
- * Copyright (C) 1992-2012,2013 Paul Boersma
+ * Copyright (C) 1992-2012,2013,2014 Paul Boersma
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ static void logo (Graphics g) {
Graphics_text (g, 0.5, 0.33, L"www.praat.org");
Graphics_setFont (g, kGraphics_font_HELVETICA);
Graphics_setFontSize (g, 10);
- Graphics_text (g, 0.5, 0.16, L"Copyright \\co 1992-" xstr(PRAAT_YEAR) " by Paul Boersma and David Weenink");
+ Graphics_text (g, 0.5, 0.16, L"Copyright © 1992–" xstr(PRAAT_YEAR) " by Paul Boersma and David Weenink");
}
int main (int argc, char *argv []) {
diff --git a/stat/manual_statistics.cpp b/stat/manual_statistics.cpp
index 7ab8635..e644172 100644
--- a/stat/manual_statistics.cpp
+++ b/stat/manual_statistics.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
/* manual_statistics.cpp
*
- * Copyright (C) 1992-2011 Paul Boersma
+ * Copyright (C) 1992-2011,2014 Paul Boersma
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ INTRO (L"This is the tutorial about basic statistical techniques in Praat, which
"with the @Table object or even directly from the @Goodies menu. It assumes that you are familiar with the @Intro.")
NORMAL (L"(Under construction..................)")
NORMAL (L"Goodies menu:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Difference of two proportions@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Difference of two proportions@")
NORMAL (L"For a selected Table:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Logistic regression@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Logistic regression@")
NORMAL (L"For more sophisticated techniques, see:")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Principal component analysis@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Multidimensional scaling@")
-LIST_ITEM (L"\\bu @@Discriminant analysis@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Principal component analysis@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Multidimensional scaling@")
+LIST_ITEM (L"• @@Discriminant analysis@")
MAN_END
MAN_BEGIN (L"Difference of two proportions", L"ppgb", 20090717)
@@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ ENTRY (L"2. Example of incorrect use: areal features")
NORMAL (L"An anonymous linguist once proposed that there was a causal relation between blood groups and the incidence "
"of dental fricatives. He noticed that dental fricatives occurred mainly in languages whose speakers "
"predominantly had blood group O. To prove his point, he tabulated 100 languages:")
-CODE1 (L"\t\t\tHas /\\tf/ or /\\dh/\t\tNo dental fricatives")
+CODE1 (L"\t\t\tHas /θ/ or /ð/\t\tNo dental fricatives")
CODE1 (L"\tGroup O\t\t24\t\t11")
CODE1 (L"\tGroup A or B\t\t29\t\t36")
NORMAL (L"Since %p < 0.05, the linguist regarded his hypothesis as being supported by the facts. "
- "However, this %\\ci^2 test assumes that the 100 languages are independent, but they are not. "
+ "However, this %χ^2 test assumes that the 100 languages are independent, but they are not. "
"Two adjacent languages tend to correlate in their probability of having dental fricatives, "
"and their speakers tend to correlate in their blood groups. Both are %%areal features%, "
- "which undermine the independence assumed by the %\\ci^2 test. The actual null hypothesis "
+ "which undermine the independence assumed by the %χ^2 test. The actual null hypothesis "
"that the test rejected was the combined hypothesis that dental fricatives correlate with blood group "
"%and that the 100 languages are independent.")
NORMAL (L"Another anonymous linguist proposed that those Limburgian dialects that had lost their tone contrast "
@@ -95,33 +95,34 @@ NORMAL (L"The resulting %p is 0.00016. So what is the conclusion, if the measure
"form a random sample from the total population. The simplest such test would be a sign test over "
"the participants: count those participants who score better on Task A than on Task B and see whether this number "
"is reliably less than 50 percent of all participants. For five participants, such a sign test "
- "would %never reach significance at a two-tailed 5 percent level (2*0.5^5 = 0.0625).")
+ "would %never reach significance at a two-tailed 5 percent level (2·0.5^5 = 0.0625).")
