[osmium-tool] 01/09: Imported Upstream version 1.4.0

Bas Couwenberg sebastic at debian.org
Thu Sep 15 14:57:23 UTC 2016


This is an automated email from the git hooks/post-receive script.

sebastic pushed a commit to branch master
in repository osmium-tool.

commit fd88ce716e4b65dda7491bcad9a44a950bc229d0
Author: Bas Couwenberg <sebastic at xs4all.nl>
Date:   Thu Sep 15 16:23:28 2016 +0200

    Imported Upstream version 1.4.0
---
 .gitignore                                         |    2 +
 .travis.yml                                        |   98 +-
 .ycm_extra_conf.py                                 |    7 +
 CHANGELOG.md                                       |   39 +-
 CMakeLists.txt                                     |   71 +-
 CONTRIBUTING.md                                    |    8 +
 README.md                                          |   66 +-
 appveyor.yml                                       |   60 +-
 build-appveyor.bat                                 |  110 +
 build-local.bat                                    |   43 +
 doc/manual.md                                      |  495 +++
 doc/osmium-show.png                                |  Bin 0 -> 51357 bytes
 include/rapidjson/allocators.h                     |  532 +--
 include/rapidjson/document.h                       | 4614 +++++++++++---------
 include/rapidjson/encodedstream.h                  |  560 +--
 include/rapidjson/encodings.h                      | 1341 +++---
 include/rapidjson/error/en.h                       |   21 +-
 include/rapidjson/error/error.h                    |   17 +-
 include/rapidjson/filereadstream.h                 |  187 +-
 include/rapidjson/filewritestream.h                |  195 +-
 include/rapidjson/fwd.h                            |  151 +
 include/rapidjson/internal/biginteger.h            |   14 +-
 include/rapidjson/internal/diyfp.h                 |   17 +-
 include/rapidjson/internal/dtoa.h                  |   50 +-
 include/rapidjson/internal/ieee754.h               |    3 +-
 include/rapidjson/internal/meta.h                  |  362 +-
 include/rapidjson/internal/pow10.h                 |  110 +-
 include/rapidjson/internal/regex.h                 |  701 +++
 include/rapidjson/internal/stack.h                 |  409 +-
 include/rapidjson/internal/strfunc.h               |   94 +-
 include/rapidjson/internal/strtod.h                |   33 +-
 include/rapidjson/internal/{strfunc.h => swap.h}   |   85 +-
 include/rapidjson/istreamwrapper.h                 |  115 +
 include/rapidjson/memorybuffer.h                   |    2 +-
 include/rapidjson/memorystream.h                   |   16 +-
 include/rapidjson/msinttypes/stdint.h              |    8 +-
 include/rapidjson/ostreamwrapper.h                 |   81 +
 include/rapidjson/pointer.h                        |  119 +-
 include/rapidjson/prettywriter.h                   |  462 +-
 include/rapidjson/rapidjson.h                      | 1269 +++---
 include/rapidjson/reader.h                         | 3331 ++++++++------
 include/rapidjson/schema.h                         | 2006 +++++++++
 include/rapidjson/stream.h                         |  179 +
 include/rapidjson/stringbuffer.h                   |  210 +-
 include/rapidjson/writer.h                         | 1005 +++--
 iwyu.imp                                           |   19 +
 man/manpage.template                               |    4 +-
 man/osmium-add-locations-to-ways.md                |    1 +
 man/osmium-apply-changes.md                        |   31 +-
 man/osmium-cat.md                                  |    1 +
 man/osmium-changeset-filter.md                     |    1 +
 man/osmium-check-refs.md                           |    1 +
 man/osmium-derive-changes.md                       |   90 +
 man/osmium-diff.md                                 |  112 +
 man/osmium-file-formats.md                         |   12 +-
 man/osmium-fileinfo.md                             |    1 +
 man/osmium-getid.md                                |   16 +-
 man/osmium-merge-changes.md                        |    2 +-
 man/osmium-merge.md                                |   63 +
 man/osmium-renumber.md                             |   25 +-
 man/osmium.md                                      |   12 +
 man/progress-options.md                            |   13 +
 osmium-wrapper.in                                  |    2 +-
 src/CMakeLists.txt                                 |    2 +-
 src/cmd.cpp                                        |   81 +-
 src/cmd.hpp                                        |   40 +-
 src/cmd_factory.cpp                                |    9 +-
 src/command_add_locations_to_ways.cpp              |   43 +-
 src/command_add_locations_to_ways.hpp              |   27 +-
 src/command_apply_changes.cpp                      |  102 +-
 src/command_apply_changes.hpp                      |    9 +-
 src/command_cat.cpp                                |   50 +-
 src/command_cat.hpp                                |    9 +-
 src/command_changeset_filter.cpp                   |   50 +-
 src/command_changeset_filter.hpp                   |    6 +-
 src/command_check_refs.cpp                         |   46 +-
 src/command_check_refs.hpp                         |    5 +-
 src/command_derive_changes.cpp                     |  186 +
 ...pply_changes.hpp => command_derive_changes.hpp} |   31 +-
 src/command_diff.cpp                               |  346 ++
 src/{command_sort.hpp => command_diff.hpp}         |   22 +-
 src/command_fileinfo.cpp                           |   65 +-
 src/command_fileinfo.hpp                           |    7 +-
 src/command_getid.cpp                              |   79 +-
 src/command_getid.hpp                              |    6 +-
 src/command_help.cpp                               |   11 +-
 src/command_help.hpp                               |    7 +-
 src/command_merge.cpp                              |  220 +
 src/{command_sort.hpp => command_merge.hpp}        |   22 +-
 src/command_merge_changes.cpp                      |   23 +-
 src/command_merge_changes.hpp                      |    4 +-
 src/command_renumber.cpp                           |  130 +-
 src/command_renumber.hpp                           |    8 +-
 src/command_show.cpp                               |   42 +-
 src/command_show.hpp                               |    4 +-
 src/command_sort.cpp                               |   23 +-
 src/command_sort.hpp                               |    4 +-
 src/command_time_filter.cpp                        |   50 +-
 src/command_time_filter.hpp                        |    4 +-
 src/exception.hpp                                  |    6 +-
 src/io.cpp                                         |   35 +-
 src/main.cpp                                       |   27 +-
 src/version.cpp.in                                 |   15 +
 test/CMakeLists.txt                                |    6 +-
 test/apply-changes/CMakeLists.txt                  |   14 +-
 .../{simplified.osm => input-history.osh}          |   13 +-
 .../{simplified.osm => input-history.osm}          |   13 +-
 .../{simplified.osm => output-data.osm}            |    0
 .../{output.osh => output-history.osh}             |    1 +
 test/cat/CMakeLists.txt                            |    4 +-
 test/cat/test_setup.cpp                            |    2 +-
 test/derive-changes/CMakeLists.txt                 |   18 +
 .../simplified.osm => derive-changes/input1.osm}   |   14 +-
 .../simplified.osm => derive-changes/input2.osm}   |    0
 test/derive-changes/output-incr-version.osc        |   19 +
 test/derive-changes/output-keep-details.osc        |   21 +
 test/derive-changes/output.osc                     |   19 +
 test/diff/CMakeLists.txt                           |   26 +
 .../simplified.osm => diff/input1.osm}             |   14 +-
 .../simplified.osm => diff/input2.osm}             |    2 +
 test/diff/output-c.opl                             |   10 +
 test/diff/output-compact                           |   12 +
 test/diff/output-compact-c                         |    8 +
 test/diff/output.opl                               |   14 +
 test/diff/test_setup.cpp                           |   43 +
 test/include/catch.hpp                             |  622 ++-
 test/merge/CMakeLists.txt                          |   30 +
 test/merge/input1.osm                              |   23 +
 test/merge/input2.osm                              |   22 +
 test/merge/input3.osm                              |   16 +
 test/merge/output1.osm                             |   23 +
 test/merge/output2.osm                             |   41 +
 test/merge/output3.osm                             |   54 +
 test/misc/CMakeLists.txt                           |    4 +-
 test/renumber/CMakeLists.txt                       |    5 +
 test/renumber/output-sorted-n.osm                  |   23 +
 test/time-filter/test_setup.cpp                    |    2 +-
 test/unit_tests.cpp                                |    2 +-
 zsh_completion/_osmium                             |  160 +-
 139 files changed, 15338 insertions(+), 7522 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 72053c5..65cc774 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 .*.swp
 .ycm_extra_conf.pyc
+/build
+/libosmium-deps
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 62969a7..7919851 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -4,35 +4,10 @@
 #
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-language: cpp
+language: generic
 
 sudo: false
 
-matrix:
-    include:
-        - os: linux
-          compiler: clang
-          env: BUILD_TYPE=Dev
-        - os: linux
-          compiler: clang
-          env: BUILD_TYPE=Release
-        - os: linux
-          compiler: gcc
-          env: BUILD_TYPE=Dev
-        - os: linux
-          compiler: gcc
-          env: BUILD_TYPE=Release
-        - os: osx
-          # https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/languages/objective-c/#Supported-OS-X-iOS-SDK-versions
-          osx_image: xcode7.3 # upgrades clang from 6 -> 7
-          compiler: clang
-          env: BUILD_TYPE=Dev
-        - os: osx
-          # https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/languages/objective-c/#Supported-OS-X-iOS-SDK-versions
-          osx_image: xcode7.3 # upgrades clang from 6 -> 7
-          compiler: clang
-          env: BUILD_TYPE=Release
-
 # http://docs.travis-ci.com/user/apt/
 addons:
     apt:
@@ -46,14 +21,14 @@ addons:
             - libboost-program-options1.55-dev
             - pandoc
 
-##############################
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 matrix:
   include:
 
     # 1/ Linux Clang Builds
     - os: linux
-      compiler: clang
+      compiler: linux-clang35-release
       addons:
         apt:
           sources: ['llvm-toolchain-precise-3.5', 'ubuntu-toolchain-r-test', 'boost-latest']
@@ -61,7 +36,7 @@ matrix:
       env: COMPILER='clang++-3.5' BUILD_TYPE='Release'
 
     - os: linux
-      compiler: clang
+      compiler: linux-clang35-dev
       addons:
         apt:
           sources: ['llvm-toolchain-precise-3.5', 'ubuntu-toolchain-r-test', 'boost-latest']
@@ -70,42 +45,42 @@ matrix:
 
 
     - os: linux
-      compiler: clang
+      compiler: linux-clang37-release
       addons:
         apt:
-          sources: ['llvm-toolchain-precise-3.6', 'ubuntu-toolchain-r-test', 'boost-latest']
-          packages: ['clang-3.6', 'libboost1.55-all-dev', 'pandoc']
-      env: COMPILER='clang++-3.6' BUILD_TYPE='Release'
+          sources: ['llvm-toolchain-precise-3.7', 'ubuntu-toolchain-r-test', 'boost-latest']
+          packages: ['clang-3.7', 'libboost1.55-all-dev', 'pandoc']
+      env: COMPILER='clang++-3.7' BUILD_TYPE='Release'
 
     - os: linux
-      compiler: clang
+      compiler: linux-clang37-dev
       addons:
         apt:
-          sources: ['llvm-toolchain-precise-3.6', 'ubuntu-toolchain-r-test', 'boost-latest']
-          packages: ['clang-3.6', 'libboost1.55-all-dev', 'pandoc']
-      env: COMPILER='clang++-3.6' BUILD_TYPE='Dev'
+          sources: ['llvm-toolchain-precise-3.7', 'ubuntu-toolchain-r-test', 'boost-latest']
+          packages: ['clang-3.7', 'libboost1.55-all-dev', 'pandoc']
+      env: COMPILER='clang++-3.7' BUILD_TYPE='Dev'
 
 
     - os: linux
-      compiler: clang
+      compiler: linux-clang38-release
       addons:
         apt:
-          sources: ['llvm-toolchain-precise-3.7', 'ubuntu-toolchain-r-test', 'boost-latest']
-          packages: ['clang-3.7', 'libboost1.55-all-dev', 'pandoc']
-      env: COMPILER='clang++-3.7' BUILD_TYPE='Release'
+          sources: ['llvm-toolchain-precise-3.8', 'ubuntu-toolchain-r-test', 'boost-latest']
+          packages: ['clang-3.8', 'libboost1.55-all-dev', 'pandoc']
+      env: COMPILER='clang++-3.8' BUILD_TYPE='Release'
 
     - os: linux
-      compiler: clang
+      compiler: linux-clang38-dev
       addons:
         apt:
-          sources: ['llvm-toolchain-precise-3.7', 'ubuntu-toolchain-r-test', 'boost-latest']
-          packages: ['clang-3.7', 'libboost1.55-all-dev', 'pandoc']
-      env: COMPILER='clang++-3.7' BUILD_TYPE='Dev'
+          sources: ['llvm-toolchain-precise-3.8', 'ubuntu-toolchain-r-test', 'boost-latest']
+          packages: ['clang-3.8', 'libboost1.55-all-dev', 'pandoc']
+      env: COMPILER='clang++-3.8' BUILD_TYPE='Dev'
 
 
     # 2/ Linux GCC Builds
     - os: linux
-      compiler: gcc
+      compiler: linux-gcc48-release
       addons:
         apt:
           sources: ['ubuntu-toolchain-r-test', 'boost-latest']
@@ -113,7 +88,7 @@ matrix:
       env: COMPILER='g++-4.8' COMPILER_FLAGS='-Wno-return-type' BUILD_TYPE='Release'
 
     - os: linux
-      compiler: gcc
+      compiler: linux-gcc48-dev
       addons:
         apt:
           sources: ['ubuntu-toolchain-r-test', 'boost-latest']
@@ -122,7 +97,7 @@ matrix:
 
 
     - os: linux
-      compiler: gcc
+      compiler: linux-gcc49-release
       addons:
         apt:
           sources: ['ubuntu-toolchain-r-test', 'boost-latest']
@@ -130,7 +105,7 @@ matrix:
       env: COMPILER='g++-4.9' BUILD_TYPE='Release'
 
     - os: linux
-      compiler: gcc
+      compiler: linux-gcc49-dev
       addons:
         apt:
           sources: ['ubuntu-toolchain-r-test', 'boost-latest']
@@ -139,7 +114,7 @@ matrix:
 
 
     - os: linux
-      compiler: gcc
+      compiler: linux-gcc5-release
       addons:
         apt:
           sources: ['ubuntu-toolchain-r-test', 'boost-latest']
@@ -147,7 +122,7 @@ matrix:
       env: COMPILER='g++-5' BUILD_TYPE='Release'
 
     - os: linux
-      compiler: gcc
+      compiler: linux-gcc5-dev
       addons:
         apt:
           sources: ['ubuntu-toolchain-r-test', 'boost-latest']
@@ -158,32 +133,34 @@ matrix:
     # 3/ OSX Clang Builds
     - os: osx
       osx_image: xcode6.4
-      compiler: clang
-      env: COMPILER='clang++' BUILD_TYPE='Dev'
+      compiler: xcode64-clang-release
+      env: COMPILER='clang++' BUILD_TYPE='Release'
 
     - os: osx
       osx_image: xcode6.4
-      compiler: clang
-      env: COMPILER='clang++' BUILD_TYPE='Release'
+      compiler: xcode64-clang-dev
+      env: COMPILER='clang++' BUILD_TYPE='Dev'
 
 
     - os: osx
       osx_image: xcode7
-      compiler: clang
-      env: COMPILER='clang++' BUILD_TYPE='Dev'
+      compiler: xcode7-clang-release
+      env: COMPILER='clang++' BUILD_TYPE='Release'
 
     - os: osx
       osx_image: xcode7
-      compiler: clang
-      env: COMPILER='clang++' BUILD_TYPE='Release'
+      compiler: xcode7-clang-dev
+      env: COMPILER='clang++' BUILD_TYPE='Dev'
 
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 install:
   - git clone --quiet --depth 1 https://github.com/osmcode/libosmium.git ../libosmium
   - |
     if [[ "${TRAVIS_OS_NAME}" == "osx" ]]; then
-      brew install cmake boost
+      brew install cmake boost || true
     fi
+  - cmake --version
 
 before_script:
   - cd ${TRAVIS_BUILD_DIR}
@@ -193,3 +170,4 @@ before_script:
 script:
   - make VERBOSE=1 && ctest --output-on-failure
 
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/.ycm_extra_conf.py b/.ycm_extra_conf.py
index 80d565a..a376aa1 100644
--- a/.ycm_extra_conf.py
+++ b/.ycm_extra_conf.py
@@ -29,7 +29,14 @@ flags = [
 '-x',
 'c++',
 
+# workaround for https://github.com/Valloric/YouCompleteMe/issues/303
+# also see https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=800618
+'-isystem',
+'/usr/lib/ycmd/clang_includes/',
+
 '-I%s/include' % basedir,
+'-I%s/test/include' % basedir,
+'-I%s/src' % basedir,
 
 # libosmium include dirs
 '-I%s/../libosmium/include' % basedir,
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 03d4277..fe15765 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -13,6 +13,42 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 ### Fixed
 
 
+## [1.4.0] - 2016-09-15
+
+### Added
+
+- The new manual is a more gentle introduction into the capabilities of
+  Osmium Tool. Numerous man page additions.
+- New `merge` command to merge any number of sorted OSM files.
+- New `derive-changes` command to create change file from two OSM data files.
+- New `diff` command to show differences between OSM files.
+- The `renumber` command can now optionally only renumber some object types.
+- Version information is now printed including the git commit id and always
+  shown in verbose mode.
+- Added `iwyu` target to CMake config.
+- Progress bars will be shown on some commands. (This is configurable at
+  run time with the --progress and --no-progress options.)
+
+### Changed
+
+- The `apply-changes` subcommand now detects whether it is updating a normal
+  OSM file or an OSM history file based on file name suffix (can be forced
+  with `--with-history`). The options `--simplify` and `--remove-deleted`
+  are now deprecated (a warning will be written to stderr). For normal OSM
+  files, output is always simplified and deleted objects are removed, for
+  OSM history files, all versions of all objects are kept.
+- Also check ordering of changesets in `osmium fileinfo -e`.
+- The `getid` options `-i` and `-I` can now be used multiple times.
+- More consistent warning messages.
+- Compiles much faster due to include optimizations.
+- Update the included RapidJSON to version 1.1.0.
+
+### Fixed
+
+- CMake now creates `compile_commands.json`.
+- Wrapper script now works with quoted arguments.
+
+
 ## [1.3.1] - 2016-06-08
 
 ### Added
@@ -126,7 +162,8 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 - Minor updates to documentation and build system
 
 
-[unreleased]: https://github.com/osmcode/osmium-tool/compare/v1.3.1...HEAD
+[unreleased]: https://github.com/osmcode/osmium-tool/compare/v1.4.0...HEAD
+[1.4.0]: https://github.com/osmcode/osmium-tool/compare/v1.3.1...v1.4.0
 [1.3.1]: https://github.com/osmcode/osmium-tool/compare/v1.3.0...v1.3.1
 [1.3.0]: https://github.com/osmcode/osmium-tool/compare/v1.2.1...v1.3.0
 [1.2.1]: https://github.com/osmcode/osmium-tool/compare/v1.2.0...v1.2.1
diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 4bbd470..25e6d14 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8 FATAL_ERROR)
 list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake")
 
-set(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS ON)
-
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #
@@ -18,6 +16,7 @@ set(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS ON)
 #
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+# It is important that this setting remains before the "project" call.
 set(CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES "Debug;Release;RelWithDebInfo;MinSizeRel;Dev"
     CACHE STRING
     "List of available configuration types"
@@ -26,15 +25,15 @@ set(CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES "Debug;Release;RelWithDebInfo;MinSizeRel;Dev"
 project(osmium)
 
 set(OSMIUM_VERSION_MAJOR 1)
-set(OSMIUM_VERSION_MINOR 3)
-set(OSMIUM_VERSION_PATCH 1)
+set(OSMIUM_VERSION_MINOR 4)
+set(OSMIUM_VERSION_PATCH 0)
 
 set(OSMIUM_VERSION ${OSMIUM_VERSION_MAJOR}.${OSMIUM_VERSION_MINOR}.${OSMIUM_VERSION_PATCH})
 
-add_definitions(-DOSMIUM_VERSION="${OSMIUM_VERSION}")
-
 set(AUTHOR "Jochen Topf <jochen at topf.org>")
 
+set(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS ON)
+
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #
@@ -42,11 +41,11 @@ set(AUTHOR "Jochen Topf <jochen at topf.org>")
 #
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-find_package(Boost REQUIRED COMPONENTS program_options)
+find_package(Boost 1.55.0 REQUIRED COMPONENTS program_options)
 include_directories(SYSTEM ${Boost_INCLUDE_DIRS})
 
 find_package(Osmium REQUIRED COMPONENTS io)
-include_directories(${OSMIUM_INCLUDE_DIRS})
+include_directories(SYSTEM ${OSMIUM_INCLUDE_DIRS})
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -67,8 +66,25 @@ if(CPPCHECK)
     add_custom_target(cppcheck ${CPPCHECK} --std=c++11 ${CPPCHECK_OPTIONS} ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src/*pp)
 else()
     message(STATUS "Looking for cppcheck - not found")
-    message(STATUS "  Make target cppcheck not available")
-endif(CPPCHECK)
+    message(STATUS "  Build target 'cppcheck' will not be available")
+endif()
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+#  Optional "iwyu" target to check headers
+#  http://include-what-you-use.org/
+#
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+find_program(IWYU_TOOL iwyu_tool.py)
+
+if(IWYU_TOOL)
+    message(STATUS "Looking for iwyu_tool.py - found")
+    add_custom_target(iwyu ${IWYU_TOOL} -p ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR} -- --mapping_file=${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/iwyu.imp)
+else()
+    message(STATUS "Looking for iwyu_tool.py - not found")
+    message(STATUS "  Make target 'iwyu' will not be available")
+endif()
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -85,6 +101,7 @@ function(add_man_page _section _name)
     set(_source_file ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/man/${_name}.md)
     set(_dest_file ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/man-source/${_name}.md)
     file(READ ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/man/common-options.md MAN_COMMON_OPTIONS)
+    file(READ ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/man/progress-options.md MAN_PROGRESS_OPTIONS)
     file(READ ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/man/input-options.md MAN_INPUT_OPTIONS)
     file(READ ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/man/output-options.md MAN_OUTPUT_OPTIONS)
     configure_file(${_source_file} ${_dest_file} @ONLY)
@@ -118,12 +135,16 @@ if(PANDOC)
     set(PANDOC_HTML_OPTIONS -s -t html)
 
     add_man_page(1 osmium)
+    add_man_page(1 osmium-add-locations-to-ways)
     add_man_page(1 osmium-apply-changes)
     add_man_page(1 osmium-cat)
     add_man_page(1 osmium-changeset-filter)
     add_man_page(1 osmium-check-refs)
+    add_man_page(1 osmium-derive-changes)
+    add_man_page(1 osmium-diff)
     add_man_page(1 osmium-fileinfo)
     add_man_page(1 osmium-getid)
+    add_man_page(1 osmium-merge)
     add_man_page(1 osmium-merge-changes)
     add_man_page(1 osmium-renumber)
     add_man_page(1 osmium-show)
@@ -137,7 +158,7 @@ if(PANDOC)
 else()
     message(STATUS "Looking for pandoc - not found")
     message(STATUS "  Manual pages will not be built")
-endif(PANDOC)
+endif()
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -218,12 +239,37 @@ set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE ${build_type}
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+#  Version
+#
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+find_package(Git)
+
+if(GIT_FOUND)
+    execute_process(COMMAND "${GIT_EXECUTABLE}" describe --tags --dirty=-changed
+                    WORKING_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}"
+                    OUTPUT_VARIABLE VERSION_FROM_GIT
+                    ERROR_QUIET OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
+    if(VERSION_FROM_GIT)
+        set(VERSION_FROM_GIT " (${VERSION_FROM_GIT})")
+    endif()
+endif()
+
+configure_file(
+    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/version.cpp.in
+    ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/src/version.cpp
+)
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 configure_file(
     ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/osmium-wrapper.in
     ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/osmium
 )
 
+include_directories(include)
+include_directories(${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/src)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #
@@ -236,9 +282,6 @@ add_subdirectory(test)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-include_directories(include)
-include_directories(${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/src)
-
 add_subdirectory(src)
 
 
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..034b2c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+
+Some rules for contributing to this project:
+
+* Please open a separate issue for each problem, question, or comment you have.
+  Do not re-use existing issues for other topics, even if they are similar. This
+  keeps issues small and manageable and makes it much easier to follow through
+  and make sure each problem is taken care of.
+
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 7097574..3cf7b8a 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,46 +1,78 @@
 
 # Osmium Command Line Tool
 
-Command line tool for working with OpenStreetMap data based on the Osmium
-library.
+A multipurpose command line tool for working with OpenStreetMap data based on
+the Osmium library.
 
 [![Build Status](https://secure.travis-ci.org/osmcode/osmium-tool.png)](http://travis-ci.org/osmcode/osmium-tool)
 [![Build Status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/ttem4j2gxa64p3w8?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/Mapbox/osmium-tool)
 
 ## Prerequisites
 
-You need a C++11 compliant compiler. GCC 4.8 and later as well as clang 3.4 and
-later are known to work. You also need the following libraries:
+You need a C++11 compliant compiler. GCC 4.8 and later as well as clang 3.6 and
+later are known to work. It also works on modern Visual Studio C++ compilers.
 
-    Osmium Library
-        Need at least version 2.5.1
-        http://osmcode.org/libosmium
+You also need the following libraries:
 
-    boost-program-options (for parsing command line options)
-        http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_54_0/doc/html/program_options.html
+    Libosmium (>= 2.9.0)
+        http://osmcode.org/libosmium
+        Debian/Ubuntu: libosmium2-dev
+
+    Protozero (>= 1.4.0)
+        This is included in the libosmium repository and might or might not
+        have been installed with it. See the libosmium README.
+        https://github.com/mapbox/protozero
+        Debian/Ubuntu: protozero
+        Fedora: protozero-devel
+
+    Utfcpp
+        This is included in the libosmium repository and might or might not
+        have been installed with it. See the libosmium README.
+        http://utfcpp.sourceforge.net/
+        Debian/Ubuntu: libutfcpp-dev
+        openSUSE: utfcpp
+        Fedora: utf8cpp-devel
+
+    boost-program-options (>= 1.55)
+        http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_55_0/doc/html/program_options.html
         Debian/Ubuntu: libboost-program-options-dev
 
     boost-crc
-        http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_57_0/libs/crc/
+        http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_55_0/libs/crc/
         Debian/Ubuntu: libboost-dev
 
-    zlib (for PBF support)
+    bz2lib
+        http://www.bzip.org/
+        Debian/Ubuntu: libbz2-dev
+        Fedora: bzip2-devel
+        CentOS: bzip2-devel
+
+    zlib
         http://www.zlib.net/
         Debian/Ubuntu: zlib1g-dev
         openSUSE: zlib-devel
+        Fedora: zlib-devel
+        CentOS: zlib-devel
 
-    Expat (for parsing XML files)
+    Expat
         http://expat.sourceforge.net/
         Debian/Ubuntu: libexpat1-dev
         openSUSE: libexpat-devel
+        Fedora: expat-devel
+        CentOS: expat-devel
 
-    cmake (for building)
+    cmake
         http://www.cmake.org/
         Debian/Ubuntu: cmake
+        openSUSE: cmake
+        Fedora: cmake
 
-    Pandoc (optional, to build documentation)
+    Pandoc
+        (Needed to build documentation, optional)
         http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/
         Debian/Ubuntu: pandoc
+        openSUSE: pandoc
+        Fedora: pandoc
 
 
 ## Building
@@ -58,14 +90,16 @@ Or you can go the long route explicitly calling CMake as follows:
 
 To set the build type call cmake with `-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=type`. Possible
 values are empty, Debug, Release, RelWithDebInfo, MinSizeRel, and Dev. The
-defaults is RelWithDebInfo.
+default is RelWithDebInfo.
 
 
 ## Documentation
 
+See the [manual](doc/manual.md).
+
 There are man pages in the 'man' directory. To build them you need 'pandoc'.
 If the `pandoc` command was found during the CMake config step, the manpages
-will be built, if not they will not be built.
+will be built automatically.
 
 
 ## Tests
diff --git a/appveyor.yml b/appveyor.yml
index 8087f19..b70f99b 100644
--- a/appveyor.yml
+++ b/appveyor.yml
@@ -22,64 +22,6 @@ clone_folder: c:\projects\osmium-tool
 
 platform: x64
 
-install:
-  # show all availble env vars
-  - set
-  - echo cmake on AppVeyor
-  - cmake -version
-  - call "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0\VC\vcvarsall.bat" amd64
-  - set PATH=c:\projects\osmium-tool\cmake-3.1.0-win32-x86\bin;%PATH%
-  - set LODEPSDIR=c:\projects\osmium-tool\libosmium-deps
-  #libexpat.dll
-  - set PATH=%LODEPSDIR%\expat\lib;%PATH%
-  #zlibwapi.dll
-  - set PATH=%LODEPSDIR%\zlib\lib;%PATH%
-  #convert backslashes in bzip2 path to forward slashes
-  #cmake cannot find it otherwise
-  - set LIBBZIP2=%LODEPSDIR%\bzip2\lib\libbz2.lib
-  - set LIBBZIP2=%LIBBZIP2:\=/%
-  - ps: Start-FileDownload https://mapbox.s3.amazonaws.com/windows-builds/windows-build-deps/cmake-3.1.0-win32-x86.7z -FileName cm.7z
-  - ps: Start-FileDownload https://mapbox.s3.amazonaws.com/windows-builds/windows-build-deps/libosmium-deps-win-14.0-x64.7z -FileName lodeps.7z
-  - 7z x cm.7z > nul
-  - 7z x lodeps.7z > nul
-  - echo %LODEPSDIR%
-  - dir %LODEPSDIR%
-  #- tree %LODEPSDIR%
-  - echo our own cmake
-  - cmake -version
-  - cd c:\projects
-  - git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/osmcode/libosmium.git
-
 build_script:
-  - cd c:\projects\osmium-tool
-  - mkdir build
-  - cd build
-  - echo %config%
-  - cmake .. -LA -G "Visual Studio 14 Win64"
-    -DOsmium_DEBUG=TRUE
-    -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=%config%
-    -DBOOST_ROOT=%LODEPSDIR%\boost
-    -DBoost_PROGRAM_OPTIONS_LIBRARY=%LODEPSDIR%\boost\lib\libboost_program_options-vc140-mt-1_58.lib
-    -DZLIB_LIBRARY=%LODEPSDIR%\zlib\lib\zlibwapi.lib
-    -DZLIB_INCLUDE_DIR=%LODEPSDIR%\zlib\include
-    -DEXPAT_LIBRARY=%LODEPSDIR%\expat\lib\libexpat.lib
-    -DEXPAT_INCLUDE_DIR=%LODEPSDIR%\expat\include
-    -DBZIP2_LIBRARIES=%LIBBZIP2%
-    -DBZIP2_INCLUDE_DIR=%LODEPSDIR%\bzip2\include
-  - msbuild osmium.sln /p:Configuration=%config% /toolsversion:14.0 /p:Platform=x64 /p:PlatformToolset=v140
-#  - cmake .. -LA -G "NMake Makefiles"
-#    -DOsmium_DEBUG=TRUE
-#    -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=%CONFIGURATION%
-#    -DBOOST_ROOT=%LODEPSDIR%\boost
-#    -DBoost_PROGRAM_OPTIONS_LIBRARY=%LODEPSDIR%\boost\lib\libboost_program_options-vc140-mt-1_57.lib
-#    -DZLIB_LIBRARY=%LODEPSDIR%\zlib\lib\zlibwapi.lib
-#    -DZLIB_INCLUDE_DIR=%LODEPSDIR%\zlib\include
-#    -DEXPAT_LIBRARY=%LODEPSDIR%\expat\lib\libexpat.lib
-#    -DEXPAT_INCLUDE_DIR=%LODEPSDIR%\expat\include
-#    -DBZIP2_LIBRARIES=%LIBBZIP2%
-#    -DBZIP2_INCLUDE_DIR=%LODEPSDIR%\bzip2\include
-#  - nmake VERBOSE=1
-
-test_script:
-  - ctest --output-on-failure -C %config%
+  - build-appveyor.bat
 