ENTRY (L"4. Example of problematic use: pooling participants")
NORMAL (L"Our purpose was to disprove the null hypothesis that listeners' perception does not depend on the language "
- "they think they hear. However, certain vowel tokens acoustically in between the Dutch /\\as/ and the Dutch /\\ct/ "
- "were perceived 50 percent of the time as /\\as/ and 50 percent of the time as /\\ct/ when Dutch learners of Spanish thought "
- "they were hearing Dutch, but 60 percent of the time as /\\ct/ when they thought they were hearing Spanish. "
+ "they think they hear. However, certain vowel tokens acoustically in between the Dutch /ɑ/ and the Dutch /ɔ/ "
+ "were perceived 50 percent of the time as /ɑ/ and 50 percent of the time as /ɔ/ when Dutch learners of Spanish thought "
+ "they were hearing Dutch, but 60 percent of the time as /ɔ/ when they thought they were hearing Spanish. "
"The responses of 40 listeners, all of whom underwent both language modes, is combined in the following table:")
-CODE1 (L"\t\t/\\as/\t/\\ct/")
+CODE1 (L"\t\t/ɑ/\t/ɔ/")
CODE1 (L"\tDutch mode\t200\t200")
CODE1 (L"\tSpanish mode\t160\t240")
NORMAL (L"The result was %p = 0.0056, which reliably showed that these 40 listeners on average shifted their category "
- "boundary toward /\\as/ when they thought that the language they were listening to was Spanish. "
+ "boundary toward /ɑ/ when they thought that the language they were listening to was Spanish. "
"The conclusion is that not all listeners were indifferent to the language mode, "
"so that mode-dependent perception must exist. The explanation in this case was that the Spanish /a/ "
- "(which Dutch learners of Spanish identify with their /\\as/) is more auditorily front than Dutch /\\as/; "
+ "(which Dutch learners of Spanish identify with their /ɑ/) is more auditorily front than Dutch /ɑ/; "
"in order to reject the null hypothesis that language modes exist but that their direction is random for each "
"learner, i.e. the population average of the shift is zero, a separate test was required to show that the observed "
"shift is representative of the population of Dutch learners of Spanish "
"(this is easier to accomplish for 40 participants than for 5).")
MAN_END
-MAN_BEGIN (L"Logistic regression", L"ppgb", 20110131)
+MAN_BEGIN (L"Logistic regression", L"ppgb", 20141001)
INTRO (L"This page explains how you do logistic regression with Praat. "
- "You start by saving a table in a text file. "
+ "You start by saving a table in a text file (if it contains non-ASCII symbols such as æ or ɛ, "
+ "use the UTF-8 or UTF-16 format). "
"The following example contains natural stimuli (female speaker) with measured F1 and duration values, "
"and the responses of a certain listener who is presented each stimulus 10 times.")
-CODE1 (L" F1 Dur /ae/ /E/")
+CODE1 (L" F1 Dur /æ/ /ɛ/")
CODE1 (L" 764 87 2 8")
CODE1 (L" 674 104 3 7")
CODE1 (L" 574 126 0 10")
@@ -135,8 +136,8 @@ CODE1 (L" 752 92 6 4")
NORMAL (L"In this table we see 10 different stimuli, each characterized by a certain combination "
"of the factors (independent variables) %F1 (first formant in Hertz) and %Dur (duration in milliseconds). "
"The first row of the table means that there was a stimulus with an F1 of 764 Hz and a duration of 87 ms, "
- "and that the listener responded to this stimulus 2 times with the response category /\\ae/, "
- "and the remaining 8 times with the category /\\ef/.")
+ "and that the listener responded to this stimulus 2 times with the response category /æ/, "
+ "and the remaining 8 times with the category /ɛ/.")
NORMAL (L"A table as above can be typed into a text file. The columns can be separated with spaces and/or tab stops. "
"The file can be read into Praat with ##Read Table from table file...#. "
"The command ##To logistic regression...# will become available in the #Statistics menu.")
@@ -154,25 +155,25 @@ ENTRY (L"What does it do?")
"mf1_ep = 620\n"
"sf1 = 60\n"
"Draw ellipse... mdur_ae-sdur mdur_ae+sdur mf1_ae-sf1 mf1_ae+sf1\n"
- "Text... mdur_ae Centre mf1_ae Half /\\ae/\n"
+ "Text... mdur_ae Centre mf1_ae Half /æ/\n"
"Draw ellipse... mdur_ep-sdur mdur_ep+sdur mf1_ep-sf1 mf1_ep+sf1\n"
- "Text... mdur_ep Centre mf1_ep Half /\\ef/\n"
+ "Text... mdur_ep Centre mf1_ep Half /ɛ/\n"
"Draw inner box\n"
)*/
-NORMAL (L"The logistic regression method will find values %\\al, %%\\be__F1_% and %%\\be__dur_% "
+NORMAL (L"The logistic regression method will find values %α, %%β__F1_% and %%β__dur_% "
"that optimize")
-FORMULA (L"%\\al + %%\\be__F1_% %F1__%k_ + %%\\be__dur_% %Dur__%k_ = ln (%p__%k_(/\\ef/)/%p__%k_(/\\ae/))")
-NORMAL (L"where %k runs from 1 to 10, and %p__%k_(/\\ae/) + %p__%k_(/\\ef/) = 1.")