diff --git a/build-appveyor.bat b/build-appveyor.bat
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00130bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build-appveyor.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+ at ECHO OFF
+SETLOCAL
+SET EL=0
+
+ECHO ~~~~~~ %~f0 ~~~~~~
+
+SET CUSTOM_CMAKE=cmake-3.6.2-win64-x64
+::show all available env vars
+SET
+ECHO cmake on AppVeyor
+cmake -version
+
+ECHO activating VS cmd prompt && CALL "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0\VC\vcvarsall.bat" amd64
+IF %ERRORLEVEL% NEQ 0 GOTO ERROR
+
+SET otdir=%CD%
+SET PATH=%otdir%\%CUSTOM_CMAKE%\bin;%PATH%
+SET LODEPSDIR=%otdir%\libosmium-deps
+::libexpat.dll
+SET PATH=%LODEPSDIR%\expat\lib;%PATH%
+::zlibwapi.dll
+SET PATH=%LODEPSDIR%\zlib\lib;%PATH%
+::convert backslashes in bzip2 path to forward slashes
+::cmake cannot find it otherwise
+SET LIBBZIP2=%LODEPSDIR%\bzip2\lib\libbz2.lib
+SET LIBBZIP2=%LIBBZIP2:\=/%
+
+IF NOT EXIST cm.7z ECHO downloading cmake... && powershell Invoke-WebRequest https://mapbox.s3.amazonaws.com/windows-builds/windows-build-deps/%CUSTOM_CMAKE%.7z -OutFile cm.7z
+IF %ERRORLEVEL% NEQ 0 GOTO ERROR
+
+IF NOT EXIST lodeps.7z ECHO downloading binary dependencies... && powershell Invoke-WebRequest https://mapbox.s3.amazonaws.com/windows-builds/windows-build-deps/libosmium-deps-win-14.0-x64.7z -OutFile lodeps.7z
+IF %ERRORLEVEL% NEQ 0 GOTO ERROR
+
+IF NOT EXIST %CUSTOM_CMAKE% ECHO extracting cmake... && 7z x cm.7z | %windir%\system32\find "ing archive"
+IF %ERRORLEVEL% NEQ 0 GOTO ERROR
+
+IF NOT EXIST %LODEPSDIR% ECHO extracting binary dependencies... && 7z x lodeps.7z | %windir%\system32\find "ing archive"
+IF %ERRORLEVEL% NEQ 0 GOTO ERROR
+
+ECHO %LODEPSDIR%
+DIR %LODEPSDIR%
+::TREE %LODEPSDIR%
+
+::powershell (Get-ChildItem $env:LODEPSDIR\boost\lib -Filter *boost*.dll)[0].BaseName.split('_')[-1]
+FOR /F "tokens=1 usebackq" %%i in (`powershell ^(Get-ChildItem %LODEPSDIR%\boost\lib -Filter *boost*.dll^)[0].BaseName.split^('_'^)[-1]`) DO SET BOOST_VERSION=%%i
+IF %ERRORLEVEL% NEQ 0 GOTO ERROR
+
+ECHO BOOST_VERSION^: %BOOST_VERSION%
+
+ECHO our own cmake
+cmake -version
+
+CD %otdir%\..
+
+IF NOT EXIST libosmium ECHO cloning libosmium && git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/osmcode/libosmium.git
+IF %ERRORLEVEL% NEQ 0 GOTO ERROR
+CD libosmium
+git fetch
+IF %ERRORLEVEL% NEQ 0 GOTO ERROR
+git pull
+IF %ERRORLEVEL% NEQ 0 GOTO ERROR
+
+CD %otdir%
+IF EXIST build ECHO deleting build dir... && RD /Q /S build
+IF %ERRORLEVEL% NEQ 0 GOTO ERROR
+
+MKDIR build
+IF %ERRORLEVEL% NEQ 0 GOTO ERROR
+
+CD build
+ECHO config^: %config%
+
+SET CMAKE_CMD=cmake .. -LA -G "Visual Studio 14 Win64" ^
+-DOsmium_DEBUG=TRUE ^
+-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=%config% ^
+-DBOOST_ROOT=%LODEPSDIR%\boost ^
+-DBoost_PROGRAM_OPTIONS_LIBRARY=%LODEPSDIR%\boost\lib\libboost_program_options-vc140-mt-1_%BOOST_VERSION%.lib ^
+-DZLIB_LIBRARY=%LODEPSDIR%\zlib\lib\zlibwapi.lib ^
+-DZLIB_INCLUDE_DIR=%LODEPSDIR%\zlib\include ^
+-DEXPAT_LIBRARY=%LODEPSDIR%\expat\lib\libexpat.lib ^
+-DEXPAT_INCLUDE_DIR=%LODEPSDIR%\expat\include ^
+-DBZIP2_LIBRARIES=%LIBBZIP2% ^
+-DBZIP2_INCLUDE_DIR=%LODEPSDIR%\bzip2\include
+
+ECHO calling^: %CMAKE_CMD%
+%CMAKE_CMD%
+IF %ERRORLEVEL% NEQ 0 GOTO ERROR
+
+msbuild osmium.sln ^
+/p:Configuration=%config% ^
+/toolsversion:14.0 ^
+/p:Platform=x64 ^
+/p:PlatformToolset=v140
+IF %ERRORLEVEL% NEQ 0 GOTO ERROR
+
+ctest --output-on-failure -C %config%
+IF %ERRORLEVEL% NEQ 0 GOTO ERROR
+
+
+GOTO DONE
+
+:ERROR
+ECHO ~~~~~~ ERROR %~f0 ~~~~~~
+SET EL=%ERRORLEVEL%
+
+:DONE
+IF %EL% NEQ 0 ECHO. && ECHO !!! ERRORLEVEL^: %EL% !!! && ECHO.
+ECHO ~~~~~~ DONE %~f0 ~~~~~~
+
+EXIT /b %EL%
diff --git a/build-local.bat b/build-local.bat
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..202d0b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build-local.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+ at ECHO OFF
+SETLOCAL
+SET EL=0
+
+ECHO ~~~~~~ %~f0 ~~~~~~
+
+ECHO.
+ECHO build-local ["config=Dev"]
+ECHO default config^: RelWithDebInfo
+ECHO.
+
+SET platform=x64
+SET config=RelWithDebInfo
+
+:: OVERRIDE PARAMETERS >>>>>>>>
+:NEXT-ARG
+
+IF '%1'=='' GOTO ARGS-DONE
+ECHO setting %1
+SET %1
+SHIFT
+GOTO NEXT-ARG
+
+:ARGS-DONE
+::<<<<< OVERRIDE PARAMETERS
+
+WHERE 7z
+IF %ERRORLEVEL% NEQ 0 ECHO 7zip not on PATH && GOTO ERROR
+
+CALL build-appveyor.bat
+IF %ERRORLEVEL% NEQ 0 GOTO ERROR
+
+GOTO DONE
+
+:ERROR
+ECHO ~~~~~~ ERROR %~f0 ~~~~~~
+SET EL=%ERRORLEVEL%
+
+:DONE
+IF %EL% NEQ 0 ECHO. && ECHO !!! ERRORLEVEL^: %EL% !!! && ECHO.
+ECHO ~~~~~~ DONE %~f0 ~~~~~~
+
+EXIT /b %EL%
diff --git a/doc/manual.md b/doc/manual.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc7b1a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/manual.md
@@ -0,0 +1,495 @@
+
+# Osmium Tool Manual
+
+## Introduction
+
+[Osmium](http://osmcode.org/osmium) is a versatile command line tool for
+working with OpenStreetMap data. It includes many useful functions for
+manipulating OSM data and often outperforms similar tools. This manual will
+introduce the tool, give a general overview and describe some use cases. For
+the nitty gritty detail consult the [manual
+pages](http://docs.osmcode.org/osmium/latest/).
+
+Osmium is Open Source and available under the GNU General Public License.
+It works and is regularly tested on Linux, Mac OSX, and Windows.
+
+Osmium is based on the C++ library [libosmium](http://osmcode.org/libosmium)
+and it gets most of its functionality from it. If the command line tool doesn't
+do something you need, have a look at the library. Maybe you can use it to
+create a program that does what you want.
+
+*Osmium is not complete. Of course most software will never be complete, but I
+mention this here, because there are some glaring gaps in Osmium's
+functionality, missing functions that would be useful for many people and that
+would fit Osmium's mission as a general OSM data manging tool. They might be
+missing because nobody thought of writing them, but more likely nobody did have
+the time yet. Osmium, like most Open Source Software, is built piece by piece
+based on what the author and others need. I some cases we haven't implemented
+some functionality, because it is available somewhere else and while it would
+be nice to have it in the same package, available alternatives make adding it a
+lower priority. In any case, [tell
+us](https://github.com/osmcode/osmium-tool/issues) if you need something.*
+
+
+## Installation
+
+### From source
+
+You can download the
+[latest release](https://github.com/osmcode/osmium-tool/releases/latest) or
+install the current master from GitHub:
+
+    git clone https://github.com/osmcode/osmium-tool
+
+Follow the build and installation instructions in the
+[README](https://github.com/osmcode/osmium-tool/blob/master/README.md).
+
+
+### Debian and Ubuntu
+
+Packages called `osmium-tool` are available for Debian and Ubuntu systems.
+(Do not install the `osmium` package, it is a very old version of the Osmium
+library.) Depending on your system, the packages might be rather old. Debian
+unstable and testing are tracking the development of Osmium closely. For
+Jessie those new packages are available in the
+[backports repository](http://backports.debian.org/Instructions/).
+
+
+### Fedora
+
+Packages for several Fedora versions
+[are available](https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/package/rpms/osmium-tool/).
+
+
+## The Osmium command
+
+The starting point for everything is the `osmium` command. All the
+functionality of Osmium is available via this one command and its
+"subcommands", similar to how the `git` command works for instance. Just
+calling
+
+    osmium
+
+will give you a list of subcommands. Use
+
+    osmium COMMAND -h
+
+to get a short description about a subcommand's options. Use
+
+    osmium help COMMAND
+
+to display the manual page explaining all the details. If Osmium is installed
+correctly on your system, you can also get those manpages using the usual `man`
+command:
+
+    man osmium
+    man osmium-fileinfo
+
+etc.
+
+The manpages are also available [on the web](http://docs.osmcode.org/osmium/latest/).
+
+
+## Showing OSM files
+
+Before you can do anything with an OSM file you'll often want to know what's in
+that file. To find out run
+
+    osmium fileinfo OSMFILE
+
+Say you downloaded an extract of the tiny country of
+[Liechtenstein](https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1155955)
+(it is always good to start your experiments with a small extract)
+from [Geofabrik](http://download.geofabrik.de/)
+and want to know what's in it:
+
+    osmium fileinfo liechtenstein-latest.osm.pbf
+
+This will show you something like the following:
+
+    File:
+      Name: liechtenstein-latest.osm.pbf
+      Format: PBF
+      Compression: none
+      Size: 1532846
+    Header:
+      Bounding boxes:
+        (9.47108,47.0477,9.63622,47.2713)
+      With history: no
+      Options:
+        generator=Osmium (http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Osmium)
+        osmosis_replication_timestamp=2016-04-12T19:14:02Z
+        pbf_dense_nodes=true
+        timestamp=2016-04-12T19:14:02Z
+
+The `File` section contains the information gleaned from the file system,
+the `Header` section contains, as the name implies, the information from the
+file header. To get some more detail use the `-e` or `--extended` flag:
+
+    osmium fileinfo -e liechtenstein-latest.osm.pbf
+
+In this case the whole file will be read, which will take more time. But it
+gives you a lot more information:
+
+    File:
+      Name: liechtenstein-latest.osm.pbf
+      Format: PBF
+      Compression: none
+      Size: 1532846
+    Header:
+      Bounding boxes:
+        (9.47108,47.0477,9.63622,47.2713)
+      With history: no
+      Options:
+        generator=Osmium (http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Osmium)
+        osmosis_replication_timestamp=2016-04-12T19:14:02Z
+        pbf_dense_nodes=true
+        timestamp=2016-04-12T19:14:02Z
+    Data:
+      Bounding box: (9.39778,46.9688,9.67146,47.5258)
+      Timestamps:
+        First: 2007-06-19T06:25:12Z
+        Last: 2016-04-11T07:49:32Z
+      Objects ordered (by type and id): yes
+      Multiple versions of same object: no
+      CRC32: 727f1abf
+      Number of changesets: 0
+      Number of nodes: 168683
+      Number of ways: 18784
+      Number of relations: 374
+      Largest changeset ID: 0
+      Largest node ID: 4112691184
+      Largest way ID: 409348773
+      Largest relation ID: 6122095
+
+Sometimes your are only interested in a specific piece of information from this
+list. Use the `-g`, `--get` option to ask for it. For instance to get the last
+timestamp used:
+
+    osmium fileinfo -e -g data.timestamp.last liechtenstein-latest.osm.pbf
+
+This will result in just the timestamp:
+
+    2016-04-11T07:49:32Z
+
+This format makes it easy to use the output in other shell commands. To put the
+CRC32 checkum into the `checksum` shell variable you can use the following
+command, for instance:
+
+    checksum=$(osmium fileinfo -e -g data.crc32 $filename)
+
+Of course you might also want to look at the contents of the file. For a quick
+look, use the `show` command:
+
+    osmium show liechtenstein-latest.osm.pbf
+
+This will show the contents of the file in the *debug* format (more on the
+different formats below) using your favourite pager (`less` by default):
+
+![osmium show](osmium-show.png)
+
+This *debug* format is intended to be easy to read, on terminals that support
+it, colors make it even easier. But you can change the output format to any
+format supported by Osmium.
+
+
+## OSM file formats and converting between them
+
+Osmium supports all popular OSM file formats (and some more): XML, PBF,
+O5M/O5C, OPL, and the already mentioned *debug* format. Some formats can
+only be read or only be written. See the
+[osmium-file-formats](http://docs.osmcode.org/osmium/latest/osmium-file-formats.html)
+man page for details. All the text-based formats can be automatically
+(de)compressed if they use the `gzip` or `bzip2` compression.
+
+Often you need to convert OSM data files from one format to another. This
+is easily done with the `osmium cat` command. To convert the Liechtenstein
+PBF file into XML format compressed with `bzip2`, use this command:
+
+    osmium cat liechtenstein-latest.osm.pbf -o liechtenstein.osm.bz2
+
+Osmium will automatically detect the file format based on the file name.
+Usually it will do what you want, but you can force the file format with
+the command line options `-f` (for the output file) and `-F` for the input
+file. This is useful when reading from STDIN or writing to STDOUT:
+
+    osmium cat input.osm.pbf -f osm | some_program_reading_osm_xml
+
+The format for the `-f` and `-F` options is simply the suffix you would usually
+use for an OSM file (here `osm`). It also works with `pbf` (or `osm.pbf`),
+`osm.gz` etc.
+
+Most file formats have special options to change the details of the file
+format. You can set those special options with the same command line options.
+For instance, if you want a bz2ip-compressed XML file without metadata use
+this:
+
+    osmium cat input.osm.pbf -o output.osm.bz2 -f osm.bz2,add_metadata=false
+
+The output file will not have the `version`, `timestamp`, etc. fields and so
+it is much more compact than the usual XML format.
+
+As you can see you can add the options to the format separated by commas,
+multiple options are possible. Some options are available for several or all
+formats (`add_metadata` for instance), others are specific to one of the
+formats, `pbf_dense_nodes` for instance only works on the PBF format. Note
+that unknown options are silently ignored, so if you mistype an option, you
+will not get an error message.
+
+See the
+[osmium-file-formats](http://docs.osmcode.org/osmium/latest/osmium-file-formats.html)
+man page for all the details. Btw: all these file formats and options are
+implemented in the [libosmium library](http://osmcode.org/libosmium/), so most
+libosmium-based programs will understand them in the same fashion.
+
+While playing around with the command you might have noticed an error
+message like `Open failed for 'output.osm.bz2': File exists`. By default
+Osmium will not overwrite an existing file. This is a safety measure to
+keep you from accidentally deleting that 30GB planet file, that took you
+all day to download. With the `-O` or `--overwrite` option you can disable
+this check.
+
+The `osmium cat` command can do more: Just like the shell `cat` command, it
+can take several input files and it will concatenate them to generate the
+output. In fact that's where the name (con"cat"enate) comes from. Its ability
+to convert from one file format to another is only a side-effect really, most
+Osmium subcommands can read and write OSM files in any format and support the
+same `-f` and `-F` options. Note that this command will really just
+concatenate its inputs and not sort them in any way. This might or might not
+be what you want.
+
+There is one additional option of the `osmium cat` command that often comes
+handy. With `-t TYPE` it can be instructed to only copy objects of the given
+type. So
+
+    osmium input.osm.pbf -t node -o output.osm.pbf
+
+will only copy the nodes, not the ways, or relations.
+
+
+## Verbose mode
+
+Most Osmium commands support the `-v` or `--verbose` command line option to
+enable *verbose* mode. Osmium will then display information about its command
+line parameters and about what it is doing to STDERR.
+
+Each line of the output is started with the elapsed time in minutes and
+seconds. This is especially useful when Osmium is run in scripts and the
+output is logged, you can immediately see where the time went.
+
+In verbose mode, most Osmium commands will also display the memory used. This
+is handy because Osmium command often need a lot of memory to efficiently do
+their job. There is also a `MEMORY` section in each of the man pages that
+tells you about memory use of this particular command.
+
+
+## Getting OSM objects by ID
+
+Sometimes you have the ID of a node, way or relation (or a bunch of IDs) and
+want to get the objects with those IDs from a file. That's what the `getid`
+command is for. The following command will get the nodes 17 and 18, the way
+42, and the relation 3 out of the file:
+
+    osmium getid input.osm.pbf n17 n18 w42 r3 -o output.osm.pbf
+
+As you can see the IDs are written with a one-letter prefix denoting the type.
+IDs without this prefix are understood to be node IDs (but this can be changed
+with the `--default-type` option).
+
+If you have more than a few IDs you can put them into a file, one ID per line
+and use the `-i` option to read them from that file:
+
+    osmium getid input.osm.pbf -i ids -o output.osm.pbf
+
+Empty lines and everything after a space or hash (#) sign is ignored. And you
+can read from STDIN. So this command
+
+    echo "r123 foo bar" | osmium getid input.osm.pbf -i - -f debug
+
+will find the relation with the ID 123 in `input.osm.pbf` and output it to
+STDOUT in debug format.
+
+Often you need not only the OSM objects with the given IDs but also all
+objects referenced by those objects. So for ways you need the nodes in it
+and for relations the members. Use the `-r` or `--add-referenced` option to
+add them to the output:
+
+    osmium getid -r input.osm.pbf w222 -o output.osm.pbf
+
+The output will contain first all nodes references by way 222 and then the
+way. The `getid` command will read the input file up to three times to
+follow all the references. Output will be sorted in the usual fashion: first
+nodes ordered by ID, then ways, then relations.
+
+
+## Checking references
+
+A full planet dump is referentially complete. All objects referenced by other
+objects are in the file. So if a relation has a member way 123, then this way
+will also be in the file. This is not always true for geographical extracts or
+other partial OSM files.
+
+This often leads to confusion. Many programs that use OSM data will fail
+in unexpected ways when something is missing in its input data. If you have
+a situation like this you can use the `check-refs` command to find out whether
+your OSM file is referentially complete:
+
+    osmium check-refs input.osm.pbf
+
+This command will check that all nodes referenced in the ways are in the input
+file. If you want to check relation members, too, use the `-r` or
+`--check-relations` option.
+
+
+## Working with History Files
+
+Osmium can not only work with normal OSM data files, but also with history
+files. History files look more or less like normal OSM data files, but they
+can contain several versions of the same object. The [full history planet
+dump](http://planet.osm.org/planet/full-history/) contains all versions of all
+objects that ever existed in the OSM data.
+
+Most programs using OSM data expect object IDs to be unique, so they can not
+work with history data. The same is true for some Osmium subcommands. But
+wherever it is possible and makes sense, Osmium also supports history files.
+Often they will just work, sometimes you need special command line options.
+
+Commands that "just work" are `cat`, `fileinfo`, `show`, `sort`. The will do
+what you expect.
+
+One command is only useful for history files: `time-filter`. It is used to
+filter objects from a history file based on time. To get all objects visible
+at a point in time use a command line like this:
+
+    osmium time-filter history.osm.pbf 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z -o 2015.osm.pbf
+
+The output is a normal OSM data file containing the data as it would have
+looked at the start of the year 2015 (UTC time as always with OSM).
+
+
+## Working with change files
+
+While OSM data files contain the OSM data of a specific point in time and
+OSM history files contain all the data that is now and ever was in the data,
+an OSM change file contains the data that changed between two points in
+time. Those change files (usually with the suffix `.osc` or `.osc.gz` or
+`.osc.bz2`) can be used to update an OSM file or OSM database from an earlier
+state to a later state.
+
+Osmium has commands to deal with those change files. Most often you will use
+the `apply-changes` command which applies one or more change files to a data
+file:
+
+    osmium apply-changes planet.osm.pbf change-123.osc.gz change-124.osc.gz \
+        -o planet-new.osm.pbf
+
+You can give as many change files as you want on the command line and in any
+order. All changes will be read into memory and sorted before they are applied
+to the data file. If you a lot of change files, it might be better to apply
+them one bunch at a time so this will not use too much memory.
+
+The same command also works with history files:
+
+    osmium apply-changes australia.osh.pbf australia-changes.osc.bz2 \
+        -o australia-new.osh.pbf
+
+Note the `.osh` file suffix which tells Osmium that you want your history file
+updated. Sometimes history files are named `.osm`. In this case you can force
+history mode with a command line option:
+
+    osmium apply-changes australia.osh.pbf australia-changes.osc.bz2 \
+        --with-history -o australia-new.osh.pbf
+
+Sometimes you don't want to apply changes to an OSM file, but to a database
+or so. For instance when you are upgrading a `osm2pgsql` rendering database.
+If you have a lot of change files, it is often better to merge them into one
+larger change file and then apply that one using `osm2pgsql`. Merging is done
+with
+
+    osmium merge-changes --simplify ch456.osc.gz ch457.osc.gz \
+        -o merged-changes.osc.gz
+
+The `--simplify` option usually makes sense: If an object changed multiple
+times, all intermediate versions will be removed and only the last version
+remains.
+
+Osmium can also do the reverse: Create a change file from two OSM data files.
+This is done with `derive-changes`:
+
+    osmium derive-changes yesterday.osm.pbf today.osm.pbf \
+        -o changes-since-yesterday.osc
+
+
+## Working with Changesets
+
+Osmium can not only handle OSM objects (nodes, ways, and relations), but also
+OSM changesets. Those changesets are also stored in files with the suffix
+`.osm`, which can make things somewhat confusing. Some Osmium commands will
+just work on changeset files: `osmium fileinfo`, `osmium show`, and
+`osmium cat`. Others don't make any sense with changeset files, like
+`apply-changes`.
+
+Unlike OSM data files for which several formats are available (XML, PBF,
+O5M, ...) changesets always come in XML format which is much slower to work
+with than the binary formats.
+
+There is one command specifically for changeset files: `changeset-filter`.
+You can use it to select changesets from a file. If you want to get all
+changesets by user "Einstein", for instance, you'd use this command:
+
+    osmium changeset-filter -u Einstein changesets.osm.bz2 -o einstein.osm.bz2
+
+Have a look in the
+[man page](http://docs.osmcode.org/osmium/latest/osmium-changeset-filter.html)
+to see the other options available. You can also combine several of them to
+only get those changesets matching all criteria.
+
+Changesets can also be written out into the OPL format which can be processed
+easily with standard unix command line tools. Say you have a list of user names
+and want to find all changesets in January 2015 by any of those users. You can
+first use `changeset-filter` to filter out the time window and then use `grep`
+to check for those users:
+
+    osmium changeset-filter -a 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z -b 2015-01-31T23:59:59Z \
+        -f opl | grep ' u\(foo\|bar\|baz\) '
+
+This way you can use the fast, but not very flexible filtering options of the
+`changeset-filter` command together with slower, but more flexible filtering
+using unix command line tools or scripting languages.
+
+
+## Sorting OSM files
+
+OSM files are usually sorted in a specific way: First the nodes ordered by
+ID, then ways ordered by ID, then relations ordered by ID. But this is not
+necessarily so. `osmium fileinfo` will tell you if a file is sorted or not:
+
+    > osmium fileinfo -e input.osm.pbf
+    ...
+    Objects ordered (by type and id): yes
+    ...
+
+
+Many commands (Osmium or otherwise) only work correctly if the file is sorted.
+Sorting a file is easy:
+
+    osmium sort input.osm.pbf -o output.osm.pbf
+
+Note that `osmium sort` reads the contents of the input file into main memory.
+This will take roughly 10 times as much memory as the files take on disk in
+.osm.bz2 or osm.pbf format. So this command is only useful for smaller OSM
+files.
+
+Osmium sort will work correctly on history and change files.
+
+
+### Command Line Completion
+
+There is a command line completion configuration available for Zsh users. This
+allows comfortable command line completion of all Osmium commands including
+command line options. If you have installed Osmium as a Debian package, it
+will be installed for you. If you built and installed from sources, you need
+to install the file `zsh_completion/_osmium` yourself, for instance in
+`/usr/local/share/zsh/site-functions/`.
+
+
diff --git a/doc/osmium-show.png b/doc/osmium-show.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eee9697
Binary files /dev/null and b/doc/osmium-show.png differ
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/allocators.h b/include/rapidjson/allocators.h
index 6be2776..98affe0 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/allocators.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/allocators.h
@@ -1,261 +1,271 @@
-// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
-// 
-// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
-// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
-// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
-// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
-// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ALLOCATORS_H_
-#define RAPIDJSON_ALLOCATORS_H_
-
-#include "rapidjson.h"
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// Allocator
-
-/*! \class rapidjson::Allocator
-    \brief Concept for allocating, resizing and freeing memory block.
-    
-    Note that Malloc() and Realloc() are non-static but Free() is static.
-    
-    So if an allocator need to support Free(), it needs to put its pointer in 
-    the header of memory block.
-
-\code
-concept Allocator {
-    static const bool kNeedFree;    //!< Whether this allocator needs to call Free().
-
-    // Allocate a memory block.
-    // \param size of the memory block in bytes.
-    // \returns pointer to the memory block.
-    void* Malloc(size_t size);
-
-    // Resize a memory block.
-    // \param originalPtr The pointer to current memory block. Null pointer is permitted.
-    // \param originalSize The current size in bytes. (Design issue: since some allocator may not book-keep this, explicitly pass to it can save memory.)
-    // \param newSize the new size in bytes.
-    void* Realloc(void* originalPtr, size_t originalSize, size_t newSize);
-
-    // Free a memory block.
-    // \param pointer to the memory block. Null pointer is permitted.
-    static void Free(void *ptr);
-};
-\endcode
-*/
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// CrtAllocator
-
-//! C-runtime library allocator.
-/*! This class is just wrapper for standard C library memory routines.
-    \note implements Allocator concept
-*/
-class CrtAllocator {
-public:
-    static const bool kNeedFree = true;
-    void* Malloc(size_t size) { 
-        if (size) //  behavior of malloc(0) is implementation defined.
-            return std::malloc(size);
-        else
-            return NULL; // standardize to returning NULL.
-    }
-    void* Realloc(void* originalPtr, size_t originalSize, size_t newSize) {
-        (void)originalSize;
-        if (newSize == 0) {
-            std::free(originalPtr);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        return std::realloc(originalPtr, newSize);
-    }
-    static void Free(void *ptr) { std::free(ptr); }
-};
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// MemoryPoolAllocator
-
-//! Default memory allocator used by the parser and DOM.
-/*! This allocator allocate memory blocks from pre-allocated memory chunks. 
-
-    It does not free memory blocks. And Realloc() only allocate new memory.
-
-    The memory chunks are allocated by BaseAllocator, which is CrtAllocator by default.
-
-    User may also supply a buffer as the first chunk.
-
-    If the user-buffer is full then additional chunks are allocated by BaseAllocator.
-
-    The user-buffer is not deallocated by this allocator.
-
-    \tparam BaseAllocator the allocator type for allocating memory chunks. Default is CrtAllocator.
-    \note implements Allocator concept
-*/
-template <typename BaseAllocator = CrtAllocator>
-class MemoryPoolAllocator {
-public:
-    static const bool kNeedFree = false;    //!< Tell users that no need to call Free() with this allocator. (concept Allocator)
-
-    //! Constructor with chunkSize.
-    /*! \param chunkSize The size of memory chunk. The default is kDefaultChunkSize.
-        \param baseAllocator The allocator for allocating memory chunks.
-    */
-    MemoryPoolAllocator(size_t chunkSize = kDefaultChunkCapacity, BaseAllocator* baseAllocator = 0) : 
-        chunkHead_(0), chunk_capacity_(chunkSize), userBuffer_(0), baseAllocator_(baseAllocator), ownBaseAllocator_(0)
-    {
-    }
-
-    //! Constructor with user-supplied buffer.
-    /*! The user buffer will be used firstly. When it is full, memory pool allocates new chunk with chunk size.
-
-        The user buffer will not be deallocated when this allocator is destructed.
-
-        \param buffer User supplied buffer.
-        \param size Size of the buffer in bytes. It must at least larger than sizeof(ChunkHeader).
-        \param chunkSize The size of memory chunk. The default is kDefaultChunkSize.
-        \param baseAllocator The allocator for allocating memory chunks.
-    */
-    MemoryPoolAllocator(void *buffer, size_t size, size_t chunkSize = kDefaultChunkCapacity, BaseAllocator* baseAllocator = 0) :
-        chunkHead_(0), chunk_capacity_(chunkSize), userBuffer_(buffer), baseAllocator_(baseAllocator), ownBaseAllocator_(0)
-    {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(buffer != 0);
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(size > sizeof(ChunkHeader));
-        chunkHead_ = reinterpret_cast<ChunkHeader*>(buffer);
-        chunkHead_->capacity = size - sizeof(ChunkHeader);
-        chunkHead_->size = 0;
-        chunkHead_->next = 0;
-    }
-
-    //! Destructor.
-    /*! This deallocates all memory chunks, excluding the user-supplied buffer.
-    */
-    ~MemoryPoolAllocator() {
-        Clear();
-        RAPIDJSON_DELETE(ownBaseAllocator_);
-    }
-
-    //! Deallocates all memory chunks, excluding the user-supplied buffer.
-    void Clear() {
-        while (chunkHead_ && chunkHead_ != userBuffer_) {
-            ChunkHeader* next = chunkHead_->next;
-            baseAllocator_->Free(chunkHead_);
-            chunkHead_ = next;
-        }
-        if (chunkHead_ && chunkHead_ == userBuffer_)
-            chunkHead_->size = 0; // Clear user buffer
-    }
-
-    //! Computes the total capacity of allocated memory chunks.
-    /*! \return total capacity in bytes.
-    */
-    size_t Capacity() const {
-        size_t capacity = 0;
-        for (ChunkHeader* c = chunkHead_; c != 0; c = c->next)
-            capacity += c->capacity;
-        return capacity;
-    }
-
-    //! Computes the memory blocks allocated.
-    /*! \return total used bytes.
-    */
-    size_t Size() const {
-        size_t size = 0;
-        for (ChunkHeader* c = chunkHead_; c != 0; c = c->next)
-            size += c->size;
-        return size;
-    }
-
-    //! Allocates a memory block. (concept Allocator)
-    void* Malloc(size_t size) {
-        if (!size)
-            return NULL;
-
-        size = RAPIDJSON_ALIGN(size);
-        if (chunkHead_ == 0 || chunkHead_->size + size > chunkHead_->capacity)
-            AddChunk(chunk_capacity_ > size ? chunk_capacity_ : size);
-
-        void *buffer = reinterpret_cast<char *>(chunkHead_) + RAPIDJSON_ALIGN(sizeof(ChunkHeader)) + chunkHead_->size;
-        chunkHead_->size += size;
-        return buffer;
-    }
-
-    //! Resizes a memory block (concept Allocator)
-    void* Realloc(void* originalPtr, size_t originalSize, size_t newSize) {
-        if (originalPtr == 0)
-            return Malloc(newSize);
-
-        if (newSize == 0)
-            return NULL;
-
-        // Do not shrink if new size is smaller than original
-        if (originalSize >= newSize)
-            return originalPtr;
-
-        // Simply expand it if it is the last allocation and there is sufficient space
-        if (originalPtr == (char *)(chunkHead_) + RAPIDJSON_ALIGN(sizeof(ChunkHeader)) + chunkHead_->size - originalSize) {
-            size_t increment = static_cast<size_t>(newSize - originalSize);
-            increment = RAPIDJSON_ALIGN(increment);
-            if (chunkHead_->size + increment <= chunkHead_->capacity) {
-                chunkHead_->size += increment;
-                return originalPtr;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Realloc process: allocate and copy memory, do not free original buffer.
-        void* newBuffer = Malloc(newSize);
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(newBuffer != 0);   // Do not handle out-of-memory explicitly.
-        if (originalSize)
-            std::memcpy(newBuffer, originalPtr, originalSize);
-        return newBuffer;
-    }
-
-    //! Frees a memory block (concept Allocator)
-    static void Free(void *ptr) { (void)ptr; } // Do nothing
-
-private:
-    //! Copy constructor is not permitted.
-    MemoryPoolAllocator(const MemoryPoolAllocator& rhs) /* = delete */;
-    //! Copy assignment operator is not permitted.
-    MemoryPoolAllocator& operator=(const MemoryPoolAllocator& rhs) /* = delete */;
-
-    //! Creates a new chunk.
-    /*! \param capacity Capacity of the chunk in bytes.
-    */
-    void AddChunk(size_t capacity) {
-        if (!baseAllocator_)
-            ownBaseAllocator_ = baseAllocator_ = RAPIDJSON_NEW(BaseAllocator());
-        ChunkHeader* chunk = reinterpret_cast<ChunkHeader*>(baseAllocator_->Malloc(RAPIDJSON_ALIGN(sizeof(ChunkHeader)) + capacity));
-        chunk->capacity = capacity;
-        chunk->size = 0;
-        chunk->next = chunkHead_;
-        chunkHead_ =  chunk;
-    }
-
-    static const int kDefaultChunkCapacity = 64 * 1024; //!< Default chunk capacity.
-
-    //! Chunk header for perpending to each chunk.
-    /*! Chunks are stored as a singly linked list.
-    */
-    struct ChunkHeader {
-        size_t capacity;    //!< Capacity of the chunk in bytes (excluding the header itself).
-        size_t size;        //!< Current size of allocated memory in bytes.
-        ChunkHeader *next;  //!< Next chunk in the linked list.
-    };
-
-    ChunkHeader *chunkHead_;    //!< Head of the chunk linked-list. Only the head chunk serves allocation.
-    size_t chunk_capacity_;     //!< The minimum capacity of chunk when they are allocated.
-    void *userBuffer_;          //!< User supplied buffer.
-    BaseAllocator* baseAllocator_;  //!< base allocator for allocating memory chunks.
-    BaseAllocator* ownBaseAllocator_;   //!< base allocator created by this object.
-};
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_H_
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ALLOCATORS_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_ALLOCATORS_H_
+
+#include "rapidjson.h"
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Allocator
+
+/*! \class rapidjson::Allocator
+    \brief Concept for allocating, resizing and freeing memory block.
+    
+    Note that Malloc() and Realloc() are non-static but Free() is static.
+    
+    So if an allocator need to support Free(), it needs to put its pointer in 
+    the header of memory block.
+
+\code
+concept Allocator {
+    static const bool kNeedFree;    //!< Whether this allocator needs to call Free().
+
+    // Allocate a memory block.
+    // \param size of the memory block in bytes.
+    // \returns pointer to the memory block.
+    void* Malloc(size_t size);
+
+    // Resize a memory block.
+    // \param originalPtr The pointer to current memory block. Null pointer is permitted.
+    // \param originalSize The current size in bytes. (Design issue: since some allocator may not book-keep this, explicitly pass to it can save memory.)
+    // \param newSize the new size in bytes.
+    void* Realloc(void* originalPtr, size_t originalSize, size_t newSize);
+
+    // Free a memory block.
+    // \param pointer to the memory block. Null pointer is permitted.
+    static void Free(void *ptr);
+};
+\endcode
+*/
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// CrtAllocator
+
+//! C-runtime library allocator.
+/*! This class is just wrapper for standard C library memory routines.
+    \note implements Allocator concept
+*/
+class CrtAllocator {
+public:
+    static const bool kNeedFree = true;
+    void* Malloc(size_t size) { 
+        if (size) //  behavior of malloc(0) is implementation defined.
+            return std::malloc(size);
+        else
+            return NULL; // standardize to returning NULL.
+    }
+    void* Realloc(void* originalPtr, size_t originalSize, size_t newSize) {
+        (void)originalSize;
+        if (newSize == 0) {
+            std::free(originalPtr);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        return std::realloc(originalPtr, newSize);
+    }
+    static void Free(void *ptr) { std::free(ptr); }
+};
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// MemoryPoolAllocator
+
+//! Default memory allocator used by the parser and DOM.
+/*! This allocator allocate memory blocks from pre-allocated memory chunks. 
+
+    It does not free memory blocks. And Realloc() only allocate new memory.
+
+    The memory chunks are allocated by BaseAllocator, which is CrtAllocator by default.
+
+    User may also supply a buffer as the first chunk.
+
+    If the user-buffer is full then additional chunks are allocated by BaseAllocator.
+
+    The user-buffer is not deallocated by this allocator.
+
+    \tparam BaseAllocator the allocator type for allocating memory chunks. Default is CrtAllocator.
+    \note implements Allocator concept
+*/
+template <typename BaseAllocator = CrtAllocator>
+class MemoryPoolAllocator {
+public:
+    static const bool kNeedFree = false;    //!< Tell users that no need to call Free() with this allocator. (concept Allocator)
+
+    //! Constructor with chunkSize.
+    /*! \param chunkSize The size of memory chunk. The default is kDefaultChunkSize.
+        \param baseAllocator The allocator for allocating memory chunks.
+    */
+    MemoryPoolAllocator(size_t chunkSize = kDefaultChunkCapacity, BaseAllocator* baseAllocator = 0) : 
+        chunkHead_(0), chunk_capacity_(chunkSize), userBuffer_(0), baseAllocator_(baseAllocator), ownBaseAllocator_(0)
+    {
+    }
+
+    //! Constructor with user-supplied buffer.
+    /*! The user buffer will be used firstly. When it is full, memory pool allocates new chunk with chunk size.
+
+        The user buffer will not be deallocated when this allocator is destructed.
+
+        \param buffer User supplied buffer.
+        \param size Size of the buffer in bytes. It must at least larger than sizeof(ChunkHeader).
+        \param chunkSize The size of memory chunk. The default is kDefaultChunkSize.
+        \param baseAllocator The allocator for allocating memory chunks.
+    */
+    MemoryPoolAllocator(void *buffer, size_t size, size_t chunkSize = kDefaultChunkCapacity, BaseAllocator* baseAllocator = 0) :
+        chunkHead_(0), chunk_capacity_(chunkSize), userBuffer_(buffer), baseAllocator_(baseAllocator), ownBaseAllocator_(0)
+    {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(buffer != 0);
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(size > sizeof(ChunkHeader));
+        chunkHead_ = reinterpret_cast<ChunkHeader*>(buffer);
+        chunkHead_->capacity = size - sizeof(ChunkHeader);
+        chunkHead_->size = 0;
+        chunkHead_->next = 0;
+    }
+
+    //! Destructor.
+    /*! This deallocates all memory chunks, excluding the user-supplied buffer.
+    */
+    ~MemoryPoolAllocator() {
+        Clear();
+        RAPIDJSON_DELETE(ownBaseAllocator_);
+    }
+
+    //! Deallocates all memory chunks, excluding the user-supplied buffer.
+    void Clear() {
+        while (chunkHead_ && chunkHead_ != userBuffer_) {
+            ChunkHeader* next = chunkHead_->next;
+            baseAllocator_->Free(chunkHead_);
+            chunkHead_ = next;
+        }
+        if (chunkHead_ && chunkHead_ == userBuffer_)
+            chunkHead_->size = 0; // Clear user buffer
+    }
+
+    //! Computes the total capacity of allocated memory chunks.
+    /*! \return total capacity in bytes.
+    */
+    size_t Capacity() const {
+        size_t capacity = 0;
+        for (ChunkHeader* c = chunkHead_; c != 0; c = c->next)
+            capacity += c->capacity;
+        return capacity;
+    }
+
+    //! Computes the memory blocks allocated.
+    /*! \return total used bytes.
+    */
+    size_t Size() const {
+        size_t size = 0;
+        for (ChunkHeader* c = chunkHead_; c != 0; c = c->next)
+            size += c->size;
+        return size;
+    }
+
+    //! Allocates a memory block. (concept Allocator)
+    void* Malloc(size_t size) {
+        if (!size)
+            return NULL;
+
+        size = RAPIDJSON_ALIGN(size);
+        if (chunkHead_ == 0 || chunkHead_->size + size > chunkHead_->capacity)
+            if (!AddChunk(chunk_capacity_ > size ? chunk_capacity_ : size))
+                return NULL;
+
+        void *buffer = reinterpret_cast<char *>(chunkHead_) + RAPIDJSON_ALIGN(sizeof(ChunkHeader)) + chunkHead_->size;
+        chunkHead_->size += size;
+        return buffer;
+    }
+
+    //! Resizes a memory block (concept Allocator)
+    void* Realloc(void* originalPtr, size_t originalSize, size_t newSize) {
+        if (originalPtr == 0)
+            return Malloc(newSize);
+
+        if (newSize == 0)
+            return NULL;
+
+        originalSize = RAPIDJSON_ALIGN(originalSize);
+        newSize = RAPIDJSON_ALIGN(newSize);
+
+        // Do not shrink if new size is smaller than original
+        if (originalSize >= newSize)
+            return originalPtr;
+
+        // Simply expand it if it is the last allocation and there is sufficient space
+        if (originalPtr == reinterpret_cast<char *>(chunkHead_) + RAPIDJSON_ALIGN(sizeof(ChunkHeader)) + chunkHead_->size - originalSize) {
+            size_t increment = static_cast<size_t>(newSize - originalSize);
+            if (chunkHead_->size + increment <= chunkHead_->capacity) {
+                chunkHead_->size += increment;
+                return originalPtr;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Realloc process: allocate and copy memory, do not free original buffer.
+        if (void* newBuffer = Malloc(newSize)) {
+            if (originalSize)
+                std::memcpy(newBuffer, originalPtr, originalSize);
+            return newBuffer;
+        }
+        else
+            return NULL;
+    }
+
+    //! Frees a memory block (concept Allocator)
+    static void Free(void *ptr) { (void)ptr; } // Do nothing
+
+private:
+    //! Copy constructor is not permitted.
+    MemoryPoolAllocator(const MemoryPoolAllocator& rhs) /* = delete */;
+    //! Copy assignment operator is not permitted.
+    MemoryPoolAllocator& operator=(const MemoryPoolAllocator& rhs) /* = delete */;
+
+    //! Creates a new chunk.
+    /*! \param capacity Capacity of the chunk in bytes.
+        \return true if success.
+    */
+    bool AddChunk(size_t capacity) {
+        if (!baseAllocator_)
+            ownBaseAllocator_ = baseAllocator_ = RAPIDJSON_NEW(BaseAllocator());
+        if (ChunkHeader* chunk = reinterpret_cast<ChunkHeader*>(baseAllocator_->Malloc(RAPIDJSON_ALIGN(sizeof(ChunkHeader)) + capacity))) {
+            chunk->capacity = capacity;
+            chunk->size = 0;
+            chunk->next = chunkHead_;
+            chunkHead_ =  chunk;
+            return true;
+        }
+        else
+            return false;
+    }
+
+    static const int kDefaultChunkCapacity = 64 * 1024; //!< Default chunk capacity.
+
+    //! Chunk header for perpending to each chunk.
+    /*! Chunks are stored as a singly linked list.
+    */
+    struct ChunkHeader {
+        size_t capacity;    //!< Capacity of the chunk in bytes (excluding the header itself).
+        size_t size;        //!< Current size of allocated memory in bytes.
+        ChunkHeader *next;  //!< Next chunk in the linked list.
+    };
+
+    ChunkHeader *chunkHead_;    //!< Head of the chunk linked-list. Only the head chunk serves allocation.
+    size_t chunk_capacity_;     //!< The minimum capacity of chunk when they are allocated.
+    void *userBuffer_;          //!< User supplied buffer.
+    BaseAllocator* baseAllocator_;  //!< base allocator for allocating memory chunks.
+    BaseAllocator* ownBaseAllocator_;   //!< base allocator created by this object.
+};
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/document.h b/include/rapidjson/document.h
index 889cdfa..e3e20df 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/document.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/document.h
@@ -1,2039 +1,2575 @@
-// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
-// 
-// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
-// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
-// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
-// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
-// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_DOCUMENT_H_
-#define RAPIDJSON_DOCUMENT_H_
-
-/*! \file document.h */
-
-#include "reader.h"
-#include "internal/meta.h"
-#include "internal/strfunc.h"
-#include <new>      // placement new
-
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(4127) // conditional expression is constant
-#elif defined(__GNUC__)
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(effc++)
-#endif
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
-#ifdef RAPIDJSON_DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING 1 // force generation of documentation
-#else
-#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING 0 // no std::string support by default
-#endif
-/*! \def RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
-    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
-    \brief Enable RapidJSON support for \c std::string
-
-    By defining this preprocessor symbol to \c 1, several convenience functions for using
-    \ref rapidjson::GenericValue with \c std::string are enabled, especially
-    for construction and comparison.
-
-    \hideinitializer
-*/
-#endif // !defined(RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING)
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
-#include <string>
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_NOMEMBERITERATORCLASS
-#include <iterator> // std::iterator, std::random_access_iterator_tag
-#endif
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
-#include <utility> // std::move
-#endif
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-// Forward declaration.
-template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator>
-class GenericValue;
-
-//! Name-value pair in a JSON object value.
-/*!
-    This class was internal to GenericValue. It used to be a inner struct.
-    But a compiler (IBM XL C/C++ for AIX) have reported to have problem with that so it moved as a namespace scope struct.
-    https://code.google.com/p/rapidjson/issues/detail?id=64
-*/
-template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator> 
-struct GenericMember { 
-    GenericValue<Encoding, Allocator> name;     //!< name of member (must be a string)
-    GenericValue<Encoding, Allocator> value;    //!< value of member.
-};
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// GenericMemberIterator
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_NOMEMBERITERATORCLASS
-
-//! (Constant) member iterator for a JSON object value
-/*!
-    \tparam Const Is this a constant iterator?
-    \tparam Encoding    Encoding of the value. (Even non-string values need to have the same encoding in a document)
-    \tparam Allocator   Allocator type for allocating memory of object, array and string.
-
-    This class implements a Random Access Iterator for GenericMember elements
-    of a GenericValue, see ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E) C++ standard, 24.1 [lib.iterator.requirements].
-
-    \note This iterator implementation is mainly intended to avoid implicit
-        conversions from iterator values to \c NULL,
-        e.g. from GenericValue::FindMember.
-
-    \note Define \c RAPIDJSON_NOMEMBERITERATORCLASS to fall back to a
-        pointer-based implementation, if your platform doesn't provide
-        the C++ <iterator> header.
-
-    \see GenericMember, GenericValue::MemberIterator, GenericValue::ConstMemberIterator
- */
-template <bool Const, typename Encoding, typename Allocator>
-class GenericMemberIterator
-    : public std::iterator<std::random_access_iterator_tag
-        , typename internal::MaybeAddConst<Const,GenericMember<Encoding,Allocator> >::Type> {
-
-    friend class GenericValue<Encoding,Allocator>;
-    template <bool, typename, typename> friend class GenericMemberIterator;
-
-    typedef GenericMember<Encoding,Allocator> PlainType;
-    typedef typename internal::MaybeAddConst<Const,PlainType>::Type ValueType;
-    typedef std::iterator<std::random_access_iterator_tag,ValueType> BaseType;
-
-public:
-    //! Iterator type itself
-    typedef GenericMemberIterator Iterator;
-    //! Constant iterator type
-    typedef GenericMemberIterator<true,Encoding,Allocator>  ConstIterator;
-    //! Non-constant iterator type
-    typedef GenericMemberIterator<false,Encoding,Allocator> NonConstIterator;
-
-    //! Pointer to (const) GenericMember
-    typedef typename BaseType::pointer         Pointer;
-    //! Reference to (const) GenericMember
-    typedef typename BaseType::reference       Reference;
-    //! Signed integer type (e.g. \c ptrdiff_t)
-    typedef typename BaseType::difference_type DifferenceType;
-
-    //! Default constructor (singular value)
-    /*! Creates an iterator pointing to no element.
-        \note All operations, except for comparisons, are undefined on such values.
-     */
-    GenericMemberIterator() : ptr_() {}
-
-    //! Iterator conversions to more const
-    /*!
-        \param it (Non-const) iterator to copy from
-
-        Allows the creation of an iterator from another GenericMemberIterator
-        that is "less const".  Especially, creating a non-constant iterator
-        from a constant iterator are disabled:
-        \li const -> non-const (not ok)
-        \li const -> const (ok)
-        \li non-const -> const (ok)
-        \li non-const -> non-const (ok)
-
-        \note If the \c Const template parameter is already \c false, this
-            constructor effectively defines a regular copy-constructor.
-            Otherwise, the copy constructor is implicitly defined.
-    */
-    GenericMemberIterator(const NonConstIterator & it) : ptr_(it.ptr_) {}
-
-    //! @name stepping
-    //@{
-    Iterator& operator++(){ ++ptr_; return *this; }
-    Iterator& operator--(){ --ptr_; return *this; }
-    Iterator  operator++(int){ Iterator old(*this); ++ptr_; return old; }
-    Iterator  operator--(int){ Iterator old(*this); --ptr_; return old; }
-    //@}
-
-    //! @name increment/decrement
-    //@{
-    Iterator operator+(DifferenceType n) const { return Iterator(ptr_+n); }
-    Iterator operator-(DifferenceType n) const { return Iterator(ptr_-n); }
-
-    Iterator& operator+=(DifferenceType n) { ptr_+=n; return *this; }
-    Iterator& operator-=(DifferenceType n) { ptr_-=n; return *this; }
-    //@}
-
-    //! @name relations
-    //@{
-    bool operator==(ConstIterator that) const { return ptr_ == that.ptr_; }
-    bool operator!=(ConstIterator that) const { return ptr_ != that.ptr_; }
-    bool operator<=(ConstIterator that) const { return ptr_ <= that.ptr_; }
-    bool operator>=(ConstIterator that) const { return ptr_ >= that.ptr_; }
-    bool operator< (ConstIterator that) const { return ptr_ < that.ptr_; }
-    bool operator> (ConstIterator that) const { return ptr_ > that.ptr_; }
-    //@}
-
-    //! @name dereference
-    //@{
-    Reference operator*() const { return *ptr_; }
-    Pointer   operator->() const { return ptr_; }
-    Reference operator[](DifferenceType n) const { return ptr_[n]; }
-    //@}
-
-    //! Distance
-    DifferenceType operator-(ConstIterator that) const { return ptr_-that.ptr_; }
-
-private:
-    //! Internal constructor from plain pointer
-    explicit GenericMemberIterator(Pointer p) : ptr_(p) {}
-
-    Pointer ptr_; //!< raw pointer
-};
-
-#else // RAPIDJSON_NOMEMBERITERATORCLASS
-
-// class-based member iterator implementation disabled, use plain pointers
-
-template <bool Const, typename Encoding, typename Allocator>
-struct GenericMemberIterator;
-
-//! non-const GenericMemberIterator
-template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator>
-struct GenericMemberIterator<false,Encoding,Allocator> {
-    //! use plain pointer as iterator type
-    typedef GenericMember<Encoding,Allocator>* Iterator;
-};
-//! const GenericMemberIterator
-template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator>
-struct GenericMemberIterator<true,Encoding,Allocator> {
-    //! use plain const pointer as iterator type
-    typedef const GenericMember<Encoding,Allocator>* Iterator;
-};
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_NOMEMBERITERATORCLASS
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// GenericStringRef
-
-//! Reference to a constant string (not taking a copy)
-/*!
-    \tparam CharType character type of the string
-
-    This helper class is used to automatically infer constant string
-    references for string literals, especially from \c const \b (!)
-    character arrays.
-
-    The main use is for creating JSON string values without copying the
-    source string via an \ref Allocator.  This requires that the referenced
-    string pointers have a sufficient lifetime, which exceeds the lifetime
-    of the associated GenericValue.
-
-    \b Example
-    \code
-    Value v("foo");   // ok, no need to copy & calculate length
-    const char foo[] = "foo";
-    v.SetString(foo); // ok
-
-    const char* bar = foo;
-    // Value x(bar); // not ok, can't rely on bar's lifetime
-    Value x(StringRef(bar)); // lifetime explicitly guaranteed by user
-    Value y(StringRef(bar, 3));  // ok, explicitly pass length
-    \endcode
-
-    \see StringRef, GenericValue::SetString
-*/
-template<typename CharType>
-struct GenericStringRef {
-    typedef CharType Ch; //!< character type of the string
-
-    //! Create string reference from \c const character array
-    /*!
-        This constructor implicitly creates a constant string reference from
-        a \c const character array.  It has better performance than
-        \ref StringRef(const CharType*) by inferring the string \ref length
-        from the array length, and also supports strings containing null
-        characters.
-
-        \tparam N length of the string, automatically inferred
-
-        \param str Constant character array, lifetime assumed to be longer
-            than the use of the string in e.g. a GenericValue
-
-        \post \ref s == str
-
-        \note Constant complexity.
-        \note There is a hidden, private overload to disallow references to
-            non-const character arrays to be created via this constructor.
-            By this, e.g. function-scope arrays used to be filled via
-            \c snprintf are excluded from consideration.
-            In such cases, the referenced string should be \b copied to the
-            GenericValue instead.
-     */
-    template<SizeType N>
-    GenericStringRef(const CharType (&str)[N]) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT
-        : s(str), length(N-1) {}
-
-    //! Explicitly create string reference from \c const character pointer
-    /*!
-        This constructor can be used to \b explicitly  create a reference to
-        a constant string pointer.
-
-        \see StringRef(const CharType*)
-
-        \param str Constant character pointer, lifetime assumed to be longer
-            than the use of the string in e.g. a GenericValue
-
-        \post \ref s == str
-
-        \note There is a hidden, private overload to disallow references to
-            non-const character arrays to be created via this constructor.
-            By this, e.g. function-scope arrays used to be filled via
-            \c snprintf are excluded from consideration.
-            In such cases, the referenced string should be \b copied to the
-            GenericValue instead.
-     */
-    explicit GenericStringRef(const CharType* str)
-        : s(str), length(internal::StrLen(str)){ RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(s != NULL); }
-
-    //! Create constant string reference from pointer and length
-    /*! \param str constant string, lifetime assumed to be longer than the use of the string in e.g. a GenericValue
-        \param len length of the string, excluding the trailing NULL terminator
-
-        \post \ref s == str && \ref length == len
-        \note Constant complexity.
-     */
-    GenericStringRef(const CharType* str, SizeType len)
-        : s(str), length(len) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(s != NULL); }
-
-    //! implicit conversion to plain CharType pointer
-    operator const Ch *() const { return s; }
-
-    const Ch* const s; //!< plain CharType pointer
-    const SizeType length; //!< length of the string (excluding the trailing NULL terminator)
-
-private:
-    //! Disallow copy-assignment
-    GenericStringRef operator=(const GenericStringRef&);
-    //! Disallow construction from non-const array
-    template<SizeType N>
-    GenericStringRef(CharType (&str)[N]) /* = delete */;
-};
-
-//! Mark a character pointer as constant string
-/*! Mark a plain character pointer as a "string literal".  This function
-    can be used to avoid copying a character string to be referenced as a
-    value in a JSON GenericValue object, if the string's lifetime is known
-    to be valid long enough.
-    \tparam CharType Character type of the string
-    \param str Constant string, lifetime assumed to be longer than the use of the string in e.g. a GenericValue
-    \return GenericStringRef string reference object
-    \relatesalso GenericStringRef
-
-    \see GenericValue::GenericValue(StringRefType), GenericValue::operator=(StringRefType), GenericValue::SetString(StringRefType), GenericValue::PushBack(StringRefType, Allocator&), GenericValue::AddMember
-*/
-template<typename CharType>
-inline GenericStringRef<CharType> StringRef(const CharType* str) {
-    return GenericStringRef<CharType>(str, internal::StrLen(str));
-}
-
-//! Mark a character pointer as constant string
-/*! Mark a plain character pointer as a "string literal".  This function
-    can be used to avoid copying a character string to be referenced as a
-    value in a JSON GenericValue object, if the string's lifetime is known
-    to be valid long enough.
-
-    This version has better performance with supplied length, and also
-    supports string containing null characters.
-
-    \tparam CharType character type of the string
-    \param str Constant string, lifetime assumed to be longer than the use of the string in e.g. a GenericValue
-    \param length The length of source string.
-    \return GenericStringRef string reference object
-    \relatesalso GenericStringRef
-*/
-template<typename CharType>
-inline GenericStringRef<CharType> StringRef(const CharType* str, size_t length) {
-    return GenericStringRef<CharType>(str, SizeType(length));
-}
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
-//! Mark a string object as constant string
-/*! Mark a string object (e.g. \c std::string) as a "string literal".
-    This function can be used to avoid copying a string to be referenced as a
-    value in a JSON GenericValue object, if the string's lifetime is known
-    to be valid long enough.
-
-    \tparam CharType character type of the string
-    \param str Constant string, lifetime assumed to be longer than the use of the string in e.g. a GenericValue
-    \return GenericStringRef string reference object
-    \relatesalso GenericStringRef
-    \note Requires the definition of the preprocessor symbol \ref RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING.
-*/
-template<typename CharType>
-inline GenericStringRef<CharType> StringRef(const std::basic_string<CharType>& str) {
-    return GenericStringRef<CharType>(str.data(), SizeType(str.size()));
-}
-#endif
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// GenericValue type traits
-namespace internal {
-
-template <typename T, typename Encoding = void, typename Allocator = void>
-struct IsGenericValueImpl : FalseType {};
-
-// select candidates according to nested encoding and allocator types
-template <typename T> struct IsGenericValueImpl<T, typename Void<typename T::EncodingType>::Type, typename Void<typename T::AllocatorType>::Type>
-    : IsBaseOf<GenericValue<typename T::EncodingType, typename T::AllocatorType>, T>::Type {};
-
-// helper to match arbitrary GenericValue instantiations, including derived classes
-template <typename T> struct IsGenericValue : IsGenericValueImpl<T>::Type {};
-
-} // namespace internal
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// GenericValue
-
-//! Represents a JSON value. Use Value for UTF8 encoding and default allocator.
-/*!
-    A JSON value can be one of 7 types. This class is a variant type supporting
-    these types.
-
-    Use the Value if UTF8 and default allocator
-
-    \tparam Encoding    Encoding of the value. (Even non-string values need to have the same encoding in a document)
-    \tparam Allocator   Allocator type for allocating memory of object, array and string.
-*/
-template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator = MemoryPoolAllocator<> > 
-class GenericValue {
-public:
-    //! Name-value pair in an object.
-    typedef GenericMember<Encoding, Allocator> Member;
-    typedef Encoding EncodingType;                  //!< Encoding type from template parameter.
-    typedef Allocator AllocatorType;                //!< Allocator type from template parameter.
-    typedef typename Encoding::Ch Ch;               //!< Character type derived from Encoding.
-    typedef GenericStringRef<Ch> StringRefType;     //!< Reference to a constant string
-    typedef typename GenericMemberIterator<false,Encoding,Allocator>::Iterator MemberIterator;  //!< Member iterator for iterating in object.
-    typedef typename GenericMemberIterator<true,Encoding,Allocator>::Iterator ConstMemberIterator;  //!< Constant member iterator for iterating in object.
-    typedef GenericValue* ValueIterator;            //!< Value iterator for iterating in array.
-    typedef const GenericValue* ConstValueIterator; //!< Constant value iterator for iterating in array.
-    typedef GenericValue<Encoding, Allocator> ValueType;    //!< Value type of itself.
-
-    //!@name Constructors and destructor.
-    //@{
-
-    //! Default constructor creates a null value.
-    GenericValue() RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_(), flags_(kNullFlag) {}
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
-    //! Move constructor in C++11
-    GenericValue(GenericValue&& rhs) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_(rhs.data_), flags_(rhs.flags_) {
-        rhs.flags_ = kNullFlag; // give up contents
-    }
-#endif
-
-private:
-    //! Copy constructor is not permitted.
-    GenericValue(const GenericValue& rhs);
-
-public:
-
-    //! Constructor with JSON value type.
-    /*! This creates a Value of specified type with default content.
-        \param type Type of the value.
-        \note Default content for number is zero.
-    */
-    explicit GenericValue(Type type) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_(), flags_() {
-        static const unsigned defaultFlags[7] = {
-            kNullFlag, kFalseFlag, kTrueFlag, kObjectFlag, kArrayFlag, kShortStringFlag,
-            kNumberAnyFlag
-        };
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(type <= kNumberType);
-        flags_ = defaultFlags[type];
-
-        // Use ShortString to store empty string.
-        if (type == kStringType)
-            data_.ss.SetLength(0);
-    }
-
-    //! Explicit copy constructor (with allocator)
-    /*! Creates a copy of a Value by using the given Allocator
-        \tparam SourceAllocator allocator of \c rhs
-        \param rhs Value to copy from (read-only)
-        \param allocator Allocator for allocating copied elements and buffers. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
-        \see CopyFrom()
-    */
-    template< typename SourceAllocator >
-    GenericValue(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& rhs, Allocator & allocator);
-
-    //! Constructor for boolean value.
-    /*! \param b Boolean value
-        \note This constructor is limited to \em real boolean values and rejects
-            implicitly converted types like arbitrary pointers.  Use an explicit cast
-            to \c bool, if you want to construct a boolean JSON value in such cases.
-     */
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_DOXYGEN_RUNNING // hide SFINAE from Doxygen
-    template <typename T>
-    explicit GenericValue(T b, RAPIDJSON_ENABLEIF((internal::IsSame<T,bool>))) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT
-#else
-    explicit GenericValue(bool b) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT
-#endif
-        : data_(), flags_(b ? kTrueFlag : kFalseFlag) {
-            // safe-guard against failing SFINAE
-            RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT((internal::IsSame<bool,T>::Value));
-    }
-
-    //! Constructor for int value.
-    explicit GenericValue(int i) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_(), flags_(kNumberIntFlag) {
-        data_.n.i64 = i;
-        if (i >= 0)
-            flags_ |= kUintFlag | kUint64Flag;
-    }
-
-    //! Constructor for unsigned value.
-    explicit GenericValue(unsigned u) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_(), flags_(kNumberUintFlag) {
-        data_.n.u64 = u; 
-        if (!(u & 0x80000000))
-            flags_ |= kIntFlag | kInt64Flag;
-    }
-
-    //! Constructor for int64_t value.
-    explicit GenericValue(int64_t i64) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_(), flags_(kNumberInt64Flag) {
-        data_.n.i64 = i64;
-        if (i64 >= 0) {
-            flags_ |= kNumberUint64Flag;
-            if (!(static_cast<uint64_t>(i64) & RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0xFFFFFFFF, 0x00000000)))
-                flags_ |= kUintFlag;
-            if (!(static_cast<uint64_t>(i64) & RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0xFFFFFFFF, 0x80000000)))
-                flags_ |= kIntFlag;
-        }
-        else if (i64 >= static_cast<int64_t>(RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0xFFFFFFFF, 0x80000000)))
-            flags_ |= kIntFlag;
-    }
-
-    //! Constructor for uint64_t value.
-    explicit GenericValue(uint64_t u64) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_(), flags_(kNumberUint64Flag) {
-        data_.n.u64 = u64;
-        if (!(u64 & RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0x80000000, 0x00000000)))
-            flags_ |= kInt64Flag;
-        if (!(u64 & RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0xFFFFFFFF, 0x00000000)))
-            flags_ |= kUintFlag;
-        if (!(u64 & RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0xFFFFFFFF, 0x80000000)))
-            flags_ |= kIntFlag;
-    }
-
-    //! Constructor for double value.
-    explicit GenericValue(double d) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_(), flags_(kNumberDoubleFlag) { data_.n.d = d; }
-
-    //! Constructor for constant string (i.e. do not make a copy of string)
-    GenericValue(const Ch* s, SizeType length) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_(), flags_() { SetStringRaw(StringRef(s, length)); }
-
-    //! Constructor for constant string (i.e. do not make a copy of string)
-    explicit GenericValue(StringRefType s) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_(), flags_() { SetStringRaw(s); }
-
-    //! Constructor for copy-string (i.e. do make a copy of string)
-    GenericValue(const Ch* s, SizeType length, Allocator& allocator) : data_(), flags_() { SetStringRaw(StringRef(s, length), allocator); }
-
-    //! Constructor for copy-string (i.e. do make a copy of string)
-    GenericValue(const Ch*s, Allocator& allocator) : data_(), flags_() { SetStringRaw(StringRef(s), allocator); }
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
-    //! Constructor for copy-string from a string object (i.e. do make a copy of string)
-    /*! \note Requires the definition of the preprocessor symbol \ref RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING.
-     */
-    GenericValue(const std::basic_string<Ch>& s, Allocator& allocator) : data_(), flags_() { SetStringRaw(StringRef(s), allocator); }
-#endif
-
-    //! Destructor.
-    /*! Need to destruct elements of array, members of object, or copy-string.
-    */
-    ~GenericValue() {
-        if (Allocator::kNeedFree) { // Shortcut by Allocator's trait
-            switch(flags_) {
-            case kArrayFlag:
-                for (GenericValue* v = data_.a.elements; v != data_.a.elements + data_.a.size; ++v)
-                    v->~GenericValue();
-                Allocator::Free(data_.a.elements);
-                break;
-
-            case kObjectFlag:
-                for (MemberIterator m = MemberBegin(); m != MemberEnd(); ++m)
-                    m->~Member();
-                Allocator::Free(data_.o.members);
-                break;
-
-            case kCopyStringFlag:
-                Allocator::Free(const_cast<Ch*>(data_.s.str));
-                break;
-
-            default:
-                break;  // Do nothing for other types.
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    //@}
-
-    //!@name Assignment operators
-    //@{
-
-    //! Assignment with move semantics.
-    /*! \param rhs Source of the assignment. It will become a null value after assignment.
-    */
-    GenericValue& operator=(GenericValue& rhs) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(this != &rhs);
-        this->~GenericValue();
-        RawAssign(rhs);
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
-    //! Move assignment in C++11
-    GenericValue& operator=(GenericValue&& rhs) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT {
-        return *this = rhs.Move();
-    }
-#endif
-
-    //! Assignment of constant string reference (no copy)
-    /*! \param str Constant string reference to be assigned
-        \note This overload is needed to avoid clashes with the generic primitive type assignment overload below.
-        \see GenericStringRef, operator=(T)
-    */
-    GenericValue& operator=(StringRefType str) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT {
-        GenericValue s(str);
-        return *this = s;
-    }
-
-    //! Assignment with primitive types.
-    /*! \tparam T Either \ref Type, \c int, \c unsigned, \c int64_t, \c uint64_t
-        \param value The value to be assigned.
-
-        \note The source type \c T explicitly disallows all pointer types,
-            especially (\c const) \ref Ch*.  This helps avoiding implicitly
-            referencing character strings with insufficient lifetime, use
-            \ref SetString(const Ch*, Allocator&) (for copying) or
-            \ref StringRef() (to explicitly mark the pointer as constant) instead.
-            All other pointer types would implicitly convert to \c bool,
-            use \ref SetBool() instead.
-    */
-    template <typename T>
-    RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::IsPointer<T>), (GenericValue&))
-    operator=(T value) {
-        GenericValue v(value);
-        return *this = v;
-    }
-
-    //! Deep-copy assignment from Value
-    /*! Assigns a \b copy of the Value to the current Value object
-        \tparam SourceAllocator Allocator type of \c rhs
-        \param rhs Value to copy from (read-only)
-        \param allocator Allocator to use for copying
-     */
-    template <typename SourceAllocator>
-    GenericValue& CopyFrom(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& rhs, Allocator& allocator) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT((void*)this != (void const*)&rhs);
-        this->~GenericValue();
-        new (this) GenericValue(rhs, allocator);
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    //! Exchange the contents of this value with those of other.
-    /*!
-        \param other Another value.
-        \note Constant complexity.
-    */
-    GenericValue& Swap(GenericValue& other) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT {
-        GenericValue temp;
-        temp.RawAssign(*this);
-        RawAssign(other);
-        other.RawAssign(temp);
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    //! Prepare Value for move semantics
-    /*! \return *this */
-    GenericValue& Move() RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT { return *this; }
-    //@}
-
-    //!@name Equal-to and not-equal-to operators
-    //@{
-    //! Equal-to operator
-    /*!
-        \note If an object contains duplicated named member, comparing equality with any object is always \c false.
-        \note Linear time complexity (number of all values in the subtree and total lengths of all strings).
-    */
-    template <typename SourceAllocator>
-    bool operator==(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& rhs) const {
-        typedef GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator> RhsType;
-        if (GetType() != rhs.GetType())
-            return false;
-
-        switch (GetType()) {
-        case kObjectType: // Warning: O(n^2) inner-loop
-            if (data_.o.size != rhs.data_.o.size)
-                return false;           
-            for (ConstMemberIterator lhsMemberItr = MemberBegin(); lhsMemberItr != MemberEnd(); ++lhsMemberItr) {
-                typename RhsType::ConstMemberIterator rhsMemberItr = rhs.FindMember(lhsMemberItr->name);
-                if (rhsMemberItr == rhs.MemberEnd() || lhsMemberItr->value != rhsMemberItr->value)
-                    return false;
-            }
-            return true;
-            
-        case kArrayType:
-            if (data_.a.size != rhs.data_.a.size)
-                return false;
-            for (SizeType i = 0; i < data_.a.size; i++)
-                if ((*this)[i] != rhs[i])
-                    return false;
-            return true;
-
-        case kStringType:
-            return StringEqual(rhs);
-
-        case kNumberType:
-            if (IsDouble() || rhs.IsDouble()) {
-                double a = GetDouble();     // May convert from integer to double.
-                double b = rhs.GetDouble(); // Ditto
-                return a >= b && a <= b;    // Prevent -Wfloat-equal
-            }
-            else
-                return data_.n.u64 == rhs.data_.n.u64;
-
-        default: // kTrueType, kFalseType, kNullType
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-
-    //! Equal-to operator with const C-string pointer
-    bool operator==(const Ch* rhs) const { return *this == GenericValue(StringRef(rhs)); }
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
-    //! Equal-to operator with string object
-    /*! \note Requires the definition of the preprocessor symbol \ref RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING.
-     */
-    bool operator==(const std::basic_string<Ch>& rhs) const { return *this == GenericValue(StringRef(rhs)); }
-#endif
-
-    //! Equal-to operator with primitive types
-    /*! \tparam T Either \ref Type, \c int, \c unsigned, \c int64_t, \c uint64_t, \c double, \c true, \c false
-    */
-    template <typename T> RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::OrExpr<internal::IsPointer<T>,internal::IsGenericValue<T> >), (bool)) operator==(const T& rhs) const { return *this == GenericValue(rhs); }
-
-    //! Not-equal-to operator
-    /*! \return !(*this == rhs)
-     */
-    template <typename SourceAllocator>
-    bool operator!=(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& rhs) const { return !(*this == rhs); }
-
-    //! Not-equal-to operator with const C-string pointer
-    bool operator!=(const Ch* rhs) const { return !(*this == rhs); }
-
-    //! Not-equal-to operator with arbitrary types
-    /*! \return !(*this == rhs)
-     */
-    template <typename T> RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::IsGenericValue<T>), (bool)) operator!=(const T& rhs) const { return !(*this == rhs); }
-
-    //! Equal-to operator with arbitrary types (symmetric version)
-    /*! \return (rhs == lhs)
-     */
-    template <typename T> friend RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::IsGenericValue<T>), (bool)) operator==(const T& lhs, const GenericValue& rhs) { return rhs == lhs; }
-
-    //! Not-Equal-to operator with arbitrary types (symmetric version)
-    /*! \return !(rhs == lhs)
-     */
-    template <typename T> friend RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::IsGenericValue<T>), (bool)) operator!=(const T& lhs, const GenericValue& rhs) { return !(rhs == lhs); }
-    //@}
-
-    //!@name Type
-    //@{
-
-    Type GetType()  const { return static_cast<Type>(flags_ & kTypeMask); }
-    bool IsNull()   const { return flags_ == kNullFlag; }
-    bool IsFalse()  const { return flags_ == kFalseFlag; }
-    bool IsTrue()   const { return flags_ == kTrueFlag; }
-    bool IsBool()   const { return (flags_ & kBoolFlag) != 0; }
-    bool IsObject() const { return flags_ == kObjectFlag; }
-    bool IsArray()  const { return flags_ == kArrayFlag; }
-    bool IsNumber() const { return (flags_ & kNumberFlag) != 0; }
-    bool IsInt()    const { return (flags_ & kIntFlag) != 0; }
-    bool IsUint()   const { return (flags_ & kUintFlag) != 0; }
-    bool IsInt64()  const { return (flags_ & kInt64Flag) != 0; }
-    bool IsUint64() const { return (flags_ & kUint64Flag) != 0; }
-    bool IsDouble() const { return (flags_ & kDoubleFlag) != 0; }
-    bool IsString() const { return (flags_ & kStringFlag) != 0; }
-
-    //@}
-
-    //!@name Null
-    //@{
-
-    GenericValue& SetNull() { this->~GenericValue(); new (this) GenericValue(); return *this; }
-
-    //@}
-
-    //!@name Bool
-    //@{
-
-    bool GetBool() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsBool()); return flags_ == kTrueFlag; }
-    //!< Set boolean value
-    /*! \post IsBool() == true */
-    GenericValue& SetBool(bool b) { this->~GenericValue(); new (this) GenericValue(b); return *this; }
-
-    //@}
-
-    //!@name Object
-    //@{
-
-    //! Set this value as an empty object.
-    /*! \post IsObject() == true */
-    GenericValue& SetObject() { this->~GenericValue(); new (this) GenericValue(kObjectType); return *this; }
-
-    //! Get the number of members in the object.
-    SizeType MemberCount() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject()); return data_.o.size; }
-
-    //! Check whether the object is empty.
-    bool ObjectEmpty() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject()); return data_.o.size == 0; }
-
-    //! Get a value from an object associated with the name.
-    /*! \pre IsObject() == true
-        \tparam T Either \c Ch or \c const \c Ch (template used for disambiguation with \ref operator[](SizeType))
-        \note In version 0.1x, if the member is not found, this function returns a null value. This makes issue 7.
-        Since 0.2, if the name is not correct, it will assert.
-        If user is unsure whether a member exists, user should use HasMember() first.
-        A better approach is to use FindMember().
-        \note Linear time complexity.
-    */
-    template <typename T>
-    RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::NotExpr<internal::IsSame<typename internal::RemoveConst<T>::Type, Ch> >),(GenericValue&)) operator[](T* name) {
-        GenericValue n(StringRef(name));
-        return (*this)[n];
-    }
-    template <typename T>
-    RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::NotExpr<internal::IsSame<typename internal::RemoveConst<T>::Type, Ch> >),(const GenericValue&)) operator[](T* name) const { return const_cast<GenericValue&>(*this)[name]; }
-
-    //! Get a value from an object associated with the name.
-    /*! \pre IsObject() == true
-        \tparam SourceAllocator Allocator of the \c name value
-
-        \note Compared to \ref operator[](T*), this version is faster because it does not need a StrLen().
-        And it can also handle strings with embedded null characters.
-
-        \note Linear time complexity.
-    */
-    template <typename SourceAllocator>
-    GenericValue& operator[](const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& name) {
-        MemberIterator member = FindMember(name);
-        if (member != MemberEnd())
-            return member->value;
-        else {
-            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false);    // see above note
-            static GenericValue NullValue;
-            return NullValue;
-        }
-    }
-    template <typename SourceAllocator>
-    const GenericValue& operator[](const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& name) const { return const_cast<GenericValue&>(*this)[name]; }
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
-    //! Get a value from an object associated with name (string object).
-    GenericValue& operator[](const std::basic_string<Ch>& name) { return (*this)[GenericValue(StringRef(name))]; }
-    const GenericValue& operator[](const std::basic_string<Ch>& name) const { return (*this)[GenericValue(StringRef(name))]; }
-#endif
-
-    //! Const member iterator
-    /*! \pre IsObject() == true */
-    ConstMemberIterator MemberBegin() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject()); return ConstMemberIterator(data_.o.members); }
-    //! Const \em past-the-end member iterator
-    /*! \pre IsObject() == true */
-    ConstMemberIterator MemberEnd() const   { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject()); return ConstMemberIterator(data_.o.members + data_.o.size); }
-    //! Member iterator
-    /*! \pre IsObject() == true */
-    MemberIterator MemberBegin()            { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject()); return MemberIterator(data_.o.members); }
-    //! \em Past-the-end member iterator
-    /*! \pre IsObject() == true */
-    MemberIterator MemberEnd()              { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject()); return MemberIterator(data_.o.members + data_.o.size); }
-
-    //! Check whether a member exists in the object.
-    /*!
-        \param name Member name to be searched.
-        \pre IsObject() == true
-        \return Whether a member with that name exists.
-        \note It is better to use FindMember() directly if you need the obtain the value as well.
-        \note Linear time complexity.
-    */
-    bool HasMember(const Ch* name) const { return FindMember(name) != MemberEnd(); }
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
-    //! Check whether a member exists in the object with string object.
-    /*!
-        \param name Member name to be searched.
-        \pre IsObject() == true
-        \return Whether a member with that name exists.
-        \note It is better to use FindMember() directly if you need the obtain the value as well.
-        \note Linear time complexity.
-    */
-    bool HasMember(const std::basic_string<Ch>& name) const { return FindMember(name) != MemberEnd(); }
-#endif
-
-    //! Check whether a member exists in the object with GenericValue name.
-    /*!
-        This version is faster because it does not need a StrLen(). It can also handle string with null character.
-        \param name Member name to be searched.
-        \pre IsObject() == true
-        \return Whether a member with that name exists.
-        \note It is better to use FindMember() directly if you need the obtain the value as well.
-        \note Linear time complexity.
-    */
-    template <typename SourceAllocator>
-    bool HasMember(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& name) const { return FindMember(name) != MemberEnd(); }
-
-    //! Find member by name.
-    /*!
-        \param name Member name to be searched.
-        \pre IsObject() == true
-        \return Iterator to member, if it exists.
-            Otherwise returns \ref MemberEnd().
-
-        \note Earlier versions of Rapidjson returned a \c NULL pointer, in case
-            the requested member doesn't exist. For consistency with e.g.
-            \c std::map, this has been changed to MemberEnd() now.
-        \note Linear time complexity.
-    */
-    MemberIterator FindMember(const Ch* name) {
-        GenericValue n(StringRef(name));
-        return FindMember(n);
-    }
-
-    ConstMemberIterator FindMember(const Ch* name) const { return const_cast<GenericValue&>(*this).FindMember(name); }
-
-    //! Find member by name.
-    /*!
-        This version is faster because it does not need a StrLen(). It can also handle string with null character.
-        \param name Member name to be searched.
-        \pre IsObject() == true
-        \return Iterator to member, if it exists.
-            Otherwise returns \ref MemberEnd().
-
-        \note Earlier versions of Rapidjson returned a \c NULL pointer, in case
-            the requested member doesn't exist. For consistency with e.g.
-            \c std::map, this has been changed to MemberEnd() now.
-        \note Linear time complexity.
-    */
-    template <typename SourceAllocator>
-    MemberIterator FindMember(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& name) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject());
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(name.IsString());
-        MemberIterator member = MemberBegin();
-        for ( ; member != MemberEnd(); ++member)
-            if (name.StringEqual(member->name))
-                break;
-        return member;
-    }
-    template <typename SourceAllocator> ConstMemberIterator FindMember(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& name) const { return const_cast<GenericValue&>(*this).FindMember(name); }
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
-    //! Find member by string object name.
-    /*!
-        \param name Member name to be searched.
-        \pre IsObject() == true
-        \return Iterator to member, if it exists.
-            Otherwise returns \ref MemberEnd().
-    */
-    MemberIterator FindMember(const std::basic_string<Ch>& name) { return FindMember(StringRef(name)); }
-    ConstMemberIterator FindMember(const std::basic_string<Ch>& name) const { return FindMember(StringRef(name)); }
-#endif
-
-    //! Add a member (name-value pair) to the object.
-    /*! \param name A string value as name of member.
-        \param value Value of any type.
-        \param allocator    Allocator for reallocating memory. It must be the same one as used before. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
-        \return The value itself for fluent API.
-        \note The ownership of \c name and \c value will be transferred to this object on success.
-        \pre  IsObject() && name.IsString()
-        \post name.IsNull() && value.IsNull()
-        \note Amortized Constant time complexity.
-    */
-    GenericValue& AddMember(GenericValue& name, GenericValue& value, Allocator& allocator) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject());
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(name.IsString());
-
-        Object& o = data_.o;
-        if (o.size >= o.capacity) {
-            if (o.capacity == 0) {
-                o.capacity = kDefaultObjectCapacity;
-                o.members = reinterpret_cast<Member*>(allocator.Malloc(o.capacity * sizeof(Member)));
-            }
-            else {
-                SizeType oldCapacity = o.capacity;
-                o.capacity += (oldCapacity + 1) / 2; // grow by factor 1.5
-                o.members = reinterpret_cast<Member*>(allocator.Realloc(o.members, oldCapacity * sizeof(Member), o.capacity * sizeof(Member)));
-            }
-        }
-        o.members[o.size].name.RawAssign(name);
-        o.members[o.size].value.RawAssign(value);
-        o.size++;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    //! Add a constant string value as member (name-value pair) to the object.
-    /*! \param name A string value as name of member.
-        \param value constant string reference as value of member.
-        \param allocator    Allocator for reallocating memory. It must be the same one as used before. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
-        \return The value itself for fluent API.
-        \pre  IsObject()
-        \note This overload is needed to avoid clashes with the generic primitive type AddMember(GenericValue&,T,Allocator&) overload below.
-        \note Amortized Constant time complexity.
-    */
-    GenericValue& AddMember(GenericValue& name, StringRefType value, Allocator& allocator) {
-        GenericValue v(value);
-        return AddMember(name, v, allocator);
-    }
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
-    //! Add a string object as member (name-value pair) to the object.
-    /*! \param name A string value as name of member.
-        \param value constant string reference as value of member.
-        \param allocator    Allocator for reallocating memory. It must be the same one as used before. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
-        \return The value itself for fluent API.
-        \pre  IsObject()
-        \note This overload is needed to avoid clashes with the generic primitive type AddMember(GenericValue&,T,Allocator&) overload below.
-        \note Amortized Constant time complexity.
-    */
-    GenericValue& AddMember(GenericValue& name, std::basic_string<Ch>& value, Allocator& allocator) {
-        GenericValue v(value, allocator);
-        return AddMember(name, v, allocator);
-    }
-#endif
-
-    //! Add any primitive value as member (name-value pair) to the object.
-    /*! \tparam T Either \ref Type, \c int, \c unsigned, \c int64_t, \c uint64_t
-        \param name A string value as name of member.
-        \param value Value of primitive type \c T as value of member
-        \param allocator Allocator for reallocating memory. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
-        \return The value itself for fluent API.
-        \pre  IsObject()
-
-        \note The source type \c T explicitly disallows all pointer types,
-            especially (\c const) \ref Ch*.  This helps avoiding implicitly
-            referencing character strings with insufficient lifetime, use
-            \ref AddMember(StringRefType, GenericValue&, Allocator&) or \ref
-            AddMember(StringRefType, StringRefType, Allocator&).
-            All other pointer types would implicitly convert to \c bool,
-            use an explicit cast instead, if needed.
-        \note Amortized Constant time complexity.
-    */
-    template <typename T>
-    RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::OrExpr<internal::IsPointer<T>, internal::IsGenericValue<T> >), (GenericValue&))
-    AddMember(GenericValue& name, T value, Allocator& allocator) {
-        GenericValue v(value);
-        return AddMember(name, v, allocator);
-    }
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
-    GenericValue& AddMember(GenericValue&& name, GenericValue&& value, Allocator& allocator) {
-        return AddMember(name, value, allocator);
-    }
-    GenericValue& AddMember(GenericValue&& name, GenericValue& value, Allocator& allocator) {
-        return AddMember(name, value, allocator);
-    }
-    GenericValue& AddMember(GenericValue& name, GenericValue&& value, Allocator& allocator) {
-        return AddMember(name, value, allocator);
-    }
-    GenericValue& AddMember(StringRefType name, GenericValue&& value, Allocator& allocator) {
-        GenericValue n(name);
-        return AddMember(n, value, allocator);
-    }
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
-
-
-    //! Add a member (name-value pair) to the object.
-    /*! \param name A constant string reference as name of member.
-        \param value Value of any type.
-        \param allocator    Allocator for reallocating memory. It must be the same one as used before. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
-        \return The value itself for fluent API.
-        \note The ownership of \c value will be transferred to this object on success.
-        \pre  IsObject()
-        \post value.IsNull()
-        \note Amortized Constant time complexity.
-    */
-    GenericValue& AddMember(StringRefType name, GenericValue& value, Allocator& allocator) {
-        GenericValue n(name);
-        return AddMember(n, value, allocator);
-    }
-
-    //! Add a constant string value as member (name-value pair) to the object.
-    /*! \param name A constant string reference as name of member.
-        \param value constant string reference as value of member.
-        \param allocator    Allocator for reallocating memory. It must be the same one as used before. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
-        \return The value itself for fluent API.
-        \pre  IsObject()
-        \note This overload is needed to avoid clashes with the generic primitive type AddMember(StringRefType,T,Allocator&) overload below.
-        \note Amortized Constant time complexity.
-    */
-    GenericValue& AddMember(StringRefType name, StringRefType value, Allocator& allocator) {
-        GenericValue v(value);
-        return AddMember(name, v, allocator);
-    }
-
-    //! Add any primitive value as member (name-value pair) to the object.
-    /*! \tparam T Either \ref Type, \c int, \c unsigned, \c int64_t, \c uint64_t
-        \param name A constant string reference as name of member.
-        \param value Value of primitive type \c T as value of member
-        \param allocator Allocator for reallocating memory. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
-        \return The value itself for fluent API.
-        \pre  IsObject()
-
-        \note The source type \c T explicitly disallows all pointer types,
-            especially (\c const) \ref Ch*.  This helps avoiding implicitly
-            referencing character strings with insufficient lifetime, use
-            \ref AddMember(StringRefType, GenericValue&, Allocator&) or \ref
-            AddMember(StringRefType, StringRefType, Allocator&).
-            All other pointer types would implicitly convert to \c bool,
-            use an explicit cast instead, if needed.
-        \note Amortized Constant time complexity.
-    */
-    template <typename T>
-    RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::OrExpr<internal::IsPointer<T>, internal::IsGenericValue<T> >), (GenericValue&))
-    AddMember(StringRefType name, T value, Allocator& allocator) {
-        GenericValue n(name);
-        return AddMember(n, value, allocator);
-    }
-
-    //! Remove all members in the object.
-    /*! This function do not deallocate memory in the object, i.e. the capacity is unchanged.
-        \note Linear time complexity.
-    */
-    void RemoveAllMembers() {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject()); 
-        for (MemberIterator m = MemberBegin(); m != MemberEnd(); ++m)
-            m->~Member();
-        data_.o.size = 0;
-    }
-
-    //! Remove a member in object by its name.
-    /*! \param name Name of member to be removed.
-        \return Whether the member existed.
-        \note This function may reorder the object members. Use \ref
-            EraseMember(ConstMemberIterator) if you need to preserve the
-            relative order of the remaining members.
-        \note Linear time complexity.
-    */
-    bool RemoveMember(const Ch* name) {
-        GenericValue n(StringRef(name));
-        return RemoveMember(n);
-    }
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
-    bool RemoveMember(const std::basic_string<Ch>& name) { return RemoveMember(GenericValue(StringRef(name))); }
-#endif
-
-    template <typename SourceAllocator>
-    bool RemoveMember(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& name) {
-        MemberIterator m = FindMember(name);
-        if (m != MemberEnd()) {
-            RemoveMember(m);
-            return true;
-        }
-        else
-            return false;
-    }
-
-    //! Remove a member in object by iterator.
-    /*! \param m member iterator (obtained by FindMember() or MemberBegin()).
-        \return the new iterator after removal.
-        \note This function may reorder the object members. Use \ref
-            EraseMember(ConstMemberIterator) if you need to preserve the
-            relative order of the remaining members.
-        \note Constant time complexity.
-    */
-    MemberIterator RemoveMember(MemberIterator m) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject());
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(data_.o.size > 0);
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(data_.o.members != 0);
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(m >= MemberBegin() && m < MemberEnd());
-
-        MemberIterator last(data_.o.members + (data_.o.size - 1));
-        if (data_.o.size > 1 && m != last) {
-            // Move the last one to this place
-            *m = *last;
-        }
-        else {
-            // Only one left, just destroy
-            m->~Member();
-        }
-        --data_.o.size;
-        return m;
-    }
-
-    //! Remove a member from an object by iterator.
-    /*! \param pos iterator to the member to remove
-        \pre IsObject() == true && \ref MemberBegin() <= \c pos < \ref MemberEnd()
-        \return Iterator following the removed element.
-            If the iterator \c pos refers to the last element, the \ref MemberEnd() iterator is returned.
-        \note This function preserves the relative order of the remaining object
-            members. If you do not need this, use the more efficient \ref RemoveMember(MemberIterator).
-        \note Linear time complexity.
-    */
-    MemberIterator EraseMember(ConstMemberIterator pos) {
-        return EraseMember(pos, pos +1);
-    }
-
-    //! Remove members in the range [first, last) from an object.
-    /*! \param first iterator to the first member to remove
-        \param last  iterator following the last member to remove
-        \pre IsObject() == true && \ref MemberBegin() <= \c first <= \c last <= \ref MemberEnd()
-        \return Iterator following the last removed element.
-        \note This function preserves the relative order of the remaining object
-            members.
-        \note Linear time complexity.
-    */
-    MemberIterator EraseMember(ConstMemberIterator first, ConstMemberIterator last) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject());
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(data_.o.size > 0);
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(data_.o.members != 0);
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(first >= MemberBegin());
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(first <= last);
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(last <= MemberEnd());
-
-        MemberIterator pos = MemberBegin() + (first - MemberBegin());
-        for (MemberIterator itr = pos; itr != last; ++itr)
-            itr->~Member();
-        std::memmove(&*pos, &*last, (MemberEnd() - last) * sizeof(Member));
-        data_.o.size -= (last - first);
-        return pos;
-    }
-
-    //! Erase a member in object by its name.
-    /*! \param name Name of member to be removed.
-        \return Whether the member existed.
-        \note Linear time complexity.
-    */
-    bool EraseMember(const Ch* name) {
-        GenericValue n(StringRef(name));
-        return EraseMember(n);
-    }
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
-    bool EraseMember(const std::basic_string<Ch>& name) { return EraseMember(GenericValue(StringRef(name))); }
-#endif
-
-    template <typename SourceAllocator>
-    bool EraseMember(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& name) {
-        MemberIterator m = FindMember(name);
-        if (m != MemberEnd()) {
-            EraseMember(m);
-            return true;
-        }
-        else
-            return false;
-    }
-
-    //@}
-
-    //!@name Array
-    //@{
-
-    //! Set this value as an empty array.
-    /*! \post IsArray == true */
-    GenericValue& SetArray() {  this->~GenericValue(); new (this) GenericValue(kArrayType); return *this; }
-
-    //! Get the number of elements in array.
-    SizeType Size() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray()); return data_.a.size; }
-
-    //! Get the capacity of array.
-    SizeType Capacity() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray()); return data_.a.capacity; }
-
-    //! Check whether the array is empty.
-    bool Empty() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray()); return data_.a.size == 0; }
-
-    //! Remove all elements in the array.
-    /*! This function do not deallocate memory in the array, i.e. the capacity is unchanged.
-        \note Linear time complexity.
-    */
-    void Clear() {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray()); 
-        for (SizeType i = 0; i < data_.a.size; ++i)
-            data_.a.elements[i].~GenericValue();
-        data_.a.size = 0;
-    }
-
-    //! Get an element from array by index.
-    /*! \pre IsArray() == true
-        \param index Zero-based index of element.
-        \see operator[](T*)
-    */
-    GenericValue& operator[](SizeType index) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray());
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(index < data_.a.size);
-        return data_.a.elements[index];
-    }
-    const GenericValue& operator[](SizeType index) const { return const_cast<GenericValue&>(*this)[index]; }
-
-    //! Element iterator
-    /*! \pre IsArray() == true */
-    ValueIterator Begin() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray()); return data_.a.elements; }
-    //! \em Past-the-end element iterator
-    /*! \pre IsArray() == true */
-    ValueIterator End() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray()); return data_.a.elements + data_.a.size; }
-    //! Constant element iterator
-    /*! \pre IsArray() == true */
-    ConstValueIterator Begin() const { return const_cast<GenericValue&>(*this).Begin(); }
-    //! Constant \em past-the-end element iterator
-    /*! \pre IsArray() == true */
-    ConstValueIterator End() const { return const_cast<GenericValue&>(*this).End(); }
-
-    //! Request the array to have enough capacity to store elements.
-    /*! \param newCapacity  The capacity that the array at least need to have.
-        \param allocator    Allocator for reallocating memory. It must be the same one as used before. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
-        \return The value itself for fluent API.
-        \note Linear time complexity.
-    */
-    GenericValue& Reserve(SizeType newCapacity, Allocator &allocator) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray());
-        if (newCapacity > data_.a.capacity) {
-            data_.a.elements = (GenericValue*)allocator.Realloc(data_.a.elements, data_.a.capacity * sizeof(GenericValue), newCapacity * sizeof(GenericValue));
-            data_.a.capacity = newCapacity;
-        }
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    //! Append a GenericValue at the end of the array.
-    /*! \param value        Value to be appended.
-        \param allocator    Allocator for reallocating memory. It must be the same one as used before. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
-        \pre IsArray() == true
-        \post value.IsNull() == true
-        \return The value itself for fluent API.
-        \note The ownership of \c value will be transferred to this array on success.
-        \note If the number of elements to be appended is known, calls Reserve() once first may be more efficient.
-        \note Amortized constant time complexity.
-    */
-    GenericValue& PushBack(GenericValue& value, Allocator& allocator) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray());
-        if (data_.a.size >= data_.a.capacity)
-            Reserve(data_.a.capacity == 0 ? kDefaultArrayCapacity : (data_.a.capacity + (data_.a.capacity + 1) / 2), allocator);
-        data_.a.elements[data_.a.size++].RawAssign(value);
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
-    GenericValue& PushBack(GenericValue&& value, Allocator& allocator) {
-        return PushBack(value, allocator);
-    }
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
-
-    //! Append a constant string reference at the end of the array.
-    /*! \param value        Constant string reference to be appended.
-        \param allocator    Allocator for reallocating memory. It must be the same one used previously. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
-        \pre IsArray() == true
-        \return The value itself for fluent API.
-        \note If the number of elements to be appended is known, calls Reserve() once first may be more efficient.
-        \note Amortized constant time complexity.
-        \see GenericStringRef
-    */
-    GenericValue& PushBack(StringRefType value, Allocator& allocator) {
-        return (*this).template PushBack<StringRefType>(value, allocator);
-    }
-
-    //! Append a primitive value at the end of the array.
-    /*! \tparam T Either \ref Type, \c int, \c unsigned, \c int64_t, \c uint64_t
-        \param value Value of primitive type T to be appended.
-        \param allocator    Allocator for reallocating memory. It must be the same one as used before. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
-        \pre IsArray() == true
-        \return The value itself for fluent API.
-        \note If the number of elements to be appended is known, calls Reserve() once first may be more efficient.
-
-        \note The source type \c T explicitly disallows all pointer types,
-            especially (\c const) \ref Ch*.  This helps avoiding implicitly
-            referencing character strings with insufficient lifetime, use
-            \ref PushBack(GenericValue&, Allocator&) or \ref
-            PushBack(StringRefType, Allocator&).
-            All other pointer types would implicitly convert to \c bool,
-            use an explicit cast instead, if needed.
-        \note Amortized constant time complexity.
-    */
-    template <typename T>
-    RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::OrExpr<internal::IsPointer<T>, internal::IsGenericValue<T> >), (GenericValue&))
-    PushBack(T value, Allocator& allocator) {
-        GenericValue v(value);
-        return PushBack(v, allocator);
-    }
-
-    //! Remove the last element in the array.
-    /*!
-        \note Constant time complexity.
-    */
-    GenericValue& PopBack() {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray());
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(!Empty());
-        data_.a.elements[--data_.a.size].~GenericValue();
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    //! Remove an element of array by iterator.
-    /*!
-        \param pos iterator to the element to remove
-        \pre IsArray() == true && \ref Begin() <= \c pos < \ref End()
-        \return Iterator following the removed element. If the iterator pos refers to the last element, the End() iterator is returned.
-        \note Linear time complexity.
-    */
-    ValueIterator Erase(ConstValueIterator pos) {
-        return Erase(pos, pos + 1);
-    }
-
-    //! Remove elements in the range [first, last) of the array.
-    /*!
-        \param first iterator to the first element to remove
-        \param last  iterator following the last element to remove
-        \pre IsArray() == true && \ref Begin() <= \c first <= \c last <= \ref End()
-        \return Iterator following the last removed element.
-        \note Linear time complexity.
-    */
-    ValueIterator Erase(ConstValueIterator first, ConstValueIterator last) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray());
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(data_.a.size > 0);
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(data_.a.elements != 0);
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(first >= Begin());
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(first <= last);
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(last <= End());
-        ValueIterator pos = Begin() + (first - Begin());
-        for (ValueIterator itr = pos; itr != last; ++itr)
-            itr->~GenericValue();       
-        std::memmove(pos, last, (End() - last) * sizeof(GenericValue));
-        data_.a.size -= (last - first);
-        return pos;
-    }
-
-    //@}
-
-    //!@name Number
-    //@{
-
-    int GetInt() const          { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(flags_ & kIntFlag);   return data_.n.i.i;   }
-    unsigned GetUint() const    { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(flags_ & kUintFlag);  return data_.n.u.u;   }
-    int64_t GetInt64() const    { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(flags_ & kInt64Flag); return data_.n.i64; }
-    uint64_t GetUint64() const  { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(flags_ & kUint64Flag); return data_.n.u64; }
-
-    double GetDouble() const {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsNumber());
-        if ((flags_ & kDoubleFlag) != 0)                return data_.n.d;   // exact type, no conversion.
-        if ((flags_ & kIntFlag) != 0)                   return data_.n.i.i; // int -> double
-        if ((flags_ & kUintFlag) != 0)                  return data_.n.u.u; // unsigned -> double
-        if ((flags_ & kInt64Flag) != 0)                 return (double)data_.n.i64; // int64_t -> double (may lose precision)
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT((flags_ & kUint64Flag) != 0);  return (double)data_.n.u64; // uint64_t -> double (may lose precision)
-    }
-
-    GenericValue& SetInt(int i)             { this->~GenericValue(); new (this) GenericValue(i);    return *this; }
-    GenericValue& SetUint(unsigned u)       { this->~GenericValue(); new (this) GenericValue(u);    return *this; }
-    GenericValue& SetInt64(int64_t i64)     { this->~GenericValue(); new (this) GenericValue(i64);  return *this; }
-    GenericValue& SetUint64(uint64_t u64)   { this->~GenericValue(); new (this) GenericValue(u64);  return *this; }
-    GenericValue& SetDouble(double d)       { this->~GenericValue(); new (this) GenericValue(d);    return *this; }
-
-    //@}
-
-    //!@name String
-    //@{
-
-    const Ch* GetString() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsString()); return ((flags_ & kInlineStrFlag) ? data_.ss.str : data_.s.str); }
-
-    //! Get the length of string.
-    /*! Since rapidjson permits "\\u0000" in the json string, strlen(v.GetString()) may not equal to v.GetStringLength().
-    */
-    SizeType GetStringLength() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsString()); return ((flags_ & kInlineStrFlag) ? (data_.ss.GetLength()) : data_.s.length); }
-
-    //! Set this value as a string without copying source string.
-    /*! This version has better performance with supplied length, and also support string containing null character.
-        \param s source string pointer. 
-        \param length The length of source string, excluding the trailing null terminator.
-        \return The value itself for fluent API.
-        \post IsString() == true && GetString() == s && GetStringLength() == length
-        \see SetString(StringRefType)
-    */
-    GenericValue& SetString(const Ch* s, SizeType length) { return SetString(StringRef(s, length)); }
-
-    //! Set this value as a string without copying source string.
-    /*! \param s source string reference
-        \return The value itself for fluent API.
-        \post IsString() == true && GetString() == s && GetStringLength() == s.length
-    */
-    GenericValue& SetString(StringRefType s) { this->~GenericValue(); SetStringRaw(s); return *this; }
-
-    //! Set this value as a string by copying from source string.
-    /*! This version has better performance with supplied length, and also support string containing null character.
-        \param s source string. 
-        \param length The length of source string, excluding the trailing null terminator.
-        \param allocator Allocator for allocating copied buffer. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
-        \return The value itself for fluent API.
-        \post IsString() == true && GetString() != s && strcmp(GetString(),s) == 0 && GetStringLength() == length
-    */
-    GenericValue& SetString(const Ch* s, SizeType length, Allocator& allocator) { this->~GenericValue(); SetStringRaw(StringRef(s, length), allocator); return *this; }
-
-    //! Set this value as a string by copying from source string.
-    /*! \param s source string. 
-        \param allocator Allocator for allocating copied buffer. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
-        \return The value itself for fluent API.
-        \post IsString() == true && GetString() != s && strcmp(GetString(),s) == 0 && GetStringLength() == length
-    */
-    GenericValue& SetString(const Ch* s, Allocator& allocator) { return SetString(s, internal::StrLen(s), allocator); }
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
-    //! Set this value as a string by copying from source string.
-    /*! \param s source string.
-        \param allocator Allocator for allocating copied buffer. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
-        \return The value itself for fluent API.
-        \post IsString() == true && GetString() != s.data() && strcmp(GetString(),s.data() == 0 && GetStringLength() == s.size()
-        \note Requires the definition of the preprocessor symbol \ref RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING.
-    */
-    GenericValue& SetString(const std::basic_string<Ch>& s, Allocator& allocator) { return SetString(s.data(), SizeType(s.size()), allocator); }
-#endif
-
-    //@}
-
-    //! Generate events of this value to a Handler.
-    /*! This function adopts the GoF visitor pattern.
-        Typical usage is to output this JSON value as JSON text via Writer, which is a Handler.
-        It can also be used to deep clone this value via GenericDocument, which is also a Handler.
-        \tparam Handler type of handler.
-        \param handler An object implementing concept Handler.
-    */
-    template <typename Handler>
-    bool Accept(Handler& handler) const {
-        switch(GetType()) {
-        case kNullType:     return handler.Null();
-        case kFalseType:    return handler.Bool(false);
-        case kTrueType:     return handler.Bool(true);
-
-        case kObjectType:
-            if (!handler.StartObject())
-                return false;
-            for (ConstMemberIterator m = MemberBegin(); m != MemberEnd(); ++m) {
-                RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(m->name.IsString()); // User may change the type of name by MemberIterator.
-                if (!handler.Key(m->name.GetString(), m->name.GetStringLength(), (m->name.flags_ & kCopyFlag) != 0))
-                    return false;
-                if (!m->value.Accept(handler))
-                    return false;
-            }
-            return handler.EndObject(data_.o.size);
-
-        case kArrayType:
-            if (!handler.StartArray())
-                return false;
-            for (GenericValue* v = data_.a.elements; v != data_.a.elements + data_.a.size; ++v)
-                if (!v->Accept(handler))
-                    return false;
-            return handler.EndArray(data_.a.size);
-    
-        case kStringType:
-            return handler.String(GetString(), GetStringLength(), (flags_ & kCopyFlag) != 0);
-    
-        default:
-            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(GetType() == kNumberType);
-            if (IsInt())            return handler.Int(data_.n.i.i);
-            else if (IsUint())      return handler.Uint(data_.n.u.u);
-            else if (IsInt64())     return handler.Int64(data_.n.i64);
-            else if (IsUint64())    return handler.Uint64(data_.n.u64);
-            else                    return handler.Double(data_.n.d);
-        }
-    }
-
-private:
-    template <typename, typename> friend class GenericValue;
-    template <typename, typename, typename> friend class GenericDocument;
-
-    enum {
-        kBoolFlag = 0x100,
-        kNumberFlag = 0x200,
-        kIntFlag = 0x400,
-        kUintFlag = 0x800,
-        kInt64Flag = 0x1000,
-        kUint64Flag = 0x2000,
-        kDoubleFlag = 0x4000,
-        kStringFlag = 0x100000,
-        kCopyFlag = 0x200000,
-        kInlineStrFlag = 0x400000,
-
-        // Initial flags of different types.
-        kNullFlag = kNullType,
-        kTrueFlag = kTrueType | kBoolFlag,
-        kFalseFlag = kFalseType | kBoolFlag,
-        kNumberIntFlag = kNumberType | kNumberFlag | kIntFlag | kInt64Flag,
-        kNumberUintFlag = kNumberType | kNumberFlag | kUintFlag | kUint64Flag | kInt64Flag,
-        kNumberInt64Flag = kNumberType | kNumberFlag | kInt64Flag,
-        kNumberUint64Flag = kNumberType | kNumberFlag | kUint64Flag,
-        kNumberDoubleFlag = kNumberType | kNumberFlag | kDoubleFlag,
-        kNumberAnyFlag = kNumberType | kNumberFlag | kIntFlag | kInt64Flag | kUintFlag | kUint64Flag | kDoubleFlag,
-        kConstStringFlag = kStringType | kStringFlag,
-        kCopyStringFlag = kStringType | kStringFlag | kCopyFlag,
-        kShortStringFlag = kStringType | kStringFlag | kCopyFlag | kInlineStrFlag,
-        kObjectFlag = kObjectType,
-        kArrayFlag = kArrayType,
-
-        kTypeMask = 0xFF    // bitwise-and with mask of 0xFF can be optimized by compiler
-    };
-
-    static const SizeType kDefaultArrayCapacity = 16;
-    static const SizeType kDefaultObjectCapacity = 16;
-
-    struct String {
-        const Ch* str;
-        SizeType length;
-        unsigned hashcode;  //!< reserved
-    };  // 12 bytes in 32-bit mode, 16 bytes in 64-bit mode
-
-    // implementation detail: ShortString can represent zero-terminated strings up to MaxSize chars
-    // (excluding the terminating zero) and store a value to determine the length of the contained
-    // string in the last character str[LenPos] by storing "MaxSize - length" there. If the string
-    // to store has the maximal length of MaxSize then str[LenPos] will be 0 and therefore act as
-    // the string terminator as well. For getting the string length back from that value just use
-    // "MaxSize - str[LenPos]".
-    // This allows to store 11-chars strings in 32-bit mode and 15-chars strings in 64-bit mode
-    // inline (for `UTF8`-encoded strings).
-    struct ShortString {
-        enum { MaxChars = sizeof(String) / sizeof(Ch), MaxSize = MaxChars - 1, LenPos = MaxSize };
-        Ch str[MaxChars];
-
-        inline static bool Usable(SizeType len) { return            (MaxSize >= len); }
-        inline void     SetLength(SizeType len) { str[LenPos] = (Ch)(MaxSize -  len); }
-        inline SizeType GetLength() const       { return  (SizeType)(MaxSize -  str[LenPos]); }
-    };  // at most as many bytes as "String" above => 12 bytes in 32-bit mode, 16 bytes in 64-bit mode
-
-    // By using proper binary layout, retrieval of different integer types do not need conversions.
-    union Number {
-#if RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN == RAPIDJSON_LITTLEENDIAN
-        struct I {
-            int i;
-            char padding[4];
-        }i;
-        struct U {
-            unsigned u;
-            char padding2[4];
-        }u;
-#else
-        struct I {
-            char padding[4];
-            int i;
-        }i;
-        struct U {
-            char padding2[4];
-            unsigned u;
-        }u;
-#endif
-        int64_t i64;
-        uint64_t u64;
-        double d;
-    };  // 8 bytes
-
-    struct Object {
-        Member* members;
-        SizeType size;
-        SizeType capacity;
-    };  // 12 bytes in 32-bit mode, 16 bytes in 64-bit mode
-
-    struct Array {
-        GenericValue* elements;
-        SizeType size;
-        SizeType capacity;
-    };  // 12 bytes in 32-bit mode, 16 bytes in 64-bit mode
-
-    union Data {
-        String s;
-        ShortString ss;
-        Number n;
-        Object o;
-        Array a;
-    };  // 12 bytes in 32-bit mode, 16 bytes in 64-bit mode
-
-    // Initialize this value as array with initial data, without calling destructor.
-    void SetArrayRaw(GenericValue* values, SizeType count, Allocator& allocator) {
-        flags_ = kArrayFlag;
-        if (count) {
-            data_.a.elements = (GenericValue*)allocator.Malloc(count * sizeof(GenericValue));
-            std::memcpy(data_.a.elements, values, count * sizeof(GenericValue));
-        }
-        else
-            data_.a.elements = NULL;
-        data_.a.size = data_.a.capacity = count;
-    }
-
-    //! Initialize this value as object with initial data, without calling destructor.
-    void SetObjectRaw(Member* members, SizeType count, Allocator& allocator) {
-        flags_ = kObjectFlag;
-        if (count) {
-            data_.o.members = (Member*)allocator.Malloc(count * sizeof(Member));
-            std::memcpy(data_.o.members, members, count * sizeof(Member));
-        }
-        else
-            data_.o.members = NULL;
-        data_.o.size = data_.o.capacity = count;
-    }
-
-    //! Initialize this value as constant string, without calling destructor.
-    void SetStringRaw(StringRefType s) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT {
-        flags_ = kConstStringFlag;
-        data_.s.str = s;
-        data_.s.length = s.length;
-    }
-
-    //! Initialize this value as copy string with initial data, without calling destructor.
-    void SetStringRaw(StringRefType s, Allocator& allocator) {
-        Ch* str = NULL;
-        if(ShortString::Usable(s.length)) {
-            flags_ = kShortStringFlag;
-            data_.ss.SetLength(s.length);
-            str = data_.ss.str;
-        } else {
-            flags_ = kCopyStringFlag;
-            data_.s.length = s.length;
-            str = (Ch *)allocator.Malloc((s.length + 1) * sizeof(Ch));
-            data_.s.str = str;
-        }
-        std::memcpy(str, s, s.length * sizeof(Ch));
-        str[s.length] = '\0';
-    }
-
-    //! Assignment without calling destructor
-    void RawAssign(GenericValue& rhs) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT {
-        data_ = rhs.data_;
-        flags_ = rhs.flags_;
-        rhs.flags_ = kNullFlag;
-    }
-
-    template <typename SourceAllocator>
-    bool StringEqual(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& rhs) const {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsString());
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(rhs.IsString());
-
-        const SizeType len1 = GetStringLength();
-        const SizeType len2 = rhs.GetStringLength();
-        if(len1 != len2) { return false; }
-
-        const Ch* const str1 = GetString();
-        const Ch* const str2 = rhs.GetString();
-        if(str1 == str2) { return true; } // fast path for constant string
-
-        return (std::memcmp(str1, str2, sizeof(Ch) * len1) == 0);
-    }
-
-    Data data_;
-    unsigned flags_;
-};
-
-//! GenericValue with UTF8 encoding
-typedef GenericValue<UTF8<> > Value;
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// GenericDocument 
-
-//! A document for parsing JSON text as DOM.
-/*!
-    \note implements Handler concept
-    \tparam Encoding Encoding for both parsing and string storage.
-    \tparam Allocator Allocator for allocating memory for the DOM
-    \tparam StackAllocator Allocator for allocating memory for stack during parsing.
-    \warning Although GenericDocument inherits from GenericValue, the API does \b not provide any virtual functions, especially no virtual destructor.  To avoid memory leaks, do not \c delete a GenericDocument object via a pointer to a GenericValue.
-*/
-template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator = MemoryPoolAllocator<>, typename StackAllocator = CrtAllocator>
-class GenericDocument : public GenericValue<Encoding, Allocator> {
-public:
-    typedef typename Encoding::Ch Ch;                       //!< Character type derived from Encoding.
-    typedef GenericValue<Encoding, Allocator> ValueType;    //!< Value type of the document.
-    typedef Allocator AllocatorType;                        //!< Allocator type from template parameter.
-
-    //! Constructor
-    /*! \param allocator        Optional allocator for allocating memory.
-        \param stackCapacity    Optional initial capacity of stack in bytes.
-        \param stackAllocator   Optional allocator for allocating memory for stack.
-    */
-    GenericDocument(Allocator* allocator = 0, size_t stackCapacity = kDefaultStackCapacity, StackAllocator* stackAllocator = 0) : 
-        allocator_(allocator), ownAllocator_(0), stack_(stackAllocator, stackCapacity), parseResult_()
-    {
-        if (!allocator_)
-            ownAllocator_ = allocator_ = RAPIDJSON_NEW(Allocator());
-    }
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
-    //! Move constructor in C++11
-    GenericDocument(GenericDocument&& rhs) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT
-        : ValueType(std::move(rhs)),
-          allocator_(rhs.allocator_),
-          ownAllocator_(rhs.ownAllocator_),
-          stack_(std::move(rhs.stack_)),
-          parseResult_(rhs.parseResult_)
-    {
-        rhs.allocator_ = 0;
-        rhs.ownAllocator_ = 0;
-        rhs.parseResult_ = ParseResult();
-    }
-#endif
-
-    ~GenericDocument() {
-        Destroy();
-    }
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
-    //! Move assignment in C++11
-    GenericDocument& operator=(GenericDocument&& rhs) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT
-    {
-        // The cast to ValueType is necessary here, because otherwise it would
-        // attempt to call GenericValue's templated assignment operator.
-        ValueType::operator=(std::forward<ValueType>(rhs));
-
-        // Calling the destructor here would prematurely call stack_'s destructor
-        Destroy();
-
-        allocator_ = rhs.allocator_;
-        ownAllocator_ = rhs.ownAllocator_;
-        stack_ = std::move(rhs.stack_);
-        parseResult_ = rhs.parseResult_;
-
-        rhs.allocator_ = 0;
-        rhs.ownAllocator_ = 0;
-        rhs.parseResult_ = ParseResult();
-
-        return *this;
-    }
-#endif
-
-    //!@name Parse from stream
-    //!@{
-
-    //! Parse JSON text from an input stream (with Encoding conversion)
-    /*! \tparam parseFlags Combination of \ref ParseFlag.
-        \tparam SourceEncoding Encoding of input stream
-        \tparam InputStream Type of input stream, implementing Stream concept
-        \param is Input stream to be parsed.
-        \return The document itself for fluent API.
-    */
-    template <unsigned parseFlags, typename SourceEncoding, typename InputStream>
-    GenericDocument& ParseStream(InputStream& is) {
-        ValueType::SetNull(); // Remove existing root if exist
-        GenericReader<SourceEncoding, Encoding, StackAllocator> reader(&stack_.GetAllocator());
-        ClearStackOnExit scope(*this);
-        parseResult_ = reader.template Parse<parseFlags>(is, *this);
-        if (parseResult_) {
-            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(stack_.GetSize() == sizeof(ValueType)); // Got one and only one root object
-            this->RawAssign(*stack_.template Pop<ValueType>(1));    // Add this-> to prevent issue 13.
-        }
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    //! Parse JSON text from an input stream
-    /*! \tparam parseFlags Combination of \ref ParseFlag.
-        \tparam InputStream Type of input stream, implementing Stream concept
-        \param is Input stream to be parsed.
-        \return The document itself for fluent API.
-    */
-    template <unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream>
-    GenericDocument& ParseStream(InputStream& is) {
-        return ParseStream<parseFlags, Encoding, InputStream>(is);
-    }
-
-    //! Parse JSON text from an input stream (with \ref kParseDefaultFlags)
-    /*! \tparam InputStream Type of input stream, implementing Stream concept
-        \param is Input stream to be parsed.
-        \return The document itself for fluent API.
-    */
-    template <typename InputStream>
-    GenericDocument& ParseStream(InputStream& is) {
-        return ParseStream<kParseDefaultFlags, Encoding, InputStream>(is);
-    }
-    //!@}
-
-    //!@name Parse in-place from mutable string
-    //!@{
-
-    //! Parse JSON text from a mutable string
-    /*! \tparam parseFlags Combination of \ref ParseFlag.
-        \param str Mutable zero-terminated string to be parsed.
-        \return The document itself for fluent API.
-    */
-    template <unsigned parseFlags>
-    GenericDocument& ParseInsitu(Ch* str) {
-        GenericInsituStringStream<Encoding> s(str);
-        return ParseStream<parseFlags | kParseInsituFlag>(s);
-    }
-
-    //! Parse JSON text from a mutable string (with \ref kParseDefaultFlags)
-    /*! \param str Mutable zero-terminated string to be parsed.
-        \return The document itself for fluent API.
-    */
-    GenericDocument& ParseInsitu(Ch* str) {
-        return ParseInsitu<kParseDefaultFlags>(str);
-    }
-    //!@}
-
-    //!@name Parse from read-only string
-    //!@{
-
-    //! Parse JSON text from a read-only string (with Encoding conversion)
-    /*! \tparam parseFlags Combination of \ref ParseFlag (must not contain \ref kParseInsituFlag).
-        \tparam SourceEncoding Transcoding from input Encoding
-        \param str Read-only zero-terminated string to be parsed.
-    */
-    template <unsigned parseFlags, typename SourceEncoding>
-    GenericDocument& Parse(const Ch* str) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(!(parseFlags & kParseInsituFlag));
-        GenericStringStream<SourceEncoding> s(str);
-        return ParseStream<parseFlags, SourceEncoding>(s);
-    }
-
-    //! Parse JSON text from a read-only string
-    /*! \tparam parseFlags Combination of \ref ParseFlag (must not contain \ref kParseInsituFlag).
-        \param str Read-only zero-terminated string to be parsed.
-    */
-    template <unsigned parseFlags>
-    GenericDocument& Parse(const Ch* str) {
-        return Parse<parseFlags, Encoding>(str);
-    }
-
-    //! Parse JSON text from a read-only string (with \ref kParseDefaultFlags)
-    /*! \param str Read-only zero-terminated string to be parsed.
-    */
-    GenericDocument& Parse(const Ch* str) {
-        return Parse<kParseDefaultFlags>(str);
-    }
-    //!@}
-
-    //!@name Handling parse errors
-    //!@{
-
-    //! Whether a parse error has occured in the last parsing.
-    bool HasParseError() const { return parseResult_.IsError(); }
-
-    //! Get the \ref ParseErrorCode of last parsing.
-    ParseErrorCode GetParseError() const { return parseResult_.Code(); }
-
-    //! Get the position of last parsing error in input, 0 otherwise.
-    size_t GetErrorOffset() const { return parseResult_.Offset(); }
-
-    //!@}
-
-    //! Get the allocator of this document.
-    Allocator& GetAllocator() { return *allocator_; }
-
-    //! Get the capacity of stack in bytes.
-    size_t GetStackCapacity() const { return stack_.GetCapacity(); }
-
-private:
-    // clear stack on any exit from ParseStream, e.g. due to exception
-    struct ClearStackOnExit {
-        explicit ClearStackOnExit(GenericDocument& d) : d_(d) {}
-        ~ClearStackOnExit() { d_.ClearStack(); }
-    private:
-        ClearStackOnExit(const ClearStackOnExit&);
-        ClearStackOnExit& operator=(const ClearStackOnExit&);
-        GenericDocument& d_;
-    };
-
-    // callers of the following private Handler functions
-    template <typename,typename,typename> friend class GenericReader; // for parsing
-    template <typename, typename> friend class GenericValue; // for deep copying
-
-    // Implementation of Handler
-    bool Null() { new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(); return true; }
-    bool Bool(bool b) { new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(b); return true; }
-    bool Int(int i) { new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(i); return true; }
-    bool Uint(unsigned i) { new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(i); return true; }
-    bool Int64(int64_t i) { new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(i); return true; }
-    bool Uint64(uint64_t i) { new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(i); return true; }
-    bool Double(double d) { new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(d); return true; }
-
-    bool String(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy) { 
-        if (copy) 
-            new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(str, length, GetAllocator());
-        else
-            new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(str, length);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    bool StartObject() { new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(kObjectType); return true; }
-    
-    bool Key(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy) { return String(str, length, copy); }
-
-    bool EndObject(SizeType memberCount) {
-        typename ValueType::Member* members = stack_.template Pop<typename ValueType::Member>(memberCount);
-        stack_.template Top<ValueType>()->SetObjectRaw(members, (SizeType)memberCount, GetAllocator());
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    bool StartArray() { new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(kArrayType); return true; }
-    
-    bool EndArray(SizeType elementCount) {
-        ValueType* elements = stack_.template Pop<ValueType>(elementCount);
-        stack_.template Top<ValueType>()->SetArrayRaw(elements, elementCount, GetAllocator());
-        return true;
-    }
-
-private:
-    //! Prohibit copying
-    GenericDocument(const GenericDocument&);
-    //! Prohibit assignment
-    GenericDocument& operator=(const GenericDocument&);
-
-    void ClearStack() {
-        if (Allocator::kNeedFree)
-            while (stack_.GetSize() > 0)    // Here assumes all elements in stack array are GenericValue (Member is actually 2 GenericValue objects)
-                (stack_.template Pop<ValueType>(1))->~ValueType();
-        else
-            stack_.Clear();
-        stack_.ShrinkToFit();
-    }
-
-    void Destroy() {
-        RAPIDJSON_DELETE(ownAllocator_);
-    }
-
-    static const size_t kDefaultStackCapacity = 1024;
-    Allocator* allocator_;
-    Allocator* ownAllocator_;
-    internal::Stack<StackAllocator> stack_;
-    ParseResult parseResult_;
-};
-
-//! GenericDocument with UTF8 encoding
-typedef GenericDocument<UTF8<> > Document;
-
-// defined here due to the dependency on GenericDocument
-template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator>
-template <typename SourceAllocator>
-inline
-GenericValue<Encoding,Allocator>::GenericValue(const GenericValue<Encoding,SourceAllocator>& rhs, Allocator& allocator)
-{
-    switch (rhs.GetType()) {
-    case kObjectType:
-    case kArrayType: { // perform deep copy via SAX Handler
-            GenericDocument<Encoding,Allocator> d(&allocator);
-            rhs.Accept(d);
-            RawAssign(*d.stack_.template Pop<GenericValue>(1));
-        }
-        break;
-    case kStringType:
-        if (rhs.flags_ == kConstStringFlag) {
-            flags_ = rhs.flags_;
-            data_  = *reinterpret_cast<const Data*>(&rhs.data_);
-        } else {
-            SetStringRaw(StringRef(rhs.GetString(), rhs.GetStringLength()), allocator);
-        }
-        break;
-    default: // kNumberType, kTrueType, kFalseType, kNullType
-        flags_ = rhs.flags_;
-        data_  = *reinterpret_cast<const Data*>(&rhs.data_);
-    }
-}
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__GNUC__)
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
-#endif
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_DOCUMENT_H_
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_DOCUMENT_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_DOCUMENT_H_
+
+/*! \file document.h */
+
+#include "reader.h"
+#include "internal/meta.h"
+#include "internal/strfunc.h"
+#include "memorystream.h"
+#include "encodedstream.h"
+#include <new>      // placement new
+#include <limits>
+
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(4127) // conditional expression is constant
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(4244) // conversion from kXxxFlags to 'uint16_t', possible loss of data
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(padded)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(switch-enum)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(c++98-compat)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(effc++)
+#if __GNUC__ >= 6
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(terminate) // ignore throwing RAPIDJSON_ASSERT in RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT functions
+#endif
+#endif // __GNUC__
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_NOMEMBERITERATORCLASS
+#include <iterator> // std::iterator, std::random_access_iterator_tag
+#endif
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+#include <utility> // std::move
+#endif
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+// Forward declaration.
+template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator>
+class GenericValue;
+
+template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator, typename StackAllocator>
+class GenericDocument;
+
+//! Name-value pair in a JSON object value.
+/*!
+    This class was internal to GenericValue. It used to be a inner struct.
+    But a compiler (IBM XL C/C++ for AIX) have reported to have problem with that so it moved as a namespace scope struct.
+    https://code.google.com/p/rapidjson/issues/detail?id=64
+*/
+template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator> 
+struct GenericMember { 
+    GenericValue<Encoding, Allocator> name;     //!< name of member (must be a string)
+    GenericValue<Encoding, Allocator> value;    //!< value of member.
+};
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// GenericMemberIterator
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_NOMEMBERITERATORCLASS
+
+//! (Constant) member iterator for a JSON object value
+/*!
+    \tparam Const Is this a constant iterator?
+    \tparam Encoding    Encoding of the value. (Even non-string values need to have the same encoding in a document)
+    \tparam Allocator   Allocator type for allocating memory of object, array and string.
+
+    This class implements a Random Access Iterator for GenericMember elements
+    of a GenericValue, see ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E) C++ standard, 24.1 [lib.iterator.requirements].
+
+    \note This iterator implementation is mainly intended to avoid implicit
+        conversions from iterator values to \c NULL,
+        e.g. from GenericValue::FindMember.
+
+    \note Define \c RAPIDJSON_NOMEMBERITERATORCLASS to fall back to a
+        pointer-based implementation, if your platform doesn't provide
+        the C++ <iterator> header.
+
+    \see GenericMember, GenericValue::MemberIterator, GenericValue::ConstMemberIterator
+ */
+template <bool Const, typename Encoding, typename Allocator>
+class GenericMemberIterator
+    : public std::iterator<std::random_access_iterator_tag
+        , typename internal::MaybeAddConst<Const,GenericMember<Encoding,Allocator> >::Type> {
+
+    friend class GenericValue<Encoding,Allocator>;
+    template <bool, typename, typename> friend class GenericMemberIterator;
+
+    typedef GenericMember<Encoding,Allocator> PlainType;
+    typedef typename internal::MaybeAddConst<Const,PlainType>::Type ValueType;
+    typedef std::iterator<std::random_access_iterator_tag,ValueType> BaseType;
+
+public:
+    //! Iterator type itself
+    typedef GenericMemberIterator Iterator;
+    //! Constant iterator type
+    typedef GenericMemberIterator<true,Encoding,Allocator>  ConstIterator;
+    //! Non-constant iterator type
+    typedef GenericMemberIterator<false,Encoding,Allocator> NonConstIterator;
+
+    //! Pointer to (const) GenericMember
+    typedef typename BaseType::pointer         Pointer;
+    //! Reference to (const) GenericMember
+    typedef typename BaseType::reference       Reference;
+    //! Signed integer type (e.g. \c ptrdiff_t)
+    typedef typename BaseType::difference_type DifferenceType;
+
+    //! Default constructor (singular value)
+    /*! Creates an iterator pointing to no element.
+        \note All operations, except for comparisons, are undefined on such values.
+     */
+    GenericMemberIterator() : ptr_() {}
+
+    //! Iterator conversions to more const
+    /*!
+        \param it (Non-const) iterator to copy from
+
+        Allows the creation of an iterator from another GenericMemberIterator
+        that is "less const".  Especially, creating a non-constant iterator
+        from a constant iterator are disabled:
+        \li const -> non-const (not ok)
+        \li const -> const (ok)
+        \li non-const -> const (ok)
+        \li non-const -> non-const (ok)
+
+        \note If the \c Const template parameter is already \c false, this
+            constructor effectively defines a regular copy-constructor.
+            Otherwise, the copy constructor is implicitly defined.
+    */
+    GenericMemberIterator(const NonConstIterator & it) : ptr_(it.ptr_) {}
+    Iterator& operator=(const NonConstIterator & it) { ptr_ = it.ptr_; return *this; }
+
+    //! @name stepping
+    //@{
+    Iterator& operator++(){ ++ptr_; return *this; }
+    Iterator& operator--(){ --ptr_; return *this; }
+    Iterator  operator++(int){ Iterator old(*this); ++ptr_; return old; }
+    Iterator  operator--(int){ Iterator old(*this); --ptr_; return old; }
+    //@}
+
+    //! @name increment/decrement
+    //@{
+    Iterator operator+(DifferenceType n) const { return Iterator(ptr_+n); }
+    Iterator operator-(DifferenceType n) const { return Iterator(ptr_-n); }
+
+    Iterator& operator+=(DifferenceType n) { ptr_+=n; return *this; }
+    Iterator& operator-=(DifferenceType n) { ptr_-=n; return *this; }
+    //@}
+
+    //! @name relations
+    //@{
+    bool operator==(ConstIterator that) const { return ptr_ == that.ptr_; }
+    bool operator!=(ConstIterator that) const { return ptr_ != that.ptr_; }
+    bool operator<=(ConstIterator that) const { return ptr_ <= that.ptr_; }
+    bool operator>=(ConstIterator that) const { return ptr_ >= that.ptr_; }
+    bool operator< (ConstIterator that) const { return ptr_ < that.ptr_; }
+    bool operator> (ConstIterator that) const { return ptr_ > that.ptr_; }
+    //@}
+
+    //! @name dereference
+    //@{
+    Reference operator*() const { return *ptr_; }
+    Pointer   operator->() const { return ptr_; }
+    Reference operator[](DifferenceType n) const { return ptr_[n]; }
+    //@}
+
+    //! Distance
+    DifferenceType operator-(ConstIterator that) const { return ptr_-that.ptr_; }
+
+private:
+    //! Internal constructor from plain pointer
+    explicit GenericMemberIterator(Pointer p) : ptr_(p) {}
+
+    Pointer ptr_; //!< raw pointer
+};
+
+#else // RAPIDJSON_NOMEMBERITERATORCLASS
+
+// class-based member iterator implementation disabled, use plain pointers
+
+template <bool Const, typename Encoding, typename Allocator>
+struct GenericMemberIterator;
+
+//! non-const GenericMemberIterator
+template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator>
+struct GenericMemberIterator<false,Encoding,Allocator> {
+    //! use plain pointer as iterator type
+    typedef GenericMember<Encoding,Allocator>* Iterator;
+};
+//! const GenericMemberIterator
+template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator>
+struct GenericMemberIterator<true,Encoding,Allocator> {
+    //! use plain const pointer as iterator type
+    typedef const GenericMember<Encoding,Allocator>* Iterator;
+};
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_NOMEMBERITERATORCLASS
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// GenericStringRef
+
+//! Reference to a constant string (not taking a copy)
+/*!
+    \tparam CharType character type of the string
+
+    This helper class is used to automatically infer constant string
+    references for string literals, especially from \c const \b (!)
+    character arrays.
+
+    The main use is for creating JSON string values without copying the
+    source string via an \ref Allocator.  This requires that the referenced
+    string pointers have a sufficient lifetime, which exceeds the lifetime
+    of the associated GenericValue.
+
+    \b Example
+    \code
+    Value v("foo");   // ok, no need to copy & calculate length
+    const char foo[] = "foo";
+    v.SetString(foo); // ok
+
+    const char* bar = foo;
+    // Value x(bar); // not ok, can't rely on bar's lifetime
+    Value x(StringRef(bar)); // lifetime explicitly guaranteed by user
+    Value y(StringRef(bar, 3));  // ok, explicitly pass length
+    \endcode
+
+    \see StringRef, GenericValue::SetString
+*/
+template<typename CharType>
+struct GenericStringRef {
+    typedef CharType Ch; //!< character type of the string
+
+    //! Create string reference from \c const character array
+#ifndef __clang__ // -Wdocumentation
+    /*!
+        This constructor implicitly creates a constant string reference from
+        a \c const character array.  It has better performance than
+        \ref StringRef(const CharType*) by inferring the string \ref length
+        from the array length, and also supports strings containing null
+        characters.
+
+        \tparam N length of the string, automatically inferred
+
+        \param str Constant character array, lifetime assumed to be longer
+            than the use of the string in e.g. a GenericValue
+
+        \post \ref s == str
+
+        \note Constant complexity.
+        \note There is a hidden, private overload to disallow references to
+            non-const character arrays to be created via this constructor.
+            By this, e.g. function-scope arrays used to be filled via
+            \c snprintf are excluded from consideration.
+            In such cases, the referenced string should be \b copied to the
+            GenericValue instead.
+     */
+#endif
+    template<SizeType N>
+    GenericStringRef(const CharType (&str)[N]) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT
+        : s(str), length(N-1) {}
+
+    //! Explicitly create string reference from \c const character pointer
+#ifndef __clang__ // -Wdocumentation
+    /*!
+        This constructor can be used to \b explicitly  create a reference to
+        a constant string pointer.
+
+        \see StringRef(const CharType*)
+
+        \param str Constant character pointer, lifetime assumed to be longer
+            than the use of the string in e.g. a GenericValue
+
+        \post \ref s == str
+
+        \note There is a hidden, private overload to disallow references to
+            non-const character arrays to be created via this constructor.
+            By this, e.g. function-scope arrays used to be filled via
+            \c snprintf are excluded from consideration.
+            In such cases, the referenced string should be \b copied to the
+            GenericValue instead.
+     */
+#endif
+    explicit GenericStringRef(const CharType* str)
+        : s(str), length(internal::StrLen(str)){ RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(s != 0); }
+
+    //! Create constant string reference from pointer and length
+#ifndef __clang__ // -Wdocumentation
+    /*! \param str constant string, lifetime assumed to be longer than the use of the string in e.g. a GenericValue
+        \param len length of the string, excluding the trailing NULL terminator
+
+        \post \ref s == str && \ref length == len
+        \note Constant complexity.
+     */
+#endif
+    GenericStringRef(const CharType* str, SizeType len)
+        : s(str), length(len) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(s != 0); }
+
+    GenericStringRef(const GenericStringRef& rhs) : s(rhs.s), length(rhs.length) {}
+
+    GenericStringRef& operator=(const GenericStringRef& rhs) { s = rhs.s; length = rhs.length; }
+
+    //! implicit conversion to plain CharType pointer
+    operator const Ch *() const { return s; }
+
+    const Ch* const s; //!< plain CharType pointer
+    const SizeType length; //!< length of the string (excluding the trailing NULL terminator)
+
+private:
+    //! Disallow construction from non-const array
+    template<SizeType N>
+    GenericStringRef(CharType (&str)[N]) /* = delete */;
+};
+
+//! Mark a character pointer as constant string
+/*! Mark a plain character pointer as a "string literal".  This function
+    can be used to avoid copying a character string to be referenced as a
+    value in a JSON GenericValue object, if the string's lifetime is known
+    to be valid long enough.
+    \tparam CharType Character type of the string
+    \param str Constant string, lifetime assumed to be longer than the use of the string in e.g. a GenericValue
+    \return GenericStringRef string reference object
+    \relatesalso GenericStringRef
+
+    \see GenericValue::GenericValue(StringRefType), GenericValue::operator=(StringRefType), GenericValue::SetString(StringRefType), GenericValue::PushBack(StringRefType, Allocator&), GenericValue::AddMember
+*/
+template<typename CharType>
+inline GenericStringRef<CharType> StringRef(const CharType* str) {
+    return GenericStringRef<CharType>(str, internal::StrLen(str));
+}
+
+//! Mark a character pointer as constant string
+/*! Mark a plain character pointer as a "string literal".  This function
+    can be used to avoid copying a character string to be referenced as a
+    value in a JSON GenericValue object, if the string's lifetime is known
+    to be valid long enough.
+
+    This version has better performance with supplied length, and also
+    supports string containing null characters.
+
+    \tparam CharType character type of the string
+    \param str Constant string, lifetime assumed to be longer than the use of the string in e.g. a GenericValue
+    \param length The length of source string.
+    \return GenericStringRef string reference object
+    \relatesalso GenericStringRef
+*/
+template<typename CharType>
+inline GenericStringRef<CharType> StringRef(const CharType* str, size_t length) {
+    return GenericStringRef<CharType>(str, SizeType(length));
+}
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+//! Mark a string object as constant string
+/*! Mark a string object (e.g. \c std::string) as a "string literal".
+    This function can be used to avoid copying a string to be referenced as a
+    value in a JSON GenericValue object, if the string's lifetime is known
+    to be valid long enough.
+
+    \tparam CharType character type of the string
+    \param str Constant string, lifetime assumed to be longer than the use of the string in e.g. a GenericValue
+    \return GenericStringRef string reference object
+    \relatesalso GenericStringRef
+    \note Requires the definition of the preprocessor symbol \ref RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING.
+*/
+template<typename CharType>
+inline GenericStringRef<CharType> StringRef(const std::basic_string<CharType>& str) {
+    return GenericStringRef<CharType>(str.data(), SizeType(str.size()));
+}
+#endif
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// GenericValue type traits
+namespace internal {
+
+template <typename T, typename Encoding = void, typename Allocator = void>
+struct IsGenericValueImpl : FalseType {};
+
+// select candidates according to nested encoding and allocator types
+template <typename T> struct IsGenericValueImpl<T, typename Void<typename T::EncodingType>::Type, typename Void<typename T::AllocatorType>::Type>
+    : IsBaseOf<GenericValue<typename T::EncodingType, typename T::AllocatorType>, T>::Type {};
+
+// helper to match arbitrary GenericValue instantiations, including derived classes
+template <typename T> struct IsGenericValue : IsGenericValueImpl<T>::Type {};
+
+} // namespace internal
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// TypeHelper
+
+namespace internal {
+
+template <typename ValueType, typename T>
+struct TypeHelper {};
+
+template<typename ValueType> 
+struct TypeHelper<ValueType, bool> {
+    static bool Is(const ValueType& v) { return v.IsBool(); }
+    static bool Get(const ValueType& v) { return v.GetBool(); }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, bool data) { return v.SetBool(data); }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, bool data, typename ValueType::AllocatorType&) { return v.SetBool(data); }
+};
+
+template<typename ValueType> 
+struct TypeHelper<ValueType, int> {
+    static bool Is(const ValueType& v) { return v.IsInt(); }
+    static int Get(const ValueType& v) { return v.GetInt(); }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, int data) { return v.SetInt(data); }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, int data, typename ValueType::AllocatorType&) { return v.SetInt(data); }
+};
+
+template<typename ValueType> 
+struct TypeHelper<ValueType, unsigned> {
+    static bool Is(const ValueType& v) { return v.IsUint(); }
+    static unsigned Get(const ValueType& v) { return v.GetUint(); }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, unsigned data) { return v.SetUint(data); }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, unsigned data, typename ValueType::AllocatorType&) { return v.SetUint(data); }
+};
+
+template<typename ValueType> 
+struct TypeHelper<ValueType, int64_t> {
+    static bool Is(const ValueType& v) { return v.IsInt64(); }
+    static int64_t Get(const ValueType& v) { return v.GetInt64(); }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, int64_t data) { return v.SetInt64(data); }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, int64_t data, typename ValueType::AllocatorType&) { return v.SetInt64(data); }
+};
+
+template<typename ValueType> 
+struct TypeHelper<ValueType, uint64_t> {
+    static bool Is(const ValueType& v) { return v.IsUint64(); }
+    static uint64_t Get(const ValueType& v) { return v.GetUint64(); }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, uint64_t data) { return v.SetUint64(data); }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, uint64_t data, typename ValueType::AllocatorType&) { return v.SetUint64(data); }
+};
+
+template<typename ValueType> 
+struct TypeHelper<ValueType, double> {
+    static bool Is(const ValueType& v) { return v.IsDouble(); }
+    static double Get(const ValueType& v) { return v.GetDouble(); }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, double data) { return v.SetDouble(data); }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, double data, typename ValueType::AllocatorType&) { return v.SetDouble(data); }
+};
+
+template<typename ValueType> 
+struct TypeHelper<ValueType, float> {
+    static bool Is(const ValueType& v) { return v.IsFloat(); }
+    static float Get(const ValueType& v) { return v.GetFloat(); }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, float data) { return v.SetFloat(data); }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, float data, typename ValueType::AllocatorType&) { return v.SetFloat(data); }
+};
+
+template<typename ValueType> 
+struct TypeHelper<ValueType, const typename ValueType::Ch*> {
+    typedef const typename ValueType::Ch* StringType;
+    static bool Is(const ValueType& v) { return v.IsString(); }
+    static StringType Get(const ValueType& v) { return v.GetString(); }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, const StringType data) { return v.SetString(typename ValueType::StringRefType(data)); }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, const StringType data, typename ValueType::AllocatorType& a) { return v.SetString(data, a); }
+};
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+template<typename ValueType> 
+struct TypeHelper<ValueType, std::basic_string<typename ValueType::Ch> > {
+    typedef std::basic_string<typename ValueType::Ch> StringType;
+    static bool Is(const ValueType& v) { return v.IsString(); }
+    static StringType Get(const ValueType& v) { return StringType(v.GetString(), v.GetStringLength()); }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, const StringType& data, typename ValueType::AllocatorType& a) { return v.SetString(data, a); }
+};
+#endif
+
+template<typename ValueType> 
+struct TypeHelper<ValueType, typename ValueType::Array> {
+    typedef typename ValueType::Array ArrayType;
+    static bool Is(const ValueType& v) { return v.IsArray(); }
+    static ArrayType Get(ValueType& v) { return v.GetArray(); }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, ArrayType data) { return v = data; }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, ArrayType data, typename ValueType::AllocatorType&) { return v = data; }
+};
+
+template<typename ValueType> 
+struct TypeHelper<ValueType, typename ValueType::ConstArray> {
+    typedef typename ValueType::ConstArray ArrayType;
+    static bool Is(const ValueType& v) { return v.IsArray(); }
+    static ArrayType Get(const ValueType& v) { return v.GetArray(); }
+};
+
+template<typename ValueType> 
+struct TypeHelper<ValueType, typename ValueType::Object> {
+    typedef typename ValueType::Object ObjectType;
+    static bool Is(const ValueType& v) { return v.IsObject(); }
+    static ObjectType Get(ValueType& v) { return v.GetObject(); }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, ObjectType data) { return v = data; }
+    static ValueType& Set(ValueType& v, ObjectType data, typename ValueType::AllocatorType&) { v = data; }
+};
+
+template<typename ValueType> 
+struct TypeHelper<ValueType, typename ValueType::ConstObject> {
+    typedef typename ValueType::ConstObject ObjectType;
+    static bool Is(const ValueType& v) { return v.IsObject(); }
+    static ObjectType Get(const ValueType& v) { return v.GetObject(); }
+};
+
+} // namespace internal
+
+// Forward declarations
+template <bool, typename> class GenericArray;
+template <bool, typename> class GenericObject;
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// GenericValue
+
+//! Represents a JSON value. Use Value for UTF8 encoding and default allocator.
+/*!
+    A JSON value can be one of 7 types. This class is a variant type supporting
+    these types.
+
+    Use the Value if UTF8 and default allocator
+
+    \tparam Encoding    Encoding of the value. (Even non-string values need to have the same encoding in a document)
+    \tparam Allocator   Allocator type for allocating memory of object, array and string.
+*/
+template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator = MemoryPoolAllocator<> > 
+class GenericValue {
+public:
+    //! Name-value pair in an object.
+    typedef GenericMember<Encoding, Allocator> Member;
+    typedef Encoding EncodingType;                  //!< Encoding type from template parameter.
+    typedef Allocator AllocatorType;                //!< Allocator type from template parameter.
+    typedef typename Encoding::Ch Ch;               //!< Character type derived from Encoding.
+    typedef GenericStringRef<Ch> StringRefType;     //!< Reference to a constant string
+    typedef typename GenericMemberIterator<false,Encoding,Allocator>::Iterator MemberIterator;  //!< Member iterator for iterating in object.
+    typedef typename GenericMemberIterator<true,Encoding,Allocator>::Iterator ConstMemberIterator;  //!< Constant member iterator for iterating in object.
+    typedef GenericValue* ValueIterator;            //!< Value iterator for iterating in array.
+    typedef const GenericValue* ConstValueIterator; //!< Constant value iterator for iterating in array.
+    typedef GenericValue<Encoding, Allocator> ValueType;    //!< Value type of itself.
+    typedef GenericArray<false, ValueType> Array;
+    typedef GenericArray<true, ValueType> ConstArray;
+    typedef GenericObject<false, ValueType> Object;
+    typedef GenericObject<true, ValueType> ConstObject;
+
+    //!@name Constructors and destructor.
+    //@{
+
+    //! Default constructor creates a null value.
+    GenericValue() RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_() { data_.f.flags = kNullFlag; }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+    //! Move constructor in C++11
+    GenericValue(GenericValue&& rhs) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_(rhs.data_) {
+        rhs.data_.f.flags = kNullFlag; // give up contents
+    }
+#endif
+
+private:
+    //! Copy constructor is not permitted.
+    GenericValue(const GenericValue& rhs);
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+    //! Moving from a GenericDocument is not permitted.
+    template <typename StackAllocator>
+    GenericValue(GenericDocument<Encoding,Allocator,StackAllocator>&& rhs);
+
+    //! Move assignment from a GenericDocument is not permitted.
+    template <typename StackAllocator>
+    GenericValue& operator=(GenericDocument<Encoding,Allocator,StackAllocator>&& rhs);
+#endif
+
+public:
+
+    //! Constructor with JSON value type.
+    /*! This creates a Value of specified type with default content.
+        \param type Type of the value.
+        \note Default content for number is zero.
+    */
+    explicit GenericValue(Type type) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_() {
+        static const uint16_t defaultFlags[7] = {
+            kNullFlag, kFalseFlag, kTrueFlag, kObjectFlag, kArrayFlag, kShortStringFlag,
+            kNumberAnyFlag
+        };
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(type <= kNumberType);
+        data_.f.flags = defaultFlags[type];
+
+        // Use ShortString to store empty string.
+        if (type == kStringType)
+            data_.ss.SetLength(0);
+    }
+
+    //! Explicit copy constructor (with allocator)
+    /*! Creates a copy of a Value by using the given Allocator
+        \tparam SourceAllocator allocator of \c rhs
+        \param rhs Value to copy from (read-only)
+        \param allocator Allocator for allocating copied elements and buffers. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
+        \see CopyFrom()
+    */
+    template< typename SourceAllocator >
+    GenericValue(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& rhs, Allocator & allocator);
+
+    //! Constructor for boolean value.
+    /*! \param b Boolean value
+        \note This constructor is limited to \em real boolean values and rejects
+            implicitly converted types like arbitrary pointers.  Use an explicit cast
+            to \c bool, if you want to construct a boolean JSON value in such cases.
+     */
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_DOXYGEN_RUNNING // hide SFINAE from Doxygen
+    template <typename T>
+    explicit GenericValue(T b, RAPIDJSON_ENABLEIF((internal::IsSame<bool, T>))) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT  // See #472
+#else
+    explicit GenericValue(bool b) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT
+#endif
+        : data_() {
+            // safe-guard against failing SFINAE
+            RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT((internal::IsSame<bool,T>::Value));
+            data_.f.flags = b ? kTrueFlag : kFalseFlag;
+    }
+
+    //! Constructor for int value.
+    explicit GenericValue(int i) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_() {
+        data_.n.i64 = i;
+        data_.f.flags = (i >= 0) ? (kNumberIntFlag | kUintFlag | kUint64Flag) : kNumberIntFlag;
+    }
+
+    //! Constructor for unsigned value.
+    explicit GenericValue(unsigned u) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_() {
+        data_.n.u64 = u; 
+        data_.f.flags = (u & 0x80000000) ? kNumberUintFlag : (kNumberUintFlag | kIntFlag | kInt64Flag);
+    }
+
+    //! Constructor for int64_t value.
+    explicit GenericValue(int64_t i64) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_() {
+        data_.n.i64 = i64;
+        data_.f.flags = kNumberInt64Flag;
+        if (i64 >= 0) {
+            data_.f.flags |= kNumberUint64Flag;
+            if (!(static_cast<uint64_t>(i64) & RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0xFFFFFFFF, 0x00000000)))
+                data_.f.flags |= kUintFlag;
+            if (!(static_cast<uint64_t>(i64) & RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0xFFFFFFFF, 0x80000000)))
+                data_.f.flags |= kIntFlag;
+        }
+        else if (i64 >= static_cast<int64_t>(RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0xFFFFFFFF, 0x80000000)))
+            data_.f.flags |= kIntFlag;
+    }
+
+    //! Constructor for uint64_t value.
+    explicit GenericValue(uint64_t u64) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_() {
+        data_.n.u64 = u64;
+        data_.f.flags = kNumberUint64Flag;
+        if (!(u64 & RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0x80000000, 0x00000000)))
+            data_.f.flags |= kInt64Flag;
+        if (!(u64 & RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0xFFFFFFFF, 0x00000000)))
+            data_.f.flags |= kUintFlag;
+        if (!(u64 & RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0xFFFFFFFF, 0x80000000)))
+            data_.f.flags |= kIntFlag;
+    }
+
+    //! Constructor for double value.
+    explicit GenericValue(double d) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_() { data_.n.d = d; data_.f.flags = kNumberDoubleFlag; }
+
+    //! Constructor for constant string (i.e. do not make a copy of string)
+    GenericValue(const Ch* s, SizeType length) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_() { SetStringRaw(StringRef(s, length)); }
+
+    //! Constructor for constant string (i.e. do not make a copy of string)
+    explicit GenericValue(StringRefType s) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_() { SetStringRaw(s); }
+
+    //! Constructor for copy-string (i.e. do make a copy of string)
+    GenericValue(const Ch* s, SizeType length, Allocator& allocator) : data_() { SetStringRaw(StringRef(s, length), allocator); }
+
+    //! Constructor for copy-string (i.e. do make a copy of string)
+    GenericValue(const Ch*s, Allocator& allocator) : data_() { SetStringRaw(StringRef(s), allocator); }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    //! Constructor for copy-string from a string object (i.e. do make a copy of string)
+    /*! \note Requires the definition of the preprocessor symbol \ref RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING.
+     */
+    GenericValue(const std::basic_string<Ch>& s, Allocator& allocator) : data_() { SetStringRaw(StringRef(s), allocator); }
+#endif
+
+    //! Constructor for Array.
+    /*!
+        \param a An array obtained by \c GetArray().
+        \note \c Array is always pass-by-value.
+        \note the source array is moved into this value and the sourec array becomes empty.
+    */
+    GenericValue(Array a) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_(a.value_.data_) {
+        a.value_.data_ = Data();
+        a.value_.data_.f.flags = kArrayFlag;
+    }
+
+    //! Constructor for Object.
+    /*!
+        \param o An object obtained by \c GetObject().
+        \note \c Object is always pass-by-value.
+        \note the source object is moved into this value and the sourec object becomes empty.
+    */
+    GenericValue(Object o) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT : data_(o.value_.data_) {
+        o.value_.data_ = Data();
+        o.value_.data_.f.flags = kObjectFlag;
+    }
+
+    //! Destructor.
+    /*! Need to destruct elements of array, members of object, or copy-string.
+    */
+    ~GenericValue() {
+        if (Allocator::kNeedFree) { // Shortcut by Allocator's trait
+            switch(data_.f.flags) {
+            case kArrayFlag:
+                {
+                    GenericValue* e = GetElementsPointer();
+                    for (GenericValue* v = e; v != e + data_.a.size; ++v)
+                        v->~GenericValue();
+                    Allocator::Free(e);
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case kObjectFlag:
+                for (MemberIterator m = MemberBegin(); m != MemberEnd(); ++m)
+                    m->~Member();
+                Allocator::Free(GetMembersPointer());
+                break;
+
+            case kCopyStringFlag:
+                Allocator::Free(const_cast<Ch*>(GetStringPointer()));
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                break;  // Do nothing for other types.
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    //@}
+
+    //!@name Assignment operators
+    //@{
+
+    //! Assignment with move semantics.
+    /*! \param rhs Source of the assignment. It will become a null value after assignment.
+    */
+    GenericValue& operator=(GenericValue& rhs) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(this != &rhs);
+        this->~GenericValue();
+        RawAssign(rhs);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+    //! Move assignment in C++11
+    GenericValue& operator=(GenericValue&& rhs) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT {
+        return *this = rhs.Move();
+    }
+#endif
+
+    //! Assignment of constant string reference (no copy)
+    /*! \param str Constant string reference to be assigned
+        \note This overload is needed to avoid clashes with the generic primitive type assignment overload below.
+        \see GenericStringRef, operator=(T)
+    */
+    GenericValue& operator=(StringRefType str) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT {
+        GenericValue s(str);
+        return *this = s;
+    }
+
+    //! Assignment with primitive types.
+    /*! \tparam T Either \ref Type, \c int, \c unsigned, \c int64_t, \c uint64_t
+        \param value The value to be assigned.
+
+        \note The source type \c T explicitly disallows all pointer types,
+            especially (\c const) \ref Ch*.  This helps avoiding implicitly
+            referencing character strings with insufficient lifetime, use
+            \ref SetString(const Ch*, Allocator&) (for copying) or
+            \ref StringRef() (to explicitly mark the pointer as constant) instead.
+            All other pointer types would implicitly convert to \c bool,
+            use \ref SetBool() instead.
+    */
+    template <typename T>
+    RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::IsPointer<T>), (GenericValue&))
+    operator=(T value) {
+        GenericValue v(value);
+        return *this = v;
+    }
+
+    //! Deep-copy assignment from Value
+    /*! Assigns a \b copy of the Value to the current Value object
+        \tparam SourceAllocator Allocator type of \c rhs
+        \param rhs Value to copy from (read-only)
+        \param allocator Allocator to use for copying
+     */
+    template <typename SourceAllocator>
+    GenericValue& CopyFrom(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& rhs, Allocator& allocator) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(static_cast<void*>(this) != static_cast<void const*>(&rhs));
+        this->~GenericValue();
+        new (this) GenericValue(rhs, allocator);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    //! Exchange the contents of this value with those of other.
+    /*!
+        \param other Another value.
+        \note Constant complexity.
+    */
+    GenericValue& Swap(GenericValue& other) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT {
+        GenericValue temp;
+        temp.RawAssign(*this);
+        RawAssign(other);
+        other.RawAssign(temp);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    //! free-standing swap function helper
+    /*!
+        Helper function to enable support for common swap implementation pattern based on \c std::swap:
+        \code
+        void swap(MyClass& a, MyClass& b) {
+            using std::swap;
+            swap(a.value, b.value);
+            // ...
+        }
+        \endcode
+        \see Swap()
+     */
+    friend inline void swap(GenericValue& a, GenericValue& b) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT { a.Swap(b); }
+
+    //! Prepare Value for move semantics
+    /*! \return *this */
+    GenericValue& Move() RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT { return *this; }
+    //@}
+
+    //!@name Equal-to and not-equal-to operators
+    //@{
+    //! Equal-to operator
+    /*!
+        \note If an object contains duplicated named member, comparing equality with any object is always \c false.
+        \note Linear time complexity (number of all values in the subtree and total lengths of all strings).
+    */
+    template <typename SourceAllocator>
+    bool operator==(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& rhs) const {
+        typedef GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator> RhsType;
+        if (GetType() != rhs.GetType())
+            return false;
+
+        switch (GetType()) {
+        case kObjectType: // Warning: O(n^2) inner-loop
+            if (data_.o.size != rhs.data_.o.size)
+                return false;           
+            for (ConstMemberIterator lhsMemberItr = MemberBegin(); lhsMemberItr != MemberEnd(); ++lhsMemberItr) {
+                typename RhsType::ConstMemberIterator rhsMemberItr = rhs.FindMember(lhsMemberItr->name);
+                if (rhsMemberItr == rhs.MemberEnd() || lhsMemberItr->value != rhsMemberItr->value)
+                    return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+            
+        case kArrayType:
+            if (data_.a.size != rhs.data_.a.size)
+                return false;
+            for (SizeType i = 0; i < data_.a.size; i++)
+                if ((*this)[i] != rhs[i])
+                    return false;
+            return true;
+
+        case kStringType:
+            return StringEqual(rhs);
+
+        case kNumberType:
+            if (IsDouble() || rhs.IsDouble()) {
+                double a = GetDouble();     // May convert from integer to double.
+                double b = rhs.GetDouble(); // Ditto
+                return a >= b && a <= b;    // Prevent -Wfloat-equal
+            }
+            else
+                return data_.n.u64 == rhs.data_.n.u64;
+
+        default:
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    //! Equal-to operator with const C-string pointer
+    bool operator==(const Ch* rhs) const { return *this == GenericValue(StringRef(rhs)); }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    //! Equal-to operator with string object
+    /*! \note Requires the definition of the preprocessor symbol \ref RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING.
+     */
+    bool operator==(const std::basic_string<Ch>& rhs) const { return *this == GenericValue(StringRef(rhs)); }
+#endif
+
+    //! Equal-to operator with primitive types
+    /*! \tparam T Either \ref Type, \c int, \c unsigned, \c int64_t, \c uint64_t, \c double, \c true, \c false
+    */
+    template <typename T> RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::OrExpr<internal::IsPointer<T>,internal::IsGenericValue<T> >), (bool)) operator==(const T& rhs) const { return *this == GenericValue(rhs); }
+
+    //! Not-equal-to operator
+    /*! \return !(*this == rhs)
+     */
+    template <typename SourceAllocator>
+    bool operator!=(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& rhs) const { return !(*this == rhs); }
+
+    //! Not-equal-to operator with const C-string pointer
+    bool operator!=(const Ch* rhs) const { return !(*this == rhs); }
+
+    //! Not-equal-to operator with arbitrary types
+    /*! \return !(*this == rhs)
+     */
+    template <typename T> RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::IsGenericValue<T>), (bool)) operator!=(const T& rhs) const { return !(*this == rhs); }
+
+    //! Equal-to operator with arbitrary types (symmetric version)
+    /*! \return (rhs == lhs)
+     */
+    template <typename T> friend RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::IsGenericValue<T>), (bool)) operator==(const T& lhs, const GenericValue& rhs) { return rhs == lhs; }
+
+    //! Not-Equal-to operator with arbitrary types (symmetric version)
+    /*! \return !(rhs == lhs)
+     */
+    template <typename T> friend RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::IsGenericValue<T>), (bool)) operator!=(const T& lhs, const GenericValue& rhs) { return !(rhs == lhs); }
+    //@}
+
+    //!@name Type
+    //@{
+
+    Type GetType()  const { return static_cast<Type>(data_.f.flags & kTypeMask); }
+    bool IsNull()   const { return data_.f.flags == kNullFlag; }
+    bool IsFalse()  const { return data_.f.flags == kFalseFlag; }
+    bool IsTrue()   const { return data_.f.flags == kTrueFlag; }
+    bool IsBool()   const { return (data_.f.flags & kBoolFlag) != 0; }
+    bool IsObject() const { return data_.f.flags == kObjectFlag; }
+    bool IsArray()  const { return data_.f.flags == kArrayFlag; }
+    bool IsNumber() const { return (data_.f.flags & kNumberFlag) != 0; }
+    bool IsInt()    const { return (data_.f.flags & kIntFlag) != 0; }
+    bool IsUint()   const { return (data_.f.flags & kUintFlag) != 0; }
+    bool IsInt64()  const { return (data_.f.flags & kInt64Flag) != 0; }
+    bool IsUint64() const { return (data_.f.flags & kUint64Flag) != 0; }
+    bool IsDouble() const { return (data_.f.flags & kDoubleFlag) != 0; }
+    bool IsString() const { return (data_.f.flags & kStringFlag) != 0; }
+
+    // Checks whether a number can be losslessly converted to a double.
+    bool IsLosslessDouble() const {
+        if (!IsNumber()) return false;
+        if (IsUint64()) {
+            uint64_t u = GetUint64();
+            volatile double d = static_cast<double>(u);
+            return (d >= 0.0)
+                && (d < static_cast<double>(std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()))
+                && (u == static_cast<uint64_t>(d));
+        }
+        if (IsInt64()) {
+            int64_t i = GetInt64();
+            volatile double d = static_cast<double>(i);
+            return (d >= static_cast<double>(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min()))
+                && (d < static_cast<double>(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()))
+                && (i == static_cast<int64_t>(d));
+        }
+        return true; // double, int, uint are always lossless
+    }
+
+    // Checks whether a number is a float (possible lossy).
+    bool IsFloat() const  {
+        if ((data_.f.flags & kDoubleFlag) == 0)
+            return false;
+        double d = GetDouble();
+        return d >= -3.4028234e38 && d <= 3.4028234e38;
+    }
+    // Checks whether a number can be losslessly converted to a float.
+    bool IsLosslessFloat() const {
+        if (!IsNumber()) return false;
+        double a = GetDouble();
+        if (a < static_cast<double>(-std::numeric_limits<float>::max())
+                || a > static_cast<double>(std::numeric_limits<float>::max()))
+            return false;
+        double b = static_cast<double>(static_cast<float>(a));
+        return a >= b && a <= b;    // Prevent -Wfloat-equal
+    }
+
+    //@}
+
+    //!@name Null
+    //@{
+
+    GenericValue& SetNull() { this->~GenericValue(); new (this) GenericValue(); return *this; }
+
+    //@}
+
+    //!@name Bool
+    //@{
+
+    bool GetBool() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsBool()); return data_.f.flags == kTrueFlag; }
+    //!< Set boolean value
+    /*! \post IsBool() == true */
+    GenericValue& SetBool(bool b) { this->~GenericValue(); new (this) GenericValue(b); return *this; }
+
+    //@}
+
+    //!@name Object
+    //@{
+
+    //! Set this value as an empty object.
+    /*! \post IsObject() == true */
+    GenericValue& SetObject() { this->~GenericValue(); new (this) GenericValue(kObjectType); return *this; }
+
+    //! Get the number of members in the object.
+    SizeType MemberCount() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject()); return data_.o.size; }
+
+    //! Check whether the object is empty.
+    bool ObjectEmpty() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject()); return data_.o.size == 0; }
+
+    //! Get a value from an object associated with the name.
+    /*! \pre IsObject() == true
+        \tparam T Either \c Ch or \c const \c Ch (template used for disambiguation with \ref operator[](SizeType))
+        \note In version 0.1x, if the member is not found, this function returns a null value. This makes issue 7.
+        Since 0.2, if the name is not correct, it will assert.
+        If user is unsure whether a member exists, user should use HasMember() first.
+        A better approach is to use FindMember().
+        \note Linear time complexity.
+    */
+    template <typename T>
+    RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::NotExpr<internal::IsSame<typename internal::RemoveConst<T>::Type, Ch> >),(GenericValue&)) operator[](T* name) {
+        GenericValue n(StringRef(name));
+        return (*this)[n];
+    }
+    template <typename T>
+    RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::NotExpr<internal::IsSame<typename internal::RemoveConst<T>::Type, Ch> >),(const GenericValue&)) operator[](T* name) const { return const_cast<GenericValue&>(*this)[name]; }
+
+    //! Get a value from an object associated with the name.
+    /*! \pre IsObject() == true
+        \tparam SourceAllocator Allocator of the \c name value
+
+        \note Compared to \ref operator[](T*), this version is faster because it does not need a StrLen().
+        And it can also handle strings with embedded null characters.
+
+        \note Linear time complexity.
+    */
+    template <typename SourceAllocator>
+    GenericValue& operator[](const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& name) {
+        MemberIterator member = FindMember(name);
+        if (member != MemberEnd())
+            return member->value;
+        else {
+            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false);    // see above note
+
+            // This will generate -Wexit-time-destructors in clang
+            // static GenericValue NullValue;
+            // return NullValue;
+
+            // Use static buffer and placement-new to prevent destruction
+            static char buffer[sizeof(GenericValue)];
+            return *new (buffer) GenericValue();
+        }
+    }
+    template <typename SourceAllocator>
+    const GenericValue& operator[](const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& name) const { return const_cast<GenericValue&>(*this)[name]; }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    //! Get a value from an object associated with name (string object).
+    GenericValue& operator[](const std::basic_string<Ch>& name) { return (*this)[GenericValue(StringRef(name))]; }
+    const GenericValue& operator[](const std::basic_string<Ch>& name) const { return (*this)[GenericValue(StringRef(name))]; }
+#endif
+
+    //! Const member iterator
+    /*! \pre IsObject() == true */
+    ConstMemberIterator MemberBegin() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject()); return ConstMemberIterator(GetMembersPointer()); }
+    //! Const \em past-the-end member iterator
+    /*! \pre IsObject() == true */
+    ConstMemberIterator MemberEnd() const   { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject()); return ConstMemberIterator(GetMembersPointer() + data_.o.size); }
+    //! Member iterator
+    /*! \pre IsObject() == true */
+    MemberIterator MemberBegin()            { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject()); return MemberIterator(GetMembersPointer()); }
+    //! \em Past-the-end member iterator
+    /*! \pre IsObject() == true */
+    MemberIterator MemberEnd()              { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject()); return MemberIterator(GetMembersPointer() + data_.o.size); }
+
+    //! Check whether a member exists in the object.
+    /*!
+        \param name Member name to be searched.
+        \pre IsObject() == true
+        \return Whether a member with that name exists.
+        \note It is better to use FindMember() directly if you need the obtain the value as well.
+        \note Linear time complexity.
+    */
+    bool HasMember(const Ch* name) const { return FindMember(name) != MemberEnd(); }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    //! Check whether a member exists in the object with string object.
+    /*!
+        \param name Member name to be searched.
+        \pre IsObject() == true
+        \return Whether a member with that name exists.
+        \note It is better to use FindMember() directly if you need the obtain the value as well.
+        \note Linear time complexity.
+    */
+    bool HasMember(const std::basic_string<Ch>& name) const { return FindMember(name) != MemberEnd(); }
+#endif
+
+    //! Check whether a member exists in the object with GenericValue name.
+    /*!
+        This version is faster because it does not need a StrLen(). It can also handle string with null character.
+        \param name Member name to be searched.
+        \pre IsObject() == true
+        \return Whether a member with that name exists.
+        \note It is better to use FindMember() directly if you need the obtain the value as well.
+        \note Linear time complexity.
+    */
+    template <typename SourceAllocator>
+    bool HasMember(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& name) const { return FindMember(name) != MemberEnd(); }
+
+    //! Find member by name.
+    /*!
+        \param name Member name to be searched.
+        \pre IsObject() == true
+        \return Iterator to member, if it exists.
+            Otherwise returns \ref MemberEnd().
+
+        \note Earlier versions of Rapidjson returned a \c NULL pointer, in case
+            the requested member doesn't exist. For consistency with e.g.
+            \c std::map, this has been changed to MemberEnd() now.
+        \note Linear time complexity.
+    */
+    MemberIterator FindMember(const Ch* name) {
+        GenericValue n(StringRef(name));
+        return FindMember(n);
+    }
+
+    ConstMemberIterator FindMember(const Ch* name) const { return const_cast<GenericValue&>(*this).FindMember(name); }
+
+    //! Find member by name.
+    /*!
+        This version is faster because it does not need a StrLen(). It can also handle string with null character.
+        \param name Member name to be searched.
+        \pre IsObject() == true
+        \return Iterator to member, if it exists.
+            Otherwise returns \ref MemberEnd().
+
+        \note Earlier versions of Rapidjson returned a \c NULL pointer, in case
+            the requested member doesn't exist. For consistency with e.g.
+            \c std::map, this has been changed to MemberEnd() now.
+        \note Linear time complexity.
+    */
+    template <typename SourceAllocator>
+    MemberIterator FindMember(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& name) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject());
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(name.IsString());
+        MemberIterator member = MemberBegin();
+        for ( ; member != MemberEnd(); ++member)
+            if (name.StringEqual(member->name))
+                break;
+        return member;
+    }
+    template <typename SourceAllocator> ConstMemberIterator FindMember(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& name) const { return const_cast<GenericValue&>(*this).FindMember(name); }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    //! Find member by string object name.
+    /*!
+        \param name Member name to be searched.
+        \pre IsObject() == true
+        \return Iterator to member, if it exists.
+            Otherwise returns \ref MemberEnd().
+    */
+    MemberIterator FindMember(const std::basic_string<Ch>& name) { return FindMember(GenericValue(StringRef(name))); }
+    ConstMemberIterator FindMember(const std::basic_string<Ch>& name) const { return FindMember(GenericValue(StringRef(name))); }
+#endif
+
+    //! Add a member (name-value pair) to the object.
+    /*! \param name A string value as name of member.
+        \param value Value of any type.
+        \param allocator    Allocator for reallocating memory. It must be the same one as used before. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
+        \return The value itself for fluent API.
+        \note The ownership of \c name and \c value will be transferred to this object on success.
+        \pre  IsObject() && name.IsString()
+        \post name.IsNull() && value.IsNull()
+        \note Amortized Constant time complexity.
+    */
+    GenericValue& AddMember(GenericValue& name, GenericValue& value, Allocator& allocator) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject());
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(name.IsString());
+
+        ObjectData& o = data_.o;
+        if (o.size >= o.capacity) {
+            if (o.capacity == 0) {
+                o.capacity = kDefaultObjectCapacity;
+                SetMembersPointer(reinterpret_cast<Member*>(allocator.Malloc(o.capacity * sizeof(Member))));
+            }
+            else {
+                SizeType oldCapacity = o.capacity;
+                o.capacity += (oldCapacity + 1) / 2; // grow by factor 1.5
+                SetMembersPointer(reinterpret_cast<Member*>(allocator.Realloc(GetMembersPointer(), oldCapacity * sizeof(Member), o.capacity * sizeof(Member))));
+            }
+        }
+        Member* members = GetMembersPointer();
+        members[o.size].name.RawAssign(name);
+        members[o.size].value.RawAssign(value);
+        o.size++;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    //! Add a constant string value as member (name-value pair) to the object.
+    /*! \param name A string value as name of member.
+        \param value constant string reference as value of member.
+        \param allocator    Allocator for reallocating memory. It must be the same one as used before. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
+        \return The value itself for fluent API.
+        \pre  IsObject()
+        \note This overload is needed to avoid clashes with the generic primitive type AddMember(GenericValue&,T,Allocator&) overload below.
+        \note Amortized Constant time complexity.
+    */
+    GenericValue& AddMember(GenericValue& name, StringRefType value, Allocator& allocator) {
+        GenericValue v(value);
+        return AddMember(name, v, allocator);
+    }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    //! Add a string object as member (name-value pair) to the object.
+    /*! \param name A string value as name of member.
+        \param value constant string reference as value of member.
+        \param allocator    Allocator for reallocating memory. It must be the same one as used before. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
+        \return The value itself for fluent API.
+        \pre  IsObject()
+        \note This overload is needed to avoid clashes with the generic primitive type AddMember(GenericValue&,T,Allocator&) overload below.
+        \note Amortized Constant time complexity.
+    */
+    GenericValue& AddMember(GenericValue& name, std::basic_string<Ch>& value, Allocator& allocator) {
+        GenericValue v(value, allocator);
+        return AddMember(name, v, allocator);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    //! Add any primitive value as member (name-value pair) to the object.
+    /*! \tparam T Either \ref Type, \c int, \c unsigned, \c int64_t, \c uint64_t
+        \param name A string value as name of member.
+        \param value Value of primitive type \c T as value of member
+        \param allocator Allocator for reallocating memory. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
+        \return The value itself for fluent API.
+        \pre  IsObject()
+
+        \note The source type \c T explicitly disallows all pointer types,
+            especially (\c const) \ref Ch*.  This helps avoiding implicitly
+            referencing character strings with insufficient lifetime, use
+            \ref AddMember(StringRefType, GenericValue&, Allocator&) or \ref
+            AddMember(StringRefType, StringRefType, Allocator&).
+            All other pointer types would implicitly convert to \c bool,
+            use an explicit cast instead, if needed.
+        \note Amortized Constant time complexity.
+    */
+    template <typename T>
+    RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::OrExpr<internal::IsPointer<T>, internal::IsGenericValue<T> >), (GenericValue&))
+    AddMember(GenericValue& name, T value, Allocator& allocator) {
+        GenericValue v(value);
+        return AddMember(name, v, allocator);
+    }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+    GenericValue& AddMember(GenericValue&& name, GenericValue&& value, Allocator& allocator) {
+        return AddMember(name, value, allocator);
+    }
+    GenericValue& AddMember(GenericValue&& name, GenericValue& value, Allocator& allocator) {
+        return AddMember(name, value, allocator);
+    }
+    GenericValue& AddMember(GenericValue& name, GenericValue&& value, Allocator& allocator) {
+        return AddMember(name, value, allocator);
+    }
+    GenericValue& AddMember(StringRefType name, GenericValue&& value, Allocator& allocator) {
+        GenericValue n(name);
+        return AddMember(n, value, allocator);
+    }
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+
+
+    //! Add a member (name-value pair) to the object.
+    /*! \param name A constant string reference as name of member.
+        \param value Value of any type.
+        \param allocator    Allocator for reallocating memory. It must be the same one as used before. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
+        \return The value itself for fluent API.
+        \note The ownership of \c value will be transferred to this object on success.
+        \pre  IsObject()
+        \post value.IsNull()
+        \note Amortized Constant time complexity.
+    */
+    GenericValue& AddMember(StringRefType name, GenericValue& value, Allocator& allocator) {
+        GenericValue n(name);
+        return AddMember(n, value, allocator);
+    }
+
+    //! Add a constant string value as member (name-value pair) to the object.
+    /*! \param name A constant string reference as name of member.
+        \param value constant string reference as value of member.
+        \param allocator    Allocator for reallocating memory. It must be the same one as used before. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
+        \return The value itself for fluent API.
+        \pre  IsObject()
+        \note This overload is needed to avoid clashes with the generic primitive type AddMember(StringRefType,T,Allocator&) overload below.
+        \note Amortized Constant time complexity.
+    */
+    GenericValue& AddMember(StringRefType name, StringRefType value, Allocator& allocator) {
+        GenericValue v(value);
+        return AddMember(name, v, allocator);
+    }
+
+    //! Add any primitive value as member (name-value pair) to the object.
+    /*! \tparam T Either \ref Type, \c int, \c unsigned, \c int64_t, \c uint64_t
+        \param name A constant string reference as name of member.
+        \param value Value of primitive type \c T as value of member
+        \param allocator Allocator for reallocating memory. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
+        \return The value itself for fluent API.
+        \pre  IsObject()
+
+        \note The source type \c T explicitly disallows all pointer types,
+            especially (\c const) \ref Ch*.  This helps avoiding implicitly
+            referencing character strings with insufficient lifetime, use
+            \ref AddMember(StringRefType, GenericValue&, Allocator&) or \ref
+            AddMember(StringRefType, StringRefType, Allocator&).
+            All other pointer types would implicitly convert to \c bool,
+            use an explicit cast instead, if needed.
+        \note Amortized Constant time complexity.
+    */
+    template <typename T>
+    RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::OrExpr<internal::IsPointer<T>, internal::IsGenericValue<T> >), (GenericValue&))
+    AddMember(StringRefType name, T value, Allocator& allocator) {
+        GenericValue n(name);
+        return AddMember(n, value, allocator);
+    }
+
+    //! Remove all members in the object.
+    /*! This function do not deallocate memory in the object, i.e. the capacity is unchanged.
+        \note Linear time complexity.
+    */
+    void RemoveAllMembers() {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject()); 
+        for (MemberIterator m = MemberBegin(); m != MemberEnd(); ++m)
+            m->~Member();
+        data_.o.size = 0;
+    }
+
+    //! Remove a member in object by its name.
+    /*! \param name Name of member to be removed.
+        \return Whether the member existed.
+        \note This function may reorder the object members. Use \ref
+            EraseMember(ConstMemberIterator) if you need to preserve the
+            relative order of the remaining members.
+        \note Linear time complexity.
+    */
+    bool RemoveMember(const Ch* name) {
+        GenericValue n(StringRef(name));
+        return RemoveMember(n);
+    }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    bool RemoveMember(const std::basic_string<Ch>& name) { return RemoveMember(GenericValue(StringRef(name))); }
+#endif
+
+    template <typename SourceAllocator>
+    bool RemoveMember(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& name) {
+        MemberIterator m = FindMember(name);
+        if (m != MemberEnd()) {
+            RemoveMember(m);
+            return true;
+        }
+        else
+            return false;
+    }
+
+    //! Remove a member in object by iterator.
+    /*! \param m member iterator (obtained by FindMember() or MemberBegin()).
+        \return the new iterator after removal.
+        \note This function may reorder the object members. Use \ref
+            EraseMember(ConstMemberIterator) if you need to preserve the
+            relative order of the remaining members.
+        \note Constant time complexity.
+    */
+    MemberIterator RemoveMember(MemberIterator m) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject());
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(data_.o.size > 0);
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(GetMembersPointer() != 0);
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(m >= MemberBegin() && m < MemberEnd());
+
+        MemberIterator last(GetMembersPointer() + (data_.o.size - 1));
+        if (data_.o.size > 1 && m != last)
+            *m = *last; // Move the last one to this place
+        else
+            m->~Member(); // Only one left, just destroy
+        --data_.o.size;
+        return m;
+    }
+
+    //! Remove a member from an object by iterator.
+    /*! \param pos iterator to the member to remove
+        \pre IsObject() == true && \ref MemberBegin() <= \c pos < \ref MemberEnd()
+        \return Iterator following the removed element.
+            If the iterator \c pos refers to the last element, the \ref MemberEnd() iterator is returned.
+        \note This function preserves the relative order of the remaining object
+            members. If you do not need this, use the more efficient \ref RemoveMember(MemberIterator).
+        \note Linear time complexity.
+    */
+    MemberIterator EraseMember(ConstMemberIterator pos) {
+        return EraseMember(pos, pos +1);
+    }
+
+    //! Remove members in the range [first, last) from an object.
+    /*! \param first iterator to the first member to remove
+        \param last  iterator following the last member to remove
+        \pre IsObject() == true && \ref MemberBegin() <= \c first <= \c last <= \ref MemberEnd()
+        \return Iterator following the last removed element.
+        \note This function preserves the relative order of the remaining object
+            members.
+        \note Linear time complexity.
+    */
+    MemberIterator EraseMember(ConstMemberIterator first, ConstMemberIterator last) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject());
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(data_.o.size > 0);
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(GetMembersPointer() != 0);
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(first >= MemberBegin());
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(first <= last);
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(last <= MemberEnd());
+
+        MemberIterator pos = MemberBegin() + (first - MemberBegin());
+        for (MemberIterator itr = pos; itr != last; ++itr)
+            itr->~Member();
+        std::memmove(&*pos, &*last, static_cast<size_t>(MemberEnd() - last) * sizeof(Member));
+        data_.o.size -= static_cast<SizeType>(last - first);
+        return pos;
+    }
+
+    //! Erase a member in object by its name.
+    /*! \param name Name of member to be removed.
+        \return Whether the member existed.
+        \note Linear time complexity.
+    */
+    bool EraseMember(const Ch* name) {
+        GenericValue n(StringRef(name));
+        return EraseMember(n);
+    }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    bool EraseMember(const std::basic_string<Ch>& name) { return EraseMember(GenericValue(StringRef(name))); }
+#endif
+
+    template <typename SourceAllocator>
+    bool EraseMember(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& name) {
+        MemberIterator m = FindMember(name);
+        if (m != MemberEnd()) {
+            EraseMember(m);
+            return true;
+        }
+        else
+            return false;
+    }
+
+    Object GetObject() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject()); return Object(*this); }
+    ConstObject GetObject() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsObject()); return ConstObject(*this); }
+
+    //@}
+
+    //!@name Array
+    //@{
+
+    //! Set this value as an empty array.
+    /*! \post IsArray == true */
+    GenericValue& SetArray() { this->~GenericValue(); new (this) GenericValue(kArrayType); return *this; }
+
+    //! Get the number of elements in array.
+    SizeType Size() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray()); return data_.a.size; }
+
+    //! Get the capacity of array.
+    SizeType Capacity() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray()); return data_.a.capacity; }
+
+    //! Check whether the array is empty.
+    bool Empty() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray()); return data_.a.size == 0; }
+
+    //! Remove all elements in the array.
+    /*! This function do not deallocate memory in the array, i.e. the capacity is unchanged.
+        \note Linear time complexity.
+    */
+    void Clear() {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray()); 
+        GenericValue* e = GetElementsPointer();
+        for (GenericValue* v = e; v != e + data_.a.size; ++v)
+            v->~GenericValue();
+        data_.a.size = 0;
+    }
+
+    //! Get an element from array by index.
+    /*! \pre IsArray() == true
+        \param index Zero-based index of element.
+        \see operator[](T*)
+    */
+    GenericValue& operator[](SizeType index) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray());
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(index < data_.a.size);
+        return GetElementsPointer()[index];
+    }
+    const GenericValue& operator[](SizeType index) const { return const_cast<GenericValue&>(*this)[index]; }
+
+    //! Element iterator
+    /*! \pre IsArray() == true */
+    ValueIterator Begin() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray()); return GetElementsPointer(); }
+    //! \em Past-the-end element iterator
+    /*! \pre IsArray() == true */
+    ValueIterator End() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray()); return GetElementsPointer() + data_.a.size; }
+    //! Constant element iterator
+    /*! \pre IsArray() == true */
+    ConstValueIterator Begin() const { return const_cast<GenericValue&>(*this).Begin(); }
+    //! Constant \em past-the-end element iterator
+    /*! \pre IsArray() == true */
+    ConstValueIterator End() const { return const_cast<GenericValue&>(*this).End(); }
+
+    //! Request the array to have enough capacity to store elements.
+    /*! \param newCapacity  The capacity that the array at least need to have.
+        \param allocator    Allocator for reallocating memory. It must be the same one as used before. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
+        \return The value itself for fluent API.
+        \note Linear time complexity.
+    */
+    GenericValue& Reserve(SizeType newCapacity, Allocator &allocator) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray());
+        if (newCapacity > data_.a.capacity) {
+            SetElementsPointer(reinterpret_cast<GenericValue*>(allocator.Realloc(GetElementsPointer(), data_.a.capacity * sizeof(GenericValue), newCapacity * sizeof(GenericValue))));
+            data_.a.capacity = newCapacity;
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    //! Append a GenericValue at the end of the array.
+    /*! \param value        Value to be appended.
+        \param allocator    Allocator for reallocating memory. It must be the same one as used before. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
+        \pre IsArray() == true
+        \post value.IsNull() == true
+        \return The value itself for fluent API.
+        \note The ownership of \c value will be transferred to this array on success.
+        \note If the number of elements to be appended is known, calls Reserve() once first may be more efficient.
+        \note Amortized constant time complexity.
+    */
+    GenericValue& PushBack(GenericValue& value, Allocator& allocator) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray());
+        if (data_.a.size >= data_.a.capacity)
+            Reserve(data_.a.capacity == 0 ? kDefaultArrayCapacity : (data_.a.capacity + (data_.a.capacity + 1) / 2), allocator);
+        GetElementsPointer()[data_.a.size++].RawAssign(value);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+    GenericValue& PushBack(GenericValue&& value, Allocator& allocator) {
+        return PushBack(value, allocator);
+    }
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+
+    //! Append a constant string reference at the end of the array.
+    /*! \param value        Constant string reference to be appended.
+        \param allocator    Allocator for reallocating memory. It must be the same one used previously. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
+        \pre IsArray() == true
+        \return The value itself for fluent API.
+        \note If the number of elements to be appended is known, calls Reserve() once first may be more efficient.
+        \note Amortized constant time complexity.
+        \see GenericStringRef
+    */
+    GenericValue& PushBack(StringRefType value, Allocator& allocator) {
+        return (*this).template PushBack<StringRefType>(value, allocator);
+    }
+
+    //! Append a primitive value at the end of the array.
+    /*! \tparam T Either \ref Type, \c int, \c unsigned, \c int64_t, \c uint64_t
+        \param value Value of primitive type T to be appended.
+        \param allocator    Allocator for reallocating memory. It must be the same one as used before. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
+        \pre IsArray() == true
+        \return The value itself for fluent API.
+        \note If the number of elements to be appended is known, calls Reserve() once first may be more efficient.
+
+        \note The source type \c T explicitly disallows all pointer types,
+            especially (\c const) \ref Ch*.  This helps avoiding implicitly
+            referencing character strings with insufficient lifetime, use
+            \ref PushBack(GenericValue&, Allocator&) or \ref
+            PushBack(StringRefType, Allocator&).
+            All other pointer types would implicitly convert to \c bool,
+            use an explicit cast instead, if needed.
+        \note Amortized constant time complexity.
+    */
+    template <typename T>
+    RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::OrExpr<internal::IsPointer<T>, internal::IsGenericValue<T> >), (GenericValue&))
+    PushBack(T value, Allocator& allocator) {
+        GenericValue v(value);
+        return PushBack(v, allocator);
+    }
+
+    //! Remove the last element in the array.
+    /*!
+        \note Constant time complexity.
+    */
+    GenericValue& PopBack() {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray());
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(!Empty());
+        GetElementsPointer()[--data_.a.size].~GenericValue();
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    //! Remove an element of array by iterator.
+    /*!
+        \param pos iterator to the element to remove
+        \pre IsArray() == true && \ref Begin() <= \c pos < \ref End()
+        \return Iterator following the removed element. If the iterator pos refers to the last element, the End() iterator is returned.
+        \note Linear time complexity.
+    */
+    ValueIterator Erase(ConstValueIterator pos) {
+        return Erase(pos, pos + 1);
+    }
+
+    //! Remove elements in the range [first, last) of the array.
+    /*!
+        \param first iterator to the first element to remove
+        \param last  iterator following the last element to remove
+        \pre IsArray() == true && \ref Begin() <= \c first <= \c last <= \ref End()
+        \return Iterator following the last removed element.
+        \note Linear time complexity.
+    */
+    ValueIterator Erase(ConstValueIterator first, ConstValueIterator last) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray());
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(data_.a.size > 0);
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(GetElementsPointer() != 0);
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(first >= Begin());
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(first <= last);
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(last <= End());
+        ValueIterator pos = Begin() + (first - Begin());
+        for (ValueIterator itr = pos; itr != last; ++itr)
+            itr->~GenericValue();       
+        std::memmove(pos, last, static_cast<size_t>(End() - last) * sizeof(GenericValue));
+        data_.a.size -= static_cast<SizeType>(last - first);
+        return pos;
+    }
+
+    Array GetArray() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray()); return Array(*this); }
+    ConstArray GetArray() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsArray()); return ConstArray(*this); }
+
+    //@}
+
+    //!@name Number
+    //@{
+
+    int GetInt() const          { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(data_.f.flags & kIntFlag);   return data_.n.i.i;   }
+    unsigned GetUint() const    { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(data_.f.flags & kUintFlag);  return data_.n.u.u;   }
+    int64_t GetInt64() const    { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(data_.f.flags & kInt64Flag); return data_.n.i64; }
+    uint64_t GetUint64() const  { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(data_.f.flags & kUint64Flag); return data_.n.u64; }
+
+    //! Get the value as double type.
+    /*! \note If the value is 64-bit integer type, it may lose precision. Use \c IsLosslessDouble() to check whether the converison is lossless.
+    */
+    double GetDouble() const {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsNumber());
+        if ((data_.f.flags & kDoubleFlag) != 0)                return data_.n.d;   // exact type, no conversion.
+        if ((data_.f.flags & kIntFlag) != 0)                   return data_.n.i.i; // int -> double
+        if ((data_.f.flags & kUintFlag) != 0)                  return data_.n.u.u; // unsigned -> double
+        if ((data_.f.flags & kInt64Flag) != 0)                 return static_cast<double>(data_.n.i64); // int64_t -> double (may lose precision)
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT((data_.f.flags & kUint64Flag) != 0);  return static_cast<double>(data_.n.u64); // uint64_t -> double (may lose precision)
+    }
+
+    //! Get the value as float type.
+    /*! \note If the value is 64-bit integer type, it may lose precision. Use \c IsLosslessFloat() to check whether the converison is lossless.
+    */
+    float GetFloat() const {
+        return static_cast<float>(GetDouble());
+    }
+
+    GenericValue& SetInt(int i)             { this->~GenericValue(); new (this) GenericValue(i);    return *this; }
+    GenericValue& SetUint(unsigned u)       { this->~GenericValue(); new (this) GenericValue(u);    return *this; }
+    GenericValue& SetInt64(int64_t i64)     { this->~GenericValue(); new (this) GenericValue(i64);  return *this; }
+    GenericValue& SetUint64(uint64_t u64)   { this->~GenericValue(); new (this) GenericValue(u64);  return *this; }
+    GenericValue& SetDouble(double d)       { this->~GenericValue(); new (this) GenericValue(d);    return *this; }
+    GenericValue& SetFloat(float f)         { this->~GenericValue(); new (this) GenericValue(f);    return *this; }
+
+    //@}
+
+    //!@name String
+    //@{
+
+    const Ch* GetString() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsString()); return (data_.f.flags & kInlineStrFlag) ? data_.ss.str : GetStringPointer(); }
+
+    //! Get the length of string.
+    /*! Since rapidjson permits "\\u0000" in the json string, strlen(v.GetString()) may not equal to v.GetStringLength().
+    */
+    SizeType GetStringLength() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsString()); return ((data_.f.flags & kInlineStrFlag) ? (data_.ss.GetLength()) : data_.s.length); }
+
+    //! Set this value as a string without copying source string.
+    /*! This version has better performance with supplied length, and also support string containing null character.
+        \param s source string pointer. 
+        \param length The length of source string, excluding the trailing null terminator.
+        \return The value itself for fluent API.
+        \post IsString() == true && GetString() == s && GetStringLength() == length
+        \see SetString(StringRefType)
+    */
+    GenericValue& SetString(const Ch* s, SizeType length) { return SetString(StringRef(s, length)); }
+
+    //! Set this value as a string without copying source string.
+    /*! \param s source string reference
+        \return The value itself for fluent API.
+        \post IsString() == true && GetString() == s && GetStringLength() == s.length
+    */
+    GenericValue& SetString(StringRefType s) { this->~GenericValue(); SetStringRaw(s); return *this; }
+
+    //! Set this value as a string by copying from source string.
+    /*! This version has better performance with supplied length, and also support string containing null character.
+        \param s source string. 
+        \param length The length of source string, excluding the trailing null terminator.
+        \param allocator Allocator for allocating copied buffer. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
+        \return The value itself for fluent API.
+        \post IsString() == true && GetString() != s && strcmp(GetString(),s) == 0 && GetStringLength() == length
+    */
+    GenericValue& SetString(const Ch* s, SizeType length, Allocator& allocator) { this->~GenericValue(); SetStringRaw(StringRef(s, length), allocator); return *this; }
+
+    //! Set this value as a string by copying from source string.
+    /*! \param s source string. 
+        \param allocator Allocator for allocating copied buffer. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
+        \return The value itself for fluent API.
+        \post IsString() == true && GetString() != s && strcmp(GetString(),s) == 0 && GetStringLength() == length
+    */
+    GenericValue& SetString(const Ch* s, Allocator& allocator) { return SetString(s, internal::StrLen(s), allocator); }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    //! Set this value as a string by copying from source string.
+    /*! \param s source string.
+        \param allocator Allocator for allocating copied buffer. Commonly use GenericDocument::GetAllocator().
+        \return The value itself for fluent API.
+        \post IsString() == true && GetString() != s.data() && strcmp(GetString(),s.data() == 0 && GetStringLength() == s.size()
+        \note Requires the definition of the preprocessor symbol \ref RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING.
+    */
+    GenericValue& SetString(const std::basic_string<Ch>& s, Allocator& allocator) { return SetString(s.data(), SizeType(s.size()), allocator); }
+#endif
+
+    //@}
+
+    //!@name Array
+    //@{
+
+    //! Templated version for checking whether this value is type T.
+    /*!
+        \tparam T Either \c bool, \c int, \c unsigned, \c int64_t, \c uint64_t, \c double, \c float, \c const \c char*, \c std::basic_string<Ch>
+    */
+    template <typename T>
+    bool Is() const { return internal::TypeHelper<ValueType, T>::Is(*this); }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    T Get() const { return internal::TypeHelper<ValueType, T>::Get(*this); }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    T Get() { return internal::TypeHelper<ValueType, T>::Get(*this); }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    ValueType& Set(const T& data) { return internal::TypeHelper<ValueType, T>::Set(*this, data); }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    ValueType& Set(const T& data, AllocatorType& allocator) { return internal::TypeHelper<ValueType, T>::Set(*this, data, allocator); }
+
+    //@}
+
+    //! Generate events of this value to a Handler.
+    /*! This function adopts the GoF visitor pattern.
+        Typical usage is to output this JSON value as JSON text via Writer, which is a Handler.
+        It can also be used to deep clone this value via GenericDocument, which is also a Handler.
+        \tparam Handler type of handler.
+        \param handler An object implementing concept Handler.
+    */
+    template <typename Handler>
+    bool Accept(Handler& handler) const {
+        switch(GetType()) {
+        case kNullType:     return handler.Null();
+        case kFalseType:    return handler.Bool(false);
+        case kTrueType:     return handler.Bool(true);
+
+        case kObjectType:
+            if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!handler.StartObject()))
+                return false;
+            for (ConstMemberIterator m = MemberBegin(); m != MemberEnd(); ++m) {
+                RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(m->name.IsString()); // User may change the type of name by MemberIterator.
+                if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!handler.Key(m->name.GetString(), m->name.GetStringLength(), (m->name.data_.f.flags & kCopyFlag) != 0)))
+                    return false;
+                if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!m->value.Accept(handler)))
+                    return false;
+            }
+            return handler.EndObject(data_.o.size);
+
+        case kArrayType:
+            if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!handler.StartArray()))
+                return false;
+            for (const GenericValue* v = Begin(); v != End(); ++v)
+                if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!v->Accept(handler)))
+                    return false;
+            return handler.EndArray(data_.a.size);
+    
+        case kStringType:
+            return handler.String(GetString(), GetStringLength(), (data_.f.flags & kCopyFlag) != 0);
+    
+        default:
+            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(GetType() == kNumberType);
+            if (IsDouble())         return handler.Double(data_.n.d);
+            else if (IsInt())       return handler.Int(data_.n.i.i);
+            else if (IsUint())      return handler.Uint(data_.n.u.u);
+            else if (IsInt64())     return handler.Int64(data_.n.i64);
+            else                    return handler.Uint64(data_.n.u64);
+        }
+    }
+
+private:
+    template <typename, typename> friend class GenericValue;
+    template <typename, typename, typename> friend class GenericDocument;
+
+    enum {
+        kBoolFlag       = 0x0008,
+        kNumberFlag     = 0x0010,
+        kIntFlag        = 0x0020,
+        kUintFlag       = 0x0040,
+        kInt64Flag      = 0x0080,
+        kUint64Flag     = 0x0100,
+        kDoubleFlag     = 0x0200,
+        kStringFlag     = 0x0400,
+        kCopyFlag       = 0x0800,
+        kInlineStrFlag  = 0x1000,
+
+        // Initial flags of different types.
+        kNullFlag = kNullType,
+        kTrueFlag = kTrueType | kBoolFlag,
+        kFalseFlag = kFalseType | kBoolFlag,
+        kNumberIntFlag = kNumberType | kNumberFlag | kIntFlag | kInt64Flag,
+        kNumberUintFlag = kNumberType | kNumberFlag | kUintFlag | kUint64Flag | kInt64Flag,
+        kNumberInt64Flag = kNumberType | kNumberFlag | kInt64Flag,
+        kNumberUint64Flag = kNumberType | kNumberFlag | kUint64Flag,
+        kNumberDoubleFlag = kNumberType | kNumberFlag | kDoubleFlag,
+        kNumberAnyFlag = kNumberType | kNumberFlag | kIntFlag | kInt64Flag | kUintFlag | kUint64Flag | kDoubleFlag,
+        kConstStringFlag = kStringType | kStringFlag,
+        kCopyStringFlag = kStringType | kStringFlag | kCopyFlag,
+        kShortStringFlag = kStringType | kStringFlag | kCopyFlag | kInlineStrFlag,
+        kObjectFlag = kObjectType,
+        kArrayFlag = kArrayType,
+
+        kTypeMask = 0x07
+    };
+
+    static const SizeType kDefaultArrayCapacity = 16;
+    static const SizeType kDefaultObjectCapacity = 16;
+
+    struct Flag {
+#if RAPIDJSON_48BITPOINTER_OPTIMIZATION
+        char payload[sizeof(SizeType) * 2 + 6];     // 2 x SizeType + lower 48-bit pointer
+#elif RAPIDJSON_64BIT
+        char payload[sizeof(SizeType) * 2 + sizeof(void*) + 6]; // 6 padding bytes
+#else
+        char payload[sizeof(SizeType) * 2 + sizeof(void*) + 2]; // 2 padding bytes
+#endif
+        uint16_t flags;
+    };
+
+    struct String {
+        SizeType length;
+        SizeType hashcode;  //!< reserved
+        const Ch* str;
+    };  // 12 bytes in 32-bit mode, 16 bytes in 64-bit mode
+
+    // implementation detail: ShortString can represent zero-terminated strings up to MaxSize chars
+    // (excluding the terminating zero) and store a value to determine the length of the contained
+    // string in the last character str[LenPos] by storing "MaxSize - length" there. If the string
+    // to store has the maximal length of MaxSize then str[LenPos] will be 0 and therefore act as
+    // the string terminator as well. For getting the string length back from that value just use
+    // "MaxSize - str[LenPos]".
+    // This allows to store 13-chars strings in 32-bit mode, 21-chars strings in 64-bit mode,
+    // 13-chars strings for RAPIDJSON_48BITPOINTER_OPTIMIZATION=1 inline (for `UTF8`-encoded strings).
+    struct ShortString {
+        enum { MaxChars = sizeof(static_cast<Flag*>(0)->payload) / sizeof(Ch), MaxSize = MaxChars - 1, LenPos = MaxSize };
+        Ch str[MaxChars];
+
+        inline static bool Usable(SizeType len) { return                       (MaxSize >= len); }
+        inline void     SetLength(SizeType len) { str[LenPos] = static_cast<Ch>(MaxSize -  len); }
+        inline SizeType GetLength() const       { return  static_cast<SizeType>(MaxSize -  str[LenPos]); }
+    };  // at most as many bytes as "String" above => 12 bytes in 32-bit mode, 16 bytes in 64-bit mode
+
+    // By using proper binary layout, retrieval of different integer types do not need conversions.
+    union Number {
+#if RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN == RAPIDJSON_LITTLEENDIAN
+        struct I {
+            int i;
+            char padding[4];
+        }i;
+        struct U {
+            unsigned u;
+            char padding2[4];
+        }u;
+#else
+        struct I {
+            char padding[4];
+            int i;
+        }i;
+        struct U {
+            char padding2[4];
+            unsigned u;
+        }u;
+#endif
+        int64_t i64;
+        uint64_t u64;
+        double d;
+    };  // 8 bytes
+
+    struct ObjectData {
+        SizeType size;
+        SizeType capacity;
+        Member* members;
+    };  // 12 bytes in 32-bit mode, 16 bytes in 64-bit mode
+
+    struct ArrayData {
+        SizeType size;
+        SizeType capacity;
+        GenericValue* elements;
+    };  // 12 bytes in 32-bit mode, 16 bytes in 64-bit mode
+
+    union Data {
+        String s;
+        ShortString ss;
+        Number n;
+        ObjectData o;
+        ArrayData a;
+        Flag f;
+    };  // 16 bytes in 32-bit mode, 24 bytes in 64-bit mode, 16 bytes in 64-bit with RAPIDJSON_48BITPOINTER_OPTIMIZATION
+
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE const Ch* GetStringPointer() const { return RAPIDJSON_GETPOINTER(Ch, data_.s.str); }
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE const Ch* SetStringPointer(const Ch* str) { return RAPIDJSON_SETPOINTER(Ch, data_.s.str, str); }
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE GenericValue* GetElementsPointer() const { return RAPIDJSON_GETPOINTER(GenericValue, data_.a.elements); }
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE GenericValue* SetElementsPointer(GenericValue* elements) { return RAPIDJSON_SETPOINTER(GenericValue, data_.a.elements, elements); }
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE Member* GetMembersPointer() const { return RAPIDJSON_GETPOINTER(Member, data_.o.members); }
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE Member* SetMembersPointer(Member* members) { return RAPIDJSON_SETPOINTER(Member, data_.o.members, members); }
+
+    // Initialize this value as array with initial data, without calling destructor.
+    void SetArrayRaw(GenericValue* values, SizeType count, Allocator& allocator) {
+        data_.f.flags = kArrayFlag;
+        if (count) {
+            GenericValue* e = static_cast<GenericValue*>(allocator.Malloc(count * sizeof(GenericValue)));
+            SetElementsPointer(e);
+            std::memcpy(e, values, count * sizeof(GenericValue));
+        }
+        else
+            SetElementsPointer(0);
+        data_.a.size = data_.a.capacity = count;
+    }
+
+    //! Initialize this value as object with initial data, without calling destructor.
+    void SetObjectRaw(Member* members, SizeType count, Allocator& allocator) {
+        data_.f.flags = kObjectFlag;
+        if (count) {
+            Member* m = static_cast<Member*>(allocator.Malloc(count * sizeof(Member)));
+            SetMembersPointer(m);
+            std::memcpy(m, members, count * sizeof(Member));
+        }
+        else
+            SetMembersPointer(0);
+        data_.o.size = data_.o.capacity = count;
+    }
+
+    //! Initialize this value as constant string, without calling destructor.
+    void SetStringRaw(StringRefType s) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT {
+        data_.f.flags = kConstStringFlag;
+        SetStringPointer(s);
+        data_.s.length = s.length;
+    }
+
+    //! Initialize this value as copy string with initial data, without calling destructor.
+    void SetStringRaw(StringRefType s, Allocator& allocator) {
+        Ch* str = 0;
+        if (ShortString::Usable(s.length)) {
+            data_.f.flags = kShortStringFlag;
+            data_.ss.SetLength(s.length);
+            str = data_.ss.str;
+        } else {
+            data_.f.flags = kCopyStringFlag;
+            data_.s.length = s.length;
+            str = static_cast<Ch *>(allocator.Malloc((s.length + 1) * sizeof(Ch)));
+            SetStringPointer(str);
+        }
+        std::memcpy(str, s, s.length * sizeof(Ch));
+        str[s.length] = '\0';
+    }
+
+    //! Assignment without calling destructor
+    void RawAssign(GenericValue& rhs) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT {
+        data_ = rhs.data_;
+        // data_.f.flags = rhs.data_.f.flags;
+        rhs.data_.f.flags = kNullFlag;
+    }
+
+    template <typename SourceAllocator>
+    bool StringEqual(const GenericValue<Encoding, SourceAllocator>& rhs) const {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsString());
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(rhs.IsString());
+
+        const SizeType len1 = GetStringLength();
+        const SizeType len2 = rhs.GetStringLength();
+        if(len1 != len2) { return false; }
+
+        const Ch* const str1 = GetString();
+        const Ch* const str2 = rhs.GetString();
+        if(str1 == str2) { return true; } // fast path for constant string
+
+        return (std::memcmp(str1, str2, sizeof(Ch) * len1) == 0);
+    }
+
+    Data data_;
+};
+
+//! GenericValue with UTF8 encoding
+typedef GenericValue<UTF8<> > Value;
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// GenericDocument 
+
+//! A document for parsing JSON text as DOM.
+/*!
+    \note implements Handler concept
+    \tparam Encoding Encoding for both parsing and string storage.
+    \tparam Allocator Allocator for allocating memory for the DOM
+    \tparam StackAllocator Allocator for allocating memory for stack during parsing.
+    \warning Although GenericDocument inherits from GenericValue, the API does \b not provide any virtual functions, especially no virtual destructor.  To avoid memory leaks, do not \c delete a GenericDocument object via a pointer to a GenericValue.
+*/
+template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator = MemoryPoolAllocator<>, typename StackAllocator = CrtAllocator>
+class GenericDocument : public GenericValue<Encoding, Allocator> {
+public:
+    typedef typename Encoding::Ch Ch;                       //!< Character type derived from Encoding.
+    typedef GenericValue<Encoding, Allocator> ValueType;    //!< Value type of the document.
+    typedef Allocator AllocatorType;                        //!< Allocator type from template parameter.
+
+    //! Constructor
+    /*! Creates an empty document of specified type.
+        \param type             Mandatory type of object to create.
+        \param allocator        Optional allocator for allocating memory.
+        \param stackCapacity    Optional initial capacity of stack in bytes.
+        \param stackAllocator   Optional allocator for allocating memory for stack.
+    */
+    explicit GenericDocument(Type type, Allocator* allocator = 0, size_t stackCapacity = kDefaultStackCapacity, StackAllocator* stackAllocator = 0) :
+        GenericValue<Encoding, Allocator>(type),  allocator_(allocator), ownAllocator_(0), stack_(stackAllocator, stackCapacity), parseResult_()
+    {
+        if (!allocator_)
+            ownAllocator_ = allocator_ = RAPIDJSON_NEW(Allocator());
+    }
+
+    //! Constructor
+    /*! Creates an empty document which type is Null. 
+        \param allocator        Optional allocator for allocating memory.
+        \param stackCapacity    Optional initial capacity of stack in bytes.
+        \param stackAllocator   Optional allocator for allocating memory for stack.
+    */
+    GenericDocument(Allocator* allocator = 0, size_t stackCapacity = kDefaultStackCapacity, StackAllocator* stackAllocator = 0) : 
+        allocator_(allocator), ownAllocator_(0), stack_(stackAllocator, stackCapacity), parseResult_()
+    {
+        if (!allocator_)
+            ownAllocator_ = allocator_ = RAPIDJSON_NEW(Allocator());
+    }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+    //! Move constructor in C++11
+    GenericDocument(GenericDocument&& rhs) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT
+        : ValueType(std::forward<ValueType>(rhs)), // explicit cast to avoid prohibited move from Document
+          allocator_(rhs.allocator_),
+          ownAllocator_(rhs.ownAllocator_),
+          stack_(std::move(rhs.stack_)),
+          parseResult_(rhs.parseResult_)
+    {
+        rhs.allocator_ = 0;
+        rhs.ownAllocator_ = 0;
+        rhs.parseResult_ = ParseResult();
+    }
+#endif
+
+    ~GenericDocument() {
+        Destroy();
+    }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+    //! Move assignment in C++11
+    GenericDocument& operator=(GenericDocument&& rhs) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        // The cast to ValueType is necessary here, because otherwise it would
+        // attempt to call GenericValue's templated assignment operator.
+        ValueType::operator=(std::forward<ValueType>(rhs));
+
+        // Calling the destructor here would prematurely call stack_'s destructor
+        Destroy();
+
+        allocator_ = rhs.allocator_;
+        ownAllocator_ = rhs.ownAllocator_;
+        stack_ = std::move(rhs.stack_);
+        parseResult_ = rhs.parseResult_;
+
+        rhs.allocator_ = 0;
+        rhs.ownAllocator_ = 0;
+        rhs.parseResult_ = ParseResult();
+
+        return *this;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    //! Exchange the contents of this document with those of another.
+    /*!
+        \param rhs Another document.
+        \note Constant complexity.
+        \see GenericValue::Swap
+    */
+    GenericDocument& Swap(GenericDocument& rhs) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT {
+        ValueType::Swap(rhs);
+        stack_.Swap(rhs.stack_);
+        internal::Swap(allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
+        internal::Swap(ownAllocator_, rhs.ownAllocator_);
+        internal::Swap(parseResult_, rhs.parseResult_);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    //! free-standing swap function helper
+    /*!
+        Helper function to enable support for common swap implementation pattern based on \c std::swap:
+        \code
+        void swap(MyClass& a, MyClass& b) {
+            using std::swap;
+            swap(a.doc, b.doc);
+            // ...
+        }
+        \endcode
+        \see Swap()
+     */
+    friend inline void swap(GenericDocument& a, GenericDocument& b) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT { a.Swap(b); }
+
+    //! Populate this document by a generator which produces SAX events.
+    /*! \tparam Generator A functor with <tt>bool f(Handler)</tt> prototype.
+        \param g Generator functor which sends SAX events to the parameter.
+        \return The document itself for fluent API.
+    */
+    template <typename Generator>
+    GenericDocument& Populate(Generator& g) {
+        ClearStackOnExit scope(*this);
+        if (g(*this)) {
+            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(stack_.GetSize() == sizeof(ValueType)); // Got one and only one root object
+            ValueType::operator=(*stack_.template Pop<ValueType>(1));// Move value from stack to document
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    //!@name Parse from stream
+    //!@{
+
+    //! Parse JSON text from an input stream (with Encoding conversion)
+    /*! \tparam parseFlags Combination of \ref ParseFlag.
+        \tparam SourceEncoding Encoding of input stream
+        \tparam InputStream Type of input stream, implementing Stream concept
+        \param is Input stream to be parsed.
+        \return The document itself for fluent API.
+    */
+    template <unsigned parseFlags, typename SourceEncoding, typename InputStream>
+    GenericDocument& ParseStream(InputStream& is) {
+        GenericReader<SourceEncoding, Encoding, StackAllocator> reader(
+            stack_.HasAllocator() ? &stack_.GetAllocator() : 0);
+        ClearStackOnExit scope(*this);
+        parseResult_ = reader.template Parse<parseFlags>(is, *this);
+        if (parseResult_) {
+            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(stack_.GetSize() == sizeof(ValueType)); // Got one and only one root object
+            ValueType::operator=(*stack_.template Pop<ValueType>(1));// Move value from stack to document
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    //! Parse JSON text from an input stream
+    /*! \tparam parseFlags Combination of \ref ParseFlag.
+        \tparam InputStream Type of input stream, implementing Stream concept
+        \param is Input stream to be parsed.
+        \return The document itself for fluent API.
+    */
+    template <unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream>
+    GenericDocument& ParseStream(InputStream& is) {
+        return ParseStream<parseFlags, Encoding, InputStream>(is);
+    }
+
+    //! Parse JSON text from an input stream (with \ref kParseDefaultFlags)
+    /*! \tparam InputStream Type of input stream, implementing Stream concept
+        \param is Input stream to be parsed.
+        \return The document itself for fluent API.
+    */
+    template <typename InputStream>
+    GenericDocument& ParseStream(InputStream& is) {
+        return ParseStream<kParseDefaultFlags, Encoding, InputStream>(is);
+    }
+    //!@}
+
+    //!@name Parse in-place from mutable string
+    //!@{
+
+    //! Parse JSON text from a mutable string
+    /*! \tparam parseFlags Combination of \ref ParseFlag.
+        \param str Mutable zero-terminated string to be parsed.
+        \return The document itself for fluent API.
+    */
+    template <unsigned parseFlags>
+    GenericDocument& ParseInsitu(Ch* str) {
+        GenericInsituStringStream<Encoding> s(str);
+        return ParseStream<parseFlags | kParseInsituFlag>(s);
+    }
+
+    //! Parse JSON text from a mutable string (with \ref kParseDefaultFlags)
+    /*! \param str Mutable zero-terminated string to be parsed.
+        \return The document itself for fluent API.
+    */
+    GenericDocument& ParseInsitu(Ch* str) {
+        return ParseInsitu<kParseDefaultFlags>(str);
+    }
+    //!@}
+
+    //!@name Parse from read-only string
+    //!@{
+
+    //! Parse JSON text from a read-only string (with Encoding conversion)
+    /*! \tparam parseFlags Combination of \ref ParseFlag (must not contain \ref kParseInsituFlag).
+        \tparam SourceEncoding Transcoding from input Encoding
+        \param str Read-only zero-terminated string to be parsed.
+    */
+    template <unsigned parseFlags, typename SourceEncoding>
+    GenericDocument& Parse(const typename SourceEncoding::Ch* str) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(!(parseFlags & kParseInsituFlag));
+        GenericStringStream<SourceEncoding> s(str);
+        return ParseStream<parseFlags, SourceEncoding>(s);
+    }
+
+    //! Parse JSON text from a read-only string
+    /*! \tparam parseFlags Combination of \ref ParseFlag (must not contain \ref kParseInsituFlag).
+        \param str Read-only zero-terminated string to be parsed.
+    */
+    template <unsigned parseFlags>
+    GenericDocument& Parse(const Ch* str) {
+        return Parse<parseFlags, Encoding>(str);
+    }
+
+    //! Parse JSON text from a read-only string (with \ref kParseDefaultFlags)
+    /*! \param str Read-only zero-terminated string to be parsed.
+    */
+    GenericDocument& Parse(const Ch* str) {
+        return Parse<kParseDefaultFlags>(str);
+    }
+
+    template <unsigned parseFlags, typename SourceEncoding>
+    GenericDocument& Parse(const typename SourceEncoding::Ch* str, size_t length) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(!(parseFlags & kParseInsituFlag));
+        MemoryStream ms(static_cast<const char*>(str), length * sizeof(typename SourceEncoding::Ch));
+        EncodedInputStream<SourceEncoding, MemoryStream> is(ms);
+        ParseStream<parseFlags, SourceEncoding>(is);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <unsigned parseFlags>
+    GenericDocument& Parse(const Ch* str, size_t length) {
+        return Parse<parseFlags, Encoding>(str, length);
+    }
+    
+    GenericDocument& Parse(const Ch* str, size_t length) {
+        return Parse<kParseDefaultFlags>(str, length);
+    }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    template <unsigned parseFlags, typename SourceEncoding>
+    GenericDocument& Parse(const std::basic_string<typename SourceEncoding::Ch>& str) {
+        // c_str() is constant complexity according to standard. Should be faster than Parse(const char*, size_t)
+        return Parse<parseFlags, SourceEncoding>(str.c_str());
+    }
+
+    template <unsigned parseFlags>
+    GenericDocument& Parse(const std::basic_string<Ch>& str) {
+        return Parse<parseFlags, Encoding>(str.c_str());
+    }
+
+    GenericDocument& Parse(const std::basic_string<Ch>& str) {
+        return Parse<kParseDefaultFlags>(str);
+    }
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING    
+
+    //!@}
+
+    //!@name Handling parse errors
+    //!@{
+
+    //! Whether a parse error has occured in the last parsing.
+    bool HasParseError() const { return parseResult_.IsError(); }
+
+    //! Get the \ref ParseErrorCode of last parsing.
+    ParseErrorCode GetParseError() const { return parseResult_.Code(); }
+
+    //! Get the position of last parsing error in input, 0 otherwise.
+    size_t GetErrorOffset() const { return parseResult_.Offset(); }
+
+    //! Implicit conversion to get the last parse result
+#ifndef __clang // -Wdocumentation
+    /*! \return \ref ParseResult of the last parse operation
+
+        \code
+          Document doc;
+          ParseResult ok = doc.Parse(json);
+          if (!ok)
+            printf( "JSON parse error: %s (%u)\n", GetParseError_En(ok.Code()), ok.Offset());
+        \endcode
+     */
+#endif
+    operator ParseResult() const { return parseResult_; }
+    //!@}
+
+    //! Get the allocator of this document.
+    Allocator& GetAllocator() {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(allocator_);
+        return *allocator_;
+    }
+
+    //! Get the capacity of stack in bytes.
+    size_t GetStackCapacity() const { return stack_.GetCapacity(); }
+
+private:
+    // clear stack on any exit from ParseStream, e.g. due to exception
+    struct ClearStackOnExit {
+        explicit ClearStackOnExit(GenericDocument& d) : d_(d) {}
+        ~ClearStackOnExit() { d_.ClearStack(); }
+    private:
+        ClearStackOnExit(const ClearStackOnExit&);
+        ClearStackOnExit& operator=(const ClearStackOnExit&);
+        GenericDocument& d_;
+    };
+
+    // callers of the following private Handler functions
+    // template <typename,typename,typename> friend class GenericReader; // for parsing
+    template <typename, typename> friend class GenericValue; // for deep copying
+
+public:
+    // Implementation of Handler
+    bool Null() { new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(); return true; }
+    bool Bool(bool b) { new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(b); return true; }
+    bool Int(int i) { new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(i); return true; }
+    bool Uint(unsigned i) { new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(i); return true; }
+    bool Int64(int64_t i) { new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(i); return true; }
+    bool Uint64(uint64_t i) { new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(i); return true; }
+    bool Double(double d) { new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(d); return true; }
+
+    bool RawNumber(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy) { 
+        if (copy) 
+            new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(str, length, GetAllocator());
+        else
+            new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(str, length);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool String(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy) { 
+        if (copy) 
+            new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(str, length, GetAllocator());
+        else
+            new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(str, length);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool StartObject() { new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(kObjectType); return true; }
+    
+    bool Key(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy) { return String(str, length, copy); }
+
+    bool EndObject(SizeType memberCount) {
+        typename ValueType::Member* members = stack_.template Pop<typename ValueType::Member>(memberCount);
+        stack_.template Top<ValueType>()->SetObjectRaw(members, memberCount, GetAllocator());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool StartArray() { new (stack_.template Push<ValueType>()) ValueType(kArrayType); return true; }
+    
+    bool EndArray(SizeType elementCount) {
+        ValueType* elements = stack_.template Pop<ValueType>(elementCount);
+        stack_.template Top<ValueType>()->SetArrayRaw(elements, elementCount, GetAllocator());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+private:
+    //! Prohibit copying
+    GenericDocument(const GenericDocument&);
+    //! Prohibit assignment
+    GenericDocument& operator=(const GenericDocument&);
+
+    void ClearStack() {
+        if (Allocator::kNeedFree)
+            while (stack_.GetSize() > 0)    // Here assumes all elements in stack array are GenericValue (Member is actually 2 GenericValue objects)
+                (stack_.template Pop<ValueType>(1))->~ValueType();
+        else
+            stack_.Clear();
+        stack_.ShrinkToFit();
+    }
+
+    void Destroy() {
+        RAPIDJSON_DELETE(ownAllocator_);
+    }
+
+    static const size_t kDefaultStackCapacity = 1024;
+    Allocator* allocator_;
+    Allocator* ownAllocator_;
+    internal::Stack<StackAllocator> stack_;
+    ParseResult parseResult_;
+};
+
+//! GenericDocument with UTF8 encoding
+typedef GenericDocument<UTF8<> > Document;
+
+// defined here due to the dependency on GenericDocument
+template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator>
+template <typename SourceAllocator>
+inline
+GenericValue<Encoding,Allocator>::GenericValue(const GenericValue<Encoding,SourceAllocator>& rhs, Allocator& allocator)
+{
+    switch (rhs.GetType()) {
+    case kObjectType:
+    case kArrayType: { // perform deep copy via SAX Handler
+            GenericDocument<Encoding,Allocator> d(&allocator);
+            rhs.Accept(d);
+            RawAssign(*d.stack_.template Pop<GenericValue>(1));
+        }
+        break;
+    case kStringType:
+        if (rhs.data_.f.flags == kConstStringFlag) {
+            data_.f.flags = rhs.data_.f.flags;
+            data_  = *reinterpret_cast<const Data*>(&rhs.data_);
+        } else {
+            SetStringRaw(StringRef(rhs.GetString(), rhs.GetStringLength()), allocator);
+        }
+        break;
+    default:
+        data_.f.flags = rhs.data_.f.flags;
+        data_  = *reinterpret_cast<const Data*>(&rhs.data_);
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+//! Helper class for accessing Value of array type.
+/*!
+    Instance of this helper class is obtained by \c GenericValue::GetArray().
+    In addition to all APIs for array type, it provides range-based for loop if \c RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RANGE_FOR=1.
+*/
+template <bool Const, typename ValueT>
+class GenericArray {
+public:
+    typedef GenericArray<true, ValueT> ConstArray;
+    typedef GenericArray<false, ValueT> Array;
+    typedef ValueT PlainType;
+    typedef typename internal::MaybeAddConst<Const,PlainType>::Type ValueType;
+    typedef ValueType* ValueIterator;  // This may be const or non-const iterator
+    typedef const ValueT* ConstValueIterator;
+    typedef typename ValueType::AllocatorType AllocatorType;
+    typedef typename ValueType::StringRefType StringRefType;
+
+    template <typename, typename>
+    friend class GenericValue;
+
+    GenericArray(const GenericArray& rhs) : value_(rhs.value_) {}
+    GenericArray& operator=(const GenericArray& rhs) { value_ = rhs.value_; return *this; }
+    ~GenericArray() {}
+
+    SizeType Size() const { return value_.Size(); }
+    SizeType Capacity() const { return value_.Capacity(); }
+    bool Empty() const { return value_.Empty(); }
+    void Clear() const { value_.Clear(); }
+    ValueType& operator[](SizeType index) const {  return value_[index]; }
+    ValueIterator Begin() const { return value_.Begin(); }
+    ValueIterator End() const { return value_.End(); }
+    GenericArray Reserve(SizeType newCapacity, AllocatorType &allocator) const { value_.Reserve(newCapacity, allocator); return *this; }
+    GenericArray PushBack(ValueType& value, AllocatorType& allocator) const { value_.PushBack(value, allocator); return *this; }
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+    GenericArray PushBack(ValueType&& value, AllocatorType& allocator) const { value_.PushBack(value, allocator); return *this; }
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+    GenericArray PushBack(StringRefType value, AllocatorType& allocator) const { value_.PushBack(value, allocator); return *this; }
+    template <typename T> RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::OrExpr<internal::IsPointer<T>, internal::IsGenericValue<T> >), (const GenericArray&)) PushBack(T value, AllocatorType& allocator) const { value_.PushBack(value, allocator); return *this; }
+    GenericArray PopBack() const { value_.PopBack(); return *this; }
+    ValueIterator Erase(ConstValueIterator pos) const { return value_.Erase(pos); }
+    ValueIterator Erase(ConstValueIterator first, ConstValueIterator last) const { return value_.Erase(first, last); }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RANGE_FOR
+    ValueIterator begin() const { return value_.Begin(); }
+    ValueIterator end() const { return value_.End(); }
+#endif
+
+private:
+    GenericArray();
+    GenericArray(ValueType& value) : value_(value) {}
+    ValueType& value_;
+};
+
+//! Helper class for accessing Value of object type.
+/*!
+    Instance of this helper class is obtained by \c GenericValue::GetObject().
+    In addition to all APIs for array type, it provides range-based for loop if \c RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RANGE_FOR=1.
+*/
+template <bool Const, typename ValueT>
+class GenericObject {
+public:
+    typedef GenericObject<true, ValueT> ConstObject;
+    typedef GenericObject<false, ValueT> Object;
+    typedef ValueT PlainType;
+    typedef typename internal::MaybeAddConst<Const,PlainType>::Type ValueType;
+    typedef GenericMemberIterator<Const, typename ValueT::EncodingType, typename ValueT::AllocatorType> MemberIterator;  // This may be const or non-const iterator
+    typedef GenericMemberIterator<true, typename ValueT::EncodingType, typename ValueT::AllocatorType> ConstMemberIterator;
+    typedef typename ValueType::AllocatorType AllocatorType;
+    typedef typename ValueType::StringRefType StringRefType;
+    typedef typename ValueType::EncodingType EncodingType;
+    typedef typename ValueType::Ch Ch;
+
+    template <typename, typename>
+    friend class GenericValue;
+
+    GenericObject(const GenericObject& rhs) : value_(rhs.value_) {}
+    GenericObject& operator=(const GenericObject& rhs) { value_ = rhs.value_; return *this; }
+    ~GenericObject() {}
+
+    SizeType MemberCount() const { return value_.MemberCount(); }
+    bool ObjectEmpty() const { return value_.ObjectEmpty(); }
+    template <typename T> ValueType& operator[](T* name) const { return value_[name]; }
+    template <typename SourceAllocator> ValueType& operator[](const GenericValue<EncodingType, SourceAllocator>& name) const { return value_[name]; }
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    ValueType& operator[](const std::basic_string<Ch>& name) const { return value_[name]; }
+#endif
+    MemberIterator MemberBegin() const { return value_.MemberBegin(); }
+    MemberIterator MemberEnd() const { return value_.MemberEnd(); }
+    bool HasMember(const Ch* name) const { return value_.HasMember(name); }
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    bool HasMember(const std::basic_string<Ch>& name) const { return value_.HasMember(name); }
+#endif
+    template <typename SourceAllocator> bool HasMember(const GenericValue<EncodingType, SourceAllocator>& name) const { return value_.HasMember(name); }
+    MemberIterator FindMember(const Ch* name) const { return value_.FindMember(name); }
+    template <typename SourceAllocator> MemberIterator FindMember(const GenericValue<EncodingType, SourceAllocator>& name) const { return value_.FindMember(name); }
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    MemberIterator FindMember(const std::basic_string<Ch>& name) const { return value_.FindMember(name); }
+#endif
+    GenericObject AddMember(ValueType& name, ValueType& value, AllocatorType& allocator) const { value_.AddMember(name, value, allocator); return *this; }
+    GenericObject AddMember(ValueType& name, StringRefType value, AllocatorType& allocator) const { value_.AddMember(name, value, allocator); return *this; }
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    GenericObject AddMember(ValueType& name, std::basic_string<Ch>& value, AllocatorType& allocator) const { value_.AddMember(name, value, allocator); return *this; }
+#endif
+    template <typename T> RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::OrExpr<internal::IsPointer<T>, internal::IsGenericValue<T> >), (ValueType&)) AddMember(ValueType& name, T value, AllocatorType& allocator) const { value_.AddMember(name, value, allocator); return *this; }
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+    GenericObject AddMember(ValueType&& name, ValueType&& value, AllocatorType& allocator) const { value_.AddMember(name, value, allocator); return *this; }
+    GenericObject AddMember(ValueType&& name, ValueType& value, AllocatorType& allocator) const { value_.AddMember(name, value, allocator); return *this; }
+    GenericObject AddMember(ValueType& name, ValueType&& value, AllocatorType& allocator) const { value_.AddMember(name, value, allocator); return *this; }
+    GenericObject AddMember(StringRefType name, ValueType&& value, AllocatorType& allocator) const { value_.AddMember(name, value, allocator); return *this; }
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+    GenericObject AddMember(StringRefType name, ValueType& value, AllocatorType& allocator) const { value_.AddMember(name, value, allocator); return *this; }
+    GenericObject AddMember(StringRefType name, StringRefType value, AllocatorType& allocator) const { value_.AddMember(name, value, allocator); return *this; }
+    template <typename T> RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::OrExpr<internal::IsPointer<T>, internal::IsGenericValue<T> >), (GenericObject)) AddMember(StringRefType name, T value, AllocatorType& allocator) const { value_.AddMember(name, value, allocator); return *this; }
+    void RemoveAllMembers() { return value_.RemoveAllMembers(); }
+    bool RemoveMember(const Ch* name) const { return value_.RemoveMember(name); }
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    bool RemoveMember(const std::basic_string<Ch>& name) const { return value_.RemoveMember(name); }
+#endif
+    template <typename SourceAllocator> bool RemoveMember(const GenericValue<EncodingType, SourceAllocator>& name) const { return value_.RemoveMember(name); }
+    MemberIterator RemoveMember(MemberIterator m) const { return value_.RemoveMember(m); }
+    MemberIterator EraseMember(ConstMemberIterator pos) const { return value_.EraseMember(pos); }
+    MemberIterator EraseMember(ConstMemberIterator first, ConstMemberIterator last) const { return value_.EraseMember(first, last); }
+    bool EraseMember(const Ch* name) const { return value_.EraseMember(name); }
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    bool EraseMember(const std::basic_string<Ch>& name) const { return EraseMember(ValueType(StringRef(name))); }
+#endif
+    template <typename SourceAllocator> bool EraseMember(const GenericValue<EncodingType, SourceAllocator>& name) const { return value_.EraseMember(name); }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RANGE_FOR
+    MemberIterator begin() const { return value_.MemberBegin(); }
+    MemberIterator end() const { return value_.MemberEnd(); }
+#endif
+
+private:
+    GenericObject();
+    GenericObject(ValueType& value) : value_(value) {}
+    ValueType& value_;
+};
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_DOCUMENT_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/encodedstream.h b/include/rapidjson/encodedstream.h
index 9a93b38..1450683 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/encodedstream.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/encodedstream.h
@@ -1,261 +1,299 @@
-// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
-// 
-// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
-// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
-// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
-// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
-// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ENCODEDSTREAM_H_
-#define RAPIDJSON_ENCODEDSTREAM_H_
-
-#include "rapidjson.h"
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(effc++)
-#endif
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-//! Input byte stream wrapper with a statically bound encoding.
-/*!
-    \tparam Encoding The interpretation of encoding of the stream. Either UTF8, UTF16LE, UTF16BE, UTF32LE, UTF32BE.
-    \tparam InputByteStream Type of input byte stream. For example, FileReadStream.
-*/
-template <typename Encoding, typename InputByteStream>
-class EncodedInputStream {
-    RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-public:
-    typedef typename Encoding::Ch Ch;
-
-    EncodedInputStream(InputByteStream& is) : is_(is) { 
-        current_ = Encoding::TakeBOM(is_);
-    }
-
-    Ch Peek() const { return current_; }
-    Ch Take() { Ch c = current_; current_ = Encoding::Take(is_); return c; }
-    size_t Tell() const { return is_.Tell(); }
-
-    // Not implemented
-    void Put(Ch) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); }
-    void Flush() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); } 
-    Ch* PutBegin() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
-    size_t PutEnd(Ch*) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
-
-private:
-    EncodedInputStream(const EncodedInputStream&);
-    EncodedInputStream& operator=(const EncodedInputStream&);
-
-    InputByteStream& is_;
-    Ch current_;
-};
-
-//! Output byte stream wrapper with statically bound encoding.
-/*!
-    \tparam Encoding The interpretation of encoding of the stream. Either UTF8, UTF16LE, UTF16BE, UTF32LE, UTF32BE.
-    \tparam InputByteStream Type of input byte stream. For example, FileWriteStream.
-*/
-template <typename Encoding, typename OutputByteStream>
-class EncodedOutputStream {
-    RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-public:
-    typedef typename Encoding::Ch Ch;
-
-    EncodedOutputStream(OutputByteStream& os, bool putBOM = true) : os_(os) { 
-        if (putBOM)
-            Encoding::PutBOM(os_);
-    }
-
-    void Put(Ch c) { Encoding::Put(os_, c);  }
-    void Flush() { os_.Flush(); }
-
-    // Not implemented
-    Ch Peek() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); }
-    Ch Take() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false);  }
-    size_t Tell() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false);  return 0; }
-    Ch* PutBegin() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
-    size_t PutEnd(Ch*) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
-
-private:
-    EncodedOutputStream(const EncodedOutputStream&);
-    EncodedOutputStream& operator=(const EncodedOutputStream&);
-
-    OutputByteStream& os_;
-};
-
-#define RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC(x) UTF8<Ch>::x, UTF16LE<Ch>::x, UTF16BE<Ch>::x, UTF32LE<Ch>::x, UTF32BE<Ch>::x
-
-//! Input stream wrapper with dynamically bound encoding and automatic encoding detection.
-/*!
-    \tparam CharType Type of character for reading.
-    \tparam InputByteStream type of input byte stream to be wrapped.
-*/
-template <typename CharType, typename InputByteStream>
-class AutoUTFInputStream {
-    RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-public:
-    typedef CharType Ch;
-
-    //! Constructor.
-    /*!
-        \param is input stream to be wrapped.
-        \param type UTF encoding type if it is not detected from the stream.
-    */
-    AutoUTFInputStream(InputByteStream& is, UTFType type = kUTF8) : is_(&is), type_(type), hasBOM_(false) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(type >= kUTF8 && type <= kUTF32BE);        
-        DetectType();
-        static const TakeFunc f[] = { RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC(Take) };
-        takeFunc_ = f[type_];
-        current_ = takeFunc_(*is_);
-    }
-
-    UTFType GetType() const { return type_; }
-    bool HasBOM() const { return hasBOM_; }
-
-    Ch Peek() const { return current_; }
-    Ch Take() { Ch c = current_; current_ = takeFunc_(*is_); return c; }
-    size_t Tell() const { return is_->Tell(); }
-
-    // Not implemented
-    void Put(Ch) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); }
-    void Flush() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); } 
-    Ch* PutBegin() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
-    size_t PutEnd(Ch*) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
-
-private:
-    AutoUTFInputStream(const AutoUTFInputStream&);
-    AutoUTFInputStream& operator=(const AutoUTFInputStream&);
-
-    // Detect encoding type with BOM or RFC 4627
-    void DetectType() {
-        // BOM (Byte Order Mark):
-        // 00 00 FE FF  UTF-32BE
-        // FF FE 00 00  UTF-32LE
-        // FE FF        UTF-16BE
-        // FF FE        UTF-16LE
-        // EF BB BF     UTF-8
-
-        const unsigned char* c = (const unsigned char *)is_->Peek4();
-        if (!c)
-            return;
-
-        unsigned bom = c[0] | (c[1] << 8) | (c[2] << 16) | (c[3] << 24);
-        hasBOM_ = false;
-        if (bom == 0xFFFE0000)                  { type_ = kUTF32BE; hasBOM_ = true; is_->Take(); is_->Take(); is_->Take(); is_->Take(); }
-        else if (bom == 0x0000FEFF)             { type_ = kUTF32LE; hasBOM_ = true; is_->Take(); is_->Take(); is_->Take(); is_->Take(); }
-        else if ((bom & 0xFFFF) == 0xFFFE)      { type_ = kUTF16BE; hasBOM_ = true; is_->Take(); is_->Take();                           }
-        else if ((bom & 0xFFFF) == 0xFEFF)      { type_ = kUTF16LE; hasBOM_ = true; is_->Take(); is_->Take();                           }
-        else if ((bom & 0xFFFFFF) == 0xBFBBEF)  { type_ = kUTF8;    hasBOM_ = true; is_->Take(); is_->Take(); is_->Take();              }
-
-        // RFC 4627: Section 3
-        // "Since the first two characters of a JSON text will always be ASCII
-        // characters [RFC0020], it is possible to determine whether an octet
-        // stream is UTF-8, UTF-16 (BE or LE), or UTF-32 (BE or LE) by looking
-        // at the pattern of nulls in the first four octets."
-        // 00 00 00 xx  UTF-32BE
-        // 00 xx 00 xx  UTF-16BE
-        // xx 00 00 00  UTF-32LE
-        // xx 00 xx 00  UTF-16LE
-        // xx xx xx xx  UTF-8
-
-        if (!hasBOM_) {
-            unsigned pattern = (c[0] ? 1 : 0) | (c[1] ? 2 : 0) | (c[2] ? 4 : 0) | (c[3] ? 8 : 0);
-            switch (pattern) {
-            case 0x08: type_ = kUTF32BE; break;
-            case 0x0A: type_ = kUTF16BE; break;
-            case 0x01: type_ = kUTF32LE; break;
-            case 0x05: type_ = kUTF16LE; break;
-            case 0x0F: type_ = kUTF8;    break;
-            default: break; // Use type defined by user.
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Runtime check whether the size of character type is sufficient. It only perform checks with assertion.
-        if (type_ == kUTF16LE || type_ == kUTF16BE) RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(sizeof(Ch) >= 2);
-        if (type_ == kUTF32LE || type_ == kUTF32BE) RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(sizeof(Ch) >= 4);
-    }
-
-    typedef Ch (*TakeFunc)(InputByteStream& is);
-    InputByteStream* is_;
-    UTFType type_;
-    Ch current_;
-    TakeFunc takeFunc_;
-    bool hasBOM_;
-};
-
-//! Output stream wrapper with dynamically bound encoding and automatic encoding detection.
-/*!
-    \tparam CharType Type of character for writing.
-    \tparam InputByteStream type of output byte stream to be wrapped.
-*/
-template <typename CharType, typename OutputByteStream>
-class AutoUTFOutputStream {
-    RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-public:
-    typedef CharType Ch;
-
-    //! Constructor.
-    /*!
-        \param os output stream to be wrapped.
-        \param type UTF encoding type.
-        \param putBOM Whether to write BOM at the beginning of the stream.
-    */
-    AutoUTFOutputStream(OutputByteStream& os, UTFType type, bool putBOM) : os_(&os), type_(type) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(type >= kUTF8 && type <= kUTF32BE);
-
-        // Runtime check whether the size of character type is sufficient. It only perform checks with assertion.
-        if (type_ == kUTF16LE || type_ == kUTF16BE) RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(sizeof(Ch) >= 2);
-        if (type_ == kUTF32LE || type_ == kUTF32BE) RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(sizeof(Ch) >= 4);
-
-        static const PutFunc f[] = { RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC(Put) };
-        putFunc_ = f[type_];
-
-        if (putBOM)
-            PutBOM();
-    }
-
-    UTFType GetType() const { return type_; }
-
-    void Put(Ch c) { putFunc_(*os_, c); }
-    void Flush() { os_->Flush(); } 
-
-    // Not implemented
-    Ch Peek() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); }
-    Ch Take() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); }
-    size_t Tell() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
-    Ch* PutBegin() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
-    size_t PutEnd(Ch*) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
-
-private:
-    AutoUTFOutputStream(const AutoUTFOutputStream&);
-    AutoUTFOutputStream& operator=(const AutoUTFOutputStream&);
-
-    void PutBOM() { 
-        typedef void (*PutBOMFunc)(OutputByteStream&);
-        static const PutBOMFunc f[] = { RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC(PutBOM) };
-        f[type_](*os_);
-    }
-
-    typedef void (*PutFunc)(OutputByteStream&, Ch);
-
-    OutputByteStream* os_;
-    UTFType type_;
-    PutFunc putFunc_;
-};
-
-#undef RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
-#endif
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_FILESTREAM_H_
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ENCODEDSTREAM_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_ENCODEDSTREAM_H_
+
+#include "stream.h"
+#include "memorystream.h"
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(effc++)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(padded)
+#endif
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+//! Input byte stream wrapper with a statically bound encoding.
+/*!
+    \tparam Encoding The interpretation of encoding of the stream. Either UTF8, UTF16LE, UTF16BE, UTF32LE, UTF32BE.
+    \tparam InputByteStream Type of input byte stream. For example, FileReadStream.
+*/
+template <typename Encoding, typename InputByteStream>
+class EncodedInputStream {
+    RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+public:
+    typedef typename Encoding::Ch Ch;
+
+    EncodedInputStream(InputByteStream& is) : is_(is) { 
+        current_ = Encoding::TakeBOM(is_);
+    }
+
+    Ch Peek() const { return current_; }
+    Ch Take() { Ch c = current_; current_ = Encoding::Take(is_); return c; }
+    size_t Tell() const { return is_.Tell(); }
+
+    // Not implemented
+    void Put(Ch) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); }
+    void Flush() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); } 
+    Ch* PutBegin() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+    size_t PutEnd(Ch*) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+
+private:
+    EncodedInputStream(const EncodedInputStream&);
+    EncodedInputStream& operator=(const EncodedInputStream&);
+
+    InputByteStream& is_;
+    Ch current_;
+};
+
+//! Specialized for UTF8 MemoryStream.
+template <>
+class EncodedInputStream<UTF8<>, MemoryStream> {
+public:
+    typedef UTF8<>::Ch Ch;
+
+    EncodedInputStream(MemoryStream& is) : is_(is) {
+        if (static_cast<unsigned char>(is_.Peek()) == 0xEFu) is_.Take();
+        if (static_cast<unsigned char>(is_.Peek()) == 0xBBu) is_.Take();
+        if (static_cast<unsigned char>(is_.Peek()) == 0xBFu) is_.Take();
+    }
+    Ch Peek() const { return is_.Peek(); }
+    Ch Take() { return is_.Take(); }
+    size_t Tell() const { return is_.Tell(); }
+
+    // Not implemented
+    void Put(Ch) {}
+    void Flush() {} 
+    Ch* PutBegin() { return 0; }
+    size_t PutEnd(Ch*) { return 0; }
+
+    MemoryStream& is_;
+
+private:
+    EncodedInputStream(const EncodedInputStream&);
+    EncodedInputStream& operator=(const EncodedInputStream&);
+};
+
+//! Output byte stream wrapper with statically bound encoding.
+/*!
+    \tparam Encoding The interpretation of encoding of the stream. Either UTF8, UTF16LE, UTF16BE, UTF32LE, UTF32BE.
+    \tparam OutputByteStream Type of input byte stream. For example, FileWriteStream.
+*/
+template <typename Encoding, typename OutputByteStream>
+class EncodedOutputStream {
+    RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+public:
+    typedef typename Encoding::Ch Ch;
+
+    EncodedOutputStream(OutputByteStream& os, bool putBOM = true) : os_(os) { 
+        if (putBOM)
+            Encoding::PutBOM(os_);
+    }
+
+    void Put(Ch c) { Encoding::Put(os_, c);  }
+    void Flush() { os_.Flush(); }
+
+    // Not implemented
+    Ch Peek() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0;}
+    Ch Take() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0;}
+    size_t Tell() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false);  return 0; }
+    Ch* PutBegin() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+    size_t PutEnd(Ch*) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+
+private:
+    EncodedOutputStream(const EncodedOutputStream&);
+    EncodedOutputStream& operator=(const EncodedOutputStream&);
+
+    OutputByteStream& os_;
+};
+
+#define RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC(x) UTF8<Ch>::x, UTF16LE<Ch>::x, UTF16BE<Ch>::x, UTF32LE<Ch>::x, UTF32BE<Ch>::x
+
+//! Input stream wrapper with dynamically bound encoding and automatic encoding detection.
+/*!
+    \tparam CharType Type of character for reading.
+    \tparam InputByteStream type of input byte stream to be wrapped.
+*/
+template <typename CharType, typename InputByteStream>
+class AutoUTFInputStream {
+    RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+public:
+    typedef CharType Ch;
+
+    //! Constructor.
+    /*!
+        \param is input stream to be wrapped.
+        \param type UTF encoding type if it is not detected from the stream.
+    */
+    AutoUTFInputStream(InputByteStream& is, UTFType type = kUTF8) : is_(&is), type_(type), hasBOM_(false) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(type >= kUTF8 && type <= kUTF32BE);        
+        DetectType();
+        static const TakeFunc f[] = { RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC(Take) };
+        takeFunc_ = f[type_];
+        current_ = takeFunc_(*is_);
+    }
+
+    UTFType GetType() const { return type_; }
+    bool HasBOM() const { return hasBOM_; }
+
+    Ch Peek() const { return current_; }
+    Ch Take() { Ch c = current_; current_ = takeFunc_(*is_); return c; }
+    size_t Tell() const { return is_->Tell(); }
+
+    // Not implemented
+    void Put(Ch) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); }
+    void Flush() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); } 
+    Ch* PutBegin() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+    size_t PutEnd(Ch*) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+
+private:
+    AutoUTFInputStream(const AutoUTFInputStream&);
+    AutoUTFInputStream& operator=(const AutoUTFInputStream&);
+
+    // Detect encoding type with BOM or RFC 4627
+    void DetectType() {
+        // BOM (Byte Order Mark):
+        // 00 00 FE FF  UTF-32BE
+        // FF FE 00 00  UTF-32LE
+        // FE FF        UTF-16BE
+        // FF FE        UTF-16LE
+        // EF BB BF     UTF-8
+
+        const unsigned char* c = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(is_->Peek4());
+        if (!c)
+            return;
+
+        unsigned bom = static_cast<unsigned>(c[0] | (c[1] << 8) | (c[2] << 16) | (c[3] << 24));
+        hasBOM_ = false;
+        if (bom == 0xFFFE0000)                  { type_ = kUTF32BE; hasBOM_ = true; is_->Take(); is_->Take(); is_->Take(); is_->Take(); }
+        else if (bom == 0x0000FEFF)             { type_ = kUTF32LE; hasBOM_ = true; is_->Take(); is_->Take(); is_->Take(); is_->Take(); }
+        else if ((bom & 0xFFFF) == 0xFFFE)      { type_ = kUTF16BE; hasBOM_ = true; is_->Take(); is_->Take();                           }
+        else if ((bom & 0xFFFF) == 0xFEFF)      { type_ = kUTF16LE; hasBOM_ = true; is_->Take(); is_->Take();                           }
+        else if ((bom & 0xFFFFFF) == 0xBFBBEF)  { type_ = kUTF8;    hasBOM_ = true; is_->Take(); is_->Take(); is_->Take();              }
+
+        // RFC 4627: Section 3
+        // "Since the first two characters of a JSON text will always be ASCII
+        // characters [RFC0020], it is possible to determine whether an octet
+        // stream is UTF-8, UTF-16 (BE or LE), or UTF-32 (BE or LE) by looking
+        // at the pattern of nulls in the first four octets."
+        // 00 00 00 xx  UTF-32BE
+        // 00 xx 00 xx  UTF-16BE
+        // xx 00 00 00  UTF-32LE
+        // xx 00 xx 00  UTF-16LE
+        // xx xx xx xx  UTF-8
+
+        if (!hasBOM_) {
+            unsigned pattern = (c[0] ? 1 : 0) | (c[1] ? 2 : 0) | (c[2] ? 4 : 0) | (c[3] ? 8 : 0);
+            switch (pattern) {
+            case 0x08: type_ = kUTF32BE; break;
+            case 0x0A: type_ = kUTF16BE; break;
+            case 0x01: type_ = kUTF32LE; break;
+            case 0x05: type_ = kUTF16LE; break;
+            case 0x0F: type_ = kUTF8;    break;
+            default: break; // Use type defined by user.
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Runtime check whether the size of character type is sufficient. It only perform checks with assertion.
+        if (type_ == kUTF16LE || type_ == kUTF16BE) RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(sizeof(Ch) >= 2);
+        if (type_ == kUTF32LE || type_ == kUTF32BE) RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(sizeof(Ch) >= 4);
+    }
+
+    typedef Ch (*TakeFunc)(InputByteStream& is);
+    InputByteStream* is_;
+    UTFType type_;
+    Ch current_;
+    TakeFunc takeFunc_;
+    bool hasBOM_;
+};
+
+//! Output stream wrapper with dynamically bound encoding and automatic encoding detection.
+/*!
+    \tparam CharType Type of character for writing.
+    \tparam OutputByteStream type of output byte stream to be wrapped.
+*/
+template <typename CharType, typename OutputByteStream>
+class AutoUTFOutputStream {
+    RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+public:
+    typedef CharType Ch;
+
+    //! Constructor.
+    /*!
+        \param os output stream to be wrapped.
+        \param type UTF encoding type.
+        \param putBOM Whether to write BOM at the beginning of the stream.
+    */
+    AutoUTFOutputStream(OutputByteStream& os, UTFType type, bool putBOM) : os_(&os), type_(type) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(type >= kUTF8 && type <= kUTF32BE);
+
+        // Runtime check whether the size of character type is sufficient. It only perform checks with assertion.
+        if (type_ == kUTF16LE || type_ == kUTF16BE) RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(sizeof(Ch) >= 2);
+        if (type_ == kUTF32LE || type_ == kUTF32BE) RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(sizeof(Ch) >= 4);
+
+        static const PutFunc f[] = { RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC(Put) };
+        putFunc_ = f[type_];
+
+        if (putBOM)
+            PutBOM();
+    }
+
+    UTFType GetType() const { return type_; }
+
+    void Put(Ch c) { putFunc_(*os_, c); }
+    void Flush() { os_->Flush(); } 
+
+    // Not implemented
+    Ch Peek() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0;}
+    Ch Take() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0;}
+    size_t Tell() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+    Ch* PutBegin() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+    size_t PutEnd(Ch*) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+
+private:
+    AutoUTFOutputStream(const AutoUTFOutputStream&);
+    AutoUTFOutputStream& operator=(const AutoUTFOutputStream&);
+
+    void PutBOM() { 
+        typedef void (*PutBOMFunc)(OutputByteStream&);
+        static const PutBOMFunc f[] = { RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC(PutBOM) };
+        f[type_](*os_);
+    }
+
+    typedef void (*PutFunc)(OutputByteStream&, Ch);
+
+    OutputByteStream* os_;
+    UTFType type_;
+    PutFunc putFunc_;
+};
+
+#undef RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_FILESTREAM_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/encodings.h b/include/rapidjson/encodings.h
index bc3cd81..baa7c2b 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/encodings.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/encodings.h
@@ -1,625 +1,716 @@
-// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
-// 
-// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
-// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
-// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
-// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
-// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_H_
-#define RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_H_
-
-#include "rapidjson.h"
-
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(4244) // conversion from 'type1' to 'type2', possible loss of data
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(4702)  // unreachable code
-#elif defined(__GNUC__)
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(effc++)
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(overflow)
-#endif
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// Encoding
-
-/*! \class rapidjson::Encoding
-    \brief Concept for encoding of Unicode characters.
-
-\code
-concept Encoding {
-    typename Ch;    //! Type of character. A "character" is actually a code unit in unicode's definition.
-
-    enum { supportUnicode = 1 }; // or 0 if not supporting unicode
-
-    //! \brief Encode a Unicode codepoint to an output stream.
-    //! \param os Output stream.
-    //! \param codepoint An unicode codepoint, ranging from 0x0 to 0x10FFFF inclusively.
-    template<typename OutputStream>
-    static void Encode(OutputStream& os, unsigned codepoint);
-
-    //! \brief Decode a Unicode codepoint from an input stream.
-    //! \param is Input stream.
-    //! \param codepoint Output of the unicode codepoint.
-    //! \return true if a valid codepoint can be decoded from the stream.
-    template <typename InputStream>
-    static bool Decode(InputStream& is, unsigned* codepoint);
-
-    //! \brief Validate one Unicode codepoint from an encoded stream.
-    //! \param is Input stream to obtain codepoint.
-    //! \param os Output for copying one codepoint.
-    //! \return true if it is valid.
-    //! \note This function just validating and copying the codepoint without actually decode it.
-    template <typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
-    static bool Validate(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os);
-
-    // The following functions are deal with byte streams.
-
-    //! Take a character from input byte stream, skip BOM if exist.
-    template <typename InputByteStream>
-    static CharType TakeBOM(InputByteStream& is);
-
-    //! Take a character from input byte stream.
-    template <typename InputByteStream>
-    static Ch Take(InputByteStream& is);
-
-    //! Put BOM to output byte stream.
-    template <typename OutputByteStream>
-    static void PutBOM(OutputByteStream& os);
-
-    //! Put a character to output byte stream.
-    template <typename OutputByteStream>
-    static void Put(OutputByteStream& os, Ch c);
-};
-\endcode
-*/
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// UTF8
-
-//! UTF-8 encoding.
-/*! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8
-    http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3629
-    \tparam CharType Code unit for storing 8-bit UTF-8 data. Default is char.
-    \note implements Encoding concept
-*/
-template<typename CharType = char>
-struct UTF8 {
-    typedef CharType Ch;
-
-    enum { supportUnicode = 1 };
-
-    template<typename OutputStream>
-    static void Encode(OutputStream& os, unsigned codepoint) {
-        if (codepoint <= 0x7F) 
-            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(codepoint & 0xFF));
-        else if (codepoint <= 0x7FF) {
-            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(0xC0 | ((codepoint >> 6) & 0xFF)));
-            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(0x80 | ((codepoint & 0x3F))));
-        }
-        else if (codepoint <= 0xFFFF) {
-            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(0xE0 | ((codepoint >> 12) & 0xFF)));
-            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(0x80 | ((codepoint >> 6) & 0x3F)));
-            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(0x80 | (codepoint & 0x3F)));
-        }
-        else {
-            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(codepoint <= 0x10FFFF);
-            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(0xF0 | ((codepoint >> 18) & 0xFF)));
-            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(0x80 | ((codepoint >> 12) & 0x3F)));
-            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(0x80 | ((codepoint >> 6) & 0x3F)));
-            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(0x80 | (codepoint & 0x3F)));
-        }
-    }
-
-    template <typename InputStream>
-    static bool Decode(InputStream& is, unsigned* codepoint) {
-#define COPY() c = is.Take(); *codepoint = (*codepoint << 6) | ((unsigned char)c & 0x3Fu)
-#define TRANS(mask) result &= ((GetRange((unsigned char)c) & mask) != 0)
-#define TAIL() COPY(); TRANS(0x70)
-        Ch c = is.Take();
-        if (!(c & 0x80)) {
-            *codepoint = (unsigned char)c;
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        unsigned char type = GetRange((unsigned char)c);
-        *codepoint = (0xFF >> type) & (unsigned char)c;
-        bool result = true;
-        switch (type) {
-        case 2: TAIL(); return result;
-        case 3: TAIL(); TAIL(); return result;
-        case 4: COPY(); TRANS(0x50); TAIL(); return result;
-        case 5: COPY(); TRANS(0x10); TAIL(); TAIL(); return result;
-        case 6: TAIL(); TAIL(); TAIL(); return result;
-        case 10: COPY(); TRANS(0x20); TAIL(); return result;
-        case 11: COPY(); TRANS(0x60); TAIL(); TAIL(); return result;
-        default: return false;
-        }
-#undef COPY
-#undef TRANS
-#undef TAIL
-    }
-
-    template <typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
-    static bool Validate(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
-#define COPY() os.Put(c = is.Take())
-#define TRANS(mask) result &= ((GetRange((unsigned char)c) & mask) != 0)
-#define TAIL() COPY(); TRANS(0x70)
-        Ch c;
-        COPY();
-        if (!(c & 0x80))
-            return true;
-
-        bool result = true;
-        switch (GetRange((unsigned char)c)) {
-        case 2: TAIL(); return result;
-        case 3: TAIL(); TAIL(); return result;
-        case 4: COPY(); TRANS(0x50); TAIL(); return result;
-        case 5: COPY(); TRANS(0x10); TAIL(); TAIL(); return result;
-        case 6: TAIL(); TAIL(); TAIL(); return result;
-        case 10: COPY(); TRANS(0x20); TAIL(); return result;
-        case 11: COPY(); TRANS(0x60); TAIL(); TAIL(); return result;
-        default: return false;
-        }
-#undef COPY
-#undef TRANS
-#undef TAIL
-    }
-
-    static unsigned char GetRange(unsigned char c) {
-        // Referring to DFA of http://bjoern.hoehrmann.de/utf-8/decoder/dfa/
-        // With new mapping 1 -> 0x10, 7 -> 0x20, 9 -> 0x40, such that AND operation can test multiple types.
-        static const unsigned char type[] = {
-            0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
-            0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
-            0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
-            0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
-            0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,
-            0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,
-            0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,
-            0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,
-            8,8,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,
-            10,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,4,3,3, 11,6,6,6,5,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,
-        };
-        return type[c];
-    }
-
-    template <typename InputByteStream>
-    static CharType TakeBOM(InputByteStream& is) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        Ch c = Take(is);
-        if ((unsigned char)c != 0xEFu) return c;
-        c = is.Take();
-        if ((unsigned char)c != 0xBBu) return c;
-        c = is.Take();
-        if ((unsigned char)c != 0xBFu) return c;
-        c = is.Take();
-        return c;
-    }
-
-    template <typename InputByteStream>
-    static Ch Take(InputByteStream& is) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        return is.Take();
-    }
-
-    template <typename OutputByteStream>
-    static void PutBOM(OutputByteStream& os) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        os.Put(0xEFu); os.Put(0xBBu); os.Put(0xBFu);
-    }
-
-    template <typename OutputByteStream>
-    static void Put(OutputByteStream& os, Ch c) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(c));
-    }
-};
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// UTF16
-
-//! UTF-16 encoding.
-/*! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16
-    http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2781
-    \tparam CharType Type for storing 16-bit UTF-16 data. Default is wchar_t. C++11 may use char16_t instead.
-    \note implements Encoding concept
-
-    \note For in-memory access, no need to concern endianness. The code units and code points are represented by CPU's endianness.
-    For streaming, use UTF16LE and UTF16BE, which handle endianness.
-*/
-template<typename CharType = wchar_t>
-struct UTF16 {
-    typedef CharType Ch;
-    RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(Ch) >= 2);
-
-    enum { supportUnicode = 1 };
-
-    template<typename OutputStream>
-    static void Encode(OutputStream& os, unsigned codepoint) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputStream::Ch) >= 2);
-        if (codepoint <= 0xFFFF) {
-            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(codepoint < 0xD800 || codepoint > 0xDFFF); // Code point itself cannot be surrogate pair 
-            os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputStream::Ch>(codepoint));
-        }
-        else {
-            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(codepoint <= 0x10FFFF);
-            unsigned v = codepoint - 0x10000;
-            os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputStream::Ch>((v >> 10) | 0xD800));
-            os.Put((v & 0x3FF) | 0xDC00);
-        }
-    }
-
-    template <typename InputStream>
-    static bool Decode(InputStream& is, unsigned* codepoint) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputStream::Ch) >= 2);
-        Ch c = is.Take();
-        if (c < 0xD800 || c > 0xDFFF) {
-            *codepoint = c;
-            return true;
-        }
-        else if (c <= 0xDBFF) {
-            *codepoint = (c & 0x3FF) << 10;
-            c = is.Take();
-            *codepoint |= (c & 0x3FF);
-            *codepoint += 0x10000;
-            return c >= 0xDC00 && c <= 0xDFFF;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    template <typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
-    static bool Validate(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputStream::Ch) >= 2);
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputStream::Ch) >= 2);
-        Ch c;
-        os.Put(c = is.Take());
-        if (c < 0xD800 || c > 0xDFFF)
-            return true;
-        else if (c <= 0xDBFF) {
-            os.Put(c = is.Take());
-            return c >= 0xDC00 && c <= 0xDFFF;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-};
-
-//! UTF-16 little endian encoding.
-template<typename CharType = wchar_t>
-struct UTF16LE : UTF16<CharType> {
-    template <typename InputByteStream>
-    static CharType TakeBOM(InputByteStream& is) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        CharType c = Take(is);
-        return (unsigned short)c == 0xFEFFu ? Take(is) : c;
-    }
-
-    template <typename InputByteStream>
-    static CharType Take(InputByteStream& is) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        CharType c = (unsigned char)is.Take();
-        c |= (unsigned char)is.Take() << 8;
-        return c;
-    }
-
-    template <typename OutputByteStream>
-    static void PutBOM(OutputByteStream& os) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        os.Put(0xFFu); os.Put(0xFEu);
-    }
-
-    template <typename OutputByteStream>
-    static void Put(OutputByteStream& os, CharType c) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        os.Put(c & 0xFFu);
-        os.Put((c >> 8) & 0xFFu);
-    }
-};
-
-//! UTF-16 big endian encoding.
-template<typename CharType = wchar_t>
-struct UTF16BE : UTF16<CharType> {
-    template <typename InputByteStream>
-    static CharType TakeBOM(InputByteStream& is) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        CharType c = Take(is);
-        return (unsigned short)c == 0xFEFFu ? Take(is) : c;
-    }
-
-    template <typename InputByteStream>
-    static CharType Take(InputByteStream& is) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        CharType c = (unsigned char)is.Take() << 8;
-        c |= (unsigned char)is.Take();
-        return c;
-    }
-
-    template <typename OutputByteStream>
-    static void PutBOM(OutputByteStream& os) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        os.Put(0xFEu); os.Put(0xFFu);
-    }
-
-    template <typename OutputByteStream>
-    static void Put(OutputByteStream& os, CharType c) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        os.Put((c >> 8) & 0xFFu);
-        os.Put(c & 0xFFu);
-    }
-};
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// UTF32
-
-//! UTF-32 encoding. 
-/*! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-32
-    \tparam CharType Type for storing 32-bit UTF-32 data. Default is unsigned. C++11 may use char32_t instead.
-    \note implements Encoding concept
-
-    \note For in-memory access, no need to concern endianness. The code units and code points are represented by CPU's endianness.
-    For streaming, use UTF32LE and UTF32BE, which handle endianness.
-*/
-template<typename CharType = unsigned>
-struct UTF32 {
-    typedef CharType Ch;
-    RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(Ch) >= 4);
-
-    enum { supportUnicode = 1 };
-
-    template<typename OutputStream>
-    static void Encode(OutputStream& os, unsigned codepoint) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputStream::Ch) >= 4);
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(codepoint <= 0x10FFFF);
-        os.Put(codepoint);
-    }
-
-    template <typename InputStream>
-    static bool Decode(InputStream& is, unsigned* codepoint) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputStream::Ch) >= 4);
-        Ch c = is.Take();
-        *codepoint = c;
-        return c <= 0x10FFFF;
-    }
-
-    template <typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
-    static bool Validate(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputStream::Ch) >= 4);
-        Ch c;
-        os.Put(c = is.Take());
-        return c <= 0x10FFFF;
-    }
-};
-
-//! UTF-32 little endian enocoding.
-template<typename CharType = unsigned>
-struct UTF32LE : UTF32<CharType> {
-    template <typename InputByteStream>
-    static CharType TakeBOM(InputByteStream& is) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        CharType c = Take(is);
-        return (unsigned)c == 0x0000FEFFu ? Take(is) : c;
-    }
-
-    template <typename InputByteStream>
-    static CharType Take(InputByteStream& is) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        CharType c = (unsigned char)is.Take();
-        c |= (unsigned char)is.Take() << 8;
-        c |= (unsigned char)is.Take() << 16;
-        c |= (unsigned char)is.Take() << 24;
-        return c;
-    }
-
-    template <typename OutputByteStream>
-    static void PutBOM(OutputByteStream& os) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        os.Put(0xFFu); os.Put(0xFEu); os.Put(0x00u); os.Put(0x00u);
-    }
-
-    template <typename OutputByteStream>
-    static void Put(OutputByteStream& os, CharType c) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        os.Put(c & 0xFFu);
-        os.Put((c >> 8) & 0xFFu);
-        os.Put((c >> 16) & 0xFFu);
-        os.Put((c >> 24) & 0xFFu);
-    }
-};
-
-//! UTF-32 big endian encoding.
-template<typename CharType = unsigned>
-struct UTF32BE : UTF32<CharType> {
-    template <typename InputByteStream>
-    static CharType TakeBOM(InputByteStream& is) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        CharType c = Take(is);
-        return (unsigned)c == 0x0000FEFFu ? Take(is) : c; 
-    }
-
-    template <typename InputByteStream>
-    static CharType Take(InputByteStream& is) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        CharType c = (unsigned char)is.Take() << 24;
-        c |= (unsigned char)is.Take() << 16;
-        c |= (unsigned char)is.Take() << 8;
-        c |= (unsigned char)is.Take();
-        return c;
-    }
-
-    template <typename OutputByteStream>
-    static void PutBOM(OutputByteStream& os) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        os.Put(0x00u); os.Put(0x00u); os.Put(0xFEu); os.Put(0xFFu);
-    }
-
-    template <typename OutputByteStream>
-    static void Put(OutputByteStream& os, CharType c) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        os.Put((c >> 24) & 0xFFu);
-        os.Put((c >> 16) & 0xFFu);
-        os.Put((c >> 8) & 0xFFu);
-        os.Put(c & 0xFFu);
-    }
-};
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// ASCII
-
-//! ASCII encoding.
-/*! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII
-    \tparam CharType Code unit for storing 7-bit ASCII data. Default is char.
-    \note implements Encoding concept
-*/
-template<typename CharType = char>
-struct ASCII {
-    typedef CharType Ch;
-
-    enum { supportUnicode = 0 };
-
-    template<typename OutputStream>
-    static void Encode(OutputStream& os, unsigned codepoint) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(codepoint <= 0x7F);
-        os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(codepoint & 0xFF));
-    }
-
-    template <typename InputStream>
-    static bool Decode(InputStream& is, unsigned* codepoint) {
-        unsigned char c = static_cast<unsigned char>(is.Take());
-        *codepoint = c;
-        return c <= 0X7F;
-    }
-
-    template <typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
-    static bool Validate(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
-        unsigned char c = is.Take();
-        os.Put(c);
-        return c <= 0x7F;
-    }
-
-    template <typename InputByteStream>
-    static CharType TakeBOM(InputByteStream& is) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        Ch c = Take(is);
-        return c;
-    }
-
-    template <typename InputByteStream>
-    static Ch Take(InputByteStream& is) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        return is.Take();
-    }
-
-    template <typename OutputByteStream>
-    static void PutBOM(OutputByteStream& os) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        (void)os;
-    }
-
-    template <typename OutputByteStream>
-    static void Put(OutputByteStream& os, Ch c) {
-        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
-        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(c));
-    }
-};
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// AutoUTF
-
-//! Runtime-specified UTF encoding type of a stream.
-enum UTFType {
-    kUTF8 = 0,      //!< UTF-8.
-    kUTF16LE = 1,   //!< UTF-16 little endian.
-    kUTF16BE = 2,   //!< UTF-16 big endian.
-    kUTF32LE = 3,   //!< UTF-32 little endian.
-    kUTF32BE = 4    //!< UTF-32 big endian.
-};
-
-//! Dynamically select encoding according to stream's runtime-specified UTF encoding type.
-/*! \note This class can be used with AutoUTFInputtStream and AutoUTFOutputStream, which provides GetType().
-*/
-template<typename CharType>
-struct AutoUTF {
-    typedef CharType Ch;
-
-    enum { supportUnicode = 1 };
-
-#define RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC(x) UTF8<Ch>::x, UTF16LE<Ch>::x, UTF16BE<Ch>::x, UTF32LE<Ch>::x, UTF32BE<Ch>::x
-
-    template<typename OutputStream>
-    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static void Encode(OutputStream& os, unsigned codepoint) {
-        typedef void (*EncodeFunc)(OutputStream&, unsigned);
-        static const EncodeFunc f[] = { RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC(Encode) };
-        (*f[os.GetType()])(os, codepoint);
-    }
-
-    template <typename InputStream>
-    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static bool Decode(InputStream& is, unsigned* codepoint) {
-        typedef bool (*DecodeFunc)(InputStream&, unsigned*);
-        static const DecodeFunc f[] = { RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC(Decode) };
-        return (*f[is.GetType()])(is, codepoint);
-    }
-
-    template <typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
-    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static bool Validate(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
-        typedef bool (*ValidateFunc)(InputStream&, OutputStream&);
-        static const ValidateFunc f[] = { RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC(Validate) };
-        return (*f[is.GetType()])(is, os);
-    }
-
-#undef RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC
-};
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// Transcoder
-
-//! Encoding conversion.
-template<typename SourceEncoding, typename TargetEncoding>
-struct Transcoder {
-    //! Take one Unicode codepoint from source encoding, convert it to target encoding and put it to the output stream.
-    template<typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
-    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static bool Transcode(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
-        unsigned codepoint;
-        if (!SourceEncoding::Decode(is, &codepoint))
-            return false;
-        TargetEncoding::Encode(os, codepoint);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    //! Validate one Unicode codepoint from an encoded stream.
-    template<typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
-    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static bool Validate(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
-        return Transcode(is, os);   // Since source/target encoding is different, must transcode.
-    }
-};
-
-//! Specialization of Transcoder with same source and target encoding.
-template<typename Encoding>
-struct Transcoder<Encoding, Encoding> {
-    template<typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
-    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static bool Transcode(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
-        os.Put(is.Take());  // Just copy one code unit. This semantic is different from primary template class.
-        return true;
-    }
-    
-    template<typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
-    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static bool Validate(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
-        return Encoding::Validate(is, os);  // source/target encoding are the same
-    }
-};
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(_MSV_VER)
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
-#endif
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_H_
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_H_
+
+#include "rapidjson.h"
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(4244) // conversion from 'type1' to 'type2', possible loss of data
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(4702)  // unreachable code
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(effc++)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(overflow)
+#endif
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Encoding
+
+/*! \class rapidjson::Encoding
+    \brief Concept for encoding of Unicode characters.
+
+\code
+concept Encoding {
+    typename Ch;    //! Type of character. A "character" is actually a code unit in unicode's definition.
+
+    enum { supportUnicode = 1 }; // or 0 if not supporting unicode
+
+    //! \brief Encode a Unicode codepoint to an output stream.
+    //! \param os Output stream.
+    //! \param codepoint An unicode codepoint, ranging from 0x0 to 0x10FFFF inclusively.
+    template<typename OutputStream>
+    static void Encode(OutputStream& os, unsigned codepoint);
+
+    //! \brief Decode a Unicode codepoint from an input stream.
+    //! \param is Input stream.
+    //! \param codepoint Output of the unicode codepoint.
+    //! \return true if a valid codepoint can be decoded from the stream.
+    template <typename InputStream>
+    static bool Decode(InputStream& is, unsigned* codepoint);
+
+    //! \brief Validate one Unicode codepoint from an encoded stream.
+    //! \param is Input stream to obtain codepoint.
+    //! \param os Output for copying one codepoint.
+    //! \return true if it is valid.
+    //! \note This function just validating and copying the codepoint without actually decode it.
+    template <typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
+    static bool Validate(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os);
+
+    // The following functions are deal with byte streams.
+
+    //! Take a character from input byte stream, skip BOM if exist.
+    template <typename InputByteStream>
+    static CharType TakeBOM(InputByteStream& is);
+
+    //! Take a character from input byte stream.
+    template <typename InputByteStream>
+    static Ch Take(InputByteStream& is);
+
+    //! Put BOM to output byte stream.
+    template <typename OutputByteStream>
+    static void PutBOM(OutputByteStream& os);
+
+    //! Put a character to output byte stream.
+    template <typename OutputByteStream>
+    static void Put(OutputByteStream& os, Ch c);
+};
+\endcode
+*/
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// UTF8
+
+//! UTF-8 encoding.
+/*! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8
+    http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3629
+    \tparam CharType Code unit for storing 8-bit UTF-8 data. Default is char.
+    \note implements Encoding concept
+*/
+template<typename CharType = char>
+struct UTF8 {
+    typedef CharType Ch;
+
+    enum { supportUnicode = 1 };
+
+    template<typename OutputStream>
+    static void Encode(OutputStream& os, unsigned codepoint) {
+        if (codepoint <= 0x7F) 
+            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(codepoint & 0xFF));
+        else if (codepoint <= 0x7FF) {
+            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(0xC0 | ((codepoint >> 6) & 0xFF)));
+            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(0x80 | ((codepoint & 0x3F))));
+        }
+        else if (codepoint <= 0xFFFF) {
+            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(0xE0 | ((codepoint >> 12) & 0xFF)));
+            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(0x80 | ((codepoint >> 6) & 0x3F)));
+            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(0x80 | (codepoint & 0x3F)));
+        }
+        else {
+            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(codepoint <= 0x10FFFF);
+            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(0xF0 | ((codepoint >> 18) & 0xFF)));
+            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(0x80 | ((codepoint >> 12) & 0x3F)));
+            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(0x80 | ((codepoint >> 6) & 0x3F)));
+            os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(0x80 | (codepoint & 0x3F)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    template<typename OutputStream>
+    static void EncodeUnsafe(OutputStream& os, unsigned codepoint) {
+        if (codepoint <= 0x7F) 
+            PutUnsafe(os, static_cast<Ch>(codepoint & 0xFF));
+        else if (codepoint <= 0x7FF) {
+            PutUnsafe(os, static_cast<Ch>(0xC0 | ((codepoint >> 6) & 0xFF)));
+            PutUnsafe(os, static_cast<Ch>(0x80 | ((codepoint & 0x3F))));
+        }
+        else if (codepoint <= 0xFFFF) {
+            PutUnsafe(os, static_cast<Ch>(0xE0 | ((codepoint >> 12) & 0xFF)));
+            PutUnsafe(os, static_cast<Ch>(0x80 | ((codepoint >> 6) & 0x3F)));
+            PutUnsafe(os, static_cast<Ch>(0x80 | (codepoint & 0x3F)));
+        }
+        else {
+            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(codepoint <= 0x10FFFF);
+            PutUnsafe(os, static_cast<Ch>(0xF0 | ((codepoint >> 18) & 0xFF)));
+            PutUnsafe(os, static_cast<Ch>(0x80 | ((codepoint >> 12) & 0x3F)));
+            PutUnsafe(os, static_cast<Ch>(0x80 | ((codepoint >> 6) & 0x3F)));
+            PutUnsafe(os, static_cast<Ch>(0x80 | (codepoint & 0x3F)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputStream>
+    static bool Decode(InputStream& is, unsigned* codepoint) {
+#define COPY() c = is.Take(); *codepoint = (*codepoint << 6) | (static_cast<unsigned char>(c) & 0x3Fu)
+#define TRANS(mask) result &= ((GetRange(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) & mask) != 0)
+#define TAIL() COPY(); TRANS(0x70)
+        typename InputStream::Ch c = is.Take();
+        if (!(c & 0x80)) {
+            *codepoint = static_cast<unsigned char>(c);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        unsigned char type = GetRange(static_cast<unsigned char>(c));
+        if (type >= 32) {
+            *codepoint = 0;
+        } else {
+            *codepoint = (0xFF >> type) & static_cast<unsigned char>(c);
+        }
+        bool result = true;
+        switch (type) {
+        case 2: TAIL(); return result;
+        case 3: TAIL(); TAIL(); return result;
+        case 4: COPY(); TRANS(0x50); TAIL(); return result;
+        case 5: COPY(); TRANS(0x10); TAIL(); TAIL(); return result;
+        case 6: TAIL(); TAIL(); TAIL(); return result;
+        case 10: COPY(); TRANS(0x20); TAIL(); return result;
+        case 11: COPY(); TRANS(0x60); TAIL(); TAIL(); return result;
+        default: return false;
+        }
+#undef COPY
+#undef TRANS
+#undef TAIL
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
+    static bool Validate(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
+#define COPY() os.Put(c = is.Take())
+#define TRANS(mask) result &= ((GetRange(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) & mask) != 0)
+#define TAIL() COPY(); TRANS(0x70)
+        Ch c;
+        COPY();
+        if (!(c & 0x80))
+            return true;
+
+        bool result = true;
+        switch (GetRange(static_cast<unsigned char>(c))) {
+        case 2: TAIL(); return result;
+        case 3: TAIL(); TAIL(); return result;
+        case 4: COPY(); TRANS(0x50); TAIL(); return result;
+        case 5: COPY(); TRANS(0x10); TAIL(); TAIL(); return result;
+        case 6: TAIL(); TAIL(); TAIL(); return result;
+        case 10: COPY(); TRANS(0x20); TAIL(); return result;
+        case 11: COPY(); TRANS(0x60); TAIL(); TAIL(); return result;
+        default: return false;
+        }
+#undef COPY
+#undef TRANS
+#undef TAIL
+    }
+
+    static unsigned char GetRange(unsigned char c) {
+        // Referring to DFA of http://bjoern.hoehrmann.de/utf-8/decoder/dfa/
+        // With new mapping 1 -> 0x10, 7 -> 0x20, 9 -> 0x40, such that AND operation can test multiple types.
+        static const unsigned char type[] = {
+            0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+            0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+            0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+            0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+            0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,0x10,
+            0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,0x40,
+            0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,
+            0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,
+            8,8,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,
+            10,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,4,3,3, 11,6,6,6,5,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,
+        };
+        return type[c];
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputByteStream>
+    static CharType TakeBOM(InputByteStream& is) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        typename InputByteStream::Ch c = Take(is);
+        if (static_cast<unsigned char>(c) != 0xEFu) return c;
+        c = is.Take();
+        if (static_cast<unsigned char>(c) != 0xBBu) return c;
+        c = is.Take();
+        if (static_cast<unsigned char>(c) != 0xBFu) return c;
+        c = is.Take();
+        return c;
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputByteStream>
+    static Ch Take(InputByteStream& is) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        return static_cast<Ch>(is.Take());
+    }
+
+    template <typename OutputByteStream>
+    static void PutBOM(OutputByteStream& os) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(0xEFu));
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(0xBBu));
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(0xBFu));
+    }
+
+    template <typename OutputByteStream>
+    static void Put(OutputByteStream& os, Ch c) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(c));
+    }
+};
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// UTF16
+
+//! UTF-16 encoding.
+/*! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16
+    http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2781
+    \tparam CharType Type for storing 16-bit UTF-16 data. Default is wchar_t. C++11 may use char16_t instead.
+    \note implements Encoding concept
+
+    \note For in-memory access, no need to concern endianness. The code units and code points are represented by CPU's endianness.
+    For streaming, use UTF16LE and UTF16BE, which handle endianness.
+*/
+template<typename CharType = wchar_t>
+struct UTF16 {
+    typedef CharType Ch;
+    RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(Ch) >= 2);
+
+    enum { supportUnicode = 1 };
+
+    template<typename OutputStream>
+    static void Encode(OutputStream& os, unsigned codepoint) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputStream::Ch) >= 2);
+        if (codepoint <= 0xFFFF) {
+            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(codepoint < 0xD800 || codepoint > 0xDFFF); // Code point itself cannot be surrogate pair 
+            os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputStream::Ch>(codepoint));
+        }
+        else {
+            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(codepoint <= 0x10FFFF);
+            unsigned v = codepoint - 0x10000;
+            os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputStream::Ch>((v >> 10) | 0xD800));
+            os.Put((v & 0x3FF) | 0xDC00);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    template<typename OutputStream>
+    static void EncodeUnsafe(OutputStream& os, unsigned codepoint) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputStream::Ch) >= 2);
+        if (codepoint <= 0xFFFF) {
+            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(codepoint < 0xD800 || codepoint > 0xDFFF); // Code point itself cannot be surrogate pair 
+            PutUnsafe(os, static_cast<typename OutputStream::Ch>(codepoint));
+        }
+        else {
+            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(codepoint <= 0x10FFFF);
+            unsigned v = codepoint - 0x10000;
+            PutUnsafe(os, static_cast<typename OutputStream::Ch>((v >> 10) | 0xD800));
+            PutUnsafe(os, (v & 0x3FF) | 0xDC00);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputStream>
+    static bool Decode(InputStream& is, unsigned* codepoint) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputStream::Ch) >= 2);
+        typename InputStream::Ch c = is.Take();
+        if (c < 0xD800 || c > 0xDFFF) {
+            *codepoint = static_cast<unsigned>(c);
+            return true;
+        }
+        else if (c <= 0xDBFF) {
+            *codepoint = (static_cast<unsigned>(c) & 0x3FF) << 10;
+            c = is.Take();
+            *codepoint |= (static_cast<unsigned>(c) & 0x3FF);
+            *codepoint += 0x10000;
+            return c >= 0xDC00 && c <= 0xDFFF;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
+    static bool Validate(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputStream::Ch) >= 2);
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputStream::Ch) >= 2);
+        typename InputStream::Ch c;
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputStream::Ch>(c = is.Take()));
+        if (c < 0xD800 || c > 0xDFFF)
+            return true;
+        else if (c <= 0xDBFF) {
+            os.Put(c = is.Take());
+            return c >= 0xDC00 && c <= 0xDFFF;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+};
+
+//! UTF-16 little endian encoding.
+template<typename CharType = wchar_t>
+struct UTF16LE : UTF16<CharType> {
+    template <typename InputByteStream>
+    static CharType TakeBOM(InputByteStream& is) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        CharType c = Take(is);
+        return static_cast<uint16_t>(c) == 0xFEFFu ? Take(is) : c;
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputByteStream>
+    static CharType Take(InputByteStream& is) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        unsigned c = static_cast<uint8_t>(is.Take());
+        c |= static_cast<unsigned>(static_cast<uint8_t>(is.Take())) << 8;
+        return static_cast<CharType>(c);
+    }
+
+    template <typename OutputByteStream>
+    static void PutBOM(OutputByteStream& os) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(0xFFu));
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(0xFEu));
+    }
+
+    template <typename OutputByteStream>
+    static void Put(OutputByteStream& os, CharType c) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(static_cast<unsigned>(c) & 0xFFu));
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>((static_cast<unsigned>(c) >> 8) & 0xFFu));
+    }
+};
+
+//! UTF-16 big endian encoding.
+template<typename CharType = wchar_t>
+struct UTF16BE : UTF16<CharType> {
+    template <typename InputByteStream>
+    static CharType TakeBOM(InputByteStream& is) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        CharType c = Take(is);
+        return static_cast<uint16_t>(c) == 0xFEFFu ? Take(is) : c;
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputByteStream>
+    static CharType Take(InputByteStream& is) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        unsigned c = static_cast<unsigned>(static_cast<uint8_t>(is.Take())) << 8;
+        c |= static_cast<uint8_t>(is.Take());
+        return static_cast<CharType>(c);
+    }
+
+    template <typename OutputByteStream>
+    static void PutBOM(OutputByteStream& os) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(0xFEu));
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(0xFFu));
+    }
+
+    template <typename OutputByteStream>
+    static void Put(OutputByteStream& os, CharType c) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>((static_cast<unsigned>(c) >> 8) & 0xFFu));
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(static_cast<unsigned>(c) & 0xFFu));
+    }
+};
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// UTF32
+
+//! UTF-32 encoding. 
+/*! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-32
+    \tparam CharType Type for storing 32-bit UTF-32 data. Default is unsigned. C++11 may use char32_t instead.
+    \note implements Encoding concept
+
+    \note For in-memory access, no need to concern endianness. The code units and code points are represented by CPU's endianness.
+    For streaming, use UTF32LE and UTF32BE, which handle endianness.
+*/
+template<typename CharType = unsigned>
+struct UTF32 {
+    typedef CharType Ch;
+    RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(Ch) >= 4);
+
+    enum { supportUnicode = 1 };
+
+    template<typename OutputStream>
+    static void Encode(OutputStream& os, unsigned codepoint) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputStream::Ch) >= 4);
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(codepoint <= 0x10FFFF);
+        os.Put(codepoint);
+    }
+
+    template<typename OutputStream>
+    static void EncodeUnsafe(OutputStream& os, unsigned codepoint) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputStream::Ch) >= 4);
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(codepoint <= 0x10FFFF);
+        PutUnsafe(os, codepoint);
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputStream>
+    static bool Decode(InputStream& is, unsigned* codepoint) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputStream::Ch) >= 4);
+        Ch c = is.Take();
+        *codepoint = c;
+        return c <= 0x10FFFF;
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
+    static bool Validate(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputStream::Ch) >= 4);
+        Ch c;
+        os.Put(c = is.Take());
+        return c <= 0x10FFFF;
+    }
+};
+
+//! UTF-32 little endian enocoding.
+template<typename CharType = unsigned>
+struct UTF32LE : UTF32<CharType> {
+    template <typename InputByteStream>
+    static CharType TakeBOM(InputByteStream& is) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        CharType c = Take(is);
+        return static_cast<uint32_t>(c) == 0x0000FEFFu ? Take(is) : c;
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputByteStream>
+    static CharType Take(InputByteStream& is) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        unsigned c = static_cast<uint8_t>(is.Take());
+        c |= static_cast<unsigned>(static_cast<uint8_t>(is.Take())) << 8;
+        c |= static_cast<unsigned>(static_cast<uint8_t>(is.Take())) << 16;
+        c |= static_cast<unsigned>(static_cast<uint8_t>(is.Take())) << 24;
+        return static_cast<CharType>(c);
+    }
+
+    template <typename OutputByteStream>
+    static void PutBOM(OutputByteStream& os) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(0xFFu));
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(0xFEu));
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(0x00u));
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(0x00u));
+    }
+
+    template <typename OutputByteStream>
+    static void Put(OutputByteStream& os, CharType c) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(c & 0xFFu));
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>((c >> 8) & 0xFFu));
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>((c >> 16) & 0xFFu));
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>((c >> 24) & 0xFFu));
+    }
+};
+
+//! UTF-32 big endian encoding.
+template<typename CharType = unsigned>
+struct UTF32BE : UTF32<CharType> {
+    template <typename InputByteStream>
+    static CharType TakeBOM(InputByteStream& is) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        CharType c = Take(is);
+        return static_cast<uint32_t>(c) == 0x0000FEFFu ? Take(is) : c; 
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputByteStream>
+    static CharType Take(InputByteStream& is) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        unsigned c = static_cast<unsigned>(static_cast<uint8_t>(is.Take())) << 24;
+        c |= static_cast<unsigned>(static_cast<uint8_t>(is.Take())) << 16;
+        c |= static_cast<unsigned>(static_cast<uint8_t>(is.Take())) << 8;
+        c |= static_cast<unsigned>(static_cast<uint8_t>(is.Take()));
+        return static_cast<CharType>(c);
+    }
+
+    template <typename OutputByteStream>
+    static void PutBOM(OutputByteStream& os) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(0x00u));
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(0x00u));
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(0xFEu));
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(0xFFu));
+    }
+
+    template <typename OutputByteStream>
+    static void Put(OutputByteStream& os, CharType c) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>((c >> 24) & 0xFFu));
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>((c >> 16) & 0xFFu));
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>((c >> 8) & 0xFFu));
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(c & 0xFFu));
+    }
+};
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// ASCII
+
+//! ASCII encoding.
+/*! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII
+    \tparam CharType Code unit for storing 7-bit ASCII data. Default is char.
+    \note implements Encoding concept
+*/
+template<typename CharType = char>
+struct ASCII {
+    typedef CharType Ch;
+
+    enum { supportUnicode = 0 };
+
+    template<typename OutputStream>
+    static void Encode(OutputStream& os, unsigned codepoint) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(codepoint <= 0x7F);
+        os.Put(static_cast<Ch>(codepoint & 0xFF));
+    }
+
+    template<typename OutputStream>
+    static void EncodeUnsafe(OutputStream& os, unsigned codepoint) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(codepoint <= 0x7F);
+        PutUnsafe(os, static_cast<Ch>(codepoint & 0xFF));
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputStream>
+    static bool Decode(InputStream& is, unsigned* codepoint) {
+        uint8_t c = static_cast<uint8_t>(is.Take());
+        *codepoint = c;
+        return c <= 0X7F;
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
+    static bool Validate(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
+        uint8_t c = static_cast<uint8_t>(is.Take());
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputStream::Ch>(c));
+        return c <= 0x7F;
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputByteStream>
+    static CharType TakeBOM(InputByteStream& is) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        uint8_t c = static_cast<uint8_t>(Take(is));
+        return static_cast<Ch>(c);
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputByteStream>
+    static Ch Take(InputByteStream& is) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename InputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        return static_cast<Ch>(is.Take());
+    }
+
+    template <typename OutputByteStream>
+    static void PutBOM(OutputByteStream& os) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        (void)os;
+    }
+
+    template <typename OutputByteStream>
+    static void Put(OutputByteStream& os, Ch c) {
+        RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(typename OutputByteStream::Ch) == 1);
+        os.Put(static_cast<typename OutputByteStream::Ch>(c));
+    }
+};
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// AutoUTF
+
+//! Runtime-specified UTF encoding type of a stream.
+enum UTFType {
+    kUTF8 = 0,      //!< UTF-8.
+    kUTF16LE = 1,   //!< UTF-16 little endian.
+    kUTF16BE = 2,   //!< UTF-16 big endian.
+    kUTF32LE = 3,   //!< UTF-32 little endian.
+    kUTF32BE = 4    //!< UTF-32 big endian.
+};
+
+//! Dynamically select encoding according to stream's runtime-specified UTF encoding type.
+/*! \note This class can be used with AutoUTFInputtStream and AutoUTFOutputStream, which provides GetType().
+*/
+template<typename CharType>
+struct AutoUTF {
+    typedef CharType Ch;
+
+    enum { supportUnicode = 1 };
+
+#define RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC(x) UTF8<Ch>::x, UTF16LE<Ch>::x, UTF16BE<Ch>::x, UTF32LE<Ch>::x, UTF32BE<Ch>::x
+
+    template<typename OutputStream>
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static void Encode(OutputStream& os, unsigned codepoint) {
+        typedef void (*EncodeFunc)(OutputStream&, unsigned);
+        static const EncodeFunc f[] = { RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC(Encode) };
+        (*f[os.GetType()])(os, codepoint);
+    }
+
+    template<typename OutputStream>
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static void EncodeUnsafe(OutputStream& os, unsigned codepoint) {
+        typedef void (*EncodeFunc)(OutputStream&, unsigned);
+        static const EncodeFunc f[] = { RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC(EncodeUnsafe) };
+        (*f[os.GetType()])(os, codepoint);
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputStream>
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static bool Decode(InputStream& is, unsigned* codepoint) {
+        typedef bool (*DecodeFunc)(InputStream&, unsigned*);
+        static const DecodeFunc f[] = { RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC(Decode) };
+        return (*f[is.GetType()])(is, codepoint);
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static bool Validate(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
+        typedef bool (*ValidateFunc)(InputStream&, OutputStream&);
+        static const ValidateFunc f[] = { RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC(Validate) };
+        return (*f[is.GetType()])(is, os);
+    }
+
+#undef RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_FUNC
+};
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Transcoder
+
+//! Encoding conversion.
+template<typename SourceEncoding, typename TargetEncoding>
+struct Transcoder {
+    //! Take one Unicode codepoint from source encoding, convert it to target encoding and put it to the output stream.
+    template<typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static bool Transcode(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
+        unsigned codepoint;
+        if (!SourceEncoding::Decode(is, &codepoint))
+            return false;
+        TargetEncoding::Encode(os, codepoint);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template<typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static bool TranscodeUnsafe(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
+        unsigned codepoint;
+        if (!SourceEncoding::Decode(is, &codepoint))
+            return false;
+        TargetEncoding::EncodeUnsafe(os, codepoint);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    //! Validate one Unicode codepoint from an encoded stream.
+    template<typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static bool Validate(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
+        return Transcode(is, os);   // Since source/target encoding is different, must transcode.
+    }
+};
+
+// Forward declaration.
+template<typename Stream>
+inline void PutUnsafe(Stream& stream, typename Stream::Ch c);
+
+//! Specialization of Transcoder with same source and target encoding.
+template<typename Encoding>
+struct Transcoder<Encoding, Encoding> {
+    template<typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static bool Transcode(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
+        os.Put(is.Take());  // Just copy one code unit. This semantic is different from primary template class.
+        return true;
+    }
+    
+    template<typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static bool TranscodeUnsafe(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
+        PutUnsafe(os, is.Take());  // Just copy one code unit. This semantic is different from primary template class.
+        return true;
+    }
+    
+    template<typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static bool Validate(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
+        return Encoding::Validate(is, os);  // source/target encoding are the same
+    }
+};
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_ENCODINGS_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/error/en.h b/include/rapidjson/error/en.h
index d5f9caa..2db838b 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/error/en.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/error/en.h
@@ -12,11 +12,17 @@
 // CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
 // specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
 