-NORMAL (L"The optimization criterion is %%maximum likelihood%, i.e. those %\\al, %%\\be__F1_% and %%\\be__dur_% "
- "will be chosen that lead to values for %p__%k_(/\\ae/) and %p__%k_(/\\ef/) that make the observations in the table "
+FORMULA (L"%α + %%β__F1_% %F1__%k_ + %%β__dur_% %Dur__%k_ = ln (%p__%k_(/ɛ/)/%p__%k_(/æ/))")
+NORMAL (L"where %k runs from 1 to 10, and %p__%k_(/æ/) + %p__%k_(/ɛ/) = 1.")
+NORMAL (L"The optimization criterion is %%maximum likelihood%, i.e. those %α, %%β__F1_% and %%β__dur_% "
+ "will be chosen that lead to values for %p__%k_(/æ/) and %p__%k_(/ɛ/) that make the observations in the table "
"most likely.")
NORMAL (L"Praat will create an object of type #LogisticRegression in the list. "
- "When you then click the #Info button, Praat will write the values of %\\al (the %intercept), "
- "%%\\be__F1_% and %%\\be__dur_% into the Info window (as well as much other information).")
+ "When you then click the #Info button, Praat will write the values of %α (the %intercept), "
+ "%%β__F1_% and %%β__dur_% into the Info window (as well as much other information).")
NORMAL (L"The number of factors does not have to be 2; it can be 1 or more. "
"The number of dependent categories is always 2.")
MAN_END
}
-/* End of file manual_statistics.c */
+/* End of file manual_statistics.cpp */
diff --git a/sys/Graphics.cpp b/sys/Graphics.cpp
index fbd27f6..844b302 100644
--- a/sys/Graphics.cpp
+++ b/sys/Graphics.cpp
@@ -100,12 +100,16 @@ void Graphics_init (Graphics me, int resolution) {
my resolutionNumber = kGraphics_resolution_96;
} else if (resolution == 100) {
my resolutionNumber = kGraphics_resolution_100;
+ } else if (resolution == 180) {
+ my resolutionNumber = kGraphics_resolution_180;
} else if (resolution == 300) {
my resolutionNumber = kGraphics_resolution_300;
} else if (resolution == 360) {
my resolutionNumber = kGraphics_resolution_360;
} else if (resolution == 600) {
my resolutionNumber = kGraphics_resolution_600;
+ } else if (resolution == 1200) {
+ my resolutionNumber = kGraphics_resolution_1200;
} else {
Melder_fatal ("Unsupported resolution %d dpi.", resolution);
}
diff --git a/sys/Graphics_enums.h b/sys/Graphics_enums.h
index 7b9a0a8..3e5d4d7 100644
--- a/sys/Graphics_enums.h
+++ b/sys/Graphics_enums.h
@@ -34,10 +34,12 @@ enums_end (kGraphics_horizontalAlignment, 2, CENTRE)
enums_begin (kGraphics_resolution, 0)
enums_add (kGraphics_resolution, 0, 96, L"96 dpi")
enums_add (kGraphics_resolution, 1, 100, L"100 dpi")
- enums_add (kGraphics_resolution, 2, 300, L"300 dpi")
- enums_add (kGraphics_resolution, 3, 360, L"360 dpi")
- enums_add (kGraphics_resolution, 4, 600, L"600 dpi")
-enums_end (kGraphics_resolution, 4, 100)
+ enums_add (kGraphics_resolution, 2, 180, L"180 dpi")
+ enums_add (kGraphics_resolution, 3, 300, L"300 dpi")
+ enums_add (kGraphics_resolution, 4, 360, L"360 dpi")
+ enums_add (kGraphics_resolution, 5, 600, L"600 dpi")
+ enums_add (kGraphics_resolution, 6, 1200, L"1200 dpi")
+enums_end (kGraphics_resolution, 6, 100)
enums_begin (kGraphics_colourScale, 0)
enums_add (kGraphics_colourScale, 0, GREY, L"grey")
diff --git a/sys/GuiFileSelect.cpp b/sys/GuiFileSelect.cpp
index 66c3ead..b890aff 100644
--- a/sys/GuiFileSelect.cpp
+++ b/sys/GuiFileSelect.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
/* GuiFileSelect.cpp
*
- * Copyright (C) 2010-2012,2013 Paul Boersma, 2013 Tom Naughton
+ * Copyright (C) 2010-2012,2013,2014 Paul Boersma, 2013 Tom Naughton
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
#endif
SortedSetOfString GuiFileSelect_getInfileNames (GuiWindow parent, const wchar_t *title, bool allowMultipleFiles) {
+ structMelderDir saveDir = { { 0 } };
+ Melder_getDefaultDir (& saveDir);
autoSortedSetOfString me = SortedSetOfString_create ();
#if gtk
(void) parent;