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ERROR_EN_H__
-#define RAPIDJSON_ERROR_EN_H__
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ERROR_EN_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_ERROR_EN_H_
 
 #include "error.h"
 
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(switch-enum)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(covered-switch-default)
+#endif
+
 RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
 //! Maps error code of parsing into error message.
@@ -32,7 +38,7 @@ inline const RAPIDJSON_ERROR_CHARTYPE* GetParseError_En(ParseErrorCode parseErro
         case kParseErrorNone:                           return RAPIDJSON_ERROR_STRING("No error.");
 
         case kParseErrorDocumentEmpty:                  return RAPIDJSON_ERROR_STRING("The document is empty.");
-        case kParseErrorDocumentRootNotSingular:        return RAPIDJSON_ERROR_STRING("The document root must not follow by other values.");
+        case kParseErrorDocumentRootNotSingular:        return RAPIDJSON_ERROR_STRING("The document root must not be followed by other values.");
     
         case kParseErrorValueInvalid:                   return RAPIDJSON_ERROR_STRING("Invalid value.");
     
@@ -55,11 +61,14 @@ inline const RAPIDJSON_ERROR_CHARTYPE* GetParseError_En(ParseErrorCode parseErro
         case kParseErrorTermination:                    return RAPIDJSON_ERROR_STRING("Terminate parsing due to Handler error.");
         case kParseErrorUnspecificSyntaxError:          return RAPIDJSON_ERROR_STRING("Unspecific syntax error.");
 
-        default:
-            return RAPIDJSON_ERROR_STRING("Unknown error.");
+        default:                                        return RAPIDJSON_ERROR_STRING("Unknown error.");
     }
 }
 
 RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
 
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_ERROR_EN_H__
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_ERROR_EN_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/error/error.h b/include/rapidjson/error/error.h
index f9094fb..95cb31a 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/error/error.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/error/error.h
@@ -12,11 +12,16 @@
 // CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
 // specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
 
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ERROR_ERROR_H__
-#define RAPIDJSON_ERROR_ERROR_H__
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ERROR_ERROR_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_ERROR_ERROR_H_
 
 #include "../rapidjson.h"
 
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(padded)
+#endif
+
 /*! \file error.h */
 
 /*! \defgroup RAPIDJSON_ERRORS RapidJSON error handling */
@@ -99,7 +104,7 @@ enum ParseErrorCode {
     \see GenericReader::Parse, GenericDocument::Parse
 */
 struct ParseResult {
-
+public:
     //! Default constructor, no error.
     ParseResult() : code_(kParseErrorNone), offset_(0) {}
     //! Constructor to set an error.
@@ -143,4 +148,8 @@ typedef const RAPIDJSON_ERROR_CHARTYPE* (*GetParseErrorFunc)(ParseErrorCode);
 
 RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
 
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_ERROR_ERROR_H__
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_ERROR_ERROR_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/filereadstream.h b/include/rapidjson/filereadstream.h
index 78ee403..b56ea13 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/filereadstream.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/filereadstream.h
@@ -1,88 +1,99 @@
-// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
-// 
-// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
-// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
-// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
-// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
-// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_FILEREADSTREAM_H_
-#define RAPIDJSON_FILEREADSTREAM_H_
-
-#include "rapidjson.h"
-#include <cstdio>
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-//! File byte stream for input using fread().
-/*!
-    \note implements Stream concept
-*/
-class FileReadStream {
-public:
-    typedef char Ch;    //!< Character type (byte).
-
-    //! Constructor.
-    /*!
-        \param fp File pointer opened for read.
-        \param buffer user-supplied buffer.
-        \param bufferSize size of buffer in bytes. Must >=4 bytes.
-    */
-    FileReadStream(std::FILE* fp, char* buffer, size_t bufferSize) : fp_(fp), buffer_(buffer), bufferSize_(bufferSize), bufferLast_(0), current_(buffer_), readCount_(0), count_(0), eof_(false) { 
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(fp_ != 0);
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(bufferSize >= 4);
-        Read();
-    }
-
-    Ch Peek() const { return *current_; }
-    Ch Take() { Ch c = *current_; Read(); return c; }
-    size_t Tell() const { return count_ + static_cast<size_t>(current_ - buffer_); }
-
-    // Not implemented
-    void Put(Ch) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); }
-    void Flush() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); } 
-    Ch* PutBegin() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
-    size_t PutEnd(Ch*) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
-
-    // For encoding detection only.
-    const Ch* Peek4() const {
-        return (current_ + 4 <= bufferLast_) ? current_ : 0;
-    }
-
-private:
-    void Read() {
-        if (current_ < bufferLast_)
-            ++current_;
-        else if (!eof_) {
-            count_ += readCount_;
-            readCount_ = fread(buffer_, 1, bufferSize_, fp_);
-            bufferLast_ = buffer_ + readCount_ - 1;
-            current_ = buffer_;
-
-            if (readCount_ < bufferSize_) {
-                buffer_[readCount_] = '\0';
-                ++bufferLast_;
-                eof_ = true;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    std::FILE* fp_;
-    Ch *buffer_;
-    size_t bufferSize_;
-    Ch *bufferLast_;
-    Ch *current_;
-    size_t readCount_;
-    size_t count_;  //!< Number of characters read
-    bool eof_;
-};
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_FILESTREAM_H_
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_FILEREADSTREAM_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_FILEREADSTREAM_H_
+
+#include "stream.h"
+#include <cstdio>
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(padded)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(unreachable-code)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(missing-noreturn)
+#endif
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+//! File byte stream for input using fread().
+/*!
+    \note implements Stream concept
+*/
+class FileReadStream {
+public:
+    typedef char Ch;    //!< Character type (byte).
+
+    //! Constructor.
+    /*!
+        \param fp File pointer opened for read.
+        \param buffer user-supplied buffer.
+        \param bufferSize size of buffer in bytes. Must >=4 bytes.
+    */
+    FileReadStream(std::FILE* fp, char* buffer, size_t bufferSize) : fp_(fp), buffer_(buffer), bufferSize_(bufferSize), bufferLast_(0), current_(buffer_), readCount_(0), count_(0), eof_(false) { 
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(fp_ != 0);
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(bufferSize >= 4);
+        Read();
+    }
+
+    Ch Peek() const { return *current_; }
+    Ch Take() { Ch c = *current_; Read(); return c; }
+    size_t Tell() const { return count_ + static_cast<size_t>(current_ - buffer_); }
+
+    // Not implemented
+    void Put(Ch) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); }
+    void Flush() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); } 
+    Ch* PutBegin() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+    size_t PutEnd(Ch*) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+
+    // For encoding detection only.
+    const Ch* Peek4() const {
+        return (current_ + 4 <= bufferLast_) ? current_ : 0;
+    }
+
+private:
+    void Read() {
+        if (current_ < bufferLast_)
+            ++current_;
+        else if (!eof_) {
+            count_ += readCount_;
+            readCount_ = fread(buffer_, 1, bufferSize_, fp_);
+            bufferLast_ = buffer_ + readCount_ - 1;
+            current_ = buffer_;
+
+            if (readCount_ < bufferSize_) {
+                buffer_[readCount_] = '\0';
+                ++bufferLast_;
+                eof_ = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::FILE* fp_;
+    Ch *buffer_;
+    size_t bufferSize_;
+    Ch *bufferLast_;
+    Ch *current_;
+    size_t readCount_;
+    size_t count_;  //!< Number of characters read
+    bool eof_;
+};
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_FILESTREAM_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/filewritestream.h b/include/rapidjson/filewritestream.h
index 31223b8..6378dd6 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/filewritestream.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/filewritestream.h
@@ -1,91 +1,104 @@
-// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
-// 
-// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
-// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
-// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
-// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
-// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_FILEWRITESTREAM_H_
-#define RAPIDJSON_FILEWRITESTREAM_H_
-
-#include "rapidjson.h"
-#include <cstdio>
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-//! Wrapper of C file stream for input using fread().
-/*!
-    \note implements Stream concept
-*/
-class FileWriteStream {
-public:
-    typedef char Ch;    //!< Character type. Only support char.
-
-    FileWriteStream(std::FILE* fp, char* buffer, size_t bufferSize) : fp_(fp), buffer_(buffer), bufferEnd_(buffer + bufferSize), current_(buffer_) { 
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(fp_ != 0);
-    }
-
-    void Put(char c) { 
-        if (current_ >= bufferEnd_)
-            Flush();
-
-        *current_++ = c;
-    }
-
-    void PutN(char c, size_t n) {
-        size_t avail = static_cast<size_t>(bufferEnd_ - current_);
-        while (n > avail) {
-            std::memset(current_, c, avail);
-            current_ += avail;
-            Flush();
-            n -= avail;
-            avail = static_cast<size_t>(bufferEnd_ - current_);
-        }
-
-        if (n > 0) {
-            std::memset(current_, c, n);
-            current_ += n;
-        }
-    }
-
-    void Flush() {
-        if (current_ != buffer_) {
-            fwrite(buffer_, 1, static_cast<size_t>(current_ - buffer_), fp_);
-            current_ = buffer_;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Not implemented
-    char Peek() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
-    char Take() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
-    size_t Tell() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
-    char* PutBegin() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
-    size_t PutEnd(char*) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
-
-private:
-    // Prohibit copy constructor & assignment operator.
-    FileWriteStream(const FileWriteStream&);
-    FileWriteStream& operator=(const FileWriteStream&);
-
-    std::FILE* fp_;
-    char *buffer_;
-    char *bufferEnd_;
-    char *current_;
-};
-
-//! Implement specialized version of PutN() with memset() for better performance.
-template<>
-inline void PutN(FileWriteStream& stream, char c, size_t n) {
-    stream.PutN(c, n);
-}
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_FILESTREAM_H_
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_FILEWRITESTREAM_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_FILEWRITESTREAM_H_
+
+#include "stream.h"
+#include <cstdio>
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(unreachable-code)
+#endif
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+//! Wrapper of C file stream for input using fread().
+/*!
+    \note implements Stream concept
+*/
+class FileWriteStream {
+public:
+    typedef char Ch;    //!< Character type. Only support char.
+
+    FileWriteStream(std::FILE* fp, char* buffer, size_t bufferSize) : fp_(fp), buffer_(buffer), bufferEnd_(buffer + bufferSize), current_(buffer_) { 
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(fp_ != 0);
+    }
+
+    void Put(char c) { 
+        if (current_ >= bufferEnd_)
+            Flush();
+
+        *current_++ = c;
+    }
+
+    void PutN(char c, size_t n) {
+        size_t avail = static_cast<size_t>(bufferEnd_ - current_);
+        while (n > avail) {
+            std::memset(current_, c, avail);
+            current_ += avail;
+            Flush();
+            n -= avail;
+            avail = static_cast<size_t>(bufferEnd_ - current_);
+        }
+
+        if (n > 0) {
+            std::memset(current_, c, n);
+            current_ += n;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void Flush() {
+        if (current_ != buffer_) {
+            size_t result = fwrite(buffer_, 1, static_cast<size_t>(current_ - buffer_), fp_);
+            if (result < static_cast<size_t>(current_ - buffer_)) {
+                // failure deliberately ignored at this time
+                // added to avoid warn_unused_result build errors
+            }
+            current_ = buffer_;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Not implemented
+    char Peek() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+    char Take() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+    size_t Tell() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+    char* PutBegin() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+    size_t PutEnd(char*) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+
+private:
+    // Prohibit copy constructor & assignment operator.
+    FileWriteStream(const FileWriteStream&);
+    FileWriteStream& operator=(const FileWriteStream&);
+
+    std::FILE* fp_;
+    char *buffer_;
+    char *bufferEnd_;
+    char *current_;
+};
+
+//! Implement specialized version of PutN() with memset() for better performance.
+template<>
+inline void PutN(FileWriteStream& stream, char c, size_t n) {
+    stream.PutN(c, n);
+}
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_FILESTREAM_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/fwd.h b/include/rapidjson/fwd.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8104e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/rapidjson/fwd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_FWD_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_FWD_H_
+
+#include "rapidjson.h"
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+// encodings.h
+
+template<typename CharType> struct UTF8;
+template<typename CharType> struct UTF16;
+template<typename CharType> struct UTF16BE;
+template<typename CharType> struct UTF16LE;
+template<typename CharType> struct UTF32;
+template<typename CharType> struct UTF32BE;
+template<typename CharType> struct UTF32LE;
+template<typename CharType> struct ASCII;
+template<typename CharType> struct AutoUTF;
+
+template<typename SourceEncoding, typename TargetEncoding>
+struct Transcoder;
+
+// allocators.h
+
+class CrtAllocator;
+
+template <typename BaseAllocator>
+class MemoryPoolAllocator;
+
+// stream.h
+
+template <typename Encoding>
+struct GenericStringStream;
+
+typedef GenericStringStream<UTF8<char> > StringStream;
+
+template <typename Encoding>
+struct GenericInsituStringStream;
+
+typedef GenericInsituStringStream<UTF8<char> > InsituStringStream;
+
+// stringbuffer.h
+
+template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator>
+class GenericStringBuffer;
+
+typedef GenericStringBuffer<UTF8<char>, CrtAllocator> StringBuffer;
+
+// filereadstream.h
+
+class FileReadStream;
+
+// filewritestream.h
+
+class FileWriteStream;
+
+// memorybuffer.h
+
+template <typename Allocator>
+struct GenericMemoryBuffer;
+
+typedef GenericMemoryBuffer<CrtAllocator> MemoryBuffer;
+
+// memorystream.h
+
+struct MemoryStream;
+
+// reader.h
+
+template<typename Encoding, typename Derived>
+struct BaseReaderHandler;
+
+template <typename SourceEncoding, typename TargetEncoding, typename StackAllocator>
+class GenericReader;
+
+typedef GenericReader<UTF8<char>, UTF8<char>, CrtAllocator> Reader;
+
+// writer.h
+
+template<typename OutputStream, typename SourceEncoding, typename TargetEncoding, typename StackAllocator, unsigned writeFlags>
+class Writer;
+
+// prettywriter.h
+
+template<typename OutputStream, typename SourceEncoding, typename TargetEncoding, typename StackAllocator, unsigned writeFlags>
+class PrettyWriter;
+
+// document.h
+
+template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator> 
+struct GenericMember;
+
+template <bool Const, typename Encoding, typename Allocator>
+class GenericMemberIterator;
+
+template<typename CharType>
+struct GenericStringRef;
+
+template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator> 
+class GenericValue;
+
+typedef GenericValue<UTF8<char>, MemoryPoolAllocator<CrtAllocator> > Value;
+
+template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator, typename StackAllocator>
+class GenericDocument;
+
+typedef GenericDocument<UTF8<char>, MemoryPoolAllocator<CrtAllocator>, CrtAllocator> Document;
+
+// pointer.h
+
+template <typename ValueType, typename Allocator>
+class GenericPointer;
+
+typedef GenericPointer<Value, CrtAllocator> Pointer;
+
+// schema.h
+
+template <typename SchemaDocumentType>
+class IGenericRemoteSchemaDocumentProvider;
+
+template <typename ValueT, typename Allocator>
+class GenericSchemaDocument;
+
+typedef GenericSchemaDocument<Value, CrtAllocator> SchemaDocument;
+typedef IGenericRemoteSchemaDocumentProvider<SchemaDocument> IRemoteSchemaDocumentProvider;
+
+template <
+    typename SchemaDocumentType,
+    typename OutputHandler,
+    typename StateAllocator>
+class GenericSchemaValidator;
+
+typedef GenericSchemaValidator<SchemaDocument, BaseReaderHandler<UTF8<char>, void>, CrtAllocator> SchemaValidator;
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_RAPIDJSONFWD_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/internal/biginteger.h b/include/rapidjson/internal/biginteger.h
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
index 99a30ac..9d3e88c
--- a/include/rapidjson/internal/biginteger.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/internal/biginteger.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_AMD64)
 #include <intrin.h> // for _umul128
+#pragma intrinsic(_umul128)
 #endif
 
 RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
@@ -50,7 +51,16 @@ public:
         if (length > 0)
             AppendDecimal64(decimals + i, decimals + i + length);
     }
-
+    
+    BigInteger& operator=(const BigInteger &rhs)
+    {
+        if (this != &rhs) {
+            count_ = rhs.count_;
+            std::memcpy(digits_, rhs.digits_, count_ * sizeof(Type));
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+    
     BigInteger& operator=(uint64_t u) {
         digits_[0] = u;            
         count_ = 1;
@@ -230,7 +240,7 @@ private:
         uint64_t r = 0;
         for (const char* p = begin; p != end; ++p) {
             RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(*p >= '0' && *p <= '9');
-            r = r * 10 + (*p - '0');
+            r = r * 10u + static_cast<unsigned>(*p - '0');
         }
         return r;
     }
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/internal/diyfp.h b/include/rapidjson/internal/diyfp.h
index 3b6c423..c9fefdc 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/internal/diyfp.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/internal/diyfp.h
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_AMD64)
 #include <intrin.h>
 #pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse64)
+#pragma intrinsic(_umul128)
 #endif
 
 RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
@@ -34,8 +35,13 @@ RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
 RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(effc++)
 #endif
 
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(padded)
+#endif
+
 struct DiyFp {
-    DiyFp() {}
+    DiyFp() : f(), e() {}
 
     DiyFp(uint64_t fp, int exp) : f(fp), e(exp) {}
 
@@ -232,8 +238,8 @@ inline DiyFp GetCachedPower(int e, int* K) {
 }
 
 inline DiyFp GetCachedPower10(int exp, int *outExp) {
-     unsigned index = (exp + 348) / 8;
-     *outExp = -348 + index * 8;
+     unsigned index = (static_cast<unsigned>(exp) + 348u) / 8u;
+     *outExp = -348 + static_cast<int>(index) * 8;
      return GetCachedPowerByIndex(index);
  }
 
@@ -241,6 +247,11 @@ inline DiyFp GetCachedPower10(int exp, int *outExp) {
 RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
 #endif
 
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(padded)
+#endif
+
 } // namespace internal
 RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
 
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/internal/dtoa.h b/include/rapidjson/internal/dtoa.h
index 2d8d2e4..8d6350e 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/internal/dtoa.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/internal/dtoa.h
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ namespace internal {
 #ifdef __GNUC__
 RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
 RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(effc++)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(array-bounds) // some gcc versions generate wrong warnings https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=59124
 #endif
 
 inline void GrisuRound(char* buffer, int len, uint64_t delta, uint64_t rest, uint64_t ten_kappa, uint64_t wp_w) {
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ inline void DigitGen(const DiyFp& W, const DiyFp& Mp, uint64_t delta, char* buff
     const DiyFp wp_w = Mp - W;
     uint32_t p1 = static_cast<uint32_t>(Mp.f >> -one.e);
     uint64_t p2 = Mp.f & (one.f - 1);
-    int kappa = CountDecimalDigit32(p1); // kappa in [0, 9]
+    unsigned kappa = CountDecimalDigit32(p1); // kappa in [0, 9]
     *len = 0;
 
     while (kappa > 0) {
@@ -101,7 +102,8 @@ inline void DigitGen(const DiyFp& W, const DiyFp& Mp, uint64_t delta, char* buff
         kappa--;
         if (p2 < delta) {
             *K += kappa;
-            GrisuRound(buffer, *len, delta, p2, one.f, wp_w.f * kPow10[-kappa]);
+            int index = -static_cast<int>(kappa);
+            GrisuRound(buffer, *len, delta, p2, one.f, wp_w.f * (index < 9 ? kPow10[-static_cast<int>(kappa)] : 0));
             return;
         }
     }
@@ -145,10 +147,10 @@ inline char* WriteExponent(int K, char* buffer) {
     return buffer;
 }
 
-inline char* Prettify(char* buffer, int length, int k) {
+inline char* Prettify(char* buffer, int length, int k, int maxDecimalPlaces) {
     const int kk = length + k;  // 10^(kk-1) <= v < 10^kk
 
-    if (length <= kk && kk <= 21) {
+    if (0 <= k && kk <= 21) {
         // 1234e7 -> 12340000000
         for (int i = length; i < kk; i++)
             buffer[i] = '0';
@@ -158,19 +160,44 @@ inline char* Prettify(char* buffer, int length, int k) {
     }
     else if (0 < kk && kk <= 21) {
         // 1234e-2 -> 12.34
-        std::memmove(&buffer[kk + 1], &buffer[kk], length - kk);
+        std::memmove(&buffer[kk + 1], &buffer[kk], static_cast<size_t>(length - kk));
         buffer[kk] = '.';
-        return &buffer[length + 1];
+        if (0 > k + maxDecimalPlaces) {
+            // When maxDecimalPlaces = 2, 1.2345 -> 1.23, 1.102 -> 1.1
+            // Remove extra trailing zeros (at least one) after truncation.
+            for (int i = kk + maxDecimalPlaces; i > kk + 1; i--)
+                if (buffer[i] != '0')
+                    return &buffer[i + 1];
+            return &buffer[kk + 2]; // Reserve one zero
+        }
+        else
+            return &buffer[length + 1];
     }
     else if (-6 < kk && kk <= 0) {
         // 1234e-6 -> 0.001234
         const int offset = 2 - kk;
-        std::memmove(&buffer[offset], &buffer[0], length);
+        std::memmove(&buffer[offset], &buffer[0], static_cast<size_t>(length));
         buffer[0] = '0';
         buffer[1] = '.';
         for (int i = 2; i < offset; i++)
             buffer[i] = '0';
-        return &buffer[length + offset];
+        if (length - kk > maxDecimalPlaces) {
+            // When maxDecimalPlaces = 2, 0.123 -> 0.12, 0.102 -> 0.1
+            // Remove extra trailing zeros (at least one) after truncation.
+            for (int i = maxDecimalPlaces + 1; i > 2; i--)
+                if (buffer[i] != '0')
+                    return &buffer[i + 1];
+            return &buffer[3]; // Reserve one zero
+        }
+        else
+            return &buffer[length + offset];
+    }
+    else if (kk < -maxDecimalPlaces) {
+        // Truncate to zero
+        buffer[0] = '0';
+        buffer[1] = '.';
+        buffer[2] = '0';
+        return &buffer[3];
     }
     else if (length == 1) {
         // 1e30
@@ -179,14 +206,15 @@ inline char* Prettify(char* buffer, int length, int k) {
     }
     else {
         // 1234e30 -> 1.234e33
-        std::memmove(&buffer[2], &buffer[1], length - 1);
+        std::memmove(&buffer[2], &buffer[1], static_cast<size_t>(length - 1));
         buffer[1] = '.';
         buffer[length + 1] = 'e';
         return WriteExponent(kk - 1, &buffer[0 + length + 2]);
     }
 }
 
-inline char* dtoa(double value, char* buffer) {
+inline char* dtoa(double value, char* buffer, int maxDecimalPlaces = 324) {
+    RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(maxDecimalPlaces >= 1);
     Double d(value);
     if (d.IsZero()) {
         if (d.Sign())
@@ -203,7 +231,7 @@ inline char* dtoa(double value, char* buffer) {
         }
         int length, K;
         Grisu2(value, buffer, &length, &K);
-        return Prettify(buffer, length, K);
+        return Prettify(buffer, length, K, maxDecimalPlaces);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/internal/ieee754.h b/include/rapidjson/internal/ieee754.h
index e3f0336..82bb0b9 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/internal/ieee754.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/internal/ieee754.h
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ public:
 
     bool IsNan() const { return (u_ & kExponentMask) == kExponentMask && Significand() != 0; }
     bool IsInf() const { return (u_ & kExponentMask) == kExponentMask && Significand() == 0; }
+    bool IsNanOrInf() const { return (u_ & kExponentMask) == kExponentMask; }
     bool IsNormal() const { return (u_ & kExponentMask) != 0 || Significand() == 0; }
     bool IsZero() const { return (u_ & (kExponentMask | kSignificandMask)) == 0; }
 
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ public:
         else if (order <= -1074)
             return 0;
         else
-            return order + 1074;
+            return static_cast<unsigned>(order) + 1074;
     }
 
 private:
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/internal/meta.h b/include/rapidjson/internal/meta.h
index 2daad96..5a9aaa4 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/internal/meta.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/internal/meta.h
@@ -1,181 +1,181 @@
-// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
-// 
-// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
-// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
-// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
-// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
-// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_META_H_
-#define RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_META_H_
-
-#include "../rapidjson.h"
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(effc++)
-#endif
-#if defined(_MSC_VER)
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(6334)
-#endif
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_TYPETRAITS
-#include <type_traits>
-#endif
-
-//@cond RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace internal {
-
-// Helper to wrap/convert arbitrary types to void, useful for arbitrary type matching
-template <typename T> struct Void { typedef void Type; };
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// BoolType, TrueType, FalseType
-//
-template <bool Cond> struct BoolType {
-    static const bool Value = Cond;
-    typedef BoolType Type;
-};
-typedef BoolType<true> TrueType;
-typedef BoolType<false> FalseType;
-
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// SelectIf, BoolExpr, NotExpr, AndExpr, OrExpr
-//
-
-template <bool C> struct SelectIfImpl { template <typename T1, typename T2> struct Apply { typedef T1 Type; }; };
-template <> struct SelectIfImpl<false> { template <typename T1, typename T2> struct Apply { typedef T2 Type; }; };
-template <bool C, typename T1, typename T2> struct SelectIfCond : SelectIfImpl<C>::template Apply<T1,T2> {};
-template <typename C, typename T1, typename T2> struct SelectIf : SelectIfCond<C::Value, T1, T2> {};
-
-template <bool Cond1, bool Cond2> struct AndExprCond : FalseType {};
-template <> struct AndExprCond<true, true> : TrueType {};
-template <bool Cond1, bool Cond2> struct OrExprCond : TrueType {};
-template <> struct OrExprCond<false, false> : FalseType {};
-
-template <typename C> struct BoolExpr : SelectIf<C,TrueType,FalseType>::Type {};
-template <typename C> struct NotExpr  : SelectIf<C,FalseType,TrueType>::Type {};
-template <typename C1, typename C2> struct AndExpr : AndExprCond<C1::Value, C2::Value>::Type {};
-template <typename C1, typename C2> struct OrExpr  : OrExprCond<C1::Value, C2::Value>::Type {};
-
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// AddConst, MaybeAddConst, RemoveConst
-template <typename T> struct AddConst { typedef const T Type; };
-template <bool Constify, typename T> struct MaybeAddConst : SelectIfCond<Constify, const T, T> {};
-template <typename T> struct RemoveConst { typedef T Type; };
-template <typename T> struct RemoveConst<const T> { typedef T Type; };
-
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// IsSame, IsConst, IsMoreConst, IsPointer
-//
-template <typename T, typename U> struct IsSame : FalseType {};
-template <typename T> struct IsSame<T, T> : TrueType {};
-
-template <typename T> struct IsConst : FalseType {};
-template <typename T> struct IsConst<const T> : TrueType {};
-
-template <typename CT, typename T>
-struct IsMoreConst
-    : AndExpr<IsSame<typename RemoveConst<CT>::Type, typename RemoveConst<T>::Type>,
-              BoolType<IsConst<CT>::Value >= IsConst<T>::Value> >::Type {};
-
-template <typename T> struct IsPointer : FalseType {};
-template <typename T> struct IsPointer<T*> : TrueType {};
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// IsBaseOf
-//
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_TYPETRAITS
-
-template <typename B, typename D> struct IsBaseOf
-    : BoolType< ::std::is_base_of<B,D>::value> {};
-
-#else // simplified version adopted from Boost
-
-template<typename B, typename D> struct IsBaseOfImpl {
-    RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(B) != 0);
-    RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(D) != 0);
-
-    typedef char (&Yes)[1];
-    typedef char (&No) [2];
-
-    template <typename T>
-    static Yes Check(const D*, T);
-    static No  Check(const B*, int);
-
-    struct Host {
-        operator const B*() const;
-        operator const D*();
-    };
-
-    enum { Value = (sizeof(Check(Host(), 0)) == sizeof(Yes)) };
-};
-
-template <typename B, typename D> struct IsBaseOf
-    : OrExpr<IsSame<B, D>, BoolExpr<IsBaseOfImpl<B, D> > >::Type {};
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_TYPETRAITS
-
-
-//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// EnableIf / DisableIf
-//
-template <bool Condition, typename T = void> struct EnableIfCond  { typedef T Type; };
-template <typename T> struct EnableIfCond<false, T> { /* empty */ };
-
-template <bool Condition, typename T = void> struct DisableIfCond { typedef T Type; };
-template <typename T> struct DisableIfCond<true, T> { /* empty */ };
-
-template <typename Condition, typename T = void>
-struct EnableIf : EnableIfCond<Condition::Value, T> {};
-
-template <typename Condition, typename T = void>
-struct DisableIf : DisableIfCond<Condition::Value, T> {};
-
-// SFINAE helpers
-struct SfinaeTag {};
-template <typename T> struct RemoveSfinaeTag;
-template <typename T> struct RemoveSfinaeTag<SfinaeTag&(*)(T)> { typedef T Type; };
-
-#define RAPIDJSON_REMOVEFPTR_(type) \
-    typename ::RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE::internal::RemoveSfinaeTag \
-        < ::RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE::internal::SfinaeTag&(*) type>::Type
-
-#define RAPIDJSON_ENABLEIF(cond) \
-    typename ::RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE::internal::EnableIf \
-        <RAPIDJSON_REMOVEFPTR_(cond)>::Type * = NULL
-
-#define RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF(cond) \
-    typename ::RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE::internal::DisableIf \
-        <RAPIDJSON_REMOVEFPTR_(cond)>::Type * = NULL
-
-#define RAPIDJSON_ENABLEIF_RETURN(cond,returntype) \
-    typename ::RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE::internal::EnableIf \
-        <RAPIDJSON_REMOVEFPTR_(cond), \
-         RAPIDJSON_REMOVEFPTR_(returntype)>::Type
-
-#define RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN(cond,returntype) \
-    typename ::RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE::internal::DisableIf \
-        <RAPIDJSON_REMOVEFPTR_(cond), \
-         RAPIDJSON_REMOVEFPTR_(returntype)>::Type
-
-} // namespace internal
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-//@endcond
-
-#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
-#endif
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_META_H_
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_META_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_META_H_
+
+#include "../rapidjson.h"
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(effc++)
+#endif
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(6334)
+#endif
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_TYPETRAITS
+#include <type_traits>
+#endif
+
+//@cond RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace internal {
+
+// Helper to wrap/convert arbitrary types to void, useful for arbitrary type matching
+template <typename T> struct Void { typedef void Type; };
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// BoolType, TrueType, FalseType
+//
+template <bool Cond> struct BoolType {
+    static const bool Value = Cond;
+    typedef BoolType Type;
+};
+typedef BoolType<true> TrueType;
+typedef BoolType<false> FalseType;
+
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// SelectIf, BoolExpr, NotExpr, AndExpr, OrExpr
+//
+
+template <bool C> struct SelectIfImpl { template <typename T1, typename T2> struct Apply { typedef T1 Type; }; };
+template <> struct SelectIfImpl<false> { template <typename T1, typename T2> struct Apply { typedef T2 Type; }; };
+template <bool C, typename T1, typename T2> struct SelectIfCond : SelectIfImpl<C>::template Apply<T1,T2> {};
+template <typename C, typename T1, typename T2> struct SelectIf : SelectIfCond<C::Value, T1, T2> {};
+
+template <bool Cond1, bool Cond2> struct AndExprCond : FalseType {};
+template <> struct AndExprCond<true, true> : TrueType {};
+template <bool Cond1, bool Cond2> struct OrExprCond : TrueType {};
+template <> struct OrExprCond<false, false> : FalseType {};
+
+template <typename C> struct BoolExpr : SelectIf<C,TrueType,FalseType>::Type {};
+template <typename C> struct NotExpr  : SelectIf<C,FalseType,TrueType>::Type {};
+template <typename C1, typename C2> struct AndExpr : AndExprCond<C1::Value, C2::Value>::Type {};
+template <typename C1, typename C2> struct OrExpr  : OrExprCond<C1::Value, C2::Value>::Type {};
+
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// AddConst, MaybeAddConst, RemoveConst
+template <typename T> struct AddConst { typedef const T Type; };
+template <bool Constify, typename T> struct MaybeAddConst : SelectIfCond<Constify, const T, T> {};
+template <typename T> struct RemoveConst { typedef T Type; };
+template <typename T> struct RemoveConst<const T> { typedef T Type; };
+
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// IsSame, IsConst, IsMoreConst, IsPointer
+//
+template <typename T, typename U> struct IsSame : FalseType {};
+template <typename T> struct IsSame<T, T> : TrueType {};
+
+template <typename T> struct IsConst : FalseType {};
+template <typename T> struct IsConst<const T> : TrueType {};
+
+template <typename CT, typename T>
+struct IsMoreConst
+    : AndExpr<IsSame<typename RemoveConst<CT>::Type, typename RemoveConst<T>::Type>,
+              BoolType<IsConst<CT>::Value >= IsConst<T>::Value> >::Type {};
+
+template <typename T> struct IsPointer : FalseType {};
+template <typename T> struct IsPointer<T*> : TrueType {};
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// IsBaseOf
+//
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_TYPETRAITS
+
+template <typename B, typename D> struct IsBaseOf
+    : BoolType< ::std::is_base_of<B,D>::value> {};
+
+#else // simplified version adopted from Boost
+
+template<typename B, typename D> struct IsBaseOfImpl {
+    RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(B) != 0);
+    RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(D) != 0);
+
+    typedef char (&Yes)[1];
+    typedef char (&No) [2];
+
+    template <typename T>
+    static Yes Check(const D*, T);
+    static No  Check(const B*, int);
+
+    struct Host {
+        operator const B*() const;
+        operator const D*();
+    };
+
+    enum { Value = (sizeof(Check(Host(), 0)) == sizeof(Yes)) };
+};
+
+template <typename B, typename D> struct IsBaseOf
+    : OrExpr<IsSame<B, D>, BoolExpr<IsBaseOfImpl<B, D> > >::Type {};
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_TYPETRAITS
+
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// EnableIf / DisableIf
+//
+template <bool Condition, typename T = void> struct EnableIfCond  { typedef T Type; };
+template <typename T> struct EnableIfCond<false, T> { /* empty */ };
+
+template <bool Condition, typename T = void> struct DisableIfCond { typedef T Type; };
+template <typename T> struct DisableIfCond<true, T> { /* empty */ };
+
+template <typename Condition, typename T = void>
+struct EnableIf : EnableIfCond<Condition::Value, T> {};
+
+template <typename Condition, typename T = void>
+struct DisableIf : DisableIfCond<Condition::Value, T> {};
+
+// SFINAE helpers
+struct SfinaeTag {};
+template <typename T> struct RemoveSfinaeTag;
+template <typename T> struct RemoveSfinaeTag<SfinaeTag&(*)(T)> { typedef T Type; };
+
+#define RAPIDJSON_REMOVEFPTR_(type) \
+    typename ::RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE::internal::RemoveSfinaeTag \
+        < ::RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE::internal::SfinaeTag&(*) type>::Type
+
+#define RAPIDJSON_ENABLEIF(cond) \
+    typename ::RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE::internal::EnableIf \
+        <RAPIDJSON_REMOVEFPTR_(cond)>::Type * = NULL
+
+#define RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF(cond) \
+    typename ::RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE::internal::DisableIf \
+        <RAPIDJSON_REMOVEFPTR_(cond)>::Type * = NULL
+
+#define RAPIDJSON_ENABLEIF_RETURN(cond,returntype) \
+    typename ::RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE::internal::EnableIf \
+        <RAPIDJSON_REMOVEFPTR_(cond), \
+         RAPIDJSON_REMOVEFPTR_(returntype)>::Type
+
+#define RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN(cond,returntype) \
+    typename ::RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE::internal::DisableIf \
+        <RAPIDJSON_REMOVEFPTR_(cond), \
+         RAPIDJSON_REMOVEFPTR_(returntype)>::Type
+
+} // namespace internal
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+//@endcond
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_META_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/internal/pow10.h b/include/rapidjson/internal/pow10.h
index 1d2dff0..02f475d 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/internal/pow10.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/internal/pow10.h
@@ -1,55 +1,55 @@
-// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
-// 
-// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
-// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
-// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
-// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
-// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_POW10_
-#define RAPIDJSON_POW10_
-
-#include "../rapidjson.h"
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace internal {
-
-//! Computes integer powers of 10 in double (10.0^n).
-/*! This function uses lookup table for fast and accurate results.
-    \param n non-negative exponent. Must <= 308.
-    \return 10.0^n
-*/
-inline double Pow10(int n) {
-    static const double e[] = { // 1e-0...1e308: 309 * 8 bytes = 2472 bytes
-        1e+0,  
-        1e+1,  1e+2,  1e+3,  1e+4,  1e+5,  1e+6,  1e+7,  1e+8,  1e+9,  1e+10, 1e+11, 1e+12, 1e+13, 1e+14, 1e+15, 1e+16, 1e+17, 1e+18, 1e+19, 1e+20, 
-        1e+21, 1e+22, 1e+23, 1e+24, 1e+25, 1e+26, 1e+27, 1e+28, 1e+29, 1e+30, 1e+31, 1e+32, 1e+33, 1e+34, 1e+35, 1e+36, 1e+37, 1e+38, 1e+39, 1e+40,
-        1e+41, 1e+42, 1e+43, 1e+44, 1e+45, 1e+46, 1e+47, 1e+48, 1e+49, 1e+50, 1e+51, 1e+52, 1e+53, 1e+54, 1e+55, 1e+56, 1e+57, 1e+58, 1e+59, 1e+60,
-        1e+61, 1e+62, 1e+63, 1e+64, 1e+65, 1e+66, 1e+67, 1e+68, 1e+69, 1e+70, 1e+71, 1e+72, 1e+73, 1e+74, 1e+75, 1e+76, 1e+77, 1e+78, 1e+79, 1e+80,
-        1e+81, 1e+82, 1e+83, 1e+84, 1e+85, 1e+86, 1e+87, 1e+88, 1e+89, 1e+90, 1e+91, 1e+92, 1e+93, 1e+94, 1e+95, 1e+96, 1e+97, 1e+98, 1e+99, 1e+100,
-        1e+101,1e+102,1e+103,1e+104,1e+105,1e+106,1e+107,1e+108,1e+109,1e+110,1e+111,1e+112,1e+113,1e+114,1e+115,1e+116,1e+117,1e+118,1e+119,1e+120,
-        1e+121,1e+122,1e+123,1e+124,1e+125,1e+126,1e+127,1e+128,1e+129,1e+130,1e+131,1e+132,1e+133,1e+134,1e+135,1e+136,1e+137,1e+138,1e+139,1e+140,
-        1e+141,1e+142,1e+143,1e+144,1e+145,1e+146,1e+147,1e+148,1e+149,1e+150,1e+151,1e+152,1e+153,1e+154,1e+155,1e+156,1e+157,1e+158,1e+159,1e+160,
-        1e+161,1e+162,1e+163,1e+164,1e+165,1e+166,1e+167,1e+168,1e+169,1e+170,1e+171,1e+172,1e+173,1e+174,1e+175,1e+176,1e+177,1e+178,1e+179,1e+180,
-        1e+181,1e+182,1e+183,1e+184,1e+185,1e+186,1e+187,1e+188,1e+189,1e+190,1e+191,1e+192,1e+193,1e+194,1e+195,1e+196,1e+197,1e+198,1e+199,1e+200,
-        1e+201,1e+202,1e+203,1e+204,1e+205,1e+206,1e+207,1e+208,1e+209,1e+210,1e+211,1e+212,1e+213,1e+214,1e+215,1e+216,1e+217,1e+218,1e+219,1e+220,
-        1e+221,1e+222,1e+223,1e+224,1e+225,1e+226,1e+227,1e+228,1e+229,1e+230,1e+231,1e+232,1e+233,1e+234,1e+235,1e+236,1e+237,1e+238,1e+239,1e+240,
-        1e+241,1e+242,1e+243,1e+244,1e+245,1e+246,1e+247,1e+248,1e+249,1e+250,1e+251,1e+252,1e+253,1e+254,1e+255,1e+256,1e+257,1e+258,1e+259,1e+260,
-        1e+261,1e+262,1e+263,1e+264,1e+265,1e+266,1e+267,1e+268,1e+269,1e+270,1e+271,1e+272,1e+273,1e+274,1e+275,1e+276,1e+277,1e+278,1e+279,1e+280,
-        1e+281,1e+282,1e+283,1e+284,1e+285,1e+286,1e+287,1e+288,1e+289,1e+290,1e+291,1e+292,1e+293,1e+294,1e+295,1e+296,1e+297,1e+298,1e+299,1e+300,
-        1e+301,1e+302,1e+303,1e+304,1e+305,1e+306,1e+307,1e+308
-    };
-    RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(n >= 0 && n <= 308);
-    return e[n];
-}
-
-} // namespace internal
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_POW10_
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_POW10_
+#define RAPIDJSON_POW10_
+
+#include "../rapidjson.h"
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace internal {
+
+//! Computes integer powers of 10 in double (10.0^n).
+/*! This function uses lookup table for fast and accurate results.
+    \param n non-negative exponent. Must <= 308.
+    \return 10.0^n
+*/
+inline double Pow10(int n) {
+    static const double e[] = { // 1e-0...1e308: 309 * 8 bytes = 2472 bytes
+        1e+0,  
+        1e+1,  1e+2,  1e+3,  1e+4,  1e+5,  1e+6,  1e+7,  1e+8,  1e+9,  1e+10, 1e+11, 1e+12, 1e+13, 1e+14, 1e+15, 1e+16, 1e+17, 1e+18, 1e+19, 1e+20, 
+        1e+21, 1e+22, 1e+23, 1e+24, 1e+25, 1e+26, 1e+27, 1e+28, 1e+29, 1e+30, 1e+31, 1e+32, 1e+33, 1e+34, 1e+35, 1e+36, 1e+37, 1e+38, 1e+39, 1e+40,
+        1e+41, 1e+42, 1e+43, 1e+44, 1e+45, 1e+46, 1e+47, 1e+48, 1e+49, 1e+50, 1e+51, 1e+52, 1e+53, 1e+54, 1e+55, 1e+56, 1e+57, 1e+58, 1e+59, 1e+60,
+        1e+61, 1e+62, 1e+63, 1e+64, 1e+65, 1e+66, 1e+67, 1e+68, 1e+69, 1e+70, 1e+71, 1e+72, 1e+73, 1e+74, 1e+75, 1e+76, 1e+77, 1e+78, 1e+79, 1e+80,
+        1e+81, 1e+82, 1e+83, 1e+84, 1e+85, 1e+86, 1e+87, 1e+88, 1e+89, 1e+90, 1e+91, 1e+92, 1e+93, 1e+94, 1e+95, 1e+96, 1e+97, 1e+98, 1e+99, 1e+100,
+        1e+101,1e+102,1e+103,1e+104,1e+105,1e+106,1e+107,1e+108,1e+109,1e+110,1e+111,1e+112,1e+113,1e+114,1e+115,1e+116,1e+117,1e+118,1e+119,1e+120,
+        1e+121,1e+122,1e+123,1e+124,1e+125,1e+126,1e+127,1e+128,1e+129,1e+130,1e+131,1e+132,1e+133,1e+134,1e+135,1e+136,1e+137,1e+138,1e+139,1e+140,
+        1e+141,1e+142,1e+143,1e+144,1e+145,1e+146,1e+147,1e+148,1e+149,1e+150,1e+151,1e+152,1e+153,1e+154,1e+155,1e+156,1e+157,1e+158,1e+159,1e+160,
+        1e+161,1e+162,1e+163,1e+164,1e+165,1e+166,1e+167,1e+168,1e+169,1e+170,1e+171,1e+172,1e+173,1e+174,1e+175,1e+176,1e+177,1e+178,1e+179,1e+180,
+        1e+181,1e+182,1e+183,1e+184,1e+185,1e+186,1e+187,1e+188,1e+189,1e+190,1e+191,1e+192,1e+193,1e+194,1e+195,1e+196,1e+197,1e+198,1e+199,1e+200,
+        1e+201,1e+202,1e+203,1e+204,1e+205,1e+206,1e+207,1e+208,1e+209,1e+210,1e+211,1e+212,1e+213,1e+214,1e+215,1e+216,1e+217,1e+218,1e+219,1e+220,
+        1e+221,1e+222,1e+223,1e+224,1e+225,1e+226,1e+227,1e+228,1e+229,1e+230,1e+231,1e+232,1e+233,1e+234,1e+235,1e+236,1e+237,1e+238,1e+239,1e+240,
+        1e+241,1e+242,1e+243,1e+244,1e+245,1e+246,1e+247,1e+248,1e+249,1e+250,1e+251,1e+252,1e+253,1e+254,1e+255,1e+256,1e+257,1e+258,1e+259,1e+260,
+        1e+261,1e+262,1e+263,1e+264,1e+265,1e+266,1e+267,1e+268,1e+269,1e+270,1e+271,1e+272,1e+273,1e+274,1e+275,1e+276,1e+277,1e+278,1e+279,1e+280,
+        1e+281,1e+282,1e+283,1e+284,1e+285,1e+286,1e+287,1e+288,1e+289,1e+290,1e+291,1e+292,1e+293,1e+294,1e+295,1e+296,1e+297,1e+298,1e+299,1e+300,
+        1e+301,1e+302,1e+303,1e+304,1e+305,1e+306,1e+307,1e+308
+    };
+    RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(n >= 0 && n <= 308);
+    return e[n];
+}
+
+} // namespace internal
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_POW10_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/internal/regex.h b/include/rapidjson/internal/regex.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..422a524
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/rapidjson/internal/regex.h
@@ -0,0 +1,701 @@
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_REGEX_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_REGEX_H_
+
+#include "../allocators.h"
+#include "../stream.h"
+#include "stack.h"
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(padded)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(switch-enum)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(implicit-fallthrough)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(effc++)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(4512) // assignment operator could not be generated
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_REGEX_VERBOSE
+#define RAPIDJSON_REGEX_VERBOSE 0
+#endif
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace internal {
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// GenericRegex
+
+static const SizeType kRegexInvalidState = ~SizeType(0);  //!< Represents an invalid index in GenericRegex::State::out, out1
+static const SizeType kRegexInvalidRange = ~SizeType(0);
+
+//! Regular expression engine with subset of ECMAscript grammar.
+/*!
+    Supported regular expression syntax:
+    - \c ab     Concatenation
+    - \c a|b    Alternation
+    - \c a?     Zero or one
+    - \c a*     Zero or more
+    - \c a+     One or more
+    - \c a{3}   Exactly 3 times
+    - \c a{3,}  At least 3 times
+    - \c a{3,5} 3 to 5 times
+    - \c (ab)   Grouping
+    - \c ^a     At the beginning
+    - \c a$     At the end
+    - \c .      Any character
+    - \c [abc]  Character classes
+    - \c [a-c]  Character class range
+    - \c [a-z0-9_] Character class combination
+    - \c [^abc] Negated character classes
+    - \c [^a-c] Negated character class range
+    - \c [\b]   Backspace (U+0008)
+    - \c \\| \\\\ ...  Escape characters
+    - \c \\f Form feed (U+000C)
+    - \c \\n Line feed (U+000A)
+    - \c \\r Carriage return (U+000D)
+    - \c \\t Tab (U+0009)
+    - \c \\v Vertical tab (U+000B)
+
+    \note This is a Thompson NFA engine, implemented with reference to 
+        Cox, Russ. "Regular Expression Matching Can Be Simple And Fast (but is slow in Java, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby,...).", 
+        https://swtch.com/~rsc/regexp/regexp1.html 
+*/
+template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator = CrtAllocator>
+class GenericRegex {
+public:
+    typedef typename Encoding::Ch Ch;
+
+    GenericRegex(const Ch* source, Allocator* allocator = 0) : 
+        states_(allocator, 256), ranges_(allocator, 256), root_(kRegexInvalidState), stateCount_(), rangeCount_(), 
+        stateSet_(), state0_(allocator, 0), state1_(allocator, 0), anchorBegin_(), anchorEnd_()
+    {
+        GenericStringStream<Encoding> ss(source);
+        DecodedStream<GenericStringStream<Encoding> > ds(ss);
+        Parse(ds);
+    }
+
+    ~GenericRegex() {
+        Allocator::Free(stateSet_);
+    }
+
+    bool IsValid() const {
+        return root_ != kRegexInvalidState;
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputStream>
+    bool Match(InputStream& is) const {
+        return SearchWithAnchoring(is, true, true);
+    }
+
+    bool Match(const Ch* s) const {
+        GenericStringStream<Encoding> is(s);
+        return Match(is);
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputStream>
+    bool Search(InputStream& is) const {
+        return SearchWithAnchoring(is, anchorBegin_, anchorEnd_);
+    }
+
+    bool Search(const Ch* s) const {
+        GenericStringStream<Encoding> is(s);
+        return Search(is);
+    }
+
+private:
+    enum Operator {
+        kZeroOrOne,
+        kZeroOrMore,
+        kOneOrMore,
+        kConcatenation,
+        kAlternation,
+        kLeftParenthesis
+    };
+
+    static const unsigned kAnyCharacterClass = 0xFFFFFFFF;   //!< For '.'
+    static const unsigned kRangeCharacterClass = 0xFFFFFFFE;
+    static const unsigned kRangeNegationFlag = 0x80000000;
+
+    struct Range {
+        unsigned start; // 
+        unsigned end;
+        SizeType next;
+    };
+
+    struct State {
+        SizeType out;     //!< Equals to kInvalid for matching state
+        SizeType out1;    //!< Equals to non-kInvalid for split
+        SizeType rangeStart;
+        unsigned codepoint;
+    };
+
+    struct Frag {
+        Frag(SizeType s, SizeType o, SizeType m) : start(s), out(o), minIndex(m) {}
+        SizeType start;
+        SizeType out; //!< link-list of all output states
+        SizeType minIndex;
+    };
+
+    template <typename SourceStream>
+    class DecodedStream {
+    public:
+        DecodedStream(SourceStream& ss) : ss_(ss), codepoint_() { Decode(); }
+        unsigned Peek() { return codepoint_; }
+        unsigned Take() {
+            unsigned c = codepoint_;
+            if (c) // No further decoding when '\0'
+                Decode();
+            return c;
+        }
+
+    private:
+        void Decode() {
+            if (!Encoding::Decode(ss_, &codepoint_))
+                codepoint_ = 0;
+        }
+
+        SourceStream& ss_;
+        unsigned codepoint_;
+    };
+
+    State& GetState(SizeType index) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(index < stateCount_);
+        return states_.template Bottom<State>()[index];
+    }
+
+    const State& GetState(SizeType index) const {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(index < stateCount_);
+        return states_.template Bottom<State>()[index];
+    }
+
+    Range& GetRange(SizeType index) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(index < rangeCount_);
+        return ranges_.template Bottom<Range>()[index];
+    }
+
+    const Range& GetRange(SizeType index) const {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(index < rangeCount_);
+        return ranges_.template Bottom<Range>()[index];
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputStream>
+    void Parse(DecodedStream<InputStream>& ds) {
+        Allocator allocator;
+        Stack<Allocator> operandStack(&allocator, 256);     // Frag
+        Stack<Allocator> operatorStack(&allocator, 256);    // Operator
+        Stack<Allocator> atomCountStack(&allocator, 256);   // unsigned (Atom per parenthesis)
+
+        *atomCountStack.template Push<unsigned>() = 0;
+
+        unsigned codepoint;
+        while (ds.Peek() != 0) {
+            switch (codepoint = ds.Take()) {
+                case '^':
+                    anchorBegin_ = true;
+                    break;
+
+                case '$':
+                    anchorEnd_ = true;
+                    break;
+
+                case '|':
+                    while (!operatorStack.Empty() && *operatorStack.template Top<Operator>() < kAlternation)
+                        if (!Eval(operandStack, *operatorStack.template Pop<Operator>(1)))
+                            return;
+                    *operatorStack.template Push<Operator>() = kAlternation;
+                    *atomCountStack.template Top<unsigned>() = 0;
+                    break;
+
+                case '(':
+                    *operatorStack.template Push<Operator>() = kLeftParenthesis;
+                    *atomCountStack.template Push<unsigned>() = 0;
+                    break;
+
+                case ')':
+                    while (!operatorStack.Empty() && *operatorStack.template Top<Operator>() != kLeftParenthesis)
+                        if (!Eval(operandStack, *operatorStack.template Pop<Operator>(1)))
+                            return;
+                    if (operatorStack.Empty())
+                        return;
+                    operatorStack.template Pop<Operator>(1);
+                    atomCountStack.template Pop<unsigned>(1);
+                    ImplicitConcatenation(atomCountStack, operatorStack);
+                    break;
+
+                case '?':
+                    if (!Eval(operandStack, kZeroOrOne))
+                        return;
+                    break;
+
+                case '*':
+                    if (!Eval(operandStack, kZeroOrMore))
+                        return;
+                    break;
+
+                case '+':
+                    if (!Eval(operandStack, kOneOrMore))
+                        return;
+                    break;
+
+                case '{':
+                    {
+                        unsigned n, m;
+                        if (!ParseUnsigned(ds, &n))
+                            return;
+
+                        if (ds.Peek() == ',') {
+                            ds.Take();
+                            if (ds.Peek() == '}')
+                                m = kInfinityQuantifier;
+                            else if (!ParseUnsigned(ds, &m) || m < n)
+                                return;
+                        }
+                        else
+                            m = n;
+
+                        if (!EvalQuantifier(operandStack, n, m) || ds.Peek() != '}')
+                            return;
+                        ds.Take();
+                    }
+                    break;
+
+                case '.':
+                    PushOperand(operandStack, kAnyCharacterClass);
+                    ImplicitConcatenation(atomCountStack, operatorStack);
+                    break;
+
+                case '[':
+                    {
+                        SizeType range;
+                        if (!ParseRange(ds, &range))
+                            return;
+                        SizeType s = NewState(kRegexInvalidState, kRegexInvalidState, kRangeCharacterClass);
+                        GetState(s).rangeStart = range;
+                        *operandStack.template Push<Frag>() = Frag(s, s, s);
+                    }
+                    ImplicitConcatenation(atomCountStack, operatorStack);
+                    break;
+
+                case '\\': // Escape character
+                    if (!CharacterEscape(ds, &codepoint))
+                        return; // Unsupported escape character
+                    // fall through to default
+
+                default: // Pattern character
+                    PushOperand(operandStack, codepoint);
+                    ImplicitConcatenation(atomCountStack, operatorStack);
+            }
+        }
+
+        while (!operatorStack.Empty())
+            if (!Eval(operandStack, *operatorStack.template Pop<Operator>(1)))
+                return;
+
+        // Link the operand to matching state.
+        if (operandStack.GetSize() == sizeof(Frag)) {
+            Frag* e = operandStack.template Pop<Frag>(1);
+            Patch(e->out, NewState(kRegexInvalidState, kRegexInvalidState, 0));
+            root_ = e->start;
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_REGEX_VERBOSE
+            printf("root: %d\n", root_);
+            for (SizeType i = 0; i < stateCount_ ; i++) {
+                State& s = GetState(i);
+                printf("[%2d] out: %2d out1: %2d c: '%c'\n", i, s.out, s.out1, (char)s.codepoint);
+            }
+            printf("\n");
+#endif
+        }
+
+        // Preallocate buffer for SearchWithAnchoring()
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(stateSet_ == 0);
+        if (stateCount_ > 0) {
+            stateSet_ = static_cast<unsigned*>(states_.GetAllocator().Malloc(GetStateSetSize()));
+            state0_.template Reserve<SizeType>(stateCount_);
+            state1_.template Reserve<SizeType>(stateCount_);
+        }
+    }
+
+    SizeType NewState(SizeType out, SizeType out1, unsigned codepoint) {
+        State* s = states_.template Push<State>();
+        s->out = out;
+        s->out1 = out1;
+        s->codepoint = codepoint;
+        s->rangeStart = kRegexInvalidRange;
+        return stateCount_++;
+    }
+
+    void PushOperand(Stack<Allocator>& operandStack, unsigned codepoint) {
+        SizeType s = NewState(kRegexInvalidState, kRegexInvalidState, codepoint);
+        *operandStack.template Push<Frag>() = Frag(s, s, s);
+    }
+
+    void ImplicitConcatenation(Stack<Allocator>& atomCountStack, Stack<Allocator>& operatorStack) {
+        if (*atomCountStack.template Top<unsigned>())
+            *operatorStack.template Push<Operator>() = kConcatenation;
+        (*atomCountStack.template Top<unsigned>())++;
+    }
+
+    SizeType Append(SizeType l1, SizeType l2) {
+        SizeType old = l1;
+        while (GetState(l1).out != kRegexInvalidState)
+            l1 = GetState(l1).out;
+        GetState(l1).out = l2;
+        return old;
+    }
+
+    void Patch(SizeType l, SizeType s) {
+        for (SizeType next; l != kRegexInvalidState; l = next) {
+            next = GetState(l).out;
+            GetState(l).out = s;
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool Eval(Stack<Allocator>& operandStack, Operator op) {
+        switch (op) {
+            case kConcatenation:
+                RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(operandStack.GetSize() >= sizeof(Frag) * 2);
+                {
+                    Frag e2 = *operandStack.template Pop<Frag>(1);
+                    Frag e1 = *operandStack.template Pop<Frag>(1);
+                    Patch(e1.out, e2.start);
+                    *operandStack.template Push<Frag>() = Frag(e1.start, e2.out, Min(e1.minIndex, e2.minIndex));
+                }
+                return true;
+
+            case kAlternation:
+                if (operandStack.GetSize() >= sizeof(Frag) * 2) {
+                    Frag e2 = *operandStack.template Pop<Frag>(1);
+                    Frag e1 = *operandStack.template Pop<Frag>(1);
+                    SizeType s = NewState(e1.start, e2.start, 0);
+                    *operandStack.template Push<Frag>() = Frag(s, Append(e1.out, e2.out), Min(e1.minIndex, e2.minIndex));
+                    return true;
+                }
+                return false;
+
+            case kZeroOrOne:
+                if (operandStack.GetSize() >= sizeof(Frag)) {
+                    Frag e = *operandStack.template Pop<Frag>(1);
+                    SizeType s = NewState(kRegexInvalidState, e.start, 0);
+                    *operandStack.template Push<Frag>() = Frag(s, Append(e.out, s), e.minIndex);
+                    return true;
+                }
+                return false;
+
+            case kZeroOrMore:
+                if (operandStack.GetSize() >= sizeof(Frag)) {
+                    Frag e = *operandStack.template Pop<Frag>(1);
+                    SizeType s = NewState(kRegexInvalidState, e.start, 0);
+                    Patch(e.out, s);
+                    *operandStack.template Push<Frag>() = Frag(s, s, e.minIndex);
+                    return true;
+                }
+                return false;
+
+            default: 
+                RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(op == kOneOrMore);
+                if (operandStack.GetSize() >= sizeof(Frag)) {
+                    Frag e = *operandStack.template Pop<Frag>(1);
+                    SizeType s = NewState(kRegexInvalidState, e.start, 0);
+                    Patch(e.out, s);
+                    *operandStack.template Push<Frag>() = Frag(e.start, s, e.minIndex);
+                    return true;
+                }
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool EvalQuantifier(Stack<Allocator>& operandStack, unsigned n, unsigned m) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(n <= m);
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(operandStack.GetSize() >= sizeof(Frag));
+
+        if (n == 0) {
+            if (m == 0)                             // a{0} not support
+                return false;
+            else if (m == kInfinityQuantifier)
+                Eval(operandStack, kZeroOrMore);    // a{0,} -> a*
+            else {
+                Eval(operandStack, kZeroOrOne);         // a{0,5} -> a?
+                for (unsigned i = 0; i < m - 1; i++)
+                    CloneTopOperand(operandStack);      // a{0,5} -> a? a? a? a? a?
+                for (unsigned i = 0; i < m - 1; i++)
+                    Eval(operandStack, kConcatenation); // a{0,5} -> a?a?a?a?a?
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)        // a{3} -> a a a
+            CloneTopOperand(operandStack);
+
+        if (m == kInfinityQuantifier)
+            Eval(operandStack, kOneOrMore);         // a{3,} -> a a a+
+        else if (m > n) {
+            CloneTopOperand(operandStack);          // a{3,5} -> a a a a
+            Eval(operandStack, kZeroOrOne);         // a{3,5} -> a a a a?
+            for (unsigned i = n; i < m - 1; i++)
+                CloneTopOperand(operandStack);      // a{3,5} -> a a a a? a?
+            for (unsigned i = n; i < m; i++)
+                Eval(operandStack, kConcatenation); // a{3,5} -> a a aa?a?
+        }
+
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)
+            Eval(operandStack, kConcatenation);     // a{3} -> aaa, a{3,} -> aaa+, a{3.5} -> aaaa?a?
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    static SizeType Min(SizeType a, SizeType b) { return a < b ? a : b; }
+
+    void CloneTopOperand(Stack<Allocator>& operandStack) {
+        const Frag src = *operandStack.template Top<Frag>(); // Copy constructor to prevent invalidation
+        SizeType count = stateCount_ - src.minIndex; // Assumes top operand contains states in [src->minIndex, stateCount_)
+        State* s = states_.template Push<State>(count);
+        memcpy(s, &GetState(src.minIndex), count * sizeof(State));
+        for (SizeType j = 0; j < count; j++) {
+            if (s[j].out != kRegexInvalidState)
+                s[j].out += count;
+            if (s[j].out1 != kRegexInvalidState)
+                s[j].out1 += count;
+        }
+        *operandStack.template Push<Frag>() = Frag(src.start + count, src.out + count, src.minIndex + count);
+        stateCount_ += count;
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputStream>
+    bool ParseUnsigned(DecodedStream<InputStream>& ds, unsigned* u) {
+        unsigned r = 0;
+        if (ds.Peek() < '0' || ds.Peek() > '9')
+            return false;
+        while (ds.Peek() >= '0' && ds.Peek() <= '9') {
+            if (r >= 429496729 && ds.Peek() > '5') // 2^32 - 1 = 4294967295
+                return false; // overflow
+            r = r * 10 + (ds.Take() - '0');
+        }
+        *u = r;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputStream>
+    bool ParseRange(DecodedStream<InputStream>& ds, SizeType* range) {
+        bool isBegin = true;
+        bool negate = false;
+        int step = 0;
+        SizeType start = kRegexInvalidRange;
+        SizeType current = kRegexInvalidRange;
+        unsigned codepoint;
+        while ((codepoint = ds.Take()) != 0) {
+            if (isBegin) {
+                isBegin = false;
+                if (codepoint == '^') {
+                    negate = true;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            switch (codepoint) {
+            case ']':
+                if (start == kRegexInvalidRange)
+                    return false;   // Error: nothing inside []
+                if (step == 2) { // Add trailing '-'
+                    SizeType r = NewRange('-');
+                    RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(current != kRegexInvalidRange);
+                    GetRange(current).next = r;
+                }
+                if (negate)
+                    GetRange(start).start |= kRangeNegationFlag;
+                *range = start;
+                return true;
+
+            case '\\':
+                if (ds.Peek() == 'b') {
+                    ds.Take();
+                    codepoint = 0x0008; // Escape backspace character
+                }
+                else if (!CharacterEscape(ds, &codepoint))
+                    return false;
+                // fall through to default
+
+            default:
+                switch (step) {
+                case 1:
+                    if (codepoint == '-') {
+                        step++;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    // fall through to step 0 for other characters
+
+                case 0:
+                    {
+                        SizeType r = NewRange(codepoint);
+                        if (current != kRegexInvalidRange)
+                            GetRange(current).next = r;
+                        if (start == kRegexInvalidRange)
+                            start = r;
+                        current = r;
+                    }
+                    step = 1;
+                    break;
+
+                default:
+                    RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(step == 2);
+                    GetRange(current).end = codepoint;
+                    step = 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    SizeType NewRange(unsigned codepoint) {
+        Range* r = ranges_.template Push<Range>();
+        r->start = r->end = codepoint;
+        r->next = kRegexInvalidRange;
+        return rangeCount_++;
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputStream>
+    bool CharacterEscape(DecodedStream<InputStream>& ds, unsigned* escapedCodepoint) {
+        unsigned codepoint;
+        switch (codepoint = ds.Take()) {
+            case '^':
+            case '$':
+            case '|':
+            case '(':
+            case ')':
+            case '?':
+            case '*':
+            case '+':
+            case '.':
+            case '[':
+            case ']':
+            case '{':
+            case '}':
+            case '\\':
+                *escapedCodepoint = codepoint; return true;
+            case 'f': *escapedCodepoint = 0x000C; return true;
+            case 'n': *escapedCodepoint = 0x000A; return true;
+            case 'r': *escapedCodepoint = 0x000D; return true;
+            case 't': *escapedCodepoint = 0x0009; return true;
+            case 'v': *escapedCodepoint = 0x000B; return true;
+            default:
+                return false; // Unsupported escape character
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputStream>
+    bool SearchWithAnchoring(InputStream& is, bool anchorBegin, bool anchorEnd) const {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsValid());
+        DecodedStream<InputStream> ds(is);
+
+        state0_.Clear();
+        Stack<Allocator> *current = &state0_, *next = &state1_;
+        const size_t stateSetSize = GetStateSetSize();
+        std::memset(stateSet_, 0, stateSetSize);
+
+        bool matched = AddState(*current, root_);
+        unsigned codepoint;
+        while (!current->Empty() && (codepoint = ds.Take()) != 0) {
+            std::memset(stateSet_, 0, stateSetSize);
+            next->Clear();
+            matched = false;
+            for (const SizeType* s = current->template Bottom<SizeType>(); s != current->template End<SizeType>(); ++s) {
+                const State& sr = GetState(*s);
+                if (sr.codepoint == codepoint ||
+                    sr.codepoint == kAnyCharacterClass || 
+                    (sr.codepoint == kRangeCharacterClass && MatchRange(sr.rangeStart, codepoint)))
+                {
+                    matched = AddState(*next, sr.out) || matched;
+                    if (!anchorEnd && matched)
+                        return true;
+                }
+                if (!anchorBegin)
+                    AddState(*next, root_);
+            }
+            internal::Swap(current, next);
+        }
+
+        return matched;
+    }
+
+    size_t GetStateSetSize() const {
+        return (stateCount_ + 31) / 32 * 4;
+    }
+
+    // Return whether the added states is a match state
+    bool AddState(Stack<Allocator>& l, SizeType index) const {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(index != kRegexInvalidState);
+
+        const State& s = GetState(index);
+        if (s.out1 != kRegexInvalidState) { // Split
+            bool matched = AddState(l, s.out);
+            return AddState(l, s.out1) || matched;
+        }
+        else if (!(stateSet_[index >> 5] & (1 << (index & 31)))) {
+            stateSet_[index >> 5] |= (1 << (index & 31));
+            *l.template PushUnsafe<SizeType>() = index;
+        }
+        return s.out == kRegexInvalidState; // by using PushUnsafe() above, we can ensure s is not validated due to reallocation.
+    }
+
+    bool MatchRange(SizeType rangeIndex, unsigned codepoint) const {
+        bool yes = (GetRange(rangeIndex).start & kRangeNegationFlag) == 0;
+        while (rangeIndex != kRegexInvalidRange) {
+            const Range& r = GetRange(rangeIndex);
+            if (codepoint >= (r.start & ~kRangeNegationFlag) && codepoint <= r.end)
+                return yes;
+            rangeIndex = r.next;
+        }
+        return !yes;
+    }
+
+    Stack<Allocator> states_;
+    Stack<Allocator> ranges_;
+    SizeType root_;
+    SizeType stateCount_;
+    SizeType rangeCount_;
+
+    static const unsigned kInfinityQuantifier = ~0u;
+
+    // For SearchWithAnchoring()
+    uint32_t* stateSet_;        // allocated by states_.GetAllocator()
+    mutable Stack<Allocator> state0_;
+    mutable Stack<Allocator> state1_;
+    bool anchorBegin_;
+    bool anchorEnd_;
+};
+
+typedef GenericRegex<UTF8<> > Regex;
+
+} // namespace internal
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_REGEX_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/internal/stack.h b/include/rapidjson/internal/stack.h
index bb31cc0..022c9aa 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/internal/stack.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/internal/stack.h
@@ -1,179 +1,230 @@
-// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
-// 
-// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
-// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
-// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
-// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
-// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_STACK_H_
-#define RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_STACK_H_
-
-#include "../rapidjson.h"
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace internal {
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// Stack
-
-//! A type-unsafe stack for storing different types of data.
-/*! \tparam Allocator Allocator for allocating stack memory.
-*/
-template <typename Allocator>
-class Stack {
-public:
-    // Optimization note: Do not allocate memory for stack_ in constructor.
-    // Do it lazily when first Push() -> Expand() -> Resize().
-    Stack(Allocator* allocator, size_t stackCapacity) : allocator_(allocator), ownAllocator_(0), stack_(0), stackTop_(0), stackEnd_(0), initialCapacity_(stackCapacity) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(stackCapacity > 0);
-    }
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
-    Stack(Stack&& rhs)
-        : allocator_(rhs.allocator_),
-          ownAllocator_(rhs.ownAllocator_),
-          stack_(rhs.stack_),
-          stackTop_(rhs.stackTop_),
-          stackEnd_(rhs.stackEnd_),
-          initialCapacity_(rhs.initialCapacity_)
-    {
-        rhs.allocator_ = 0;
-        rhs.ownAllocator_ = 0;
-        rhs.stack_ = 0;
-        rhs.stackTop_ = 0;
-        rhs.stackEnd_ = 0;
-        rhs.initialCapacity_ = 0;
-    }
-#endif
-
-    ~Stack() {
-        Destroy();
-    }
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
-    Stack& operator=(Stack&& rhs) {
-        if (&rhs != this)
-        {
-            Destroy();
-
-            allocator_ = rhs.allocator_;
-            ownAllocator_ = rhs.ownAllocator_;
-            stack_ = rhs.stack_;
-            stackTop_ = rhs.stackTop_;
-            stackEnd_ = rhs.stackEnd_;
-            initialCapacity_ = rhs.initialCapacity_;
-
-            rhs.allocator_ = 0;
-            rhs.ownAllocator_ = 0;
-            rhs.stack_ = 0;
-            rhs.stackTop_ = 0;
-            rhs.stackEnd_ = 0;
-            rhs.initialCapacity_ = 0;
-        }
-        return *this;
-    }
-#endif
-
-    void Clear() { stackTop_ = stack_; }
-
-    void ShrinkToFit() { 
-        if (Empty()) {
-            // If the stack is empty, completely deallocate the memory.
-            Allocator::Free(stack_);
-            stack_ = 0;
-            stackTop_ = 0;
-            stackEnd_ = 0;
-        }
-        else
-            Resize(GetSize());
-    }
-
-    // Optimization note: try to minimize the size of this function for force inline.
-    // Expansion is run very infrequently, so it is moved to another (probably non-inline) function.
-    template<typename T>
-    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE T* Push(size_t count = 1) {
-         // Expand the stack if needed
-        if (stackTop_ + sizeof(T) * count >= stackEnd_)
-            Expand<T>(count);
-
-        T* ret = reinterpret_cast<T*>(stackTop_);
-        stackTop_ += sizeof(T) * count;
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    template<typename T>
-    T* Pop(size_t count) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(GetSize() >= count * sizeof(T));
-        stackTop_ -= count * sizeof(T);
-        return reinterpret_cast<T*>(stackTop_);
-    }
-
-    template<typename T>
-    T* Top() { 
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(GetSize() >= sizeof(T));
-        return reinterpret_cast<T*>(stackTop_ - sizeof(T));
-    }
-
-    template<typename T>
-    T* Bottom() { return (T*)stack_; }
-
-    Allocator& GetAllocator() { return *allocator_; }
-    bool Empty() const { return stackTop_ == stack_; }
-    size_t GetSize() const { return static_cast<size_t>(stackTop_ - stack_); }
-    size_t GetCapacity() const { return static_cast<size_t>(stackEnd_ - stack_); }
-
-private:
-    template<typename T>
-    void Expand(size_t count) {
-        // Only expand the capacity if the current stack exists. Otherwise just create a stack with initial capacity.
-        size_t newCapacity;
-        if (stack_ == 0) {
-            if (!allocator_)
-                ownAllocator_ = allocator_ = RAPIDJSON_NEW(Allocator());
-            newCapacity = initialCapacity_;
-        } else {
-            newCapacity = GetCapacity();
-            newCapacity += (newCapacity + 1) / 2;
-        }
-        size_t newSize = GetSize() + sizeof(T) * count;
-        if (newCapacity < newSize)
-            newCapacity = newSize;
-
-        Resize(newCapacity);
-    }
-
-    void Resize(size_t newCapacity) {
-        const size_t size = GetSize();  // Backup the current size
-        stack_ = (char*)allocator_->Realloc(stack_, GetCapacity(), newCapacity);
-        stackTop_ = stack_ + size;
-        stackEnd_ = stack_ + newCapacity;
-    }
-
-    void Destroy() {
-        Allocator::Free(stack_);
-        RAPIDJSON_DELETE(ownAllocator_); // Only delete if it is owned by the stack
-    }
-
-    // Prohibit copy constructor & assignment operator.
-    Stack(const Stack&);
-    Stack& operator=(const Stack&);
-
-    Allocator* allocator_;
-    Allocator* ownAllocator_;
-    char *stack_;
-    char *stackTop_;
-    char *stackEnd_;
-    size_t initialCapacity_;
-};
-
-} // namespace internal
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_STACK_H_
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_STACK_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_STACK_H_
+
+#include "../allocators.h"
+#include "swap.h"
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(c++98-compat)
+#endif
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace internal {
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Stack
+
+//! A type-unsafe stack for storing different types of data.
+/*! \tparam Allocator Allocator for allocating stack memory.
+*/
+template <typename Allocator>
+class Stack {
+public:
+    // Optimization note: Do not allocate memory for stack_ in constructor.
+    // Do it lazily when first Push() -> Expand() -> Resize().
+    Stack(Allocator* allocator, size_t stackCapacity) : allocator_(allocator), ownAllocator_(0), stack_(0), stackTop_(0), stackEnd_(0), initialCapacity_(stackCapacity) {
+    }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+    Stack(Stack&& rhs)
+        : allocator_(rhs.allocator_),
+          ownAllocator_(rhs.ownAllocator_),
+          stack_(rhs.stack_),
+          stackTop_(rhs.stackTop_),
+          stackEnd_(rhs.stackEnd_),
+          initialCapacity_(rhs.initialCapacity_)
+    {
+        rhs.allocator_ = 0;
+        rhs.ownAllocator_ = 0;
+        rhs.stack_ = 0;
+        rhs.stackTop_ = 0;
+        rhs.stackEnd_ = 0;
+        rhs.initialCapacity_ = 0;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    ~Stack() {
+        Destroy();
+    }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+    Stack& operator=(Stack&& rhs) {
+        if (&rhs != this)
+        {
+            Destroy();
+
+            allocator_ = rhs.allocator_;
+            ownAllocator_ = rhs.ownAllocator_;
+            stack_ = rhs.stack_;
+            stackTop_ = rhs.stackTop_;
+            stackEnd_ = rhs.stackEnd_;
+            initialCapacity_ = rhs.initialCapacity_;
+
+            rhs.allocator_ = 0;
+            rhs.ownAllocator_ = 0;
+            rhs.stack_ = 0;
+            rhs.stackTop_ = 0;
+            rhs.stackEnd_ = 0;
+            rhs.initialCapacity_ = 0;
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    void Swap(Stack& rhs) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT {
+        internal::Swap(allocator_, rhs.allocator_);
+        internal::Swap(ownAllocator_, rhs.ownAllocator_);
+        internal::Swap(stack_, rhs.stack_);
+        internal::Swap(stackTop_, rhs.stackTop_);
+        internal::Swap(stackEnd_, rhs.stackEnd_);
+        internal::Swap(initialCapacity_, rhs.initialCapacity_);
+    }
+
+    void Clear() { stackTop_ = stack_; }
+
+    void ShrinkToFit() { 
+        if (Empty()) {
+            // If the stack is empty, completely deallocate the memory.
+            Allocator::Free(stack_);
+            stack_ = 0;
+            stackTop_ = 0;
+            stackEnd_ = 0;
+        }
+        else
+            Resize(GetSize());
+    }
+
+    // Optimization note: try to minimize the size of this function for force inline.
+    // Expansion is run very infrequently, so it is moved to another (probably non-inline) function.
+    template<typename T>
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE void Reserve(size_t count = 1) {
+         // Expand the stack if needed
+        if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(stackTop_ + sizeof(T) * count > stackEnd_))
+            Expand<T>(count);
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE T* Push(size_t count = 1) {
+        Reserve<T>(count);
+        return PushUnsafe<T>(count);
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE T* PushUnsafe(size_t count = 1) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(stackTop_ + sizeof(T) * count <= stackEnd_);
+        T* ret = reinterpret_cast<T*>(stackTop_);
+        stackTop_ += sizeof(T) * count;
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    T* Pop(size_t count) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(GetSize() >= count * sizeof(T));
+        stackTop_ -= count * sizeof(T);
+        return reinterpret_cast<T*>(stackTop_);
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    T* Top() { 
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(GetSize() >= sizeof(T));
+        return reinterpret_cast<T*>(stackTop_ - sizeof(T));
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    const T* Top() const {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(GetSize() >= sizeof(T));
+        return reinterpret_cast<T*>(stackTop_ - sizeof(T));
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    T* End() { return reinterpret_cast<T*>(stackTop_); }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    const T* End() const { return reinterpret_cast<T*>(stackTop_); }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    T* Bottom() { return reinterpret_cast<T*>(stack_); }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    const T* Bottom() const { return reinterpret_cast<T*>(stack_); }
+
+    bool HasAllocator() const {
+        return allocator_ != 0;
+    }
+
+    Allocator& GetAllocator() {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(allocator_);
+        return *allocator_;
+    }
+
+    bool Empty() const { return stackTop_ == stack_; }
+    size_t GetSize() const { return static_cast<size_t>(stackTop_ - stack_); }
+    size_t GetCapacity() const { return static_cast<size_t>(stackEnd_ - stack_); }
+
+private:
+    template<typename T>
+    void Expand(size_t count) {
+        // Only expand the capacity if the current stack exists. Otherwise just create a stack with initial capacity.
+        size_t newCapacity;
+        if (stack_ == 0) {
+            if (!allocator_)
+                ownAllocator_ = allocator_ = RAPIDJSON_NEW(Allocator());
+            newCapacity = initialCapacity_;
+        } else {
+            newCapacity = GetCapacity();
+            newCapacity += (newCapacity + 1) / 2;
+        }
+        size_t newSize = GetSize() + sizeof(T) * count;
+        if (newCapacity < newSize)
+            newCapacity = newSize;
+
+        Resize(newCapacity);
+    }
+
+    void Resize(size_t newCapacity) {
+        const size_t size = GetSize();  // Backup the current size
+        stack_ = static_cast<char*>(allocator_->Realloc(stack_, GetCapacity(), newCapacity));
+        stackTop_ = stack_ + size;
+        stackEnd_ = stack_ + newCapacity;
+    }
+
+    void Destroy() {
+        Allocator::Free(stack_);
+        RAPIDJSON_DELETE(ownAllocator_); // Only delete if it is owned by the stack
+    }
+
+    // Prohibit copy constructor & assignment operator.
+    Stack(const Stack&);
+    Stack& operator=(const Stack&);
+
+    Allocator* allocator_;
+    Allocator* ownAllocator_;
+    char *stack_;
+    char *stackTop_;
+    char *stackEnd_;
+    size_t initialCapacity_;
+};
+
+} // namespace internal
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_STACK_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/internal/strfunc.h b/include/rapidjson/internal/strfunc.h
index f6c99db..2edfae5 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/internal/strfunc.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/internal/strfunc.h
@@ -1,39 +1,55 @@
-// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
-// 
-// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
-// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
-// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
-// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
-// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_STRFUNC_H_
-#define RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_STRFUNC_H_
-
-#include "../rapidjson.h"
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace internal {
-
-//! Custom strlen() which works on different character types.
-/*! \tparam Ch Character type (e.g. char, wchar_t, short)
-    \param s Null-terminated input string.
-    \return Number of characters in the string. 
-    \note This has the same semantics as strlen(), the return value is not number of Unicode codepoints.
-*/
-template <typename Ch>
-inline SizeType StrLen(const Ch* s) {
-    const Ch* p = s;
-    while (*p) ++p;
-    return SizeType(p - s);
-}
-
-} // namespace internal
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_STRFUNC_H_
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_STRFUNC_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_STRFUNC_H_
+
+#include "../stream.h"
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace internal {
+
+//! Custom strlen() which works on different character types.
+/*! \tparam Ch Character type (e.g. char, wchar_t, short)
+    \param s Null-terminated input string.
+    \return Number of characters in the string. 
+    \note This has the same semantics as strlen(), the return value is not number of Unicode codepoints.
+*/
+template <typename Ch>
+inline SizeType StrLen(const Ch* s) {
+    const Ch* p = s;
+    while (*p) ++p;
+    return SizeType(p - s);
+}
+
+//! Returns number of code points in a encoded string.
+template<typename Encoding>
+bool CountStringCodePoint(const typename Encoding::Ch* s, SizeType length, SizeType* outCount) {
+    GenericStringStream<Encoding> is(s);
+    const typename Encoding::Ch* end = s + length;
+    SizeType count = 0;
+    while (is.src_ < end) {
+        unsigned codepoint;
+        if (!Encoding::Decode(is, &codepoint))
+            return false;
+        count++;
+    }
+    *outCount = count;
+    return true;
+}
+
+} // namespace internal
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_STRFUNC_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/internal/strtod.h b/include/rapidjson/internal/strtod.h
index ace65f6..289c413 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/internal/strtod.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/internal/strtod.h
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 #ifndef RAPIDJSON_STRTOD_
 #define RAPIDJSON_STRTOD_
 