@@ -150,10 +152,13 @@ SortedSetOfString GuiFileSelect_getInfileNames (GuiWindow parent, const wchar_t
}
setlocale (LC_ALL, "C");
#endif
+ Melder_setDefaultDir (& saveDir);
return me.transfer();
}
wchar_t * GuiFileSelect_getOutfileName (GuiWindow parent, const wchar_t *title, const wchar_t *defaultName) {
+ structMelderDir saveDir = { { 0 } };
+ Melder_getDefaultDir (& saveDir);
wchar_t *outfileName = NULL;
#if gtk
(void) parent;
@@ -261,10 +266,13 @@ wchar_t * GuiFileSelect_getOutfileName (GuiWindow parent, const wchar_t *title,
}
setlocale (LC_ALL, "C");
#endif
+ Melder_setDefaultDir (& saveDir);
return outfileName;
}
wchar_t * GuiFileSelect_getDirectoryName (GuiWindow parent, const wchar_t *title) {
+ structMelderDir saveDir = { { 0 } };
+ Melder_getDefaultDir (& saveDir);
wchar_t *directoryName = NULL;
#if gtk
(void) parent;
@@ -293,7 +301,7 @@ wchar_t * GuiFileSelect_getDirectoryName (GuiWindow parent, const wchar_t *title
if ([openPanel runModal] == NSFileHandlingPanelOKButton) {
for (NSURL *url in [openPanel URLs]) {
const char *directoryName_utf8 = [[url path] UTF8String];
- structMelderDir dir = { 0 };
+ structMelderDir dir = { { 0 } };
Melder_8bitFileRepresentationToWcs_inline (directoryName_utf8, dir. path);
directoryName = Melder_wcsdup (dir. path);
}
@@ -350,6 +358,7 @@ wchar_t * GuiFileSelect_getDirectoryName (GuiWindow parent, const wchar_t *title
directoryName = Melder_wcsdup_f (fullFileName);
setlocale (LC_ALL, "C");
#endif
+ Melder_setDefaultDir (& saveDir);
return directoryName;
}
diff --git a/sys/ManPagesM.h b/sys/ManPagesM.h
index 6f3dce8..e3e458c 100644
--- a/sys/ManPagesM.h
+++ b/sys/ManPagesM.h
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
#define _ManPagesM_h_
/* ManPagesM.h
*
- * Copyright (C) 1996-2011 Paul Boersma
+ * Copyright (C) 1996-2011,2014 Paul Boersma
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -19,10 +19,6 @@
* Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
*/
-/*
- * pb 2011/01/05
- */
-
/* ManPages macros. */
#ifndef _ManPages_h_
@@ -135,7 +131,7 @@
#define Manual_DRAW_SETTINGS_WINDOW_BOOLEAN(label,on) \
"if " #on "\n" \
" Paint rectangle... yellow 265 279 y-7 y+7\n" \
- " Text special... 272 centre y half Times fontSize*1.2 0 ##\\Vr\n" \
+ " Text special... 272 centre y half Times fontSize*1.2 0 ##√\n" \
"else\n" \
" Paint rectangle... white 265 279 y-7 y+7\n" \
"endif\n" \
diff --git a/sys/Manual.cpp b/sys/Manual.cpp
index 1d821a8..7737a03 100644
--- a/sys/Manual.cpp
+++ b/sys/Manual.cpp
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ void structManual :: v_draw () {
for (int i = 1; i <= our numberOfMatches; i ++) {
wchar_t link [300];
page = (ManPage) manPages -> pages -> item [matches [i]];
- swprintf (link, 300, L"\\bu @@%ls", page -> title);
+ swprintf (link, 300, L"• @@%ls", page -> title);
HyperPage_listItem (this, link);
}
return;
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ void structManual :: v_draw () {
long date = page -> date;
int imonth = date % 10000 / 100;
if (imonth < 0 || imonth > 12) imonth = 0;
- swprintf (signature, 100, L"\\co %ls, %ld %ls %ld",
+ swprintf (signature, 100, L"© %ls, %ld %ls %ld",
wcsequ (page -> author, L"ppgb") ? L"Paul Boersma" :
wcsequ (page -> author, L"djmw") ? L"David Weenink" : page -> author,
date % 100, month [imonth], date / 10000);
diff --git a/sys/praat_version.h b/sys/praat_version.h
index 34c1460..3dd6076 100644
--- a/sys/praat_version.h
+++ b/sys/praat_version.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#define PRAAT_VERSION_STR 5.3.86
-#define PRAAT_VERSION_NUM 5386
+#define PRAAT_VERSION_STR 5.4
+#define PRAAT_VERSION_NUM 5400
#define PRAAT_YEAR 2014
-#define PRAAT_MONTH September
-#define PRAAT_DAY 28
+#define PRAAT_MONTH October
+#define PRAAT_DAY 4
--
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