-#include "../rapidjson.h"
 #include "ieee754.h"
 #include "biginteger.h"
 #include "diyfp.h"
@@ -95,13 +94,13 @@ inline int CheckWithinHalfULP(double b, const BigInteger& d, int dExp) {
     hS_Exp2 -= common_Exp2;
 
     BigInteger dS = d;
-    dS.MultiplyPow5(dS_Exp5) <<= dS_Exp2;
+    dS.MultiplyPow5(static_cast<unsigned>(dS_Exp5)) <<= static_cast<unsigned>(dS_Exp2);
 
     BigInteger bS(bInt);
-    bS.MultiplyPow5(bS_Exp5) <<= bS_Exp2;
+    bS.MultiplyPow5(static_cast<unsigned>(bS_Exp5)) <<= static_cast<unsigned>(bS_Exp2);
 
     BigInteger hS(1);
-    hS.MultiplyPow5(hS_Exp5) <<= hS_Exp2;
+    hS.MultiplyPow5(static_cast<unsigned>(hS_Exp5)) <<= static_cast<unsigned>(hS_Exp2);
 
     BigInteger delta(0);
     dS.Difference(bS, &delta);
@@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ inline bool StrtodDiyFp(const char* decimals, size_t length, size_t decimalPosit
         if (significand  >  RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0x19999999, 0x99999999) ||
             (significand == RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0x19999999, 0x99999999) && decimals[i] > '5'))
             break;
-        significand = significand * 10 + (decimals[i] - '0');
+        significand = significand * 10u + static_cast<unsigned>(decimals[i] - '0');
     }
     
     if (i < length && decimals[i] >= '5') // Rounding
@@ -143,13 +142,13 @@ inline bool StrtodDiyFp(const char* decimals, size_t length, size_t decimalPosit
     size_t remaining = length - i;
     const unsigned kUlpShift = 3;
     const unsigned kUlp = 1 << kUlpShift;
-    int error = (remaining == 0) ? 0 : kUlp / 2;
+    int64_t error = (remaining == 0) ? 0 : kUlp / 2;
 
     DiyFp v(significand, 0);
     v = v.Normalize();
     error <<= -v.e;
 
-    const int dExp = (int)decimalPosition - (int)i + exp;
+    const int dExp = static_cast<int>(decimalPosition) - static_cast<int>(i) + exp;
 
     int actualExp;
     DiyFp cachedPower = GetCachedPower10(dExp, &actualExp);
@@ -163,10 +162,10 @@ inline bool StrtodDiyFp(const char* decimals, size_t length, size_t decimalPosit
             DiyFp(RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0xf4240000, 00000000), -44),  // 10^6
             DiyFp(RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0x98968000, 00000000), -40)   // 10^7
         };
-        int adjustment = dExp - actualExp - 1;
+        int  adjustment = dExp - actualExp - 1;
         RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(adjustment >= 0 && adjustment < 7);
         v = v * kPow10[adjustment];
-        if (length + adjustment > 19) // has more digits than decimal digits in 64-bit
+        if (length + static_cast<unsigned>(adjustment)> 19u) // has more digits than decimal digits in 64-bit
             error += kUlp / 2;
     }
 
@@ -184,14 +183,14 @@ inline bool StrtodDiyFp(const char* decimals, size_t length, size_t decimalPosit
         unsigned scaleExp = (precisionSize + kUlpShift) - 63;
         v.f >>= scaleExp;
         v.e += scaleExp; 
-        error = (error >> scaleExp) + 1 + kUlp;
+        error = (error >> scaleExp) + 1 + static_cast<int>(kUlp);
         precisionSize -= scaleExp;
     }
 
-    DiyFp rounded(v.f >> precisionSize, v.e + precisionSize);
+    DiyFp rounded(v.f >> precisionSize, v.e + static_cast<int>(precisionSize));
     const uint64_t precisionBits = (v.f & ((uint64_t(1) << precisionSize) - 1)) * kUlp;
     const uint64_t halfWay = (uint64_t(1) << (precisionSize - 1)) * kUlp;
-    if (precisionBits >= halfWay + error) {
+    if (precisionBits >= halfWay + static_cast<unsigned>(error)) {
         rounded.f++;
         if (rounded.f & (DiyFp::kDpHiddenBit << 1)) { // rounding overflows mantissa (issue #340)
             rounded.f >>= 1;
@@ -201,12 +200,12 @@ inline bool StrtodDiyFp(const char* decimals, size_t length, size_t decimalPosit
 
     *result = rounded.ToDouble();
 
-    return halfWay - error >= precisionBits || precisionBits >= halfWay + error;
+    return halfWay - static_cast<unsigned>(error) >= precisionBits || precisionBits >= halfWay + static_cast<unsigned>(error);
 }
 
 inline double StrtodBigInteger(double approx, const char* decimals, size_t length, size_t decimalPosition, int exp) {
     const BigInteger dInt(decimals, length);
-    const int dExp = (int)decimalPosition - (int)length + exp;
+    const int dExp = static_cast<int>(decimalPosition) - static_cast<int>(length) + exp;
     Double a(approx);
     int cmp = CheckWithinHalfULP(a.Value(), dInt, dExp);
     if (cmp < 0)
@@ -246,10 +245,10 @@ inline double StrtodFullPrecision(double d, int p, const char* decimals, size_t
 
     // Trim right-most digits
     const int kMaxDecimalDigit = 780;
-    if ((int)length > kMaxDecimalDigit) {
-        int delta = (int(length) - kMaxDecimalDigit);
+    if (static_cast<int>(length) > kMaxDecimalDigit) {
+        int delta = (static_cast<int>(length) - kMaxDecimalDigit);
         exp += delta;
-        decimalPosition -= delta;
+        decimalPosition -= static_cast<unsigned>(delta);
         length = kMaxDecimalDigit;
     }
 
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/internal/strfunc.h b/include/rapidjson/internal/swap.h
similarity index 54%
copy from include/rapidjson/internal/strfunc.h
copy to include/rapidjson/internal/swap.h
index f6c99db..666e49f 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/internal/strfunc.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/internal/swap.h
@@ -1,39 +1,46 @@
-// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
-// 
-// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
-// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
-// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
-// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
-// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_STRFUNC_H_
-#define RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_STRFUNC_H_
-
-#include "../rapidjson.h"
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace internal {
-
-//! Custom strlen() which works on different character types.
-/*! \tparam Ch Character type (e.g. char, wchar_t, short)
-    \param s Null-terminated input string.
-    \return Number of characters in the string. 
-    \note This has the same semantics as strlen(), the return value is not number of Unicode codepoints.
-*/
-template <typename Ch>
-inline SizeType StrLen(const Ch* s) {
-    const Ch* p = s;
-    while (*p) ++p;
-    return SizeType(p - s);
-}
-
-} // namespace internal
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_STRFUNC_H_
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_SWAP_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_SWAP_H_
+
+#include "../rapidjson.h"
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(c++98-compat)
+#endif
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace internal {
+
+//! Custom swap() to avoid dependency on C++ <algorithm> header
+/*! \tparam T Type of the arguments to swap, should be instantiated with primitive C++ types only.
+    \note This has the same semantics as std::swap().
+*/
+template <typename T>
+inline void Swap(T& a, T& b) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT {
+    T tmp = a;
+        a = b;
+        b = tmp;
+}
+
+} // namespace internal
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_INTERNAL_SWAP_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/istreamwrapper.h b/include/rapidjson/istreamwrapper.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5fe289
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/rapidjson/istreamwrapper.h
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ISTREAMWRAPPER_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_ISTREAMWRAPPER_H_
+
+#include "stream.h"
+#include <iosfwd>
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(padded)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(4351) // new behavior: elements of array 'array' will be default initialized
+#endif
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+//! Wrapper of \c std::basic_istream into RapidJSON's Stream concept.
+/*!
+    The classes can be wrapped including but not limited to:
+
+    - \c std::istringstream
+    - \c std::stringstream
+    - \c std::wistringstream
+    - \c std::wstringstream
+    - \c std::ifstream
+    - \c std::fstream
+    - \c std::wifstream
+    - \c std::wfstream
+
+    \tparam StreamType Class derived from \c std::basic_istream.
+*/
+   
+template <typename StreamType>
+class BasicIStreamWrapper {
+public:
+    typedef typename StreamType::char_type Ch;
+    BasicIStreamWrapper(StreamType& stream) : stream_(stream), count_(), peekBuffer_() {}
+
+    Ch Peek() const { 
+        typename StreamType::int_type c = stream_.peek();
+        return RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(c != StreamType::traits_type::eof()) ? static_cast<Ch>(c) : '\0';
+    }
+
+    Ch Take() { 
+        typename StreamType::int_type c = stream_.get();
+        if (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(c != StreamType::traits_type::eof())) {
+            count_++;
+            return static_cast<Ch>(c);
+        }
+        else
+            return '\0';
+    }
+
+    // tellg() may return -1 when failed. So we count by ourself.
+    size_t Tell() const { return count_; }
+
+    Ch* PutBegin() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+    void Put(Ch) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); }
+    void Flush() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); }
+    size_t PutEnd(Ch*) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+
+    // For encoding detection only.
+    const Ch* Peek4() const {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(sizeof(Ch) == 1); // Only usable for byte stream.
+        int i;
+        bool hasError = false;
+        for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+            typename StreamType::int_type c = stream_.get();
+            if (c == StreamType::traits_type::eof()) {
+                hasError = true;
+                stream_.clear();
+                break;
+            }
+            peekBuffer_[i] = static_cast<Ch>(c);
+        }
+        for (--i; i >= 0; --i)
+            stream_.putback(peekBuffer_[i]);
+        return !hasError ? peekBuffer_ : 0;
+    }
+
+private:
+    BasicIStreamWrapper(const BasicIStreamWrapper&);
+    BasicIStreamWrapper& operator=(const BasicIStreamWrapper&);
+
+    StreamType& stream_;
+    size_t count_;  //!< Number of characters read. Note:
+    mutable Ch peekBuffer_[4];
+};
+
+typedef BasicIStreamWrapper<std::istream> IStreamWrapper;
+typedef BasicIStreamWrapper<std::wistream> WIStreamWrapper;
+
+#if defined(__clang__) || defined(_MSC_VER)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_ISTREAMWRAPPER_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/memorybuffer.h b/include/rapidjson/memorybuffer.h
index 2484b21..39bee1d 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/memorybuffer.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/memorybuffer.h
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 #ifndef RAPIDJSON_MEMORYBUFFER_H_
 #define RAPIDJSON_MEMORYBUFFER_H_
 
-#include "rapidjson.h"
+#include "stream.h"
 #include "internal/stack.h"
 
 RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/memorystream.h b/include/rapidjson/memorystream.h
index 99feae5..1d71d8a 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/memorystream.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/memorystream.h
@@ -15,7 +15,13 @@
 #ifndef RAPIDJSON_MEMORYSTREAM_H_
 #define RAPIDJSON_MEMORYSTREAM_H_
 
-#include "rapidjson.h"
+#include "stream.h"
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(unreachable-code)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(missing-noreturn)
+#endif
 
 RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
@@ -36,8 +42,8 @@ struct MemoryStream {
 
     MemoryStream(const Ch *src, size_t size) : src_(src), begin_(src), end_(src + size), size_(size) {}
 
-    Ch Peek() const { return (src_ == end_) ? '\0' : *src_; }
-    Ch Take() { return (src_ == end_) ? '\0' : *src_++; }
+    Ch Peek() const { return RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(src_ == end_) ? '\0' : *src_; }
+    Ch Take() { return RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(src_ == end_) ? '\0' : *src_++; }
     size_t Tell() const { return static_cast<size_t>(src_ - begin_); }
 
     Ch* PutBegin() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
@@ -58,4 +64,8 @@ struct MemoryStream {
 
 RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
 
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
 #endif // RAPIDJSON_MEMORYBUFFER_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/msinttypes/stdint.h b/include/rapidjson/msinttypes/stdint.h
index a26fff4..3d4477b 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/msinttypes/stdint.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/msinttypes/stdint.h
@@ -89,14 +89,14 @@
 #include <limits.h>
 
 // For Visual Studio 6 in C++ mode and for many Visual Studio versions when
-// compiling for ARM we should wrap <wchar.h> include with 'extern "C++" {}'
-// or compiler give many errors like this:
+// compiling for ARM we have to wrap <wchar.h> include with 'extern "C++" {}'
+// or compiler would give many errors like this:
 //   error C2733: second C linkage of overloaded function 'wmemchr' not allowed
-#ifdef __cplusplus
+#if defined(__cplusplus) && !defined(_M_ARM)
 extern "C" {
 #endif
 #  include <wchar.h>
-#ifdef __cplusplus
+#if defined(__cplusplus) && !defined(_M_ARM)
 }
 #endif
 
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/ostreamwrapper.h b/include/rapidjson/ostreamwrapper.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f4667c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/rapidjson/ostreamwrapper.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_OSTREAMWRAPPER_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_OSTREAMWRAPPER_H_
+
+#include "stream.h"
+#include <iosfwd>
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(padded)
+#endif
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+//! Wrapper of \c std::basic_ostream into RapidJSON's Stream concept.
+/*!
+    The classes can be wrapped including but not limited to:
+
+    - \c std::ostringstream
+    - \c std::stringstream
+    - \c std::wpstringstream
+    - \c std::wstringstream
+    - \c std::ifstream
+    - \c std::fstream
+    - \c std::wofstream
+    - \c std::wfstream
+
+    \tparam StreamType Class derived from \c std::basic_ostream.
+*/
+   
+template <typename StreamType>
+class BasicOStreamWrapper {
+public:
+    typedef typename StreamType::char_type Ch;
+    BasicOStreamWrapper(StreamType& stream) : stream_(stream) {}
+
+    void Put(Ch c) {
+        stream_.put(c);
+    }
+
+    void Flush() {
+        stream_.flush();
+    }
+
+    // Not implemented
+    char Peek() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+    char Take() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+    size_t Tell() const { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+    char* PutBegin() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+    size_t PutEnd(char*) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+
+private:
+    BasicOStreamWrapper(const BasicOStreamWrapper&);
+    BasicOStreamWrapper& operator=(const BasicOStreamWrapper&);
+
+    StreamType& stream_;
+};
+
+typedef BasicOStreamWrapper<std::ostream> OStreamWrapper;
+typedef BasicOStreamWrapper<std::wostream> WOStreamWrapper;
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_OSTREAMWRAPPER_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/pointer.h b/include/rapidjson/pointer.h
index 5d2aa8d..0206ac1 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/pointer.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/pointer.h
@@ -18,6 +18,16 @@
 #include "document.h"
 #include "internal/itoa.h"
 
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(switch-enum)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(4512) // assignment operator could not be generated
+#endif
+
 RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
 static const SizeType kPointerInvalidIndex = ~SizeType(0);  //!< Represents an invalid index in GenericPointer::Token
@@ -71,7 +81,7 @@ template <typename ValueType, typename Allocator = CrtAllocator>
 class GenericPointer {
 public:
     typedef typename ValueType::EncodingType EncodingType;  //!< Encoding type from Value
-    typedef typename EncodingType::Ch Ch;                   //!< Character type from Value
+    typedef typename ValueType::Ch Ch;                      //!< Character type from Value
 
     //! A token is the basic units of internal representation.
     /*!
@@ -96,7 +106,7 @@ public:
     //@{
 
     //! Default constructor.
-    GenericPointer() : allocator_(), ownAllocator_(), nameBuffer_(), tokens_(), tokenCount_(), parseErrorOffset_(), parseErrorCode_(kPointerParseErrorNone) {}
+    GenericPointer(Allocator* allocator = 0) : allocator_(allocator), ownAllocator_(), nameBuffer_(), tokens_(), tokenCount_(), parseErrorOffset_(), parseErrorCode_(kPointerParseErrorNone) {}
 
     //! Constructor that parses a string or URI fragment representation.
     /*!
@@ -155,7 +165,7 @@ public:
     GenericPointer(const Token* tokens, size_t tokenCount) : allocator_(), ownAllocator_(), nameBuffer_(), tokens_(const_cast<Token*>(tokens)), tokenCount_(tokenCount), parseErrorOffset_(), parseErrorCode_(kPointerParseErrorNone) {}
 
     //! Copy constructor.
-    GenericPointer(const GenericPointer& rhs) : allocator_(), ownAllocator_(), nameBuffer_(), tokens_(), tokenCount_(), parseErrorOffset_(), parseErrorCode_(kPointerParseErrorNone) {
+    GenericPointer(const GenericPointer& rhs, Allocator* allocator = 0) : allocator_(allocator), ownAllocator_(), nameBuffer_(), tokens_(), tokenCount_(), parseErrorOffset_(), parseErrorCode_(kPointerParseErrorNone) {
         *this = rhs;
     }
 
@@ -253,11 +263,12 @@ public:
     */
     GenericPointer Append(SizeType index, Allocator* allocator = 0) const {
         char buffer[21];
-        SizeType length = (sizeof(SizeType) == 4 ? internal::u32toa(index, buffer): internal::u64toa(index, buffer)) - buffer;
+        char* end = sizeof(SizeType) == 4 ? internal::u32toa(index, buffer) : internal::u64toa(index, buffer);
+        SizeType length = static_cast<SizeType>(end - buffer);
         buffer[length] = '\0';
 
         if (sizeof(Ch) == 1) {
-            Token token = { (Ch*)buffer, length, index };
+            Token token = { reinterpret_cast<Ch*>(buffer), length, index };
             return Append(token, allocator);
         }
         else {
@@ -271,7 +282,7 @@ public:
 
     //! Append a token by value, and return a new Pointer
     /*!
-        \param value Value (either Uint or String) to be appended.
+        \param token token to be appended.
         \param allocator Allocator for the newly return Pointer.
         \return A new Pointer with appended token.
     */
@@ -299,6 +310,9 @@ public:
 
     //@}
 
+    //! Get the allocator of this pointer.
+    Allocator& GetAllocator() { return *allocator_; }
+
     //!@name Tokens
     //@{
 
@@ -390,7 +404,7 @@ public:
         bool exist = true;
         for (const Token *t = tokens_; t != tokens_ + tokenCount_; ++t) {
             if (v->IsArray() && t->name[0] == '-' && t->length == 1) {
-                v->PushBack(Value().Move(), allocator);
+                v->PushBack(ValueType().Move(), allocator);
                 v = &((*v)[v->Size() - 1]);
                 exist = false;
             }
@@ -408,7 +422,7 @@ public:
                     if (t->index >= v->Size()) {
                         v->Reserve(t->index + 1, allocator);
                         while (t->index >= v->Size())
-                            v->PushBack(Value().Move(), allocator);
+                            v->PushBack(ValueType().Move(), allocator);
                         exist = false;
                     }
                     v = &((*v)[t->index]);
@@ -416,7 +430,7 @@ public:
                 else {
                     typename ValueType::MemberIterator m = v->FindMember(GenericStringRef<Ch>(t->name, t->length));
                     if (m == v->MemberEnd()) {
-                        v->AddMember(Value(t->name, t->length, allocator).Move(), Value().Move(), allocator);
+                        v->AddMember(ValueType(t->name, t->length, allocator).Move(), ValueType().Move(), allocator);
                         v = &(--v->MemberEnd())->value; // Assumes AddMember() appends at the end
                         exist = false;
                     }
@@ -435,7 +449,6 @@ public:
     //! Creates a value in a document.
     /*!
         \param document A document to be resolved.
-        \param allocator Allocator for creating the values if the specified value or its parents are not exist.
         \param alreadyExist If non-null, it stores whether the resolved value is already exist.
         \return The resolved newly created, or already exists value.
     */
@@ -452,9 +465,18 @@ public:
     //! Query a value in a subtree.
     /*!
         \param root Root value of a DOM sub-tree to be resolved. It can be any value other than document root.
+        \param unresolvedTokenIndex If the pointer cannot resolve a token in the pointer, this parameter can obtain the index of unresolved token.
         \return Pointer to the value if it can be resolved. Otherwise null.
+
+        \note
+        There are only 3 situations when a value cannot be resolved:
+        1. A value in the path is not an array nor object.
+        2. An object value does not contain the token.
+        3. A token is out of range of an array value.
+
+        Use unresolvedTokenIndex to retrieve the token index.
     */
-    ValueType* Get(ValueType& root) const {
+    ValueType* Get(ValueType& root, size_t* unresolvedTokenIndex = 0) const {
         RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsValid());
         ValueType* v = &root;
         for (const Token *t = tokens_; t != tokens_ + tokenCount_; ++t) {
@@ -463,18 +485,23 @@ public:
                 {
                     typename ValueType::MemberIterator m = v->FindMember(GenericStringRef<Ch>(t->name, t->length));
                     if (m == v->MemberEnd())
-                        return 0;
+                        break;
                     v = &m->value;
                 }
-                break;
+                continue;
             case kArrayType:
                 if (t->index == kPointerInvalidIndex || t->index >= v->Size())
-                    return 0;
+                    break;
                 v = &((*v)[t->index]);
-                break;
+                continue;
             default:
-                return 0;
+                break;
             }
+
+            // Error: unresolved token
+            if (unresolvedTokenIndex)
+                *unresolvedTokenIndex = static_cast<size_t>(t - tokens_);
+            return 0;
         }
         return v;
     }
@@ -484,7 +511,9 @@ public:
         \param root Root value of a DOM sub-tree to be resolved. It can be any value other than document root.
         \return Pointer to the value if it can be resolved. Otherwise null.
     */
-    const ValueType* Get(const ValueType& root) const { return Get(const_cast<ValueType&>(root)); }
+    const ValueType* Get(const ValueType& root, size_t* unresolvedTokenIndex = 0) const { 
+        return Get(const_cast<ValueType&>(root), unresolvedTokenIndex);
+    }
 
     //@}
 
@@ -525,7 +554,7 @@ public:
 
     //! Query a value in a subtree with default primitive value.
     /*!
-        \tparam T \tparam T Either \ref Type, \c int, \c unsigned, \c int64_t, \c uint64_t, \c bool
+        \tparam T Either \ref Type, \c int, \c unsigned, \c int64_t, \c uint64_t, \c bool
     */
     template <typename T>
     RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::OrExpr<internal::IsPointer<T>, internal::IsGenericValue<T> >), (ValueType&))
@@ -555,7 +584,7 @@ public:
 
     //! Query a value in a document with default primitive value.
     /*!
-        \tparam T \tparam T Either \ref Type, \c int, \c unsigned, \c int64_t, \c uint64_t, \c bool
+        \tparam T Either \ref Type, \c int, \c unsigned, \c int64_t, \c uint64_t, \c bool
     */
     template <typename T, typename stackAllocator>
     RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::OrExpr<internal::IsPointer<T>, internal::IsGenericValue<T> >), (ValueType&))
@@ -601,7 +630,7 @@ public:
 
     //! Set a primitive value in a subtree.
     /*!
-        \tparam T \tparam T Either \ref Type, \c int, \c unsigned, \c int64_t, \c uint64_t, \c bool
+        \tparam T Either \ref Type, \c int, \c unsigned, \c int64_t, \c uint64_t, \c bool
     */
     template <typename T>
     RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::OrExpr<internal::IsPointer<T>, internal::IsGenericValue<T> >), (ValueType&))
@@ -637,7 +666,7 @@ public:
 
     //! Set a primitive value in a document.
     /*!
-    \tparam T \tparam T Either \ref Type, \c int, \c unsigned, \c int64_t, \c uint64_t, \c bool
+    \tparam T Either \ref Type, \c int, \c unsigned, \c int64_t, \c uint64_t, \c bool
     */
     template <typename T, typename stackAllocator>
     RAPIDJSON_DISABLEIF_RETURN((internal::OrExpr<internal::IsPointer<T>, internal::IsGenericValue<T> >), (ValueType&))
@@ -738,8 +767,12 @@ private:
         tokenCount_ = rhs.tokenCount_ + extraToken;
         tokens_ = static_cast<Token *>(allocator_->Malloc(tokenCount_ * sizeof(Token) + (nameBufferSize + extraNameBufferSize) * sizeof(Ch)));
         nameBuffer_ = reinterpret_cast<Ch *>(tokens_ + tokenCount_);
-        std::memcpy(tokens_, rhs.tokens_, rhs.tokenCount_ * sizeof(Token));
-        std::memcpy(nameBuffer_, rhs.nameBuffer_, nameBufferSize * sizeof(Ch));
+        if (rhs.tokenCount_ > 0) {
+            std::memcpy(tokens_, rhs.tokens_, rhs.tokenCount_ * sizeof(Token));
+        }
+        if (nameBufferSize > 0) {
+            std::memcpy(nameBuffer_, rhs.nameBuffer_, nameBufferSize * sizeof(Ch));
+        }
 
         // Adjust pointers to name buffer
         std::ptrdiff_t diff = nameBuffer_ - rhs.nameBuffer_;
@@ -759,11 +792,13 @@ private:
     }
 
     //! Parse a JSON String or its URI fragment representation into tokens.
+#ifndef __clang__ // -Wdocumentation
     /*!
         \param source Either a JSON Pointer string, or its URI fragment representation. Not need to be null terminated.
         \param length Length of the source string.
         \note Source cannot be JSON String Representation of JSON Pointer, e.g. In "/\u0000", \u0000 will not be unescaped.
     */
+#endif
     void Parse(const Ch* source, size_t length) {
         RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(source != NULL);
         RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(nameBuffer_ == 0);
@@ -857,7 +892,7 @@ private:
 
                 *name++ = c;
             }
-            token->length = name - token->name;
+            token->length = static_cast<SizeType>(name - token->name);
             if (token->length == 0)
                 isNumber = false;
             *name++ = '\0'; // Null terminator
@@ -944,6 +979,8 @@ private:
     */
     class PercentDecodeStream {
     public:
+        typedef typename ValueType::Ch Ch;
+
         //! Constructor
         /*!
             \param source Start of the stream
@@ -959,11 +996,11 @@ private:
             src_++;
             Ch c = 0;
             for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
-                c <<= 4;
+                c = static_cast<Ch>(c << 4);
                 Ch h = *src_;
-                if      (h >= '0' && h <= '9') c += h - '0';
-                else if (h >= 'A' && h <= 'F') c += h - 'A' + 10;
-                else if (h >= 'a' && h <= 'f') c += h - 'a' + 10;
+                if      (h >= '0' && h <= '9') c = static_cast<Ch>(c + h - '0');
+                else if (h >= 'A' && h <= 'F') c = static_cast<Ch>(c + h - 'A' + 10);
+                else if (h >= 'a' && h <= 'f') c = static_cast<Ch>(c + h - 'a' + 10);
                 else {
                     valid_ = false;
                     return 0;
@@ -973,7 +1010,7 @@ private:
             return c;
         }
 
-        size_t Tell() const { return src_ - head_; }
+        size_t Tell() const { return static_cast<size_t>(src_ - head_); }
         bool IsValid() const { return valid_; }
 
     private:
@@ -1041,23 +1078,23 @@ typename DocumentType::ValueType& CreateValueByPointer(DocumentType& document, c
 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
 template <typename T>
-typename T::ValueType* GetValueByPointer(T& root, const GenericPointer<typename T::ValueType>& pointer) {
-    return pointer.Get(root);
+typename T::ValueType* GetValueByPointer(T& root, const GenericPointer<typename T::ValueType>& pointer, size_t* unresolvedTokenIndex = 0) {
+    return pointer.Get(root, unresolvedTokenIndex);
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-const typename T::ValueType* GetValueByPointer(const T& root, const GenericPointer<typename T::ValueType>& pointer) {
-    return pointer.Get(root);
+const typename T::ValueType* GetValueByPointer(const T& root, const GenericPointer<typename T::ValueType>& pointer, size_t* unresolvedTokenIndex = 0) {
+    return pointer.Get(root, unresolvedTokenIndex);
 }
 
 template <typename T, typename CharType, size_t N>
-typename T::ValueType* GetValueByPointer(T& root, const CharType (&source)[N]) {
-    return GenericPointer<typename T::ValueType>(source, N - 1).Get(root);
+typename T::ValueType* GetValueByPointer(T& root, const CharType (&source)[N], size_t* unresolvedTokenIndex = 0) {
+    return GenericPointer<typename T::ValueType>(source, N - 1).Get(root, unresolvedTokenIndex);
 }
 
 template <typename T, typename CharType, size_t N>
-const typename T::ValueType* GetValueByPointer(const T& root, const CharType(&source)[N]) {
-    return GenericPointer<typename T::ValueType>(source, N - 1).Get(root);
+const typename T::ValueType* GetValueByPointer(const T& root, const CharType(&source)[N], size_t* unresolvedTokenIndex = 0) {
+    return GenericPointer<typename T::ValueType>(source, N - 1).Get(root, unresolvedTokenIndex);
 }
 
 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
@@ -1310,4 +1347,12 @@ bool EraseValueByPointer(T& root, const CharType(&source)[N]) {
 
 RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
 
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
 #endif // RAPIDJSON_POINTER_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/prettywriter.h b/include/rapidjson/prettywriter.h
index fff8886..0dcb0fe 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/prettywriter.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/prettywriter.h
@@ -1,207 +1,255 @@
-// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
-// 
-// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
-// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
-// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
-// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
-// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_PRETTYWRITER_H_
-#define RAPIDJSON_PRETTYWRITER_H_
-
-#include "writer.h"
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(effc++)
-#endif
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-//! Writer with indentation and spacing.
-/*!
-    \tparam OutputStream Type of ouptut os.
-    \tparam SourceEncoding Encoding of source string.
-    \tparam TargetEncoding Encoding of output stream.
-    \tparam StackAllocator Type of allocator for allocating memory of stack.
-*/
-template<typename OutputStream, typename SourceEncoding = UTF8<>, typename TargetEncoding = UTF8<>, typename StackAllocator = CrtAllocator>
-class PrettyWriter : public Writer<OutputStream, SourceEncoding, TargetEncoding, StackAllocator> {
-public:
-    typedef Writer<OutputStream, SourceEncoding, TargetEncoding, StackAllocator> Base;
-    typedef typename Base::Ch Ch;
-
-    //! Constructor
-    /*! \param os Output stream.
-        \param allocator User supplied allocator. If it is null, it will create a private one.
-        \param levelDepth Initial capacity of stack.
-    */
-    PrettyWriter(OutputStream& os, StackAllocator* allocator = 0, size_t levelDepth = Base::kDefaultLevelDepth) : 
-        Base(os, allocator, levelDepth), indentChar_(' '), indentCharCount_(4) {}
-
-    //! Set custom indentation.
-    /*! \param indentChar       Character for indentation. Must be whitespace character (' ', '\\t', '\\n', '\\r').
-        \param indentCharCount  Number of indent characters for each indentation level.
-        \note The default indentation is 4 spaces.
-    */
-    PrettyWriter& SetIndent(Ch indentChar, unsigned indentCharCount) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(indentChar == ' ' || indentChar == '\t' || indentChar == '\n' || indentChar == '\r');
-        indentChar_ = indentChar;
-        indentCharCount_ = indentCharCount;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    /*! @name Implementation of Handler
-        \see Handler
-    */
-    //@{
-
-    bool Null()                 { PrettyPrefix(kNullType);   return Base::WriteNull(); }
-    bool Bool(bool b)           { PrettyPrefix(b ? kTrueType : kFalseType); return Base::WriteBool(b); }
-    bool Int(int i)             { PrettyPrefix(kNumberType); return Base::WriteInt(i); }
-    bool Uint(unsigned u)       { PrettyPrefix(kNumberType); return Base::WriteUint(u); }
-    bool Int64(int64_t i64)     { PrettyPrefix(kNumberType); return Base::WriteInt64(i64); }
-    bool Uint64(uint64_t u64)   { PrettyPrefix(kNumberType); return Base::WriteUint64(u64);  }
-    bool Double(double d)       { PrettyPrefix(kNumberType); return Base::WriteDouble(d); }
-
-    bool String(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy = false) {
-        (void)copy;
-        PrettyPrefix(kStringType);
-        return Base::WriteString(str, length);
-    }
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
-    bool String(const std::basic_string<Ch>& str) {
-        return String(str.data(), SizeType(str.size()));
-    }
-#endif
-
-    bool StartObject() {
-        PrettyPrefix(kObjectType);
-        new (Base::level_stack_.template Push<typename Base::Level>()) typename Base::Level(false);
-        return Base::WriteStartObject();
-    }
-
-    bool Key(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy = false) { return String(str, length, copy); }
-	
-    bool EndObject(SizeType memberCount = 0) {
-        (void)memberCount;
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(Base::level_stack_.GetSize() >= sizeof(typename Base::Level));
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(!Base::level_stack_.template Top<typename Base::Level>()->inArray);
-        bool empty = Base::level_stack_.template Pop<typename Base::Level>(1)->valueCount == 0;
-
-        if (!empty) {
-            Base::os_->Put('\n');
-            WriteIndent();
-        }
-        bool ret = Base::WriteEndObject();
-        (void)ret;
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(ret == true);
-        if (Base::level_stack_.Empty()) // end of json text
-            Base::os_->Flush();
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    bool StartArray() {
-        PrettyPrefix(kArrayType);
-        new (Base::level_stack_.template Push<typename Base::Level>()) typename Base::Level(true);
-        return Base::WriteStartArray();
-    }
-
-    bool EndArray(SizeType memberCount = 0) {
-        (void)memberCount;
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(Base::level_stack_.GetSize() >= sizeof(typename Base::Level));
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(Base::level_stack_.template Top<typename Base::Level>()->inArray);
-        bool empty = Base::level_stack_.template Pop<typename Base::Level>(1)->valueCount == 0;
-
-        if (!empty) {
-            Base::os_->Put('\n');
-            WriteIndent();
-        }
-        bool ret = Base::WriteEndArray();
-        (void)ret;
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(ret == true);
-        if (Base::level_stack_.Empty()) // end of json text
-            Base::os_->Flush();
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    //@}
-
-    /*! @name Convenience extensions */
-    //@{
-
-    //! Simpler but slower overload.
-    bool String(const Ch* str) { return String(str, internal::StrLen(str)); }
-    bool Key(const Ch* str) { return Key(str, internal::StrLen(str)); }
-
-    //@}
-protected:
-    void PrettyPrefix(Type type) {
-        (void)type;
-        if (Base::level_stack_.GetSize() != 0) { // this value is not at root
-            typename Base::Level* level = Base::level_stack_.template Top<typename Base::Level>();
-
-            if (level->inArray) {
-                if (level->valueCount > 0) {
-                    Base::os_->Put(','); // add comma if it is not the first element in array
-                    Base::os_->Put('\n');
-                }
-                else
-                    Base::os_->Put('\n');
-                WriteIndent();
-            }
-            else {  // in object
-                if (level->valueCount > 0) {
-                    if (level->valueCount % 2 == 0) {
-                        Base::os_->Put(',');
-                        Base::os_->Put('\n');
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        Base::os_->Put(':');
-                        Base::os_->Put(' ');
-                    }
-                }
-                else
-                    Base::os_->Put('\n');
-
-                if (level->valueCount % 2 == 0)
-                    WriteIndent();
-            }
-            if (!level->inArray && level->valueCount % 2 == 0)
-                RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(type == kStringType);  // if it's in object, then even number should be a name
-            level->valueCount++;
-        }
-        else {
-            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(!Base::hasRoot_);  // Should only has one and only one root.
-            Base::hasRoot_ = true;
-        }
-    }
-
-    void WriteIndent()  {
-        size_t count = (Base::level_stack_.GetSize() / sizeof(typename Base::Level)) * indentCharCount_;
-        PutN(*Base::os_, indentChar_, count);
-    }
-
-    Ch indentChar_;
-    unsigned indentCharCount_;
-
-private:
-    // Prohibit copy constructor & assignment operator.
-    PrettyWriter(const PrettyWriter&);
-    PrettyWriter& operator=(const PrettyWriter&);
-};
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
-#endif
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_RAPIDJSON_H_
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_PRETTYWRITER_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_PRETTYWRITER_H_
+
+#include "writer.h"
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(effc++)
+#endif
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+//! Combination of PrettyWriter format flags.
+/*! \see PrettyWriter::SetFormatOptions
+ */
+enum PrettyFormatOptions {
+    kFormatDefault = 0,         //!< Default pretty formatting.
+    kFormatSingleLineArray = 1  //!< Format arrays on a single line.
+};
+
+//! Writer with indentation and spacing.
+/*!
+    \tparam OutputStream Type of ouptut os.
+    \tparam SourceEncoding Encoding of source string.
+    \tparam TargetEncoding Encoding of output stream.
+    \tparam StackAllocator Type of allocator for allocating memory of stack.
+*/
+template<typename OutputStream, typename SourceEncoding = UTF8<>, typename TargetEncoding = UTF8<>, typename StackAllocator = CrtAllocator, unsigned writeFlags = kWriteDefaultFlags>
+class PrettyWriter : public Writer<OutputStream, SourceEncoding, TargetEncoding, StackAllocator, writeFlags> {
+public:
+    typedef Writer<OutputStream, SourceEncoding, TargetEncoding, StackAllocator> Base;
+    typedef typename Base::Ch Ch;
+
+    //! Constructor
+    /*! \param os Output stream.
+        \param allocator User supplied allocator. If it is null, it will create a private one.
+        \param levelDepth Initial capacity of stack.
+    */
+    explicit PrettyWriter(OutputStream& os, StackAllocator* allocator = 0, size_t levelDepth = Base::kDefaultLevelDepth) : 
+        Base(os, allocator, levelDepth), indentChar_(' '), indentCharCount_(4), formatOptions_(kFormatDefault) {}
+
+
+    explicit PrettyWriter(StackAllocator* allocator = 0, size_t levelDepth = Base::kDefaultLevelDepth) : 
+        Base(allocator, levelDepth), indentChar_(' '), indentCharCount_(4) {}
+
+    //! Set custom indentation.
+    /*! \param indentChar       Character for indentation. Must be whitespace character (' ', '\\t', '\\n', '\\r').
+        \param indentCharCount  Number of indent characters for each indentation level.
+        \note The default indentation is 4 spaces.
+    */
+    PrettyWriter& SetIndent(Ch indentChar, unsigned indentCharCount) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(indentChar == ' ' || indentChar == '\t' || indentChar == '\n' || indentChar == '\r');
+        indentChar_ = indentChar;
+        indentCharCount_ = indentCharCount;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    //! Set pretty writer formatting options.
+    /*! \param options Formatting options.
+    */
+    PrettyWriter& SetFormatOptions(PrettyFormatOptions options) {
+        formatOptions_ = options;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /*! @name Implementation of Handler
+        \see Handler
+    */
+    //@{
+
+    bool Null()                 { PrettyPrefix(kNullType);   return Base::WriteNull(); }
+    bool Bool(bool b)           { PrettyPrefix(b ? kTrueType : kFalseType); return Base::WriteBool(b); }
+    bool Int(int i)             { PrettyPrefix(kNumberType); return Base::WriteInt(i); }
+    bool Uint(unsigned u)       { PrettyPrefix(kNumberType); return Base::WriteUint(u); }
+    bool Int64(int64_t i64)     { PrettyPrefix(kNumberType); return Base::WriteInt64(i64); }
+    bool Uint64(uint64_t u64)   { PrettyPrefix(kNumberType); return Base::WriteUint64(u64);  }
+    bool Double(double d)       { PrettyPrefix(kNumberType); return Base::WriteDouble(d); }
+
+    bool RawNumber(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy = false) {
+        (void)copy;
+        PrettyPrefix(kNumberType);
+        return Base::WriteString(str, length);
+    }
+
+    bool String(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy = false) {
+        (void)copy;
+        PrettyPrefix(kStringType);
+        return Base::WriteString(str, length);
+    }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    bool String(const std::basic_string<Ch>& str) {
+        return String(str.data(), SizeType(str.size()));
+    }
+#endif
+
+    bool StartObject() {
+        PrettyPrefix(kObjectType);
+        new (Base::level_stack_.template Push<typename Base::Level>()) typename Base::Level(false);
+        return Base::WriteStartObject();
+    }
+
+    bool Key(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy = false) { return String(str, length, copy); }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    bool Key(const std::basic_string<Ch>& str) {
+        return Key(str.data(), SizeType(str.size()));
+    }
+#endif
+	
+    bool EndObject(SizeType memberCount = 0) {
+        (void)memberCount;
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(Base::level_stack_.GetSize() >= sizeof(typename Base::Level));
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(!Base::level_stack_.template Top<typename Base::Level>()->inArray);
+        bool empty = Base::level_stack_.template Pop<typename Base::Level>(1)->valueCount == 0;
+
+        if (!empty) {
+            Base::os_->Put('\n');
+            WriteIndent();
+        }
+        bool ret = Base::WriteEndObject();
+        (void)ret;
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(ret == true);
+        if (Base::level_stack_.Empty()) // end of json text
+            Base::os_->Flush();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool StartArray() {
+        PrettyPrefix(kArrayType);
+        new (Base::level_stack_.template Push<typename Base::Level>()) typename Base::Level(true);
+        return Base::WriteStartArray();
+    }
+
+    bool EndArray(SizeType memberCount = 0) {
+        (void)memberCount;
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(Base::level_stack_.GetSize() >= sizeof(typename Base::Level));
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(Base::level_stack_.template Top<typename Base::Level>()->inArray);
+        bool empty = Base::level_stack_.template Pop<typename Base::Level>(1)->valueCount == 0;
+
+        if (!empty && !(formatOptions_ & kFormatSingleLineArray)) {
+            Base::os_->Put('\n');
+            WriteIndent();
+        }
+        bool ret = Base::WriteEndArray();
+        (void)ret;
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(ret == true);
+        if (Base::level_stack_.Empty()) // end of json text
+            Base::os_->Flush();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    //@}
+
+    /*! @name Convenience extensions */
+    //@{
+
+    //! Simpler but slower overload.
+    bool String(const Ch* str) { return String(str, internal::StrLen(str)); }
+    bool Key(const Ch* str) { return Key(str, internal::StrLen(str)); }
+
+    //@}
+
+    //! Write a raw JSON value.
+    /*!
+        For user to write a stringified JSON as a value.
+
+        \param json A well-formed JSON value. It should not contain null character within [0, length - 1] range.
+        \param length Length of the json.
+        \param type Type of the root of json.
+        \note When using PrettyWriter::RawValue(), the result json may not be indented correctly.
+    */
+    bool RawValue(const Ch* json, size_t length, Type type) { PrettyPrefix(type); return Base::WriteRawValue(json, length); }
+
+protected:
+    void PrettyPrefix(Type type) {
+        (void)type;
+        if (Base::level_stack_.GetSize() != 0) { // this value is not at root
+            typename Base::Level* level = Base::level_stack_.template Top<typename Base::Level>();
+
+            if (level->inArray) {
+                if (level->valueCount > 0) {
+                    Base::os_->Put(','); // add comma if it is not the first element in array
+                    if (formatOptions_ & kFormatSingleLineArray)
+                        Base::os_->Put(' ');
+                }
+
+                if (!(formatOptions_ & kFormatSingleLineArray)) {
+                    Base::os_->Put('\n');
+                    WriteIndent();
+                }
+            }
+            else {  // in object
+                if (level->valueCount > 0) {
+                    if (level->valueCount % 2 == 0) {
+                        Base::os_->Put(',');
+                        Base::os_->Put('\n');
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        Base::os_->Put(':');
+                        Base::os_->Put(' ');
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                    Base::os_->Put('\n');
+
+                if (level->valueCount % 2 == 0)
+                    WriteIndent();
+            }
+            if (!level->inArray && level->valueCount % 2 == 0)
+                RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(type == kStringType);  // if it's in object, then even number should be a name
+            level->valueCount++;
+        }
+        else {
+            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(!Base::hasRoot_);  // Should only has one and only one root.
+            Base::hasRoot_ = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void WriteIndent()  {
+        size_t count = (Base::level_stack_.GetSize() / sizeof(typename Base::Level)) * indentCharCount_;
+        PutN(*Base::os_, static_cast<typename TargetEncoding::Ch>(indentChar_), count);
+    }
+
+    Ch indentChar_;
+    unsigned indentCharCount_;
+    PrettyFormatOptions formatOptions_;
+
+private:
+    // Prohibit copy constructor & assignment operator.
+    PrettyWriter(const PrettyWriter&);
+    PrettyWriter& operator=(const PrettyWriter&);
+};
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_RAPIDJSON_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/rapidjson.h b/include/rapidjson/rapidjson.h
index b0dabc7..053b2ce 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/rapidjson.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/rapidjson.h
@@ -1,654 +1,615 @@
-// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
-// 
-// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
-// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
-// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
-// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
-// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_RAPIDJSON_H_
-#define RAPIDJSON_RAPIDJSON_H_
-
-/*!\file rapidjson.h
-    \brief common definitions and configuration
-    
-    \see RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
- */
-
-/*! \defgroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG RapidJSON configuration
-    \brief Configuration macros for library features
-
-    Some RapidJSON features are configurable to adapt the library to a wide
-    variety of platforms, environments and usage scenarios.  Most of the
-    features can be configured in terms of overriden or predefined
-    preprocessor macros at compile-time.
-
-    Some additional customization is available in the \ref RAPIDJSON_ERRORS APIs.
-
-    \note These macros should be given on the compiler command-line
-          (where applicable)  to avoid inconsistent values when compiling
-          different translation units of a single application.
- */
-
-#include <cstdlib>  // malloc(), realloc(), free(), size_t
-#include <cstring>  // memset(), memcpy(), memmove(), memcmp()
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// RAPIDJSON_VERSION_STRING
-//
-// ALWAYS synchronize the following 3 macros with corresponding variables in /CMakeLists.txt.
-//
-
-//!@cond RAPIDJSON_HIDDEN_FROM_DOXYGEN
-// token stringification
-#define RAPIDJSON_STRINGIFY(x) RAPIDJSON_DO_STRINGIFY(x)
-#define RAPIDJSON_DO_STRINGIFY(x) #x
-//!@endcond
-
-/*! \def RAPIDJSON_MAJOR_VERSION
-    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
-    \brief Major version of RapidJSON in integer.
-*/
-/*! \def RAPIDJSON_MINOR_VERSION
-    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
-    \brief Minor version of RapidJSON in integer.
-*/
-/*! \def RAPIDJSON_PATCH_VERSION
-    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
-    \brief Patch version of RapidJSON in integer.
-*/
-/*! \def RAPIDJSON_VERSION_STRING
-    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
-    \brief Version of RapidJSON in "<major>.<minor>.<patch>" string format.
-*/
-#define RAPIDJSON_MAJOR_VERSION 1
-#define RAPIDJSON_MINOR_VERSION 0
-#define RAPIDJSON_PATCH_VERSION 2
-#define RAPIDJSON_VERSION_STRING \
-    RAPIDJSON_STRINGIFY(RAPIDJSON_MAJOR_VERSION.RAPIDJSON_MINOR_VERSION.RAPIDJSON_PATCH_VERSION)
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_(BEGIN|END)
-/*! \def RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE
-    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
-    \brief   provide custom rapidjson namespace
-
-    In order to avoid symbol clashes and/or "One Definition Rule" errors
-    between multiple inclusions of (different versions of) RapidJSON in
-    a single binary, users can customize the name of the main RapidJSON
-    namespace.
-
-    In case of a single nesting level, defining \c RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE
-    to a custom name (e.g. \c MyRapidJSON) is sufficient.  If multiple
-    levels are needed, both \ref RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN and \ref
-    RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END need to be defined as well:
-
-    \code
-    // in some .cpp file
-    #define RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE my::rapidjson
-    #define RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN namespace my { namespace rapidjson {
-    #define RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END   } }
-    #include "rapidjson/..."
-    \endcode
-
-    \see rapidjson
- */
-/*! \def RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
-    \brief   provide custom rapidjson namespace (opening expression)
-    \see RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE
-*/
-/*! \def RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
-    \brief   provide custom rapidjson namespace (closing expression)
-    \see RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE
-*/
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE
-#define RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE rapidjson
-#endif
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-#define RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN namespace RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE {
-#endif
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-#define RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END }
-#endif
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// RAPIDJSON_NO_INT64DEFINE
-
-/*! \def RAPIDJSON_NO_INT64DEFINE
-    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
-    \brief Use external 64-bit integer types.
-
-    RapidJSON requires the 64-bit integer types \c int64_t and  \c uint64_t types
-    to be available at global scope.
-
-    If users have their own definition, define RAPIDJSON_NO_INT64DEFINE to
-    prevent RapidJSON from defining its own types.
-*/
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_NO_INT64DEFINE
-//!@cond RAPIDJSON_HIDDEN_FROM_DOXYGEN
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-#include "msinttypes/stdint.h"
-#include "msinttypes/inttypes.h"
-#else
-// Other compilers should have this.
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <inttypes.h>
-#endif
-//!@endcond
-#ifdef RAPIDJSON_DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-#define RAPIDJSON_NO_INT64DEFINE
-#endif
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_NO_INT64TYPEDEF
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE
-//!@cond RAPIDJSON_HIDDEN_FROM_DOXYGEN
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(NDEBUG)
-#define RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE __forceinline
-#elif defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 4 && !defined(NDEBUG)
-#define RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE __attribute__((always_inline))
-#else
-#define RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE
-#endif
-//!@endcond
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN
-#define RAPIDJSON_LITTLEENDIAN  0   //!< Little endian machine
-#define RAPIDJSON_BIGENDIAN     1   //!< Big endian machine
-
-//! Endianness of the machine.
-/*!
-    \def RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN
-    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
-
-    GCC 4.6 provided macro for detecting endianness of the target machine. But other
-    compilers may not have this. User can define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN to either
-    \ref RAPIDJSON_LITTLEENDIAN or \ref RAPIDJSON_BIGENDIAN.
-
-    Default detection implemented with reference to
-    \li https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.6.0/cpp/Common-Predefined-Macros.html
-    \li http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_42_0/boost/detail/endian.hpp
-*/
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN
-// Detect with GCC 4.6's macro
-#  ifdef __BYTE_ORDER__
-#    if __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
-#      define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN RAPIDJSON_LITTLEENDIAN
-#    elif __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__
-#      define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN RAPIDJSON_BIGENDIAN
-#    else
-#      error Unknown machine endianess detected. User needs to define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN.
-#    endif // __BYTE_ORDER__
-// Detect with GLIBC's endian.h
-#  elif defined(__GLIBC__)
-#    include <endian.h>
-#    if (__BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN)
-#      define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN RAPIDJSON_LITTLEENDIAN
-#    elif (__BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN)
-#      define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN RAPIDJSON_BIGENDIAN
-#    else
-#      error Unknown machine endianess detected. User needs to define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN.
-#   endif // __GLIBC__
-// Detect with _LITTLE_ENDIAN and _BIG_ENDIAN macro
-#  elif defined(_LITTLE_ENDIAN) && !defined(_BIG_ENDIAN)
-#    define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN RAPIDJSON_LITTLEENDIAN
-#  elif defined(_BIG_ENDIAN) && !defined(_LITTLE_ENDIAN)
-#    define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN RAPIDJSON_BIGENDIAN
-// Detect with architecture macros
-#  elif defined(__sparc) || defined(__sparc__) || defined(_POWER) || defined(__powerpc__) || defined(__ppc__) || defined(__hpux) || defined(__hppa) || defined(_MIPSEB) || defined(_POWER) || defined(__s390__)
-#    define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN RAPIDJSON_BIGENDIAN
-#  elif defined(__i386__) || defined(__alpha__) || defined(__ia64) || defined(__ia64__) || defined(_M_IX86) || defined(_M_IA64) || defined(_M_ALPHA) || defined(__amd64) || defined(__amd64__) || defined(_M_AMD64) || defined(__x86_64) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64) || defined(__bfin__)
-#    define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN RAPIDJSON_LITTLEENDIAN
-#  elif defined(RAPIDJSON_DOXYGEN_RUNNING)
-#    define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN
-#  else
-#    error Unknown machine endianess detected. User needs to define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN.   
-#  endif
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// RAPIDJSON_64BIT
-
-//! Whether using 64-bit architecture
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_64BIT
-#if defined(__LP64__) || defined(_WIN64) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
-#define RAPIDJSON_64BIT 1
-#else
-#define RAPIDJSON_64BIT 0
-#endif
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_64BIT
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// RAPIDJSON_ALIGN
-
-//! Data alignment of the machine.
-/*! \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
-    \param x pointer to align
-
-    Some machines require strict data alignment. Currently the default uses 4 bytes
-    alignment. User can customize by defining the RAPIDJSON_ALIGN function macro.,
-*/
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ALIGN
-#if RAPIDJSON_64BIT == 1
-#define RAPIDJSON_ALIGN(x) ((x + 7u) & ~7u)
-#else
-#define RAPIDJSON_ALIGN(x) ((x + 3u) & ~3u)
-#endif
-#endif
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2
-
-//! Construct a 64-bit literal by a pair of 32-bit integer.
-/*!
-    64-bit literal with or without ULL suffix is prone to compiler warnings.
-    UINT64_C() is C macro which cause compilation problems.
-    Use this macro to define 64-bit constants by a pair of 32-bit integer.
-*/
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2
-#define RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(high32, low32) ((static_cast<uint64_t>(high32) << 32) | static_cast<uint64_t>(low32))
-#endif
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// RAPIDJSON_SSE2/RAPIDJSON_SSE42/RAPIDJSON_SIMD
-
-/*! \def RAPIDJSON_SIMD
-    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
-    \brief Enable SSE2/SSE4.2 optimization.
-
-    RapidJSON supports optimized implementations for some parsing operations
-    based on the SSE2 or SSE4.2 SIMD extensions on modern Intel-compatible
-    processors.
-
-    To enable these optimizations, two different symbols can be defined;
-    \code
-    // Enable SSE2 optimization.
-    #define RAPIDJSON_SSE2
-
-    // Enable SSE4.2 optimization.
-    #define RAPIDJSON_SSE42
-    \endcode
-
-    \c RAPIDJSON_SSE42 takes precedence, if both are defined.
-
-    If any of these symbols is defined, RapidJSON defines the macro
-    \c RAPIDJSON_SIMD to indicate the availability of the optimized code.
-*/
-#if defined(RAPIDJSON_SSE2) || defined(RAPIDJSON_SSE42) \
-    || defined(RAPIDJSON_DOXYGEN_RUNNING)
-#define RAPIDJSON_SIMD
-#endif
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// RAPIDJSON_NO_SIZETYPEDEFINE
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_NO_SIZETYPEDEFINE
-/*! \def RAPIDJSON_NO_SIZETYPEDEFINE
-    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
-    \brief User-provided \c SizeType definition.
-
-    In order to avoid using 32-bit size types for indexing strings and arrays,
-    define this preprocessor symbol and provide the type rapidjson::SizeType
-    before including RapidJSON:
-    \code
-    #define RAPIDJSON_NO_SIZETYPEDEFINE
-    namespace rapidjson { typedef ::std::size_t SizeType; }
-    #include "rapidjson/..."
-    \endcode
-
-    \see rapidjson::SizeType
-*/
-#ifdef RAPIDJSON_DOXYGEN_RUNNING
-#define RAPIDJSON_NO_SIZETYPEDEFINE
-#endif
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-//! Size type (for string lengths, array sizes, etc.)
-/*! RapidJSON uses 32-bit array/string indices even on 64-bit platforms,
-    instead of using \c size_t. Users may override the SizeType by defining
-    \ref RAPIDJSON_NO_SIZETYPEDEFINE.
-*/
-typedef unsigned SizeType;
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-#endif
-
-// always import std::size_t to rapidjson namespace
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-using std::size_t;
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// RAPIDJSON_ASSERT
-
-//! Assertion.
-/*! \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
-    By default, rapidjson uses C \c assert() for internal assertions.
-    User can override it by defining RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(x) macro.
-
-    \note Parsing errors are handled and can be customized by the
-          \ref RAPIDJSON_ERRORS APIs.
-*/
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ASSERT
-#include <cassert>
-#define RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(x) assert(x)
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_ASSERT
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT
-
-// Adopt from boost
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT
-//!@cond RAPIDJSON_HIDDEN_FROM_DOXYGEN
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-template <bool x> struct STATIC_ASSERTION_FAILURE;
-template <> struct STATIC_ASSERTION_FAILURE<true> { enum { value = 1 }; };
-template<int x> struct StaticAssertTest {};
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-#define RAPIDJSON_JOIN(X, Y) RAPIDJSON_DO_JOIN(X, Y)
-#define RAPIDJSON_DO_JOIN(X, Y) RAPIDJSON_DO_JOIN2(X, Y)
-#define RAPIDJSON_DO_JOIN2(X, Y) X##Y
-
-#if defined(__GNUC__)
-#define RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT_UNUSED_ATTRIBUTE __attribute__((unused))
-#else
-#define RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT_UNUSED_ATTRIBUTE 
-#endif
-//!@endcond
-
-/*! \def RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT
-    \brief (Internal) macro to check for conditions at compile-time
-    \param x compile-time condition
-    \hideinitializer
- */
-#define RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(x) \
-    typedef ::RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE::StaticAssertTest< \
-      sizeof(::RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE::STATIC_ASSERTION_FAILURE<bool(x) >)> \
-    RAPIDJSON_JOIN(StaticAssertTypedef, __LINE__) RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT_UNUSED_ATTRIBUTE
-#endif
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// Helpers
-
-//!@cond RAPIDJSON_HIDDEN_FROM_DOXYGEN
-
-#define RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_BEGIN do {  
-#define RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_END \
-} while((void)0, 0)
-
-// adopted from Boost
-#define RAPIDJSON_VERSION_CODE(x,y,z) \
-  (((x)*100000) + ((y)*100) + (z))
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH/POP, RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF
-
-#if defined(__GNUC__)
-#define RAPIDJSON_GNUC \
-    RAPIDJSON_VERSION_CODE(__GNUC__,__GNUC_MINOR__,__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
-#endif
-
-#if defined(__clang__) || (defined(RAPIDJSON_GNUC) && RAPIDJSON_GNUC >= RAPIDJSON_VERSION_CODE(4,2,0))
-
-#define RAPIDJSON_PRAGMA(x) _Pragma(RAPIDJSON_STRINGIFY(x))
-#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PRAGMA(x) RAPIDJSON_PRAGMA(GCC diagnostic x)
-#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(x) \
-    RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PRAGMA(ignored RAPIDJSON_STRINGIFY(RAPIDJSON_JOIN(-W,x)))
-
-// push/pop support in Clang and GCC>=4.6
-#if defined(__clang__) || (defined(RAPIDJSON_GNUC) && RAPIDJSON_GNUC >= RAPIDJSON_VERSION_CODE(4,6,0))
-#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PRAGMA(push)
-#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP  RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PRAGMA(pop)
-#else // GCC >= 4.2, < 4.6
-#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH /* ignored */
-#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP /* ignored */
-#endif
-
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-
-// pragma (MSVC specific)
-#define RAPIDJSON_PRAGMA(x) __pragma(x)
-#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PRAGMA(x) RAPIDJSON_PRAGMA(warning(x))
-
-#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(x) RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PRAGMA(disable: x)
-#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PRAGMA(push)
-#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP  RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PRAGMA(pop)
-
-#else
-
-#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(x) /* ignored */
-#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH   /* ignored */
-#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP    /* ignored */
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_DIAG_*
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// C++11 features
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
-#if defined(__clang__)
-#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS __has_feature(cxx_rvalue_references) && \
-    (defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION) || defined(__GLIBCXX__) && __GLIBCXX__ >= 20080306)
-#elif (defined(RAPIDJSON_GNUC) && (RAPIDJSON_GNUC >= RAPIDJSON_VERSION_CODE(4,3,0)) && defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)) || \
-      (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1600)
-
-#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS 1
-#else
-#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS 0
-#endif
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT
-#if defined(__clang__)
-#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT __has_feature(cxx_noexcept)
-#elif (defined(RAPIDJSON_GNUC) && (RAPIDJSON_GNUC >= RAPIDJSON_VERSION_CODE(4,6,0)) && defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__))
-//    (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= ????) // not yet supported
-#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT 1
-#else
-#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT 0
-#endif
-#endif
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT
-#define RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT noexcept
-#else
-#define RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT /* noexcept */
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT
-
-// no automatic detection, yet
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_TYPETRAITS
-#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_TYPETRAITS 0
-#endif
-
-//!@endcond
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// new/delete
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_NEW
-///! customization point for global \c new
-#define RAPIDJSON_NEW(x) new x
-#endif
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_DELETE
-///! customization point for global \c delete
-#define RAPIDJSON_DELETE(x) delete x
-#endif
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// Allocators and Encodings
-
-#include "allocators.h"
-#include "encodings.h"
-
-/*! \namespace rapidjson
-    \brief main RapidJSON namespace
-    \see RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE
-*/
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-//  Stream
-
-/*! \class rapidjson::Stream
-    \brief Concept for reading and writing characters.
-
-    For read-only stream, no need to implement PutBegin(), Put(), Flush() and PutEnd().
-
-    For write-only stream, only need to implement Put() and Flush().
-
-\code
-concept Stream {
-    typename Ch;    //!< Character type of the stream.
-
-    //! Read the current character from stream without moving the read cursor.
-    Ch Peek() const;
-
-    //! Read the current character from stream and moving the read cursor to next character.
-    Ch Take();
-
-    //! Get the current read cursor.
-    //! \return Number of characters read from start.
-    size_t Tell();
-
-    //! Begin writing operation at the current read pointer.
-    //! \return The begin writer pointer.
-    Ch* PutBegin();
-
-    //! Write a character.
-    void Put(Ch c);
-
-    //! Flush the buffer.
-    void Flush();
-
-    //! End the writing operation.
-    //! \param begin The begin write pointer returned by PutBegin().
-    //! \return Number of characters written.
-    size_t PutEnd(Ch* begin);
-}
-\endcode
-*/
-
-//! Provides additional information for stream.
-/*!
-    By using traits pattern, this type provides a default configuration for stream.
-    For custom stream, this type can be specialized for other configuration.
-    See TEST(Reader, CustomStringStream) in readertest.cpp for example.
-*/
-template<typename Stream>
-struct StreamTraits {
-    //! Whether to make local copy of stream for optimization during parsing.
-    /*!
-        By default, for safety, streams do not use local copy optimization.
-        Stream that can be copied fast should specialize this, like StreamTraits<StringStream>.
-    */
-    enum { copyOptimization = 0 };
-};
-
-//! Put N copies of a character to a stream.
-template<typename Stream, typename Ch>
-inline void PutN(Stream& stream, Ch c, size_t n) {
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++)
-        stream.Put(c);
-}
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// StringStream
-
-//! Read-only string stream.
-/*! \note implements Stream concept
-*/
-template <typename Encoding>
-struct GenericStringStream {
-    typedef typename Encoding::Ch Ch;
-
-    GenericStringStream(const Ch *src) : src_(src), head_(src) {}
-
-    Ch Peek() const { return *src_; }
-    Ch Take() { return *src_++; }
-    size_t Tell() const { return static_cast<size_t>(src_ - head_); }
-
-    Ch* PutBegin() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
-    void Put(Ch) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); }
-    void Flush() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); }
-    size_t PutEnd(Ch*) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
-
-    const Ch* src_;     //!< Current read position.
-    const Ch* head_;    //!< Original head of the string.
-};
-
-template <typename Encoding>
-struct StreamTraits<GenericStringStream<Encoding> > {
-    enum { copyOptimization = 1 };
-};
-
-//! String stream with UTF8 encoding.
-typedef GenericStringStream<UTF8<> > StringStream;
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// InsituStringStream
-
-//! A read-write string stream.
-/*! This string stream is particularly designed for in-situ parsing.
-    \note implements Stream concept
-*/
-template <typename Encoding>
-struct GenericInsituStringStream {
-    typedef typename Encoding::Ch Ch;
-
-    GenericInsituStringStream(Ch *src) : src_(src), dst_(0), head_(src) {}
-
-    // Read
-    Ch Peek() { return *src_; }
-    Ch Take() { return *src_++; }
-    size_t Tell() { return static_cast<size_t>(src_ - head_); }
-
-    // Write
-    void Put(Ch c) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(dst_ != 0); *dst_++ = c; }
-
-    Ch* PutBegin() { return dst_ = src_; }
-    size_t PutEnd(Ch* begin) { return static_cast<size_t>(dst_ - begin); }
-    void Flush() {}
-
-    Ch* Push(size_t count) { Ch* begin = dst_; dst_ += count; return begin; }
-    void Pop(size_t count) { dst_ -= count; }
-
-    Ch* src_;
-    Ch* dst_;
-    Ch* head_;
-};
-
-template <typename Encoding>
-struct StreamTraits<GenericInsituStringStream<Encoding> > {
-    enum { copyOptimization = 1 };
-};
-
-//! Insitu string stream with UTF8 encoding.
-typedef GenericInsituStringStream<UTF8<> > InsituStringStream;
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// Type
-
-//! Type of JSON value
-enum Type {
-    kNullType = 0,      //!< null
-    kFalseType = 1,     //!< false
-    kTrueType = 2,      //!< true
-    kObjectType = 3,    //!< object
-    kArrayType = 4,     //!< array 
-    kStringType = 5,    //!< string
-    kNumberType = 6     //!< number
-};
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_RAPIDJSON_H_
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_RAPIDJSON_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_RAPIDJSON_H_
+
+/*!\file rapidjson.h
+    \brief common definitions and configuration
+    
+    \see RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+ */
+
+/*! \defgroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG RapidJSON configuration
+    \brief Configuration macros for library features
+
+    Some RapidJSON features are configurable to adapt the library to a wide
+    variety of platforms, environments and usage scenarios.  Most of the
+    features can be configured in terms of overriden or predefined
+    preprocessor macros at compile-time.
+
+    Some additional customization is available in the \ref RAPIDJSON_ERRORS APIs.
+
+    \note These macros should be given on the compiler command-line
+          (where applicable)  to avoid inconsistent values when compiling
+          different translation units of a single application.
+ */
+
+#include <cstdlib>  // malloc(), realloc(), free(), size_t
+#include <cstring>  // memset(), memcpy(), memmove(), memcmp()
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// RAPIDJSON_VERSION_STRING
+//
+// ALWAYS synchronize the following 3 macros with corresponding variables in /CMakeLists.txt.
+//
+
+//!@cond RAPIDJSON_HIDDEN_FROM_DOXYGEN
+// token stringification
+#define RAPIDJSON_STRINGIFY(x) RAPIDJSON_DO_STRINGIFY(x)
+#define RAPIDJSON_DO_STRINGIFY(x) #x
+//!@endcond
+
+/*! \def RAPIDJSON_MAJOR_VERSION
+    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+    \brief Major version of RapidJSON in integer.
+*/
+/*! \def RAPIDJSON_MINOR_VERSION
+    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+    \brief Minor version of RapidJSON in integer.
+*/
+/*! \def RAPIDJSON_PATCH_VERSION
+    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+    \brief Patch version of RapidJSON in integer.
+*/
+/*! \def RAPIDJSON_VERSION_STRING
+    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+    \brief Version of RapidJSON in "<major>.<minor>.<patch>" string format.
+*/
+#define RAPIDJSON_MAJOR_VERSION 1
+#define RAPIDJSON_MINOR_VERSION 1
+#define RAPIDJSON_PATCH_VERSION 0
+#define RAPIDJSON_VERSION_STRING \
+    RAPIDJSON_STRINGIFY(RAPIDJSON_MAJOR_VERSION.RAPIDJSON_MINOR_VERSION.RAPIDJSON_PATCH_VERSION)
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_(BEGIN|END)
+/*! \def RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE
+    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+    \brief   provide custom rapidjson namespace
+
+    In order to avoid symbol clashes and/or "One Definition Rule" errors
+    between multiple inclusions of (different versions of) RapidJSON in
+    a single binary, users can customize the name of the main RapidJSON
+    namespace.
+
+    In case of a single nesting level, defining \c RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE
+    to a custom name (e.g. \c MyRapidJSON) is sufficient.  If multiple
+    levels are needed, both \ref RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN and \ref
+    RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END need to be defined as well:
+
+    \code
+    // in some .cpp file
+    #define RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE my::rapidjson
+    #define RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN namespace my { namespace rapidjson {
+    #define RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END   } }
+    #include "rapidjson/..."
+    \endcode
+
+    \see rapidjson
+ */
+/*! \def RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+    \brief   provide custom rapidjson namespace (opening expression)
+    \see RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE
+*/
+/*! \def RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+    \brief   provide custom rapidjson namespace (closing expression)
+    \see RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE
+*/
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE
+#define RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE rapidjson
+#endif
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+#define RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN namespace RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE {
+#endif
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+#define RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END }
+#endif
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+#ifdef RAPIDJSON_DOXYGEN_RUNNING
+#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING 1 // force generation of documentation
+#else
+#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING 0 // no std::string support by default
+#endif
+/*! \def RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+    \brief Enable RapidJSON support for \c std::string
+
+    By defining this preprocessor symbol to \c 1, several convenience functions for using
+    \ref rapidjson::GenericValue with \c std::string are enabled, especially
+    for construction and comparison.
+
+    \hideinitializer
+*/
+#endif // !defined(RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING)
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+#include <string>
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// RAPIDJSON_NO_INT64DEFINE
+
+/*! \def RAPIDJSON_NO_INT64DEFINE
+    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+    \brief Use external 64-bit integer types.
+
+    RapidJSON requires the 64-bit integer types \c int64_t and  \c uint64_t types
+    to be available at global scope.
+
+    If users have their own definition, define RAPIDJSON_NO_INT64DEFINE to
+    prevent RapidJSON from defining its own types.
+*/
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_NO_INT64DEFINE
+//!@cond RAPIDJSON_HIDDEN_FROM_DOXYGEN
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER < 1800)	// Visual Studio 2013
+#include "msinttypes/stdint.h"
+#include "msinttypes/inttypes.h"
+#else
+// Other compilers should have this.
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#endif
+//!@endcond
+#ifdef RAPIDJSON_DOXYGEN_RUNNING
+#define RAPIDJSON_NO_INT64DEFINE
+#endif
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_NO_INT64TYPEDEF
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE
+//!@cond RAPIDJSON_HIDDEN_FROM_DOXYGEN
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(NDEBUG)
+#define RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE __forceinline
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 4 && defined(NDEBUG)
+#define RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE __attribute__((always_inline))
+#else
+#define RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE
+#endif
+//!@endcond
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN
+#define RAPIDJSON_LITTLEENDIAN  0   //!< Little endian machine
+#define RAPIDJSON_BIGENDIAN     1   //!< Big endian machine
+
+//! Endianness of the machine.
+/*!
+    \def RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN
+    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+
+    GCC 4.6 provided macro for detecting endianness of the target machine. But other
+    compilers may not have this. User can define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN to either
+    \ref RAPIDJSON_LITTLEENDIAN or \ref RAPIDJSON_BIGENDIAN.
+
+    Default detection implemented with reference to
+    \li https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.6.0/cpp/Common-Predefined-Macros.html
+    \li http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_42_0/boost/detail/endian.hpp
+*/
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN
+// Detect with GCC 4.6's macro
+#  ifdef __BYTE_ORDER__
+#    if __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+#      define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN RAPIDJSON_LITTLEENDIAN
+#    elif __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__
+#      define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN RAPIDJSON_BIGENDIAN
+#    else
+#      error Unknown machine endianess detected. User needs to define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN.
+#    endif // __BYTE_ORDER__
+// Detect with GLIBC's endian.h
+#  elif defined(__GLIBC__)
+#    include <endian.h>
+#    if (__BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN)
+#      define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN RAPIDJSON_LITTLEENDIAN
+#    elif (__BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN)
+#      define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN RAPIDJSON_BIGENDIAN
+#    else
+#      error Unknown machine endianess detected. User needs to define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN.
+#   endif // __GLIBC__
+// Detect with _LITTLE_ENDIAN and _BIG_ENDIAN macro
+#  elif defined(_LITTLE_ENDIAN) && !defined(_BIG_ENDIAN)
+#    define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN RAPIDJSON_LITTLEENDIAN
+#  elif defined(_BIG_ENDIAN) && !defined(_LITTLE_ENDIAN)
+#    define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN RAPIDJSON_BIGENDIAN
+// Detect with architecture macros
+#  elif defined(__sparc) || defined(__sparc__) || defined(_POWER) || defined(__powerpc__) || defined(__ppc__) || defined(__hpux) || defined(__hppa) || defined(_MIPSEB) || defined(_POWER) || defined(__s390__)
+#    define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN RAPIDJSON_BIGENDIAN
+#  elif defined(__i386__) || defined(__alpha__) || defined(__ia64) || defined(__ia64__) || defined(_M_IX86) || defined(_M_IA64) || defined(_M_ALPHA) || defined(__amd64) || defined(__amd64__) || defined(_M_AMD64) || defined(__x86_64) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64) || defined(__bfin__)
+#    define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN RAPIDJSON_LITTLEENDIAN
+#  elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_ARM)
+#    define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN RAPIDJSON_LITTLEENDIAN
+#  elif defined(RAPIDJSON_DOXYGEN_RUNNING)
+#    define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN
+#  else
+#    error Unknown machine endianess detected. User needs to define RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN.   
+#  endif
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_ENDIAN
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// RAPIDJSON_64BIT
+
+//! Whether using 64-bit architecture
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_64BIT
+#if defined(__LP64__) || (defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__ILP32__)) || defined(_WIN64) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+#define RAPIDJSON_64BIT 1
+#else
+#define RAPIDJSON_64BIT 0
+#endif
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_64BIT
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// RAPIDJSON_ALIGN
+
+//! Data alignment of the machine.
+/*! \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+    \param x pointer to align
+
+    Some machines require strict data alignment. Currently the default uses 4 bytes
+    alignment on 32-bit platforms and 8 bytes alignment for 64-bit platforms.
+    User can customize by defining the RAPIDJSON_ALIGN function macro.
+*/
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ALIGN
+#if RAPIDJSON_64BIT == 1
+#define RAPIDJSON_ALIGN(x) (((x) + static_cast<uint64_t>(7u)) & ~static_cast<uint64_t>(7u))
+#else
+#define RAPIDJSON_ALIGN(x) (((x) + 3u) & ~3u)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2
+
+//! Construct a 64-bit literal by a pair of 32-bit integer.
+/*!
+    64-bit literal with or without ULL suffix is prone to compiler warnings.
+    UINT64_C() is C macro which cause compilation problems.
+    Use this macro to define 64-bit constants by a pair of 32-bit integer.
+*/
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2
+#define RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(high32, low32) ((static_cast<uint64_t>(high32) << 32) | static_cast<uint64_t>(low32))
+#endif
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// RAPIDJSON_48BITPOINTER_OPTIMIZATION
+
+//! Use only lower 48-bit address for some pointers.
+/*!
+    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+
+    This optimization uses the fact that current X86-64 architecture only implement lower 48-bit virtual address.
+    The higher 16-bit can be used for storing other data.
+    \c GenericValue uses this optimization to reduce its size form 24 bytes to 16 bytes in 64-bit architecture.
+*/
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_48BITPOINTER_OPTIMIZATION
+#if defined(__amd64__) || defined(__amd64) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__x86_64) || defined(_M_X64) || defined(_M_AMD64)
+#define RAPIDJSON_48BITPOINTER_OPTIMIZATION 1
+#else
+#define RAPIDJSON_48BITPOINTER_OPTIMIZATION 0
+#endif
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_48BITPOINTER_OPTIMIZATION
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_48BITPOINTER_OPTIMIZATION == 1
+#if RAPIDJSON_64BIT != 1
+#error RAPIDJSON_48BITPOINTER_OPTIMIZATION can only be set to 1 when RAPIDJSON_64BIT=1
+#endif
+#define RAPIDJSON_SETPOINTER(type, p, x) (p = reinterpret_cast<type *>((reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p) & static_cast<uintptr_t>(RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0xFFFF0000, 0x00000000))) | reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(x))))
+#define RAPIDJSON_GETPOINTER(type, p) (reinterpret_cast<type *>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p) & static_cast<uintptr_t>(RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0x0000FFFF, 0xFFFFFFFF))))
+#else
+#define RAPIDJSON_SETPOINTER(type, p, x) (p = (x))
+#define RAPIDJSON_GETPOINTER(type, p) (p)
+#endif
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// RAPIDJSON_SSE2/RAPIDJSON_SSE42/RAPIDJSON_SIMD
+
+/*! \def RAPIDJSON_SIMD
+    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+    \brief Enable SSE2/SSE4.2 optimization.
+
+    RapidJSON supports optimized implementations for some parsing operations
+    based on the SSE2 or SSE4.2 SIMD extensions on modern Intel-compatible
+    processors.
+
+    To enable these optimizations, two different symbols can be defined;
+    \code
+    // Enable SSE2 optimization.
+    #define RAPIDJSON_SSE2
+
+    // Enable SSE4.2 optimization.
+    #define RAPIDJSON_SSE42
+    \endcode
+
+    \c RAPIDJSON_SSE42 takes precedence, if both are defined.
+
+    If any of these symbols is defined, RapidJSON defines the macro
+    \c RAPIDJSON_SIMD to indicate the availability of the optimized code.
+*/
+#if defined(RAPIDJSON_SSE2) || defined(RAPIDJSON_SSE42) \
+    || defined(RAPIDJSON_DOXYGEN_RUNNING)
+#define RAPIDJSON_SIMD
+#endif
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// RAPIDJSON_NO_SIZETYPEDEFINE
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_NO_SIZETYPEDEFINE
+/*! \def RAPIDJSON_NO_SIZETYPEDEFINE
+    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+    \brief User-provided \c SizeType definition.
+
+    In order to avoid using 32-bit size types for indexing strings and arrays,
+    define this preprocessor symbol and provide the type rapidjson::SizeType
+    before including RapidJSON:
+    \code
+    #define RAPIDJSON_NO_SIZETYPEDEFINE
+    namespace rapidjson { typedef ::std::size_t SizeType; }
+    #include "rapidjson/..."
+    \endcode
+
+    \see rapidjson::SizeType
+*/
+#ifdef RAPIDJSON_DOXYGEN_RUNNING
+#define RAPIDJSON_NO_SIZETYPEDEFINE
+#endif
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+//! Size type (for string lengths, array sizes, etc.)
+/*! RapidJSON uses 32-bit array/string indices even on 64-bit platforms,
+    instead of using \c size_t. Users may override the SizeType by defining
+    \ref RAPIDJSON_NO_SIZETYPEDEFINE.
+*/
+typedef unsigned SizeType;
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+#endif
+
+// always import std::size_t to rapidjson namespace
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+using std::size_t;
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// RAPIDJSON_ASSERT
+
+//! Assertion.
+/*! \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+    By default, rapidjson uses C \c assert() for internal assertions.
+    User can override it by defining RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(x) macro.
+
+    \note Parsing errors are handled and can be customized by the
+          \ref RAPIDJSON_ERRORS APIs.
+*/
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ASSERT
+#include <cassert>
+#define RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(x) assert(x)
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_ASSERT
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT
+
+// Adopt from boost
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT
+#ifndef __clang__
+//!@cond RAPIDJSON_HIDDEN_FROM_DOXYGEN
+#endif
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+template <bool x> struct STATIC_ASSERTION_FAILURE;
+template <> struct STATIC_ASSERTION_FAILURE<true> { enum { value = 1 }; };
+template<int x> struct StaticAssertTest {};
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#define RAPIDJSON_JOIN(X, Y) RAPIDJSON_DO_JOIN(X, Y)
+#define RAPIDJSON_DO_JOIN(X, Y) RAPIDJSON_DO_JOIN2(X, Y)
+#define RAPIDJSON_DO_JOIN2(X, Y) X##Y
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+#define RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT_UNUSED_ATTRIBUTE __attribute__((unused))
+#else
+#define RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT_UNUSED_ATTRIBUTE 
+#endif
+#ifndef __clang__
+//!@endcond
+#endif
+
+/*! \def RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT
+    \brief (Internal) macro to check for conditions at compile-time
+    \param x compile-time condition
+    \hideinitializer
+ */
+#define RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT(x) \
+    typedef ::RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE::StaticAssertTest< \
+      sizeof(::RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE::STATIC_ASSERTION_FAILURE<bool(x) >)> \
+    RAPIDJSON_JOIN(StaticAssertTypedef, __LINE__) RAPIDJSON_STATIC_ASSERT_UNUSED_ATTRIBUTE
+#endif
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// RAPIDJSON_LIKELY, RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY
+
+//! Compiler branching hint for expression with high probability to be true.
+/*!
+    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+    \param x Boolean expression likely to be true.
+*/
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_LIKELY
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+#define RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(x) __builtin_expect(!!(x), 1)
+#else
+#define RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(x) (x)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+//! Compiler branching hint for expression with low probability to be true.
+/*!
+    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+    \param x Boolean expression unlikely to be true.
+*/
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+#define RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(x) __builtin_expect(!!(x), 0)
+#else
+#define RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(x) (x)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Helpers
+
+//!@cond RAPIDJSON_HIDDEN_FROM_DOXYGEN
+
+#define RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_BEGIN do {  
+#define RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_END \
+} while((void)0, 0)
+
+// adopted from Boost
+#define RAPIDJSON_VERSION_CODE(x,y,z) \
+  (((x)*100000) + ((y)*100) + (z))
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH/POP, RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+#define RAPIDJSON_GNUC \
+    RAPIDJSON_VERSION_CODE(__GNUC__,__GNUC_MINOR__,__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__clang__) || (defined(RAPIDJSON_GNUC) && RAPIDJSON_GNUC >= RAPIDJSON_VERSION_CODE(4,2,0))
+
+#define RAPIDJSON_PRAGMA(x) _Pragma(RAPIDJSON_STRINGIFY(x))
+#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PRAGMA(x) RAPIDJSON_PRAGMA(GCC diagnostic x)
+#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(x) \
+    RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PRAGMA(ignored RAPIDJSON_STRINGIFY(RAPIDJSON_JOIN(-W,x)))
+
+// push/pop support in Clang and GCC>=4.6
+#if defined(__clang__) || (defined(RAPIDJSON_GNUC) && RAPIDJSON_GNUC >= RAPIDJSON_VERSION_CODE(4,6,0))
+#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PRAGMA(push)
+#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP  RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PRAGMA(pop)
+#else // GCC >= 4.2, < 4.6
+#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH /* ignored */
+#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP /* ignored */
+#endif
+
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+
+// pragma (MSVC specific)
+#define RAPIDJSON_PRAGMA(x) __pragma(x)
+#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PRAGMA(x) RAPIDJSON_PRAGMA(warning(x))
+
+#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(x) RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PRAGMA(disable: x)
+#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PRAGMA(push)
+#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP  RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PRAGMA(pop)
+
+#else
+
+#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(x) /* ignored */
+#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH   /* ignored */
+#define RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP    /* ignored */
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_DIAG_*
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// C++11 features
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#if __has_feature(cxx_rvalue_references) && \
+    (defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION) || defined(__GLIBCXX__) && __GLIBCXX__ >= 20080306)
+#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS 1
+#else
+#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS 0
+#endif
+#elif (defined(RAPIDJSON_GNUC) && (RAPIDJSON_GNUC >= RAPIDJSON_VERSION_CODE(4,3,0)) && defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)) || \
+      (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1600)
+
+#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS 1
+#else
+#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS 0
+#endif
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT __has_feature(cxx_noexcept)
+#elif (defined(RAPIDJSON_GNUC) && (RAPIDJSON_GNUC >= RAPIDJSON_VERSION_CODE(4,6,0)) && defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__))
+//    (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= ????) // not yet supported
+#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT 1
+#else
+#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT 0
+#endif
+#endif
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT
+#define RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT noexcept
+#else
+#define RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT /* noexcept */
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT
+
+// no automatic detection, yet
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_TYPETRAITS
+#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_TYPETRAITS 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RANGE_FOR
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RANGE_FOR __has_feature(cxx_range_for)
+#elif (defined(RAPIDJSON_GNUC) && (RAPIDJSON_GNUC >= RAPIDJSON_VERSION_CODE(4,3,0)) && defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)) || \
+      (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1700)
+#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RANGE_FOR 1
+#else
+#define RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RANGE_FOR 0
+#endif
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RANGE_FOR
+
+//!@endcond
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// new/delete
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_NEW
+///! customization point for global \c new
+#define RAPIDJSON_NEW(x) new x
+#endif
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_DELETE
+///! customization point for global \c delete
+#define RAPIDJSON_DELETE(x) delete x
+#endif
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Type
+
+/*! \namespace rapidjson
+    \brief main RapidJSON namespace
+    \see RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE
+*/
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+//! Type of JSON value
+enum Type {
+    kNullType = 0,      //!< null
+    kFalseType = 1,     //!< false
+    kTrueType = 2,      //!< true
+    kObjectType = 3,    //!< object
+    kArrayType = 4,     //!< array 
+    kStringType = 5,    //!< string
+    kNumberType = 6     //!< number
+};
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_RAPIDJSON_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/reader.h b/include/rapidjson/reader.h
index 9a17301..19f8849 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/reader.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/reader.h
@@ -1,1452 +1,1879 @@
-// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
-// 
-// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
-// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
-// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
-// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
-// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_READER_H_
-#define RAPIDJSON_READER_H_
-
-/*! \file reader.h */
-
-#include "rapidjson.h"
-#include "encodings.h"
-#include "internal/meta.h"
-#include "internal/stack.h"
-#include "internal/strtod.h"
-
-#if defined(RAPIDJSON_SIMD) && defined(_MSC_VER)
-#include <intrin.h>
-#pragma intrinsic(_BitScanForward)
-#endif
-#ifdef RAPIDJSON_SSE42
-#include <nmmintrin.h>
-#elif defined(RAPIDJSON_SSE2)
-#include <emmintrin.h>
-#endif
-
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(4127)  // conditional expression is constant
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(4702)  // unreachable code
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(effc++)
-#endif
-
-//!@cond RAPIDJSON_HIDDEN_FROM_DOXYGEN
-#define RAPIDJSON_NOTHING /* deliberately empty */
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN
-#define RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN(value) \
-    RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_BEGIN \
-    if (HasParseError()) { return value; } \
-    RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_END
-#endif
-#define RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID \
-    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN(RAPIDJSON_NOTHING)
-//!@endcond
-
-/*! \def RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN
-    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_ERRORS
-    \brief Macro to indicate a parse error.
-    \param parseErrorCode \ref rapidjson::ParseErrorCode of the error
-    \param offset  position of the error in JSON input (\c size_t)
-
-    This macros can be used as a customization point for the internal
-    error handling mechanism of RapidJSON.
-
-    A common usage model is to throw an exception instead of requiring the
-    caller to explicitly check the \ref rapidjson::GenericReader::Parse's
-    return value:
-
-    \code
-    #define RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(parseErrorCode,offset) \
-       throw ParseException(parseErrorCode, #parseErrorCode, offset)
-
-    #include <stdexcept>               // std::runtime_error
-    #include "rapidjson/error/error.h" // rapidjson::ParseResult
-
-    struct ParseException : std::runtime_error, rapidjson::ParseResult {
-      ParseException(rapidjson::ParseErrorCode code, const char* msg, size_t offset)
-        : std::runtime_error(msg), ParseResult(code, offset) {}
-    };
-
-    #include "rapidjson/reader.h"
-    \endcode
-
-    \see RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR, rapidjson::GenericReader::Parse
- */
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN
-#define RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(parseErrorCode, offset) \
-    RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_BEGIN \
-    RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(!HasParseError()); /* Error can only be assigned once */ \
-    SetParseError(parseErrorCode, offset); \
-    RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_END
-#endif
-
-/*! \def RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR
-    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_ERRORS
-    \brief (Internal) macro to indicate and handle a parse error.
-    \param parseErrorCode \ref rapidjson::ParseErrorCode of the error
-    \param offset  position of the error in JSON input (\c size_t)
-
-    Invokes RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN and stops the parsing.
-
-    \see RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN
-    \hideinitializer
- */
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR
-#define RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(parseErrorCode, offset) \
-    RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_BEGIN \
-    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(parseErrorCode, offset); \
-    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID; \
-    RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_END
-#endif
-
-#include "error/error.h" // ParseErrorCode, ParseResult
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// ParseFlag
-
-/*! \def RAPIDJSON_PARSE_DEFAULT_FLAGS 
-    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
-    \brief User-defined kParseDefaultFlags definition.
-
-    User can define this as any \c ParseFlag combinations.
-*/
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_PARSE_DEFAULT_FLAGS
-#define RAPIDJSON_PARSE_DEFAULT_FLAGS kParseNoFlags
-#endif
-
-//! Combination of parseFlags
-/*! \see Reader::Parse, Document::Parse, Document::ParseInsitu, Document::ParseStream
- */
-enum ParseFlag {
-    kParseNoFlags = 0,              //!< No flags are set.
-    kParseInsituFlag = 1,           //!< In-situ(destructive) parsing.
-    kParseValidateEncodingFlag = 2, //!< Validate encoding of JSON strings.
-    kParseIterativeFlag = 4,        //!< Iterative(constant complexity in terms of function call stack size) parsing.
-    kParseStopWhenDoneFlag = 8,     //!< After parsing a complete JSON root from stream, stop further processing the rest of stream. When this flag is used, parser will not generate kParseErrorDocumentRootNotSingular error.
-    kParseFullPrecisionFlag = 16,   //!< Parse number in full precision (but slower).
-    kParseDefaultFlags = RAPIDJSON_PARSE_DEFAULT_FLAGS  //!< Default parse flags. Can be customized by defining RAPIDJSON_PARSE_DEFAULT_FLAGS
-};
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// Handler
-
-/*! \class rapidjson::Handler
-    \brief Concept for receiving events from GenericReader upon parsing.
-    The functions return true if no error occurs. If they return false, 
-    the event publisher should terminate the process.
-\code
-concept Handler {
-    typename Ch;
-
-    bool Null();
-    bool Bool(bool b);
-    bool Int(int i);
-    bool Uint(unsigned i);
-    bool Int64(int64_t i);
-    bool Uint64(uint64_t i);
-    bool Double(double d);
-    bool String(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy);
-    bool StartObject();
-    bool Key(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy);
-    bool EndObject(SizeType memberCount);
-    bool StartArray();
-    bool EndArray(SizeType elementCount);
-};
-\endcode
-*/
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// BaseReaderHandler
-
-//! Default implementation of Handler.
-/*! This can be used as base class of any reader handler.
-    \note implements Handler concept
-*/
-template<typename Encoding = UTF8<>, typename Derived = void>
-struct BaseReaderHandler {
-    typedef typename Encoding::Ch Ch;
-
-    typedef typename internal::SelectIf<internal::IsSame<Derived, void>, BaseReaderHandler, Derived>::Type Override;
-
-    bool Default() { return true; }
-    bool Null() { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
-    bool Bool(bool) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
-    bool Int(int) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
-    bool Uint(unsigned) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
-    bool Int64(int64_t) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
-    bool Uint64(uint64_t) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
-    bool Double(double) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
-    bool String(const Ch*, SizeType, bool) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
-    bool StartObject() { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
-    bool Key(const Ch* str, SizeType len, bool copy) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).String(str, len, copy); }
-    bool EndObject(SizeType) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
-    bool StartArray() { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
-    bool EndArray(SizeType) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
-};
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// StreamLocalCopy
-
-namespace internal {
-
-template<typename Stream, int = StreamTraits<Stream>::copyOptimization>
-class StreamLocalCopy;
-
-//! Do copy optimization.
-template<typename Stream>
-class StreamLocalCopy<Stream, 1> {
-public:
-    StreamLocalCopy(Stream& original) : s(original), original_(original) {}
-    ~StreamLocalCopy() { original_ = s; }
-
-    Stream s;
-
-private:
-    StreamLocalCopy& operator=(const StreamLocalCopy&) /* = delete */;
-
-    Stream& original_;
-};
-
-//! Keep reference.
-template<typename Stream>
-class StreamLocalCopy<Stream, 0> {
-public:
-    StreamLocalCopy(Stream& original) : s(original) {}
-
-    Stream& s;
-
-private:
-    StreamLocalCopy& operator=(const StreamLocalCopy&) /* = delete */;
-};
-
-} // namespace internal
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// SkipWhitespace
-
-//! Skip the JSON white spaces in a stream.
-/*! \param is A input stream for skipping white spaces.
-    \note This function has SSE2/SSE4.2 specialization.
-*/
-template<typename InputStream>
-void SkipWhitespace(InputStream& is) {
-    internal::StreamLocalCopy<InputStream> copy(is);
-    InputStream& s(copy.s);
-
-    while (s.Peek() == ' ' || s.Peek() == '\n' || s.Peek() == '\r' || s.Peek() == '\t')
-        s.Take();
-}
-
-#ifdef RAPIDJSON_SSE42
-//! Skip whitespace with SSE 4.2 pcmpistrm instruction, testing 16 8-byte characters at once.
-inline const char *SkipWhitespace_SIMD(const char* p) {
-    // Fast return for single non-whitespace
-    if (*p == ' ' || *p == '\n' || *p == '\r' || *p == '\t')
-        ++p;
-    else
-        return p;
-
-    // 16-byte align to the next boundary
-    const char* nextAligned = reinterpret_cast<const char*>((reinterpret_cast<size_t>(p) + 15) & ~15);
-    while (p != nextAligned)
-        if (*p == ' ' || *p == '\n' || *p == '\r' || *p == '\t')
-            ++p;
-        else
-            return p;
-
-    // The rest of string using SIMD
-    static const char whitespace[16] = " \n\r\t";
-    const __m128i w = _mm_loadu_si128((const __m128i *)&whitespace[0]);
-
-    for (;; p += 16) {
-        const __m128i s = _mm_load_si128((const __m128i *)p);
-        const unsigned r = _mm_cvtsi128_si32(_mm_cmpistrm(w, s, _SIDD_UBYTE_OPS | _SIDD_CMP_EQUAL_ANY | _SIDD_BIT_MASK | _SIDD_NEGATIVE_POLARITY));
-        if (r != 0) {   // some of characters is non-whitespace
-#ifdef _MSC_VER         // Find the index of first non-whitespace
-            unsigned long offset;
-            _BitScanForward(&offset, r);
-            return p + offset;
-#else
-            return p + __builtin_ffs(r) - 1;
-#endif
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#elif defined(RAPIDJSON_SSE2)
-
-//! Skip whitespace with SSE2 instructions, testing 16 8-byte characters at once.
-inline const char *SkipWhitespace_SIMD(const char* p) {
-    // Fast return for single non-whitespace
-    if (*p == ' ' || *p == '\n' || *p == '\r' || *p == '\t')
-        ++p;
-    else
-        return p;
-
-    // 16-byte align to the next boundary
-    const char* nextAligned = reinterpret_cast<const char*>((reinterpret_cast<size_t>(p) + 15) & ~15);
-    while (p != nextAligned)
-        if (*p == ' ' || *p == '\n' || *p == '\r' || *p == '\t')
-            ++p;
-        else
-            return p;
-
-    // The rest of string
-    static const char whitespaces[4][17] = {
-        "                ",
-        "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",
-        "\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r\r",
-        "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t"};
-
-        const __m128i w0 = _mm_loadu_si128((const __m128i *)&whitespaces[0][0]);
-        const __m128i w1 = _mm_loadu_si128((const __m128i *)&whitespaces[1][0]);
-        const __m128i w2 = _mm_loadu_si128((const __m128i *)&whitespaces[2][0]);
-        const __m128i w3 = _mm_loadu_si128((const __m128i *)&whitespaces[3][0]);
-
-    for (;; p += 16) {
-        const __m128i s = _mm_load_si128((const __m128i *)p);
-        __m128i x = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, w0);
-        x = _mm_or_si128(x, _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, w1));
-        x = _mm_or_si128(x, _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, w2));
-        x = _mm_or_si128(x, _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, w3));
-        unsigned short r = (unsigned short)~_mm_movemask_epi8(x);
-        if (r != 0) {   // some of characters may be non-whitespace
-#ifdef _MSC_VER         // Find the index of first non-whitespace
-            unsigned long offset;
-            _BitScanForward(&offset, r);
-            return p + offset;
-#else
-            return p + __builtin_ffs(r) - 1;
-#endif
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_SSE2
-
-#ifdef RAPIDJSON_SIMD
-//! Template function specialization for InsituStringStream
-template<> inline void SkipWhitespace(InsituStringStream& is) { 
-    is.src_ = const_cast<char*>(SkipWhitespace_SIMD(is.src_));
-}
-
-//! Template function specialization for StringStream
-template<> inline void SkipWhitespace(StringStream& is) {
-    is.src_ = SkipWhitespace_SIMD(is.src_);
-}
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_SIMD
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// GenericReader
-
-//! SAX-style JSON parser. Use \ref Reader for UTF8 encoding and default allocator.
-/*! GenericReader parses JSON text from a stream, and send events synchronously to an 
-    object implementing Handler concept.
-
-    It needs to allocate a stack for storing a single decoded string during 
-    non-destructive parsing.
-
-    For in-situ parsing, the decoded string is directly written to the source 
-    text string, no temporary buffer is required.
-
-    A GenericReader object can be reused for parsing multiple JSON text.
-    
-    \tparam SourceEncoding Encoding of the input stream.
-    \tparam TargetEncoding Encoding of the parse output.
-    \tparam StackAllocator Allocator type for stack.
-*/
-template <typename SourceEncoding, typename TargetEncoding, typename StackAllocator = CrtAllocator>
-class GenericReader {
-public:
-    typedef typename SourceEncoding::Ch Ch; //!< SourceEncoding character type
-
-    //! Constructor.
-    /*! \param stackAllocator Optional allocator for allocating stack memory. (Only use for non-destructive parsing)
-        \param stackCapacity stack capacity in bytes for storing a single decoded string.  (Only use for non-destructive parsing)
-    */
-    GenericReader(StackAllocator* stackAllocator = 0, size_t stackCapacity = kDefaultStackCapacity) : stack_(stackAllocator, stackCapacity), parseResult_() {}
-
-    //! Parse JSON text.
-    /*! \tparam parseFlags Combination of \ref ParseFlag.
-        \tparam InputStream Type of input stream, implementing Stream concept.
-        \tparam Handler Type of handler, implementing Handler concept.
-        \param is Input stream to be parsed.
-        \param handler The handler to receive events.
-        \return Whether the parsing is successful.
-    */
-    template <unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
-    ParseResult Parse(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
-        if (parseFlags & kParseIterativeFlag)
-            return IterativeParse<parseFlags>(is, handler);
-
-        parseResult_.Clear();
-
-        ClearStackOnExit scope(*this);
-
-        SkipWhitespace(is);
-
-        if (is.Peek() == '\0') {
-            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(kParseErrorDocumentEmpty, is.Tell());
-            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN(parseResult_);
-        }
-        else {
-            ParseValue<parseFlags>(is, handler);
-            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN(parseResult_);
-
-            if (!(parseFlags & kParseStopWhenDoneFlag)) {
-                SkipWhitespace(is);
-
-                if (is.Peek() != '\0') {
-                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(kParseErrorDocumentRootNotSingular, is.Tell());
-                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN(parseResult_);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        return parseResult_;
-    }
-
-    //! Parse JSON text (with \ref kParseDefaultFlags)
-    /*! \tparam InputStream Type of input stream, implementing Stream concept
-        \tparam Handler Type of handler, implementing Handler concept.
-        \param is Input stream to be parsed.
-        \param handler The handler to receive events.
-        \return Whether the parsing is successful.
-    */
-    template <typename InputStream, typename Handler>
-    ParseResult Parse(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
-        return Parse<kParseDefaultFlags>(is, handler);
-    }
-
-    //! Whether a parse error has occured in the last parsing.
-    bool HasParseError() const { return parseResult_.IsError(); }
-    
-    //! Get the \ref ParseErrorCode of last parsing.
-    ParseErrorCode GetParseErrorCode() const { return parseResult_.Code(); }
-
-    //! Get the position of last parsing error in input, 0 otherwise.
-    size_t GetErrorOffset() const { return parseResult_.Offset(); }
-
-protected:
-    void SetParseError(ParseErrorCode code, size_t offset) { parseResult_.Set(code, offset); }
-
-private:
-    // Prohibit copy constructor & assignment operator.
-    GenericReader(const GenericReader&);
-    GenericReader& operator=(const GenericReader&);
-
-    void ClearStack() { stack_.Clear(); }
-
-    // clear stack on any exit from ParseStream, e.g. due to exception
-    struct ClearStackOnExit {
-        explicit ClearStackOnExit(GenericReader& r) : r_(r) {}
-        ~ClearStackOnExit() { r_.ClearStack(); }
-    private:
-        GenericReader& r_;
-        ClearStackOnExit(const ClearStackOnExit&);
-        ClearStackOnExit& operator=(const ClearStackOnExit&);
-    };
-
-    // Parse object: { string : value, ... }
-    template<unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
-    void ParseObject(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(is.Peek() == '{');
-        is.Take();  // Skip '{'
-        
-        if (!handler.StartObject())
-            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
-
-        SkipWhitespace(is);
-
-        if (is.Peek() == '}') {
-            is.Take();
-            if (!handler.EndObject(0))  // empty object
-                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
-            return;
-        }
-
-        for (SizeType memberCount = 0;;) {
-            if (is.Peek() != '"')
-                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorObjectMissName, is.Tell());
-
-            ParseString<parseFlags>(is, handler, true);
-            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
-
-            SkipWhitespace(is);
-
-            if (is.Take() != ':')
-                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorObjectMissColon, is.Tell());
-
-            SkipWhitespace(is);
-
-            ParseValue<parseFlags>(is, handler);
-            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
-
-            SkipWhitespace(is);
-
-            ++memberCount;
-
-            switch (is.Take()) {
-                case ',': SkipWhitespace(is); break;
-                case '}': 
-                    if (!handler.EndObject(memberCount))
-                        RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
-                    return;
-                default:  RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorObjectMissCommaOrCurlyBracket, is.Tell());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Parse array: [ value, ... ]
-    template<unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
-    void ParseArray(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(is.Peek() == '[');
-        is.Take();  // Skip '['
-        
-        if (!handler.StartArray())
-            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
-        
-        SkipWhitespace(is);
-
-        if (is.Peek() == ']') {
-            is.Take();
-            if (!handler.EndArray(0)) // empty array
-                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
-            return;
-        }
-
-        for (SizeType elementCount = 0;;) {
-            ParseValue<parseFlags>(is, handler);
-            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
-
-            ++elementCount;
-            SkipWhitespace(is);
-
-            switch (is.Take()) {
-                case ',': SkipWhitespace(is); break;
-                case ']': 
-                    if (!handler.EndArray(elementCount))
-                        RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
-                    return;
-                default:  RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorArrayMissCommaOrSquareBracket, is.Tell());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    template<unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
-    void ParseNull(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(is.Peek() == 'n');
-        is.Take();
-
-        if (is.Take() == 'u' && is.Take() == 'l' && is.Take() == 'l') {
-            if (!handler.Null())
-                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
-        }
-        else
-            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorValueInvalid, is.Tell() - 1);
-    }
-
-    template<unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
-    void ParseTrue(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(is.Peek() == 't');
-        is.Take();
-
-        if (is.Take() == 'r' && is.Take() == 'u' && is.Take() == 'e') {
-            if (!handler.Bool(true))
-                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
-        }
-        else
-            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorValueInvalid, is.Tell() - 1);
-    }
-
-    template<unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
-    void ParseFalse(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(is.Peek() == 'f');
-        is.Take();
-
-        if (is.Take() == 'a' && is.Take() == 'l' && is.Take() == 's' && is.Take() == 'e') {
-            if (!handler.Bool(false))
-                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
-        }
-        else
-            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorValueInvalid, is.Tell() - 1);
-    }
-
-    // Helper function to parse four hexidecimal digits in \uXXXX in ParseString().
-    template<typename InputStream>
-    unsigned ParseHex4(InputStream& is) {
-        unsigned codepoint = 0;
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-            Ch c = is.Take();
-            codepoint <<= 4;
-            codepoint += static_cast<unsigned>(c);
-            if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
-                codepoint -= '0';
-            else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F')
-                codepoint -= 'A' - 10;
-            else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f')
-                codepoint -= 'a' - 10;
-            else {
-                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(kParseErrorStringUnicodeEscapeInvalidHex, is.Tell() - 1);
-                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN(0);
-            }
-        }
-        return codepoint;
-    }
-
-    template <typename CharType>
-    class StackStream {
-    public:
-        typedef CharType Ch;
-
-        StackStream(internal::Stack<StackAllocator>& stack) : stack_(stack), length_(0) {}
-        RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE void Put(Ch c) {
-            *stack_.template Push<Ch>() = c;
-            ++length_;
-        }
-        size_t Length() const { return length_; }
-        Ch* Pop() {
-            return stack_.template Pop<Ch>(length_);
-        }
-
-    private:
-        StackStream(const StackStream&);
-        StackStream& operator=(const StackStream&);
-
-        internal::Stack<StackAllocator>& stack_;
-        SizeType length_;
-    };
-
-    // Parse string and generate String event. Different code paths for kParseInsituFlag.
-    template<unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
-    void ParseString(InputStream& is, Handler& handler, bool isKey = false) {
-        internal::StreamLocalCopy<InputStream> copy(is);
-        InputStream& s(copy.s);
-
-        bool success = false;
-        if (parseFlags & kParseInsituFlag) {
-            typename InputStream::Ch *head = s.PutBegin();
-            ParseStringToStream<parseFlags, SourceEncoding, SourceEncoding>(s, s);
-            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
-            size_t length = s.PutEnd(head) - 1;
-            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(length <= 0xFFFFFFFF);
-            const typename TargetEncoding::Ch* const str = (typename TargetEncoding::Ch*)head;
-            success = (isKey ? handler.Key(str, SizeType(length), false) : handler.String(str, SizeType(length), false));
-        }
-        else {
-            StackStream<typename TargetEncoding::Ch> stackStream(stack_);
-            ParseStringToStream<parseFlags, SourceEncoding, TargetEncoding>(s, stackStream);
-            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
-            SizeType length = static_cast<SizeType>(stackStream.Length()) - 1;
-            const typename TargetEncoding::Ch* const str = stackStream.Pop();
-            success = (isKey ? handler.Key(str, length, true) : handler.String(str, length, true));
-        }
-        if (!success)
-            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, s.Tell());
-    }
-
-    // Parse string to an output is
-    // This function handles the prefix/suffix double quotes, escaping, and optional encoding validation.
-    template<unsigned parseFlags, typename SEncoding, typename TEncoding, typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
-    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE void ParseStringToStream(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
-//!@cond RAPIDJSON_HIDDEN_FROM_DOXYGEN
-#define Z16 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
-        static const char escape[256] = {
-            Z16, Z16, 0, 0,'\"', 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,'/', 
-            Z16, Z16, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,'\\', 0, 0, 0, 
-            0, 0,'\b', 0, 0, 0,'\f', 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,'\n', 0, 
-            0, 0,'\r', 0,'\t', 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 
-            Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16
-        };
-#undef Z16
-//!@endcond
-
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(is.Peek() == '\"');
-        is.Take();  // Skip '\"'
-
-        for (;;) {
-            Ch c = is.Peek();
-            if (c == '\\') {    // Escape
-                is.Take();
-                Ch e = is.Take();
-                if ((sizeof(Ch) == 1 || unsigned(e) < 256) && escape[(unsigned char)e]) {
-                    os.Put(escape[(unsigned char)e]);
-                }
-                else if (e == 'u') {    // Unicode
-                    unsigned codepoint = ParseHex4(is);
-                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
-                    if (codepoint >= 0xD800 && codepoint <= 0xDBFF) {
-                        // Handle UTF-16 surrogate pair
-                        if (is.Take() != '\\' || is.Take() != 'u')
-                            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorStringUnicodeSurrogateInvalid, is.Tell() - 2);
-                        unsigned codepoint2 = ParseHex4(is);
-                        RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
-                        if (codepoint2 < 0xDC00 || codepoint2 > 0xDFFF)
-                            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorStringUnicodeSurrogateInvalid, is.Tell() - 2);
-                        codepoint = (((codepoint - 0xD800) << 10) | (codepoint2 - 0xDC00)) + 0x10000;
-                    }
-                    TEncoding::Encode(os, codepoint);
-                }
-                else
-                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorStringEscapeInvalid, is.Tell() - 1);
-            }
-            else if (c == '"') {    // Closing double quote
-                is.Take();
-                os.Put('\0');   // null-terminate the string
-                return;
-            }
-            else if (c == '\0')
-                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorStringMissQuotationMark, is.Tell() - 1);
-            else if ((unsigned)c < 0x20) // RFC 4627: unescaped = %x20-21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-10FFFF
-                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorStringEscapeInvalid, is.Tell() - 1);
-            else {
-                if (parseFlags & kParseValidateEncodingFlag ? 
-                    !Transcoder<SEncoding, TEncoding>::Validate(is, os) : 
-                    !Transcoder<SEncoding, TEncoding>::Transcode(is, os))
-                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorStringInvalidEncoding, is.Tell());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    template<typename InputStream, bool backup>
-    class NumberStream;
-
-    template<typename InputStream>
-    class NumberStream<InputStream, false> {
-    public:
-        NumberStream(GenericReader& reader, InputStream& s) : is(s) { (void)reader;  }
-        ~NumberStream() {}
-
-        RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE Ch Peek() const { return is.Peek(); }
-        RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE Ch TakePush() { return is.Take(); }
-        RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE Ch Take() { return is.Take(); }
-        size_t Tell() { return is.Tell(); }
-        size_t Length() { return 0; }
-        const char* Pop() { return 0; }
-
-    protected:
-        NumberStream& operator=(const NumberStream&);
-
-        InputStream& is;
-    };
-
-    template<typename InputStream>
-    class NumberStream<InputStream, true> : public NumberStream<InputStream, false> {
-        typedef NumberStream<InputStream, false> Base;
-    public:
-        NumberStream(GenericReader& reader, InputStream& is) : NumberStream<InputStream, false>(reader, is), stackStream(reader.stack_) {}
-        ~NumberStream() {}
-
-        RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE Ch TakePush() {
-            stackStream.Put((char)Base::is.Peek());
-            return Base::is.Take();
-        }
-
-        size_t Length() { return stackStream.Length(); }
-
-        const char* Pop() {
-            stackStream.Put('\0');
-            return stackStream.Pop();
-        }
-
-    private:
-        StackStream<char> stackStream;
-    };
-
-    template<unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
-    void ParseNumber(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
-        internal::StreamLocalCopy<InputStream> copy(is);
-        NumberStream<InputStream, (parseFlags & kParseFullPrecisionFlag) != 0> s(*this, copy.s);
-
-        // Parse minus
-        bool minus = false;
-        if (s.Peek() == '-') {
-            minus = true;
-            s.Take();
-        }
-
-        // Parse int: zero / ( digit1-9 *DIGIT )
-        unsigned i = 0;
-        uint64_t i64 = 0;
-        bool use64bit = false;
-        int significandDigit = 0;
-        if (s.Peek() == '0') {
-            i = 0;
-            s.TakePush();
-        }
-        else if (s.Peek() >= '1' && s.Peek() <= '9') {
-            i = static_cast<unsigned>(s.TakePush() - '0');
-
-            if (minus)
-                while (s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9') {
-                    if (i >= 214748364) { // 2^31 = 2147483648
-                        if (i != 214748364 || s.Peek() > '8') {
-                            i64 = i;
-                            use64bit = true;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    i = i * 10 + static_cast<unsigned>(s.TakePush() - '0');
-                    significandDigit++;
-                }
-            else
-                while (s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9') {
-                    if (i >= 429496729) { // 2^32 - 1 = 4294967295
-                        if (i != 429496729 || s.Peek() > '5') {
-                            i64 = i;
-                            use64bit = true;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    i = i * 10 + static_cast<unsigned>(s.TakePush() - '0');
-                    significandDigit++;
-                }
-        }
-        else
-            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorValueInvalid, s.Tell());
-
-        // Parse 64bit int
-        bool useDouble = false;
-        double d = 0.0;
-        if (use64bit) {
-            if (minus) 
-                while (s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9') {                    
-                     if (i64 >= RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0x0CCCCCCC, 0xCCCCCCCC)) // 2^63 = 9223372036854775808
-                        if (i64 != RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0x0CCCCCCC, 0xCCCCCCCC) || s.Peek() > '8') {
-                            d = i64;
-                            useDouble = true;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    i64 = i64 * 10 + static_cast<unsigned>(s.TakePush() - '0');
-                    significandDigit++;
-                }
-            else
-                while (s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9') {                    
-                    if (i64 >= RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0x19999999, 0x99999999)) // 2^64 - 1 = 18446744073709551615
-                        if (i64 != RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0x19999999, 0x99999999) || s.Peek() > '5') {
-                            d = i64;
-                            useDouble = true;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    i64 = i64 * 10 + static_cast<unsigned>(s.TakePush() - '0');
-                    significandDigit++;
-                }
-        }
-
-        // Force double for big integer
-        if (useDouble) {
-            while (s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9') {
-                if (d >= 1.7976931348623157e307) // DBL_MAX / 10.0
-                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorNumberTooBig, s.Tell());
-                d = d * 10 + (s.TakePush() - '0');
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Parse frac = decimal-point 1*DIGIT
-        int expFrac = 0;
-        size_t decimalPosition;
-        if (s.Peek() == '.') {
-            s.Take();
-            decimalPosition = s.Length();
-
-            if (!(s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9'))
-                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorNumberMissFraction, s.Tell());
-
-            if (!useDouble) {
-#if RAPIDJSON_64BIT
-                // Use i64 to store significand in 64-bit architecture
-                if (!use64bit)
-                    i64 = i;
-        
-                while (s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9') {
-                    if (i64 > RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0x1FFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFF)) // 2^53 - 1 for fast path
-                        break;
-                    else {
-                        i64 = i64 * 10 + static_cast<unsigned>(s.TakePush() - '0');
-                        --expFrac;
-                        if (i64 != 0)
-                            significandDigit++;
-                    }
-                }
-
-                d = (double)i64;
-#else
-                // Use double to store significand in 32-bit architecture
-                d = use64bit ? (double)i64 : (double)i;
-#endif
-                useDouble = true;
-            }
-
-            while (s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9') {
-                if (significandDigit < 17) {
-                    d = d * 10.0 + (s.TakePush() - '0');
-                    --expFrac;
-                    if (d > 0.0)
-                        significandDigit++;
-                }
-                else
-                    s.TakePush();
-            }
-        }
-        else
-            decimalPosition = s.Length(); // decimal position at the end of integer.
-
-        // Parse exp = e [ minus / plus ] 1*DIGIT
-        int exp = 0;
-        if (s.Peek() == 'e' || s.Peek() == 'E') {
-            if (!useDouble) {
-                d = use64bit ? i64 : i;
-                useDouble = true;
-            }
-            s.Take();
-
-            bool expMinus = false;
-            if (s.Peek() == '+')
-                s.Take();
-            else if (s.Peek() == '-') {
-                s.Take();
-                expMinus = true;
-            }
-
-            if (s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9') {
-                exp = s.Take() - '0';
-                if (expMinus) {
-                    while (s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9') {
-                        exp = exp * 10 + (s.Take() - '0');
-                        if (exp >= 214748364) {                         // Issue #313: prevent overflow exponent
-                            while (s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9')  // Consume the rest of exponent
-                                s.Take();
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                else {  // positive exp
-                    int maxExp = 308 - expFrac;
-                    while (s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9') {
-                        exp = exp * 10 + (s.Take() - '0');
-                        if (exp > maxExp)
-                            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorNumberTooBig, s.Tell());
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            else
-                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorNumberMissExponent, s.Tell());
-
-            if (expMinus)
-                exp = -exp;
-        }
-
-        // Finish parsing, call event according to the type of number.
-        bool cont = true;
-        size_t length = s.Length();
-        const char* decimal = s.Pop();  // Pop stack no matter if it will be used or not.
-
-        if (useDouble) {
-            int p = exp + expFrac;
-            if (parseFlags & kParseFullPrecisionFlag)
-                d = internal::StrtodFullPrecision(d, p, decimal, length, decimalPosition, exp);
-            else
-                d = internal::StrtodNormalPrecision(d, p);
-
-            cont = handler.Double(minus ? -d : d);
-        }
-        else {
-            if (use64bit) {
-                if (minus)
-                    cont = handler.Int64(static_cast<int64_t>(~i64 + 1));
-                else
-                    cont = handler.Uint64(i64);
-            }
-            else {
-                if (minus)
-                    cont = handler.Int(static_cast<int32_t>(~i + 1));
-                else
-                    cont = handler.Uint(i);
-            }
-        }
-        if (!cont)
-            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, s.Tell());
-    }
-
-    // Parse any JSON value
-    template<unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
-    void ParseValue(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
-        switch (is.Peek()) {
-            case 'n': ParseNull  <parseFlags>(is, handler); break;
-            case 't': ParseTrue  <parseFlags>(is, handler); break;
-            case 'f': ParseFalse <parseFlags>(is, handler); break;
-            case '"': ParseString<parseFlags>(is, handler); break;
-            case '{': ParseObject<parseFlags>(is, handler); break;
-            case '[': ParseArray <parseFlags>(is, handler); break;
-            default : ParseNumber<parseFlags>(is, handler);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Iterative Parsing
-
-    // States
-    enum IterativeParsingState {
-        IterativeParsingStartState = 0,
-        IterativeParsingFinishState,
-        IterativeParsingErrorState,
-
-        // Object states
-        IterativeParsingObjectInitialState,
-        IterativeParsingMemberKeyState,
-        IterativeParsingKeyValueDelimiterState,
-        IterativeParsingMemberValueState,
-        IterativeParsingMemberDelimiterState,
-        IterativeParsingObjectFinishState,
-
-        // Array states
-        IterativeParsingArrayInitialState,
-        IterativeParsingElementState,
-        IterativeParsingElementDelimiterState,
-        IterativeParsingArrayFinishState,
-
-        // Single value state
-        IterativeParsingValueState,
-
-        cIterativeParsingStateCount
-    };
-
-    // Tokens
-    enum Token {
-        LeftBracketToken = 0,
-        RightBracketToken,
-
-        LeftCurlyBracketToken,
-        RightCurlyBracketToken,
-
-        CommaToken,
-        ColonToken,
-
-        StringToken,
-        FalseToken,
-        TrueToken,
-        NullToken,
-        NumberToken,
-
-        kTokenCount
-    };
-
-    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE Token Tokenize(Ch c) {
-
-//!@cond RAPIDJSON_HIDDEN_FROM_DOXYGEN
-#define N NumberToken
-#define N16 N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N
-        // Maps from ASCII to Token
-        static const unsigned char tokenMap[256] = {
-            N16, // 00~0F
-            N16, // 10~1F
-            N, N, StringToken, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, CommaToken, N, N, N, // 20~2F
-            N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, ColonToken, N, N, N, N, N, // 30~3F
-            N16, // 40~4F
-            N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, LeftBracketToken, N, RightBracketToken, N, N, // 50~5F
-            N, N, N, N, N, N, FalseToken, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, NullToken, N, // 60~6F
-            N, N, N, N, TrueToken, N, N, N, N, N, N, LeftCurlyBracketToken, N, RightCurlyBracketToken, N, N, // 70~7F
-            N16, N16, N16, N16, N16, N16, N16, N16 // 80~FF
-        };
-#undef N
-#undef N16
-//!@endcond
-        
-        if (sizeof(Ch) == 1 || unsigned(c) < 256)
-            return (Token)tokenMap[(unsigned char)c];
-        else
-            return NumberToken;
-    }
-
-    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE IterativeParsingState Predict(IterativeParsingState state, Token token) {
-        // current state x one lookahead token -> new state
-        static const char G[cIterativeParsingStateCount][kTokenCount] = {
-            // Start
-            {
-                IterativeParsingArrayInitialState,  // Left bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Right bracket
-                IterativeParsingObjectInitialState, // Left curly bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Right curly bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Comma
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Colon
-                IterativeParsingValueState,         // String
-                IterativeParsingValueState,         // False
-                IterativeParsingValueState,         // True
-                IterativeParsingValueState,         // Null
-                IterativeParsingValueState          // Number
-            },
-            // Finish(sink state)
-            {
-                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
-                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
-                IterativeParsingErrorState
-            },
-            // Error(sink state)
-            {
-                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
-                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
-                IterativeParsingErrorState
-            },
-            // ObjectInitial
-            {
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Left bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Right bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Left curly bracket
-                IterativeParsingObjectFinishState,  // Right curly bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Comma
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Colon
-                IterativeParsingMemberKeyState,     // String
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // False
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // True
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Null
-                IterativeParsingErrorState          // Number
-            },
-            // MemberKey
-            {
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Left bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Right bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Left curly bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Right curly bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Comma
-                IterativeParsingKeyValueDelimiterState, // Colon
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // String
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // False
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // True
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Null
-                IterativeParsingErrorState              // Number
-            },
-            // KeyValueDelimiter
-            {
-                IterativeParsingArrayInitialState,      // Left bracket(push MemberValue state)
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Right bracket
-                IterativeParsingObjectInitialState,     // Left curly bracket(push MemberValue state)
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Right curly bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Comma
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Colon
-                IterativeParsingMemberValueState,       // String
-                IterativeParsingMemberValueState,       // False
-                IterativeParsingMemberValueState,       // True
-                IterativeParsingMemberValueState,       // Null
-                IterativeParsingMemberValueState        // Number
-            },
-            // MemberValue
-            {
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Left bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Right bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Left curly bracket
-                IterativeParsingObjectFinishState,      // Right curly bracket
-                IterativeParsingMemberDelimiterState,   // Comma
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Colon
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // String
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // False
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // True
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Null
-                IterativeParsingErrorState              // Number
-            },
-            // MemberDelimiter
-            {
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Left bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Right bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Left curly bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Right curly bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Comma
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Colon
-                IterativeParsingMemberKeyState,     // String
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // False
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // True
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Null
-                IterativeParsingErrorState          // Number
-            },
-            // ObjectFinish(sink state)
-            {
-                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
-                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
-                IterativeParsingErrorState
-            },
-            // ArrayInitial
-            {
-                IterativeParsingArrayInitialState,      // Left bracket(push Element state)
-                IterativeParsingArrayFinishState,       // Right bracket
-                IterativeParsingObjectInitialState,     // Left curly bracket(push Element state)
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Right curly bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Comma
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Colon
-                IterativeParsingElementState,           // String
-                IterativeParsingElementState,           // False
-                IterativeParsingElementState,           // True
-                IterativeParsingElementState,           // Null
-                IterativeParsingElementState            // Number
-            },
-            // Element
-            {
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Left bracket
-                IterativeParsingArrayFinishState,       // Right bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Left curly bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Right curly bracket
-                IterativeParsingElementDelimiterState,  // Comma
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Colon
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // String
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // False
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // True
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Null
-                IterativeParsingErrorState              // Number
-            },
-            // ElementDelimiter
-            {
-                IterativeParsingArrayInitialState,      // Left bracket(push Element state)
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Right bracket
-                IterativeParsingObjectInitialState,     // Left curly bracket(push Element state)
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Right curly bracket
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Comma
-                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Colon
-                IterativeParsingElementState,           // String
-                IterativeParsingElementState,           // False
-                IterativeParsingElementState,           // True
-                IterativeParsingElementState,           // Null
-                IterativeParsingElementState            // Number
-            },
-            // ArrayFinish(sink state)
-            {
-                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
-                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
-                IterativeParsingErrorState
-            },
-            // Single Value (sink state)
-            {
-                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
-                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
-                IterativeParsingErrorState
-            }
-        }; // End of G
-
-        return (IterativeParsingState)G[state][token];
-    }
-
-    // Make an advance in the token stream and state based on the candidate destination state which was returned by Transit().
-    // May return a new state on state pop.
-    template <unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
-    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE IterativeParsingState Transit(IterativeParsingState src, Token token, IterativeParsingState dst, InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
-        (void)token;
-
-        switch (dst) {
-        case IterativeParsingErrorState:
-            return dst;
-
-        case IterativeParsingObjectInitialState:
-        case IterativeParsingArrayInitialState:
-        {
-            // Push the state(Element or MemeberValue) if we are nested in another array or value of member.
-            // In this way we can get the correct state on ObjectFinish or ArrayFinish by frame pop.
-            IterativeParsingState n = src;
-            if (src == IterativeParsingArrayInitialState || src == IterativeParsingElementDelimiterState)
-                n = IterativeParsingElementState;
-            else if (src == IterativeParsingKeyValueDelimiterState)
-                n = IterativeParsingMemberValueState;
-            // Push current state.
-            *stack_.template Push<SizeType>(1) = n;
-            // Initialize and push the member/element count.
-            *stack_.template Push<SizeType>(1) = 0;
-            // Call handler
-            bool hr = (dst == IterativeParsingObjectInitialState) ? handler.StartObject() : handler.StartArray();
-            // On handler short circuits the parsing.
-            if (!hr) {
-                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
-                return IterativeParsingErrorState;
-            }
-            else {
-                is.Take();
-                return dst;
-            }
-        }
-
-        case IterativeParsingMemberKeyState:
-            ParseString<parseFlags>(is, handler, true);
-            if (HasParseError())
-                return IterativeParsingErrorState;
-            else
-                return dst;
-
-        case IterativeParsingKeyValueDelimiterState:
-            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(token == ColonToken);
-            is.Take();
-            return dst;
-
-        case IterativeParsingMemberValueState:
-            // Must be non-compound value. Or it would be ObjectInitial or ArrayInitial state.
-            ParseValue<parseFlags>(is, handler);
-            if (HasParseError()) {
-                return IterativeParsingErrorState;
-            }
-            return dst;
-
-        case IterativeParsingElementState:
-            // Must be non-compound value. Or it would be ObjectInitial or ArrayInitial state.
-            ParseValue<parseFlags>(is, handler);
-            if (HasParseError()) {
-                return IterativeParsingErrorState;
-            }
-            return dst;
-
-        case IterativeParsingMemberDelimiterState:
-        case IterativeParsingElementDelimiterState:
-            is.Take();
-            // Update member/element count.
-            *stack_.template Top<SizeType>() = *stack_.template Top<SizeType>() + 1;
-            return dst;
-
-        case IterativeParsingObjectFinishState:
-        {
-            // Get member count.
-            SizeType c = *stack_.template Pop<SizeType>(1);
-            // If the object is not empty, count the last member.
-            if (src == IterativeParsingMemberValueState)
-                ++c;
-            // Restore the state.
-            IterativeParsingState n = static_cast<IterativeParsingState>(*stack_.template Pop<SizeType>(1));
-            // Transit to Finish state if this is the topmost scope.
-            if (n == IterativeParsingStartState)
-                n = IterativeParsingFinishState;
-            // Call handler
-            bool hr = handler.EndObject(c);
-            // On handler short circuits the parsing.
-            if (!hr) {
-                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
-                return IterativeParsingErrorState;
-            }
-            else {
-                is.Take();
-                return n;
-            }
-        }
-
-        case IterativeParsingArrayFinishState:
-        {
-            // Get element count.
-            SizeType c = *stack_.template Pop<SizeType>(1);
-            // If the array is not empty, count the last element.
-            if (src == IterativeParsingElementState)
-                ++c;
-            // Restore the state.
-            IterativeParsingState n = static_cast<IterativeParsingState>(*stack_.template Pop<SizeType>(1));
-            // Transit to Finish state if this is the topmost scope.
-            if (n == IterativeParsingStartState)
-                n = IterativeParsingFinishState;
-            // Call handler
-            bool hr = handler.EndArray(c);
-            // On handler short circuits the parsing.
-            if (!hr) {
-                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
-                return IterativeParsingErrorState;
-            }
-            else {
-                is.Take();
-                return n;
-            }
-        }
-
-        default:
-            // This branch is for IterativeParsingValueState actually.
-            // Use `default:` rather than
-            // `case IterativeParsingValueState:` is for code coverage.
-
-            // The IterativeParsingStartState is not enumerated in this switch-case.
-            // It is impossible for that case. And it can be caught by following assertion.
-
-            // The IterativeParsingFinishState is not enumerated in this switch-case either.
-            // It is a "derivative" state which cannot triggered from Predict() directly.
-            // Therefore it cannot happen here. And it can be caught by following assertion.
-            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(dst == IterativeParsingValueState);
-
-            // Must be non-compound value. Or it would be ObjectInitial or ArrayInitial state.
-            ParseValue<parseFlags>(is, handler);
-            if (HasParseError()) {
-                return IterativeParsingErrorState;
-            }
-            return IterativeParsingFinishState;
-        }
-    }
-
-    template <typename InputStream>
-    void HandleError(IterativeParsingState src, InputStream& is) {
-        if (HasParseError()) {
-            // Error flag has been set.
-            return;
-        }
-        
-        switch (src) {
-        case IterativeParsingStartState:            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorDocumentEmpty, is.Tell()); return;
-        case IterativeParsingFinishState:           RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorDocumentRootNotSingular, is.Tell()); return;
-        case IterativeParsingObjectInitialState:
-        case IterativeParsingMemberDelimiterState:  RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorObjectMissName, is.Tell()); return;
-        case IterativeParsingMemberKeyState:        RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorObjectMissColon, is.Tell()); return;
-        case IterativeParsingMemberValueState:      RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorObjectMissCommaOrCurlyBracket, is.Tell()); return;
-        case IterativeParsingElementState:          RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorArrayMissCommaOrSquareBracket, is.Tell()); return;
-        default:                                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorUnspecificSyntaxError, is.Tell());
-        }       
-    }
-
-    template <unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
-    ParseResult IterativeParse(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
-        parseResult_.Clear();
-        ClearStackOnExit scope(*this);
-        IterativeParsingState state = IterativeParsingStartState;
-
-        SkipWhitespace(is);
-        while (is.Peek() != '\0') {
-            Token t = Tokenize(is.Peek());
-            IterativeParsingState n = Predict(state, t);
-            IterativeParsingState d = Transit<parseFlags>(state, t, n, is, handler);
-
-            if (d == IterativeParsingErrorState) {
-                HandleError(state, is);
-                break;
-            }
-
-            state = d;
-
-            // Do not further consume streams if a root JSON has been parsed.
-            if ((parseFlags & kParseStopWhenDoneFlag) && state == IterativeParsingFinishState)
-                break;
-
-            SkipWhitespace(is);
-        }
-
-        // Handle the end of file.
-        if (state != IterativeParsingFinishState)
-            HandleError(state, is);
-
-        return parseResult_;
-    }
-
-    static const size_t kDefaultStackCapacity = 256;    //!< Default stack capacity in bytes for storing a single decoded string.
-    internal::Stack<StackAllocator> stack_;  //!< A stack for storing decoded string temporarily during non-destructive parsing.
-    ParseResult parseResult_;
-}; // class GenericReader
-
-//! Reader with UTF8 encoding and default allocator.
-typedef GenericReader<UTF8<>, UTF8<> > Reader;
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
-#endif
-
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
-#endif
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_READER_H_
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_READER_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_READER_H_
+
+/*! \file reader.h */
+
+#include "allocators.h"
+#include "stream.h"
+#include "encodedstream.h"
+#include "internal/meta.h"
+#include "internal/stack.h"
+#include "internal/strtod.h"
+#include <limits>
+
+#if defined(RAPIDJSON_SIMD) && defined(_MSC_VER)
+#include <intrin.h>
+#pragma intrinsic(_BitScanForward)
+#endif
+#ifdef RAPIDJSON_SSE42
+#include <nmmintrin.h>
+#elif defined(RAPIDJSON_SSE2)
+#include <emmintrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(4127)  // conditional expression is constant
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(4702)  // unreachable code
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(old-style-cast)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(padded)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(switch-enum)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(effc++)
+#endif
+
+//!@cond RAPIDJSON_HIDDEN_FROM_DOXYGEN
+#define RAPIDJSON_NOTHING /* deliberately empty */
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN
+#define RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN(value) \
+    RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_BEGIN \
+    if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(HasParseError())) { return value; } \
+    RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_END
+#endif
+#define RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID \
+    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN(RAPIDJSON_NOTHING)
+//!@endcond
+
+/*! \def RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN
+    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_ERRORS
+    \brief Macro to indicate a parse error.
+    \param parseErrorCode \ref rapidjson::ParseErrorCode of the error
+    \param offset  position of the error in JSON input (\c size_t)
+
+    This macros can be used as a customization point for the internal
+    error handling mechanism of RapidJSON.
+
+    A common usage model is to throw an exception instead of requiring the
+    caller to explicitly check the \ref rapidjson::GenericReader::Parse's
+    return value:
+
+    \code
+    #define RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(parseErrorCode,offset) \
+       throw ParseException(parseErrorCode, #parseErrorCode, offset)
+
+    #include <stdexcept>               // std::runtime_error
+    #include "rapidjson/error/error.h" // rapidjson::ParseResult
+
+    struct ParseException : std::runtime_error, rapidjson::ParseResult {
+      ParseException(rapidjson::ParseErrorCode code, const char* msg, size_t offset)
+        : std::runtime_error(msg), ParseResult(code, offset) {}
+    };
+
+    #include "rapidjson/reader.h"
+    \endcode
+
+    \see RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR, rapidjson::GenericReader::Parse
+ */
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN
+#define RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(parseErrorCode, offset) \
+    RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_BEGIN \
+    RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(!HasParseError()); /* Error can only be assigned once */ \
+    SetParseError(parseErrorCode, offset); \
+    RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_END
+#endif
+
+/*! \def RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR
+    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_ERRORS
+    \brief (Internal) macro to indicate and handle a parse error.
+    \param parseErrorCode \ref rapidjson::ParseErrorCode of the error
+    \param offset  position of the error in JSON input (\c size_t)
+
+    Invokes RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN and stops the parsing.
+
+    \see RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN
+    \hideinitializer
+ */
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR
+#define RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(parseErrorCode, offset) \
+    RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_BEGIN \
+    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(parseErrorCode, offset); \
+    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID; \
+    RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_END
+#endif
+
+#include "error/error.h" // ParseErrorCode, ParseResult
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// ParseFlag
+
+/*! \def RAPIDJSON_PARSE_DEFAULT_FLAGS
+    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+    \brief User-defined kParseDefaultFlags definition.
+
+    User can define this as any \c ParseFlag combinations.
+*/
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_PARSE_DEFAULT_FLAGS
+#define RAPIDJSON_PARSE_DEFAULT_FLAGS kParseNoFlags
+#endif
+
+//! Combination of parseFlags
+/*! \see Reader::Parse, Document::Parse, Document::ParseInsitu, Document::ParseStream
+ */
+enum ParseFlag {
+    kParseNoFlags = 0,              //!< No flags are set.
+    kParseInsituFlag = 1,           //!< In-situ(destructive) parsing.
+    kParseValidateEncodingFlag = 2, //!< Validate encoding of JSON strings.
+    kParseIterativeFlag = 4,        //!< Iterative(constant complexity in terms of function call stack size) parsing.
+    kParseStopWhenDoneFlag = 8,     //!< After parsing a complete JSON root from stream, stop further processing the rest of stream. When this flag is used, parser will not generate kParseErrorDocumentRootNotSingular error.
+    kParseFullPrecisionFlag = 16,   //!< Parse number in full precision (but slower).
+    kParseCommentsFlag = 32,        //!< Allow one-line (//) and multi-line (/**/) comments.
+    kParseNumbersAsStringsFlag = 64,    //!< Parse all numbers (ints/doubles) as strings.
+    kParseTrailingCommasFlag = 128, //!< Allow trailing commas at the end of objects and arrays.
+    kParseNanAndInfFlag = 256,      //!< Allow parsing NaN, Inf, Infinity, -Inf and -Infinity as doubles.
+    kParseDefaultFlags = RAPIDJSON_PARSE_DEFAULT_FLAGS  //!< Default parse flags. Can be customized by defining RAPIDJSON_PARSE_DEFAULT_FLAGS
+};
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Handler
+
+/*! \class rapidjson::Handler
+    \brief Concept for receiving events from GenericReader upon parsing.
+    The functions return true if no error occurs. If they return false,
+    the event publisher should terminate the process.
+\code
+concept Handler {
+    typename Ch;
+
+    bool Null();
+    bool Bool(bool b);
+    bool Int(int i);
+    bool Uint(unsigned i);
+    bool Int64(int64_t i);
+    bool Uint64(uint64_t i);
+    bool Double(double d);
+    /// enabled via kParseNumbersAsStringsFlag, string is not null-terminated (use length)
+    bool RawNumber(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy);
+    bool String(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy);
+    bool StartObject();
+    bool Key(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy);
+    bool EndObject(SizeType memberCount);
+    bool StartArray();
+    bool EndArray(SizeType elementCount);
+};
+\endcode
+*/
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// BaseReaderHandler
+
+//! Default implementation of Handler.
+/*! This can be used as base class of any reader handler.
+    \note implements Handler concept
+*/
+template<typename Encoding = UTF8<>, typename Derived = void>
+struct BaseReaderHandler {
+    typedef typename Encoding::Ch Ch;
+
+    typedef typename internal::SelectIf<internal::IsSame<Derived, void>, BaseReaderHandler, Derived>::Type Override;
+
+    bool Default() { return true; }
+    bool Null() { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
+    bool Bool(bool) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
+    bool Int(int) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
+    bool Uint(unsigned) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
+    bool Int64(int64_t) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
+    bool Uint64(uint64_t) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
+    bool Double(double) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
+    /// enabled via kParseNumbersAsStringsFlag, string is not null-terminated (use length)
+    bool RawNumber(const Ch* str, SizeType len, bool copy) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).String(str, len, copy); }
+    bool String(const Ch*, SizeType, bool) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
+    bool StartObject() { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
+    bool Key(const Ch* str, SizeType len, bool copy) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).String(str, len, copy); }
+    bool EndObject(SizeType) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
+    bool StartArray() { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
+    bool EndArray(SizeType) { return static_cast<Override&>(*this).Default(); }
+};
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// StreamLocalCopy
+
+namespace internal {
+
+template<typename Stream, int = StreamTraits<Stream>::copyOptimization>
+class StreamLocalCopy;
+
+//! Do copy optimization.
+template<typename Stream>
+class StreamLocalCopy<Stream, 1> {
+public:
+    StreamLocalCopy(Stream& original) : s(original), original_(original) {}
+    ~StreamLocalCopy() { original_ = s; }
+
+    Stream s;
+
+private:
+    StreamLocalCopy& operator=(const StreamLocalCopy&) /* = delete */;
+
+    Stream& original_;
+};
+
+//! Keep reference.
+template<typename Stream>
+class StreamLocalCopy<Stream, 0> {
+public:
+    StreamLocalCopy(Stream& original) : s(original) {}
+
+    Stream& s;
+
+private:
+    StreamLocalCopy& operator=(const StreamLocalCopy&) /* = delete */;
+};
+
+} // namespace internal
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// SkipWhitespace
+
+//! Skip the JSON white spaces in a stream.
+/*! \param is A input stream for skipping white spaces.
+    \note This function has SSE2/SSE4.2 specialization.
+*/
+template<typename InputStream>
+void SkipWhitespace(InputStream& is) {
+    internal::StreamLocalCopy<InputStream> copy(is);
+    InputStream& s(copy.s);
+
+    typename InputStream::Ch c;
+    while ((c = s.Peek()) == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\t')
+        s.Take();
+}
+
+inline const char* SkipWhitespace(const char* p, const char* end) {
+    while (p != end && (*p == ' ' || *p == '\n' || *p == '\r' || *p == '\t'))
+        ++p;
+    return p;
+}
+
+#ifdef RAPIDJSON_SSE42
+//! Skip whitespace with SSE 4.2 pcmpistrm instruction, testing 16 8-byte characters at once.
+inline const char *SkipWhitespace_SIMD(const char* p) {
+    // Fast return for single non-whitespace
+    if (*p == ' ' || *p == '\n' || *p == '\r' || *p == '\t')
+        ++p;
+    else
+        return p;
+
+    // 16-byte align to the next boundary
+    const char* nextAligned = reinterpret_cast<const char*>((reinterpret_cast<size_t>(p) + 15) & static_cast<size_t>(~15));
+    while (p != nextAligned)
+        if (*p == ' ' || *p == '\n' || *p == '\r' || *p == '\t')
+            ++p;
+        else
+            return p;
+
+    // The rest of string using SIMD
+    static const char whitespace[16] = " \n\r\t";
+    const __m128i w = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&whitespace[0]));
+
+    for (;; p += 16) {
+        const __m128i s = _mm_load_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(p));
+        const int r = _mm_cvtsi128_si32(_mm_cmpistrm(w, s, _SIDD_UBYTE_OPS | _SIDD_CMP_EQUAL_ANY | _SIDD_BIT_MASK | _SIDD_NEGATIVE_POLARITY));
+        if (r != 0) {   // some of characters is non-whitespace
+#ifdef _MSC_VER         // Find the index of first non-whitespace
+            unsigned long offset;
+            _BitScanForward(&offset, r);
+            return p + offset;
+#else
+            return p + __builtin_ffs(r) - 1;
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+inline const char *SkipWhitespace_SIMD(const char* p, const char* end) {
+    // Fast return for single non-whitespace
+    if (p != end && (*p == ' ' || *p == '\n' || *p == '\r' || *p == '\t'))
+        ++p;
+    else
+        return p;
+
+    // The middle of string using SIMD
+    static const char whitespace[16] = " \n\r\t";
+    const __m128i w = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&whitespace[0]));
+
+    for (; p <= end - 16; p += 16) {
+        const __m128i s = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(p));
+        const int r = _mm_cvtsi128_si32(_mm_cmpistrm(w, s, _SIDD_UBYTE_OPS | _SIDD_CMP_EQUAL_ANY | _SIDD_BIT_MASK | _SIDD_NEGATIVE_POLARITY));
+        if (r != 0) {   // some of characters is non-whitespace
+#ifdef _MSC_VER         // Find the index of first non-whitespace
+            unsigned long offset;
+            _BitScanForward(&offset, r);
+            return p + offset;
+#else
+            return p + __builtin_ffs(r) - 1;
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+
+    return SkipWhitespace(p, end);
+}
+
+#elif defined(RAPIDJSON_SSE2)
+
+//! Skip whitespace with SSE2 instructions, testing 16 8-byte characters at once.
+inline const char *SkipWhitespace_SIMD(const char* p) {
+    // Fast return for single non-whitespace
+    if (*p == ' ' || *p == '\n' || *p == '\r' || *p == '\t')
+        ++p;
+    else
+        return p;
+
+    // 16-byte align to the next boundary
+    const char* nextAligned = reinterpret_cast<const char*>((reinterpret_cast<size_t>(p) + 15) & static_cast<size_t>(~15));
+    while (p != nextAligned)
+        if (*p == ' ' || *p == '\n' || *p == '\r' || *p == '\t')
+            ++p;
+        else
+            return p;
+
+    // The rest of string
+    #define C16(c) { c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c }
+    static const char whitespaces[4][16] = { C16(' '), C16('\n'), C16('\r'), C16('\t') };
+    #undef C16
+
+    const __m128i w0 = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&whitespaces[0][0]));
+    const __m128i w1 = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&whitespaces[1][0]));
+    const __m128i w2 = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&whitespaces[2][0]));
+    const __m128i w3 = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&whitespaces[3][0]));
+
+    for (;; p += 16) {
+        const __m128i s = _mm_load_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(p));
+        __m128i x = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, w0);
+        x = _mm_or_si128(x, _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, w1));
+        x = _mm_or_si128(x, _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, w2));
+        x = _mm_or_si128(x, _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, w3));
+        unsigned short r = static_cast<unsigned short>(~_mm_movemask_epi8(x));
+        if (r != 0) {   // some of characters may be non-whitespace
+#ifdef _MSC_VER         // Find the index of first non-whitespace
+            unsigned long offset;
+            _BitScanForward(&offset, r);
+            return p + offset;
+#else
+            return p + __builtin_ffs(r) - 1;
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+inline const char *SkipWhitespace_SIMD(const char* p, const char* end) {
+    // Fast return for single non-whitespace
+    if (p != end && (*p == ' ' || *p == '\n' || *p == '\r' || *p == '\t'))
+        ++p;
+    else
+        return p;
+
+    // The rest of string
+    #define C16(c) { c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c, c }
+    static const char whitespaces[4][16] = { C16(' '), C16('\n'), C16('\r'), C16('\t') };
+    #undef C16
+
+    const __m128i w0 = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&whitespaces[0][0]));
+    const __m128i w1 = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&whitespaces[1][0]));
+    const __m128i w2 = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&whitespaces[2][0]));
+    const __m128i w3 = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&whitespaces[3][0]));
+
+    for (; p <= end - 16; p += 16) {
+        const __m128i s = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(p));
+        __m128i x = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, w0);
+        x = _mm_or_si128(x, _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, w1));
+        x = _mm_or_si128(x, _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, w2));
+        x = _mm_or_si128(x, _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, w3));
+        unsigned short r = static_cast<unsigned short>(~_mm_movemask_epi8(x));
+        if (r != 0) {   // some of characters may be non-whitespace
+#ifdef _MSC_VER         // Find the index of first non-whitespace
+            unsigned long offset;
+            _BitScanForward(&offset, r);
+            return p + offset;
+#else
+            return p + __builtin_ffs(r) - 1;
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+
+    return SkipWhitespace(p, end);
+}
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_SSE2
+
+#ifdef RAPIDJSON_SIMD
+//! Template function specialization for InsituStringStream
+template<> inline void SkipWhitespace(InsituStringStream& is) {
+    is.src_ = const_cast<char*>(SkipWhitespace_SIMD(is.src_));
+}
+
+//! Template function specialization for StringStream
+template<> inline void SkipWhitespace(StringStream& is) {
+    is.src_ = SkipWhitespace_SIMD(is.src_);
+}
+
+template<> inline void SkipWhitespace(EncodedInputStream<UTF8<>, MemoryStream>& is) {
+    is.is_.src_ = SkipWhitespace_SIMD(is.is_.src_, is.is_.end_);
+}
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_SIMD
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// GenericReader
+
+//! SAX-style JSON parser. Use \ref Reader for UTF8 encoding and default allocator.
+/*! GenericReader parses JSON text from a stream, and send events synchronously to an
+    object implementing Handler concept.
+
+    It needs to allocate a stack for storing a single decoded string during
+    non-destructive parsing.
+
+    For in-situ parsing, the decoded string is directly written to the source
+    text string, no temporary buffer is required.
+
+    A GenericReader object can be reused for parsing multiple JSON text.
+
+    \tparam SourceEncoding Encoding of the input stream.
+    \tparam TargetEncoding Encoding of the parse output.
+    \tparam StackAllocator Allocator type for stack.
+*/
+template <typename SourceEncoding, typename TargetEncoding, typename StackAllocator = CrtAllocator>
+class GenericReader {
+public:
+    typedef typename SourceEncoding::Ch Ch; //!< SourceEncoding character type
+
+    //! Constructor.
+    /*! \param stackAllocator Optional allocator for allocating stack memory. (Only use for non-destructive parsing)
+        \param stackCapacity stack capacity in bytes for storing a single decoded string.  (Only use for non-destructive parsing)
+    */
+    GenericReader(StackAllocator* stackAllocator = 0, size_t stackCapacity = kDefaultStackCapacity) : stack_(stackAllocator, stackCapacity), parseResult_() {}
+
+    //! Parse JSON text.
+    /*! \tparam parseFlags Combination of \ref ParseFlag.
+        \tparam InputStream Type of input stream, implementing Stream concept.
+        \tparam Handler Type of handler, implementing Handler concept.
+        \param is Input stream to be parsed.
+        \param handler The handler to receive events.
+        \return Whether the parsing is successful.
+    */
+    template <unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
+    ParseResult Parse(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
+        if (parseFlags & kParseIterativeFlag)
+            return IterativeParse<parseFlags>(is, handler);
+
+        parseResult_.Clear();
+
+        ClearStackOnExit scope(*this);
+
+        SkipWhitespaceAndComments<parseFlags>(is);
+        RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN(parseResult_);
+
+        if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(is.Peek() == '\0')) {
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(kParseErrorDocumentEmpty, is.Tell());
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN(parseResult_);
+        }
+        else {
+            ParseValue<parseFlags>(is, handler);
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN(parseResult_);
+
+            if (!(parseFlags & kParseStopWhenDoneFlag)) {
+                SkipWhitespaceAndComments<parseFlags>(is);
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN(parseResult_);
+
+                if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(is.Peek() != '\0')) {
+                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(kParseErrorDocumentRootNotSingular, is.Tell());
+                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN(parseResult_);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return parseResult_;
+    }
+
+    //! Parse JSON text (with \ref kParseDefaultFlags)
+    /*! \tparam InputStream Type of input stream, implementing Stream concept
+        \tparam Handler Type of handler, implementing Handler concept.
+        \param is Input stream to be parsed.
+        \param handler The handler to receive events.
+        \return Whether the parsing is successful.
+    */
+    template <typename InputStream, typename Handler>
+    ParseResult Parse(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
+        return Parse<kParseDefaultFlags>(is, handler);
+    }
+
+    //! Whether a parse error has occured in the last parsing.
+    bool HasParseError() const { return parseResult_.IsError(); }
+
+    //! Get the \ref ParseErrorCode of last parsing.
+    ParseErrorCode GetParseErrorCode() const { return parseResult_.Code(); }
+
+    //! Get the position of last parsing error in input, 0 otherwise.
+    size_t GetErrorOffset() const { return parseResult_.Offset(); }
+
+protected:
+    void SetParseError(ParseErrorCode code, size_t offset) { parseResult_.Set(code, offset); }
+
+private:
+    // Prohibit copy constructor & assignment operator.
+    GenericReader(const GenericReader&);
+    GenericReader& operator=(const GenericReader&);
+
+    void ClearStack() { stack_.Clear(); }
+
+    // clear stack on any exit from ParseStream, e.g. due to exception
+    struct ClearStackOnExit {
+        explicit ClearStackOnExit(GenericReader& r) : r_(r) {}
+        ~ClearStackOnExit() { r_.ClearStack(); }
+    private:
+        GenericReader& r_;
+        ClearStackOnExit(const ClearStackOnExit&);
+        ClearStackOnExit& operator=(const ClearStackOnExit&);
+    };
+
+    template<unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream>
+    void SkipWhitespaceAndComments(InputStream& is) {
+        SkipWhitespace(is);
+
+        if (parseFlags & kParseCommentsFlag) {
+            while (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(Consume(is, '/'))) {
+                if (Consume(is, '*')) {
+                    while (true) {
+                        if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(is.Peek() == '\0'))
+                            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorUnspecificSyntaxError, is.Tell());
+                        else if (Consume(is, '*')) {
+                            if (Consume(is, '/'))
+                                break;
+                        }
+                        else
+                            is.Take();
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(Consume(is, '/')))
+                    while (is.Peek() != '\0' && is.Take() != '\n');
+                else
+                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorUnspecificSyntaxError, is.Tell());
+
+                SkipWhitespace(is);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Parse object: { string : value, ... }
+    template<unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
+    void ParseObject(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(is.Peek() == '{');
+        is.Take();  // Skip '{'
+
+        if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!handler.StartObject()))
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
+
+        SkipWhitespaceAndComments<parseFlags>(is);
+        RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
+
+        if (Consume(is, '}')) {
+            if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!handler.EndObject(0)))  // empty object
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (SizeType memberCount = 0;;) {
+            if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(is.Peek() != '"'))
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorObjectMissName, is.Tell());
+
+            ParseString<parseFlags>(is, handler, true);
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
+
+            SkipWhitespaceAndComments<parseFlags>(is);
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
+
+            if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!Consume(is, ':')))
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorObjectMissColon, is.Tell());
+
+            SkipWhitespaceAndComments<parseFlags>(is);
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
+
+            ParseValue<parseFlags>(is, handler);
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
+
+            SkipWhitespaceAndComments<parseFlags>(is);
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
+
+            ++memberCount;
+
+            switch (is.Peek()) {
+                case ',':
+                    is.Take();
+                    SkipWhitespaceAndComments<parseFlags>(is);
+                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
+                    break;
+                case '}':
+                    is.Take();
+                    if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!handler.EndObject(memberCount)))
+                        RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
+                    return;
+                default:
+                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorObjectMissCommaOrCurlyBracket, is.Tell()); break; // This useless break is only for making warning and coverage happy
+            }
+
+            if (parseFlags & kParseTrailingCommasFlag) {
+                if (is.Peek() == '}') {
+                    if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!handler.EndObject(memberCount)))
+                        RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
+                    is.Take();
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Parse array: [ value, ... ]
+    template<unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
+    void ParseArray(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(is.Peek() == '[');
+        is.Take();  // Skip '['
+
+        if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!handler.StartArray()))
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
+
+        SkipWhitespaceAndComments<parseFlags>(is);
+        RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
+
+        if (Consume(is, ']')) {
+            if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!handler.EndArray(0))) // empty array
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (SizeType elementCount = 0;;) {
+            ParseValue<parseFlags>(is, handler);
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
+
+            ++elementCount;
+            SkipWhitespaceAndComments<parseFlags>(is);
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
+
+            if (Consume(is, ',')) {
+                SkipWhitespaceAndComments<parseFlags>(is);
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
+            }
+            else if (Consume(is, ']')) {
+                if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!handler.EndArray(elementCount)))
+                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
+                return;
+            }
+            else
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorArrayMissCommaOrSquareBracket, is.Tell());
+
+            if (parseFlags & kParseTrailingCommasFlag) {
+                if (is.Peek() == ']') {
+                    if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!handler.EndArray(elementCount)))
+                        RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
+                    is.Take();
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template<unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
+    void ParseNull(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(is.Peek() == 'n');
+        is.Take();
+
+        if (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(Consume(is, 'u') && Consume(is, 'l') && Consume(is, 'l'))) {
+            if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!handler.Null()))
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
+        }
+        else
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorValueInvalid, is.Tell());
+    }
+
+    template<unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
+    void ParseTrue(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(is.Peek() == 't');
+        is.Take();
+
+        if (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(Consume(is, 'r') && Consume(is, 'u') && Consume(is, 'e'))) {
+            if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!handler.Bool(true)))
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
+        }
+        else
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorValueInvalid, is.Tell());
+    }
+
+    template<unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
+    void ParseFalse(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(is.Peek() == 'f');
+        is.Take();
+
+        if (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(Consume(is, 'a') && Consume(is, 'l') && Consume(is, 's') && Consume(is, 'e'))) {
+            if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!handler.Bool(false)))
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
+        }
+        else
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorValueInvalid, is.Tell());
+    }
+
+    template<typename InputStream>
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static bool Consume(InputStream& is, typename InputStream::Ch expect) {
+        if (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(is.Peek() == expect)) {
+            is.Take();
+            return true;
+        }
+        else
+            return false;
+    }
+
+    // Helper function to parse four hexidecimal digits in \uXXXX in ParseString().
+    template<typename InputStream>
+    unsigned ParseHex4(InputStream& is, size_t escapeOffset) {
+        unsigned codepoint = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            Ch c = is.Peek();
+            codepoint <<= 4;
+            codepoint += static_cast<unsigned>(c);
+            if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
+                codepoint -= '0';
+            else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F')
+                codepoint -= 'A' - 10;
+            else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f')
+                codepoint -= 'a' - 10;
+            else {
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(kParseErrorStringUnicodeEscapeInvalidHex, escapeOffset);
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN(0);
+            }
+            is.Take();
+        }
+        return codepoint;
+    }
+
+    template <typename CharType>
+    class StackStream {
+    public:
+        typedef CharType Ch;
+
+        StackStream(internal::Stack<StackAllocator>& stack) : stack_(stack), length_(0) {}
+        RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE void Put(Ch c) {
+            *stack_.template Push<Ch>() = c;
+            ++length_;
+        }
+
+        RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE void* Push(SizeType count) {
+            length_ += count;
+            return stack_.template Push<Ch>(count);
+        }
+
+        size_t Length() const { return length_; }
+
+        Ch* Pop() {
+            return stack_.template Pop<Ch>(length_);
+        }
+
+    private:
+        StackStream(const StackStream&);
+        StackStream& operator=(const StackStream&);
+
+        internal::Stack<StackAllocator>& stack_;
+        SizeType length_;
+    };
+
+    // Parse string and generate String event. Different code paths for kParseInsituFlag.
+    template<unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
+    void ParseString(InputStream& is, Handler& handler, bool isKey = false) {
+        internal::StreamLocalCopy<InputStream> copy(is);
+        InputStream& s(copy.s);
+
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(s.Peek() == '\"');
+        s.Take();  // Skip '\"'
+
+        bool success = false;
+        if (parseFlags & kParseInsituFlag) {
+            typename InputStream::Ch *head = s.PutBegin();
+            ParseStringToStream<parseFlags, SourceEncoding, SourceEncoding>(s, s);
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
+            size_t length = s.PutEnd(head) - 1;
+            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(length <= 0xFFFFFFFF);
+            const typename TargetEncoding::Ch* const str = reinterpret_cast<typename TargetEncoding::Ch*>(head);
+            success = (isKey ? handler.Key(str, SizeType(length), false) : handler.String(str, SizeType(length), false));
+        }
+        else {
+            StackStream<typename TargetEncoding::Ch> stackStream(stack_);
+            ParseStringToStream<parseFlags, SourceEncoding, TargetEncoding>(s, stackStream);
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
+            SizeType length = static_cast<SizeType>(stackStream.Length()) - 1;
+            const typename TargetEncoding::Ch* const str = stackStream.Pop();
+            success = (isKey ? handler.Key(str, length, true) : handler.String(str, length, true));
+        }
+        if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!success))
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, s.Tell());
+    }
+
+    // Parse string to an output is
+    // This function handles the prefix/suffix double quotes, escaping, and optional encoding validation.
+    template<unsigned parseFlags, typename SEncoding, typename TEncoding, typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE void ParseStringToStream(InputStream& is, OutputStream& os) {
+//!@cond RAPIDJSON_HIDDEN_FROM_DOXYGEN
+#define Z16 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
+        static const char escape[256] = {
+            Z16, Z16, 0, 0,'\"', 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,'/',
+            Z16, Z16, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,'\\', 0, 0, 0,
+            0, 0,'\b', 0, 0, 0,'\f', 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,'\n', 0,
+            0, 0,'\r', 0,'\t', 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+            Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16
+        };
+#undef Z16
+//!@endcond
+
+        for (;;) {
+            // Scan and copy string before "\\\"" or < 0x20. This is an optional optimzation.
+            if (!(parseFlags & kParseValidateEncodingFlag))
+                ScanCopyUnescapedString(is, os);
+
+            Ch c = is.Peek();
+            if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(c == '\\')) {    // Escape
+                size_t escapeOffset = is.Tell();    // For invalid escaping, report the inital '\\' as error offset
+                is.Take();
+                Ch e = is.Peek();
+                if ((sizeof(Ch) == 1 || unsigned(e) < 256) && RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(escape[static_cast<unsigned char>(e)])) {
+                    is.Take();
+                    os.Put(static_cast<typename TEncoding::Ch>(escape[static_cast<unsigned char>(e)]));
+                }
+                else if (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(e == 'u')) {    // Unicode
+                    is.Take();
+                    unsigned codepoint = ParseHex4(is, escapeOffset);
+                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
+                    if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(codepoint >= 0xD800 && codepoint <= 0xDBFF)) {
+                        // Handle UTF-16 surrogate pair
+                        if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!Consume(is, '\\') || !Consume(is, 'u')))
+                            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorStringUnicodeSurrogateInvalid, escapeOffset);
+                        unsigned codepoint2 = ParseHex4(is, escapeOffset);
+                        RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN_VOID;
+                        if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(codepoint2 < 0xDC00 || codepoint2 > 0xDFFF))
+                            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorStringUnicodeSurrogateInvalid, escapeOffset);
+                        codepoint = (((codepoint - 0xD800) << 10) | (codepoint2 - 0xDC00)) + 0x10000;
+                    }
+                    TEncoding::Encode(os, codepoint);
+                }
+                else
+                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorStringEscapeInvalid, escapeOffset);
+            }
+            else if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(c == '"')) {    // Closing double quote
+                is.Take();
+                os.Put('\0');   // null-terminate the string
+                return;
+            }
+            else if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(static_cast<unsigned>(c) < 0x20)) { // RFC 4627: unescaped = %x20-21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-10FFFF
+                if (c == '\0')
+                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorStringMissQuotationMark, is.Tell());
+                else
+                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorStringEscapeInvalid, is.Tell());
+            }
+            else {
+                size_t offset = is.Tell();
+                if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY((parseFlags & kParseValidateEncodingFlag ?
+                    !Transcoder<SEncoding, TEncoding>::Validate(is, os) :
+                    !Transcoder<SEncoding, TEncoding>::Transcode(is, os))))
+                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorStringInvalidEncoding, offset);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    template<typename InputStream, typename OutputStream>
+    static RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE void ScanCopyUnescapedString(InputStream&, OutputStream&) {
+            // Do nothing for generic version
+    }
+
+#if defined(RAPIDJSON_SSE2) || defined(RAPIDJSON_SSE42)
+    // StringStream -> StackStream<char>
+    static RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE void ScanCopyUnescapedString(StringStream& is, StackStream<char>& os) {
+        const char* p = is.src_;
+
+        // Scan one by one until alignment (unaligned load may cross page boundary and cause crash)
+        const char* nextAligned = reinterpret_cast<const char*>((reinterpret_cast<size_t>(p) + 15) & static_cast<size_t>(~15));
+        while (p != nextAligned)
+            if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(*p == '\"') || RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(*p == '\\') || RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(static_cast<unsigned>(*p) < 0x20)) {
+                is.src_ = p;
+                return;
+            }
+            else
+                os.Put(*p++);
+
+        // The rest of string using SIMD
+        static const char dquote[16] = { '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"' };
+        static const char bslash[16] = { '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\' };
+        static const char space[16]  = { 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19 };
+        const __m128i dq = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&dquote[0]));
+        const __m128i bs = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&bslash[0]));
+        const __m128i sp = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&space[0]));
+
+        for (;; p += 16) {
+            const __m128i s = _mm_load_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(p));
+            const __m128i t1 = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, dq);
+            const __m128i t2 = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, bs);
+            const __m128i t3 = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(_mm_max_epu8(s, sp), sp); // s < 0x20 <=> max(s, 0x19) == 0x19
+            const __m128i x = _mm_or_si128(_mm_or_si128(t1, t2), t3);
+            unsigned short r = static_cast<unsigned short>(_mm_movemask_epi8(x));
+            if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(r != 0)) {   // some of characters is escaped
+                SizeType length;
+    #ifdef _MSC_VER         // Find the index of first escaped
+                unsigned long offset;
+                _BitScanForward(&offset, r);
+                length = offset;
+    #else
+                length = static_cast<SizeType>(__builtin_ffs(r) - 1);
+    #endif
+                char* q = reinterpret_cast<char*>(os.Push(length));
+                for (size_t i = 0; i < length; i++)
+                    q[i] = p[i];
+
+                p += length;
+                break;
+            }
+            _mm_storeu_si128(reinterpret_cast<__m128i *>(os.Push(16)), s);
+        }
+
+        is.src_ = p;
+    }
+
+    // InsituStringStream -> InsituStringStream
+    static RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE void ScanCopyUnescapedString(InsituStringStream& is, InsituStringStream& os) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(&is == &os);
+        (void)os;
+
+        if (is.src_ == is.dst_) {
+            SkipUnescapedString(is);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        char* p = is.src_;
+        char *q = is.dst_;
+
+        // Scan one by one until alignment (unaligned load may cross page boundary and cause crash)
+        const char* nextAligned = reinterpret_cast<const char*>((reinterpret_cast<size_t>(p) + 15) & static_cast<size_t>(~15));
+        while (p != nextAligned)
+            if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(*p == '\"') || RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(*p == '\\') || RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(static_cast<unsigned>(*p) < 0x20)) {
+                is.src_ = p;
+                is.dst_ = q;
+                return;
+            }
+            else
+                *q++ = *p++;
+
+        // The rest of string using SIMD
+        static const char dquote[16] = { '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"' };
+        static const char bslash[16] = { '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\' };
+        static const char space[16] = { 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19 };
+        const __m128i dq = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&dquote[0]));
+        const __m128i bs = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&bslash[0]));
+        const __m128i sp = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&space[0]));
+
+        for (;; p += 16, q += 16) {
+            const __m128i s = _mm_load_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(p));
+            const __m128i t1 = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, dq);
+            const __m128i t2 = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, bs);
+            const __m128i t3 = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(_mm_max_epu8(s, sp), sp); // s < 0x20 <=> max(s, 0x19) == 0x19
+            const __m128i x = _mm_or_si128(_mm_or_si128(t1, t2), t3);
+            unsigned short r = static_cast<unsigned short>(_mm_movemask_epi8(x));
+            if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(r != 0)) {   // some of characters is escaped
+                size_t length;
+#ifdef _MSC_VER         // Find the index of first escaped
+                unsigned long offset;
+                _BitScanForward(&offset, r);
+                length = offset;
+#else
+                length = static_cast<size_t>(__builtin_ffs(r) - 1);
+#endif
+                for (const char* pend = p + length; p != pend; )
+                    *q++ = *p++;
+                break;
+            }
+            _mm_storeu_si128(reinterpret_cast<__m128i *>(q), s);
+        }
+
+        is.src_ = p;
+        is.dst_ = q;
+    }
+
+    // When read/write pointers are the same for insitu stream, just skip unescaped characters
+    static RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE void SkipUnescapedString(InsituStringStream& is) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(is.src_ == is.dst_);
+        char* p = is.src_;
+
+        // Scan one by one until alignment (unaligned load may cross page boundary and cause crash)
+        const char* nextAligned = reinterpret_cast<const char*>((reinterpret_cast<size_t>(p) + 15) & static_cast<size_t>(~15));
+        for (; p != nextAligned; p++)
+            if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(*p == '\"') || RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(*p == '\\') || RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(static_cast<unsigned>(*p) < 0x20)) {
+                is.src_ = is.dst_ = p;
+                return;
+            }
+
+        // The rest of string using SIMD
+        static const char dquote[16] = { '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"' };
+        static const char bslash[16] = { '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\' };
+        static const char space[16] = { 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19 };
+        const __m128i dq = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&dquote[0]));
+        const __m128i bs = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&bslash[0]));
+        const __m128i sp = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&space[0]));
+
+        for (;; p += 16) {
+            const __m128i s = _mm_load_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(p));
+            const __m128i t1 = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, dq);
+            const __m128i t2 = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, bs);
+            const __m128i t3 = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(_mm_max_epu8(s, sp), sp); // s < 0x20 <=> max(s, 0x19) == 0x19
+            const __m128i x = _mm_or_si128(_mm_or_si128(t1, t2), t3);
+            unsigned short r = static_cast<unsigned short>(_mm_movemask_epi8(x));
+            if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(r != 0)) {   // some of characters is escaped
+                size_t length;
+#ifdef _MSC_VER         // Find the index of first escaped
+                unsigned long offset;
+                _BitScanForward(&offset, r);
+                length = offset;
+#else
+                length = static_cast<size_t>(__builtin_ffs(r) - 1);
+#endif
+                p += length;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        is.src_ = is.dst_ = p;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    template<typename InputStream, bool backup, bool pushOnTake>
+    class NumberStream;
+
+    template<typename InputStream>
+    class NumberStream<InputStream, false, false> {
+    public:
+        typedef typename InputStream::Ch Ch;
+
+        NumberStream(GenericReader& reader, InputStream& s) : is(s) { (void)reader;  }
+        ~NumberStream() {}
+
+        RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE Ch Peek() const { return is.Peek(); }
+        RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE Ch TakePush() { return is.Take(); }
+        RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE Ch Take() { return is.Take(); }
+		  RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE void Push(char) {}
+
+        size_t Tell() { return is.Tell(); }
+        size_t Length() { return 0; }
+        const char* Pop() { return 0; }
+
+    protected:
+        NumberStream& operator=(const NumberStream&);
+
+        InputStream& is;
+    };
+
+    template<typename InputStream>
+    class NumberStream<InputStream, true, false> : public NumberStream<InputStream, false, false> {
+        typedef NumberStream<InputStream, false, false> Base;
+    public:
+        NumberStream(GenericReader& reader, InputStream& is) : Base(reader, is), stackStream(reader.stack_) {}
+        ~NumberStream() {}
+
+        RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE Ch TakePush() {
+            stackStream.Put(static_cast<char>(Base::is.Peek()));
+            return Base::is.Take();
+        }
+
+        RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE void Push(char c) {
+            stackStream.Put(c);
+        }
+
+        size_t Length() { return stackStream.Length(); }
+
+        const char* Pop() {
+            stackStream.Put('\0');
+            return stackStream.Pop();
+        }
+
+    private:
+        StackStream<char> stackStream;
+    };
+
+    template<typename InputStream>
+    class NumberStream<InputStream, true, true> : public NumberStream<InputStream, true, false> {
+        typedef NumberStream<InputStream, true, false> Base;
+    public:
+        NumberStream(GenericReader& reader, InputStream& is) : Base(reader, is) {}
+        ~NumberStream() {}
+
+        RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE Ch Take() { return Base::TakePush(); }
+    };
+
+    template<unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
+    void ParseNumber(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
+        internal::StreamLocalCopy<InputStream> copy(is);
+        NumberStream<InputStream,
+            ((parseFlags & kParseNumbersAsStringsFlag) != 0) ?
+                ((parseFlags & kParseInsituFlag) == 0) :
+                ((parseFlags & kParseFullPrecisionFlag) != 0),
+            (parseFlags & kParseNumbersAsStringsFlag) != 0 &&
+                (parseFlags & kParseInsituFlag) == 0> s(*this, copy.s);
+
+        size_t startOffset = s.Tell();
+        double d = 0.0;
+        bool useNanOrInf = false;
+
+        // Parse minus
+        bool minus = Consume(s, '-');
+
+        // Parse int: zero / ( digit1-9 *DIGIT )
+        unsigned i = 0;
+        uint64_t i64 = 0;
+        bool use64bit = false;
+        int significandDigit = 0;
+        if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(s.Peek() == '0')) {
+            i = 0;
+            s.TakePush();
+        }
+        else if (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(s.Peek() >= '1' && s.Peek() <= '9')) {
+            i = static_cast<unsigned>(s.TakePush() - '0');
+
+            if (minus)
+                while (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9')) {
+                    if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(i >= 214748364)) { // 2^31 = 2147483648
+                        if (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(i != 214748364 || s.Peek() > '8')) {
+                            i64 = i;
+                            use64bit = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    i = i * 10 + static_cast<unsigned>(s.TakePush() - '0');
+                    significandDigit++;
+                }
+            else
+                while (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9')) {
+                    if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(i >= 429496729)) { // 2^32 - 1 = 4294967295
+                        if (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(i != 429496729 || s.Peek() > '5')) {
+                            i64 = i;
+                            use64bit = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    i = i * 10 + static_cast<unsigned>(s.TakePush() - '0');
+                    significandDigit++;
+                }
+        }
+        // Parse NaN or Infinity here
+        else if ((parseFlags & kParseNanAndInfFlag) && RAPIDJSON_LIKELY((s.Peek() == 'I' || s.Peek() == 'N'))) {
+            useNanOrInf = true;
+            if (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(Consume(s, 'N') && Consume(s, 'a') && Consume(s, 'N'))) {
+                d = std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
+            }
+            else if (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(Consume(s, 'I') && Consume(s, 'n') && Consume(s, 'f'))) {
+                d = (minus ? -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity() : std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
+                if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(s.Peek() == 'i' && !(Consume(s, 'i') && Consume(s, 'n')
+                                                            && Consume(s, 'i') && Consume(s, 't') && Consume(s, 'y'))))
+                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorValueInvalid, s.Tell());
+            }
+            else
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorValueInvalid, s.Tell());
+        }
+        else
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorValueInvalid, s.Tell());
+
+        // Parse 64bit int
+        bool useDouble = false;
+        if (use64bit) {
+            if (minus)
+                while (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9')) {
+                     if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(i64 >= RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0x0CCCCCCC, 0xCCCCCCCC))) // 2^63 = 9223372036854775808
+                        if (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(i64 != RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0x0CCCCCCC, 0xCCCCCCCC) || s.Peek() > '8')) {
+                            d = static_cast<double>(i64);
+                            useDouble = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    i64 = i64 * 10 + static_cast<unsigned>(s.TakePush() - '0');
+                    significandDigit++;
+                }
+            else
+                while (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9')) {
+                    if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(i64 >= RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0x19999999, 0x99999999))) // 2^64 - 1 = 18446744073709551615
+                        if (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(i64 != RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0x19999999, 0x99999999) || s.Peek() > '5')) {
+                            d = static_cast<double>(i64);
+                            useDouble = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    i64 = i64 * 10 + static_cast<unsigned>(s.TakePush() - '0');
+                    significandDigit++;
+                }
+        }
+
+        // Force double for big integer
+        if (useDouble) {
+            while (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9')) {
+                if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(d >= 1.7976931348623157e307)) // DBL_MAX / 10.0
+                    RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorNumberTooBig, startOffset);
+                d = d * 10 + (s.TakePush() - '0');
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Parse frac = decimal-point 1*DIGIT
+        int expFrac = 0;
+        size_t decimalPosition;
+        if (Consume(s, '.')) {
+            decimalPosition = s.Length();
+
+            if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!(s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9')))
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorNumberMissFraction, s.Tell());
+
+            if (!useDouble) {
+#if RAPIDJSON_64BIT
+                // Use i64 to store significand in 64-bit architecture
+                if (!use64bit)
+                    i64 = i;
+
+                while (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9')) {
+                    if (i64 > RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0x1FFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFF)) // 2^53 - 1 for fast path
+                        break;
+                    else {
+                        i64 = i64 * 10 + static_cast<unsigned>(s.TakePush() - '0');
+                        --expFrac;
+                        if (i64 != 0)
+                            significandDigit++;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                d = static_cast<double>(i64);
+#else
+                // Use double to store significand in 32-bit architecture
+                d = static_cast<double>(use64bit ? i64 : i);
+#endif
+                useDouble = true;
+            }
+
+            while (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9')) {
+                if (significandDigit < 17) {
+                    d = d * 10.0 + (s.TakePush() - '0');
+                    --expFrac;
+                    if (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(d > 0.0))
+                        significandDigit++;
+                }
+                else
+                    s.TakePush();
+            }
+        }
+        else
+            decimalPosition = s.Length(); // decimal position at the end of integer.
+
+        // Parse exp = e [ minus / plus ] 1*DIGIT
+        int exp = 0;
+        if (Consume(s, 'e') || Consume(s, 'E')) {
+            if (!useDouble) {
+                d = static_cast<double>(use64bit ? i64 : i);
+                useDouble = true;
+            }
+
+            bool expMinus = false;
+            if (Consume(s, '+'))
+                ;
+            else if (Consume(s, '-'))
+                expMinus = true;
+
+            if (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9')) {
+                exp = static_cast<int>(s.Take() - '0');
+                if (expMinus) {
+                    while (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9')) {
+                        exp = exp * 10 + static_cast<int>(s.Take() - '0');
+                        if (exp >= 214748364) {                         // Issue #313: prevent overflow exponent
+                            while (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9'))  // Consume the rest of exponent
+                                s.Take();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else {  // positive exp
+                    int maxExp = 308 - expFrac;
+                    while (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(s.Peek() >= '0' && s.Peek() <= '9')) {
+                        exp = exp * 10 + static_cast<int>(s.Take() - '0');
+                        if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(exp > maxExp))
+                            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorNumberTooBig, startOffset);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorNumberMissExponent, s.Tell());
+
+            if (expMinus)
+                exp = -exp;
+        }
+
+        // Finish parsing, call event according to the type of number.
+        bool cont = true;
+
+        if (parseFlags & kParseNumbersAsStringsFlag) {
+            if (parseFlags & kParseInsituFlag) {
+                s.Pop();  // Pop stack no matter if it will be used or not.
+                typename InputStream::Ch* head = is.PutBegin();
+                const size_t length = s.Tell() - startOffset;
+                RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(length <= 0xFFFFFFFF);
+                // unable to insert the \0 character here, it will erase the comma after this number
+                const typename TargetEncoding::Ch* const str = reinterpret_cast<typename TargetEncoding::Ch*>(head);
+                cont = handler.RawNumber(str, SizeType(length), false);
+            }
+            else {
+                SizeType numCharsToCopy = static_cast<SizeType>(s.Length());
+                StringStream srcStream(s.Pop());
+                StackStream<typename TargetEncoding::Ch> dstStream(stack_);
+                while (numCharsToCopy--) {
+                    Transcoder<UTF8<>, TargetEncoding>::Transcode(srcStream, dstStream);
+                }
+                dstStream.Put('\0');
+                const typename TargetEncoding::Ch* str = dstStream.Pop();
+                const SizeType length = static_cast<SizeType>(dstStream.Length()) - 1;
+                cont = handler.RawNumber(str, SizeType(length), true);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+           size_t length = s.Length();
+           const char* decimal = s.Pop();  // Pop stack no matter if it will be used or not.
+
+           if (useDouble) {
+               int p = exp + expFrac;
+               if (parseFlags & kParseFullPrecisionFlag)
+                   d = internal::StrtodFullPrecision(d, p, decimal, length, decimalPosition, exp);
+               else
+                   d = internal::StrtodNormalPrecision(d, p);
+
+               cont = handler.Double(minus ? -d : d);
+           }
+           else if (useNanOrInf) {
+               cont = handler.Double(d);
+           }
+           else {
+               if (use64bit) {
+                   if (minus)
+                       cont = handler.Int64(static_cast<int64_t>(~i64 + 1));
+                   else
+                       cont = handler.Uint64(i64);
+               }
+               else {
+                   if (minus)
+                       cont = handler.Int(static_cast<int32_t>(~i + 1));
+                   else
+                       cont = handler.Uint(i);
+               }
+           }
+        }
+        if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!cont))
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorTermination, startOffset);
+    }
+
+    // Parse any JSON value
+    template<unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
+    void ParseValue(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
+        switch (is.Peek()) {
+            case 'n': ParseNull  <parseFlags>(is, handler); break;
+            case 't': ParseTrue  <parseFlags>(is, handler); break;
+            case 'f': ParseFalse <parseFlags>(is, handler); break;
+            case '"': ParseString<parseFlags>(is, handler); break;
+            case '{': ParseObject<parseFlags>(is, handler); break;
+            case '[': ParseArray <parseFlags>(is, handler); break;
+            default :
+                      ParseNumber<parseFlags>(is, handler);
+                      break;
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Iterative Parsing
+
+    // States
+    enum IterativeParsingState {
+        IterativeParsingStartState = 0,
+        IterativeParsingFinishState,
+        IterativeParsingErrorState,
+
+        // Object states
+        IterativeParsingObjectInitialState,
+        IterativeParsingMemberKeyState,
+        IterativeParsingKeyValueDelimiterState,
+        IterativeParsingMemberValueState,
+        IterativeParsingMemberDelimiterState,
+        IterativeParsingObjectFinishState,
+
+        // Array states
+        IterativeParsingArrayInitialState,
+        IterativeParsingElementState,
+        IterativeParsingElementDelimiterState,
+        IterativeParsingArrayFinishState,
+
+        // Single value state
+        IterativeParsingValueState
+    };
+
+    enum { cIterativeParsingStateCount = IterativeParsingValueState + 1 };
+
+    // Tokens
+    enum Token {
+        LeftBracketToken = 0,
+        RightBracketToken,
+
+        LeftCurlyBracketToken,
+        RightCurlyBracketToken,
+
+        CommaToken,
+        ColonToken,
+
+        StringToken,
+        FalseToken,
+        TrueToken,
+        NullToken,
+        NumberToken,
+
+        kTokenCount
+    };
+
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE Token Tokenize(Ch c) {
+
+//!@cond RAPIDJSON_HIDDEN_FROM_DOXYGEN
+#define N NumberToken
+#define N16 N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N
+        // Maps from ASCII to Token
+        static const unsigned char tokenMap[256] = {
+            N16, // 00~0F
+            N16, // 10~1F
+            N, N, StringToken, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, CommaToken, N, N, N, // 20~2F
+            N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, ColonToken, N, N, N, N, N, // 30~3F
+            N16, // 40~4F
+            N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, LeftBracketToken, N, RightBracketToken, N, N, // 50~5F
+            N, N, N, N, N, N, FalseToken, N, N, N, N, N, N, N, NullToken, N, // 60~6F
+            N, N, N, N, TrueToken, N, N, N, N, N, N, LeftCurlyBracketToken, N, RightCurlyBracketToken, N, N, // 70~7F
+            N16, N16, N16, N16, N16, N16, N16, N16 // 80~FF
+        };
+#undef N
+#undef N16
+//!@endcond
+
+        if (sizeof(Ch) == 1 || static_cast<unsigned>(c) < 256)
+            return static_cast<Token>(tokenMap[static_cast<unsigned char>(c)]);
+        else
+            return NumberToken;
+    }
+
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE IterativeParsingState Predict(IterativeParsingState state, Token token) {
+        // current state x one lookahead token -> new state
+        static const char G[cIterativeParsingStateCount][kTokenCount] = {
+            // Start
+            {
+                IterativeParsingArrayInitialState,  // Left bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Right bracket
+                IterativeParsingObjectInitialState, // Left curly bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Right curly bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Comma
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Colon
+                IterativeParsingValueState,         // String
+                IterativeParsingValueState,         // False
+                IterativeParsingValueState,         // True
+                IterativeParsingValueState,         // Null
+                IterativeParsingValueState          // Number
+            },
+            // Finish(sink state)
+            {
+                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
+                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
+                IterativeParsingErrorState
+            },
+            // Error(sink state)
+            {
+                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
+                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
+                IterativeParsingErrorState
+            },
+            // ObjectInitial
+            {
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Left bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Right bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Left curly bracket
+                IterativeParsingObjectFinishState,  // Right curly bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Comma
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Colon
+                IterativeParsingMemberKeyState,     // String
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // False
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // True
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Null
+                IterativeParsingErrorState          // Number
+            },
+            // MemberKey
+            {
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Left bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Right bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Left curly bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Right curly bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Comma
+                IterativeParsingKeyValueDelimiterState, // Colon
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // String
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // False
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // True
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Null
+                IterativeParsingErrorState              // Number
+            },
+            // KeyValueDelimiter
+            {
+                IterativeParsingArrayInitialState,      // Left bracket(push MemberValue state)
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Right bracket
+                IterativeParsingObjectInitialState,     // Left curly bracket(push MemberValue state)
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Right curly bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Comma
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Colon
+                IterativeParsingMemberValueState,       // String
+                IterativeParsingMemberValueState,       // False
+                IterativeParsingMemberValueState,       // True
+                IterativeParsingMemberValueState,       // Null
+                IterativeParsingMemberValueState        // Number
+            },
+            // MemberValue
+            {
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Left bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Right bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Left curly bracket
+                IterativeParsingObjectFinishState,      // Right curly bracket
+                IterativeParsingMemberDelimiterState,   // Comma
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Colon
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // String
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // False
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // True
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Null
+                IterativeParsingErrorState              // Number
+            },
+            // MemberDelimiter
+            {
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Left bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Right bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Left curly bracket
+                IterativeParsingObjectFinishState,  // Right curly bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Comma
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Colon
+                IterativeParsingMemberKeyState,     // String
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // False
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // True
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,         // Null
+                IterativeParsingErrorState          // Number
+            },
+            // ObjectFinish(sink state)
+            {
+                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
+                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
+                IterativeParsingErrorState
+            },
+            // ArrayInitial
+            {
+                IterativeParsingArrayInitialState,      // Left bracket(push Element state)
+                IterativeParsingArrayFinishState,       // Right bracket
+                IterativeParsingObjectInitialState,     // Left curly bracket(push Element state)
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Right curly bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Comma
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Colon
+                IterativeParsingElementState,           // String
+                IterativeParsingElementState,           // False
+                IterativeParsingElementState,           // True
+                IterativeParsingElementState,           // Null
+                IterativeParsingElementState            // Number
+            },
+            // Element
+            {
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Left bracket
+                IterativeParsingArrayFinishState,       // Right bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Left curly bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Right curly bracket
+                IterativeParsingElementDelimiterState,  // Comma
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Colon
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // String
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // False
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // True
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Null
+                IterativeParsingErrorState              // Number
+            },
+            // ElementDelimiter
+            {
+                IterativeParsingArrayInitialState,      // Left bracket(push Element state)
+                IterativeParsingArrayFinishState,       // Right bracket
+                IterativeParsingObjectInitialState,     // Left curly bracket(push Element state)
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Right curly bracket
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Comma
+                IterativeParsingErrorState,             // Colon
+                IterativeParsingElementState,           // String
+                IterativeParsingElementState,           // False
+                IterativeParsingElementState,           // True
+                IterativeParsingElementState,           // Null
+                IterativeParsingElementState            // Number
+            },
+            // ArrayFinish(sink state)
+            {
+                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
+                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
+                IterativeParsingErrorState
+            },
+            // Single Value (sink state)
+            {
+                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
+                IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState, IterativeParsingErrorState,
+                IterativeParsingErrorState
+            }
+        }; // End of G
+
+        return static_cast<IterativeParsingState>(G[state][token]);
+    }
+
+    // Make an advance in the token stream and state based on the candidate destination state which was returned by Transit().
+    // May return a new state on state pop.
+    template <unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE IterativeParsingState Transit(IterativeParsingState src, Token token, IterativeParsingState dst, InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
+        (void)token;
+
+        switch (dst) {
+        case IterativeParsingErrorState:
+            return dst;
+
+        case IterativeParsingObjectInitialState:
+        case IterativeParsingArrayInitialState:
+        {
+            // Push the state(Element or MemeberValue) if we are nested in another array or value of member.
+            // In this way we can get the correct state on ObjectFinish or ArrayFinish by frame pop.
+            IterativeParsingState n = src;
+            if (src == IterativeParsingArrayInitialState || src == IterativeParsingElementDelimiterState)
+                n = IterativeParsingElementState;
+            else if (src == IterativeParsingKeyValueDelimiterState)
+                n = IterativeParsingMemberValueState;
+            // Push current state.
+            *stack_.template Push<SizeType>(1) = n;
+            // Initialize and push the member/element count.
+            *stack_.template Push<SizeType>(1) = 0;
+            // Call handler
+            bool hr = (dst == IterativeParsingObjectInitialState) ? handler.StartObject() : handler.StartArray();
+            // On handler short circuits the parsing.
+            if (!hr) {
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
+                return IterativeParsingErrorState;
+            }
+            else {
+                is.Take();
+                return dst;
+            }
+        }
+
+        case IterativeParsingMemberKeyState:
+            ParseString<parseFlags>(is, handler, true);
+            if (HasParseError())
+                return IterativeParsingErrorState;
+            else
+                return dst;
+
+        case IterativeParsingKeyValueDelimiterState:
+            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(token == ColonToken);
+            is.Take();
+            return dst;
+
+        case IterativeParsingMemberValueState:
+            // Must be non-compound value. Or it would be ObjectInitial or ArrayInitial state.
+            ParseValue<parseFlags>(is, handler);
+            if (HasParseError()) {
+                return IterativeParsingErrorState;
+            }
+            return dst;
+
+        case IterativeParsingElementState:
+            // Must be non-compound value. Or it would be ObjectInitial or ArrayInitial state.
+            ParseValue<parseFlags>(is, handler);
+            if (HasParseError()) {
+                return IterativeParsingErrorState;
+            }
+            return dst;
+
+        case IterativeParsingMemberDelimiterState:
+        case IterativeParsingElementDelimiterState:
+            is.Take();
+            // Update member/element count.
+            *stack_.template Top<SizeType>() = *stack_.template Top<SizeType>() + 1;
+            return dst;
+
+        case IterativeParsingObjectFinishState:
+        {
+            // Transit from delimiter is only allowed when trailing commas are enabled
+            if (!(parseFlags & kParseTrailingCommasFlag) && src == IterativeParsingMemberDelimiterState) {
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(kParseErrorObjectMissName, is.Tell());
+                return IterativeParsingErrorState;
+            }
+            // Get member count.
+            SizeType c = *stack_.template Pop<SizeType>(1);
+            // If the object is not empty, count the last member.
+            if (src == IterativeParsingMemberValueState)
+                ++c;
+            // Restore the state.
+            IterativeParsingState n = static_cast<IterativeParsingState>(*stack_.template Pop<SizeType>(1));
+            // Transit to Finish state if this is the topmost scope.
+            if (n == IterativeParsingStartState)
+                n = IterativeParsingFinishState;
+            // Call handler
+            bool hr = handler.EndObject(c);
+            // On handler short circuits the parsing.
+            if (!hr) {
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
+                return IterativeParsingErrorState;
+            }
+            else {
+                is.Take();
+                return n;
+            }
+        }
+
+        case IterativeParsingArrayFinishState:
+        {
+            // Transit from delimiter is only allowed when trailing commas are enabled
+            if (!(parseFlags & kParseTrailingCommasFlag) && src == IterativeParsingElementDelimiterState) {
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(kParseErrorValueInvalid, is.Tell());
+                return IterativeParsingErrorState;
+            }
+            // Get element count.
+            SizeType c = *stack_.template Pop<SizeType>(1);
+            // If the array is not empty, count the last element.
+            if (src == IterativeParsingElementState)
+                ++c;
+            // Restore the state.
+            IterativeParsingState n = static_cast<IterativeParsingState>(*stack_.template Pop<SizeType>(1));
+            // Transit to Finish state if this is the topmost scope.
+            if (n == IterativeParsingStartState)
+                n = IterativeParsingFinishState;
+            // Call handler
+            bool hr = handler.EndArray(c);
+            // On handler short circuits the parsing.
+            if (!hr) {
+                RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_NORETURN(kParseErrorTermination, is.Tell());
+                return IterativeParsingErrorState;
+            }
+            else {
+                is.Take();
+                return n;
+            }
+        }
+
+        default:
+            // This branch is for IterativeParsingValueState actually.
+            // Use `default:` rather than
+            // `case IterativeParsingValueState:` is for code coverage.
+
+            // The IterativeParsingStartState is not enumerated in this switch-case.
+            // It is impossible for that case. And it can be caught by following assertion.
+
+            // The IterativeParsingFinishState is not enumerated in this switch-case either.
+            // It is a "derivative" state which cannot triggered from Predict() directly.
+            // Therefore it cannot happen here. And it can be caught by following assertion.
+            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(dst == IterativeParsingValueState);
+
+            // Must be non-compound value. Or it would be ObjectInitial or ArrayInitial state.
+            ParseValue<parseFlags>(is, handler);
+            if (HasParseError()) {
+                return IterativeParsingErrorState;
+            }
+            return IterativeParsingFinishState;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename InputStream>
+    void HandleError(IterativeParsingState src, InputStream& is) {
+        if (HasParseError()) {
+            // Error flag has been set.
+            return;
+        }
+
+        switch (src) {
+        case IterativeParsingStartState:            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorDocumentEmpty, is.Tell()); return;
+        case IterativeParsingFinishState:           RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorDocumentRootNotSingular, is.Tell()); return;
+        case IterativeParsingObjectInitialState:
+        case IterativeParsingMemberDelimiterState:  RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorObjectMissName, is.Tell()); return;
+        case IterativeParsingMemberKeyState:        RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorObjectMissColon, is.Tell()); return;
+        case IterativeParsingMemberValueState:      RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorObjectMissCommaOrCurlyBracket, is.Tell()); return;
+        case IterativeParsingKeyValueDelimiterState:
+        case IterativeParsingArrayInitialState:
+        case IterativeParsingElementDelimiterState: RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorValueInvalid, is.Tell()); return;
+        default: RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(src == IterativeParsingElementState); RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR(kParseErrorArrayMissCommaOrSquareBracket, is.Tell()); return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <unsigned parseFlags, typename InputStream, typename Handler>
+    ParseResult IterativeParse(InputStream& is, Handler& handler) {
+        parseResult_.Clear();
+        ClearStackOnExit scope(*this);
+        IterativeParsingState state = IterativeParsingStartState;
+
+        SkipWhitespaceAndComments<parseFlags>(is);
+        RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN(parseResult_);
+        while (is.Peek() != '\0') {
+            Token t = Tokenize(is.Peek());
+            IterativeParsingState n = Predict(state, t);
+            IterativeParsingState d = Transit<parseFlags>(state, t, n, is, handler);
+
+            if (d == IterativeParsingErrorState) {
+                HandleError(state, is);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            state = d;
+
+            // Do not further consume streams if a root JSON has been parsed.
+            if ((parseFlags & kParseStopWhenDoneFlag) && state == IterativeParsingFinishState)
+                break;
+
+            SkipWhitespaceAndComments<parseFlags>(is);
+            RAPIDJSON_PARSE_ERROR_EARLY_RETURN(parseResult_);
+        }
+
+        // Handle the end of file.
+        if (state != IterativeParsingFinishState)
+            HandleError(state, is);
+
+        return parseResult_;
+    }
+
+    static const size_t kDefaultStackCapacity = 256;    //!< Default stack capacity in bytes for storing a single decoded string.
+    internal::Stack<StackAllocator> stack_;  //!< A stack for storing decoded string temporarily during non-destructive parsing.
+    ParseResult parseResult_;
+}; // class GenericReader
+
+//! Reader with UTF8 encoding and default allocator.
+typedef GenericReader<UTF8<>, UTF8<> > Reader;
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_READER_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/schema.h b/include/rapidjson/schema.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b182aa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/rapidjson/schema.h
@@ -0,0 +1,2006 @@
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available->
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip-> All rights reserved->
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License-> You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource->org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied-> See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License->
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_H_
+
+#include "document.h"
+#include "pointer.h"
+#include <cmath> // abs, floor
+
+#if !defined(RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_USE_INTERNALREGEX)
+#define RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_USE_INTERNALREGEX 1
+#else
+#define RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_USE_INTERNALREGEX 0
+#endif
+
+#if !RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_USE_INTERNALREGEX && !defined(RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_USE_STDREGEX) && (__cplusplus >=201103L || (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1800))
+#define RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_USE_STDREGEX 1
+#else
+#define RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_USE_STDREGEX 0
+#endif
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_USE_INTERNALREGEX
+#include "internal/regex.h"
+#elif RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_USE_STDREGEX
+#include <regex>
+#endif
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_USE_INTERNALREGEX || RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_USE_STDREGEX
+#define RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HAS_REGEX 1
+#else
+#define RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HAS_REGEX 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_VERBOSE
+#define RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_VERBOSE 0
+#endif
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_VERBOSE
+#include "stringbuffer.h"
+#endif
+
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(effc++)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(weak-vtables)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(exit-time-destructors)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(c++98-compat-pedantic)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(variadic-macros)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(4512) // assignment operator could not be generated
+#endif
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Verbose Utilities
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_VERBOSE
+
+namespace internal {
+
+inline void PrintInvalidKeyword(const char* keyword) {
+    printf("Fail keyword: %s\n", keyword);
+}
+
+inline void PrintInvalidKeyword(const wchar_t* keyword) {
+    wprintf(L"Fail keyword: %ls\n", keyword);
+}
+
+inline void PrintInvalidDocument(const char* document) {
+    printf("Fail document: %s\n\n", document);
+}
+
+inline void PrintInvalidDocument(const wchar_t* document) {
+    wprintf(L"Fail document: %ls\n\n", document);
+}
+
+inline void PrintValidatorPointers(unsigned depth, const char* s, const char* d) {
+    printf("S: %*s%s\nD: %*s%s\n\n", depth * 4, " ", s, depth * 4, " ", d);
+}
+
+inline void PrintValidatorPointers(unsigned depth, const wchar_t* s, const wchar_t* d) {
+    wprintf(L"S: %*ls%ls\nD: %*ls%ls\n\n", depth * 4, L" ", s, depth * 4, L" ", d);
+}
+
+} // namespace internal
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_VERBOSE
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_VERBOSE
+#define RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_VERBOSE(keyword) internal::PrintInvalidKeyword(keyword)
+#else
+#define RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_VERBOSE(keyword)
+#endif
+
+#define RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(keyword)\
+RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_BEGIN\
+    context.invalidKeyword = keyword.GetString();\
+    RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_VERBOSE(keyword.GetString());\
+    return false;\
+RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_END
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Forward declarations
+
+template <typename ValueType, typename Allocator>
+class GenericSchemaDocument;
+
+namespace internal {
+
+template <typename SchemaDocumentType>
+class Schema;
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// ISchemaValidator
+
+class ISchemaValidator {
+public:
+    virtual ~ISchemaValidator() {}
+    virtual bool IsValid() const = 0;
+};
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// ISchemaStateFactory
+
+template <typename SchemaType>
+class ISchemaStateFactory {
+public:
+    virtual ~ISchemaStateFactory() {}
+    virtual ISchemaValidator* CreateSchemaValidator(const SchemaType&) = 0;
+    virtual void DestroySchemaValidator(ISchemaValidator* validator) = 0;
+    virtual void* CreateHasher() = 0;
+    virtual uint64_t GetHashCode(void* hasher) = 0;
+    virtual void DestroryHasher(void* hasher) = 0;
+    virtual void* MallocState(size_t size) = 0;
+    virtual void FreeState(void* p) = 0;
+};
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Hasher
+
+// For comparison of compound value
+template<typename Encoding, typename Allocator>
+class Hasher {
+public:
+    typedef typename Encoding::Ch Ch;
+
+    Hasher(Allocator* allocator = 0, size_t stackCapacity = kDefaultSize) : stack_(allocator, stackCapacity) {}
+
+    bool Null() { return WriteType(kNullType); }
+    bool Bool(bool b) { return WriteType(b ? kTrueType : kFalseType); }
+    bool Int(int i) { Number n; n.u.i = i; n.d = static_cast<double>(i); return WriteNumber(n); }
+    bool Uint(unsigned u) { Number n; n.u.u = u; n.d = static_cast<double>(u); return WriteNumber(n); }
+    bool Int64(int64_t i) { Number n; n.u.i = i; n.d = static_cast<double>(i); return WriteNumber(n); }
+    bool Uint64(uint64_t u) { Number n; n.u.u = u; n.d = static_cast<double>(u); return WriteNumber(n); }
+    bool Double(double d) { 
+        Number n; 
+        if (d < 0) n.u.i = static_cast<int64_t>(d);
+        else       n.u.u = static_cast<uint64_t>(d); 
+        n.d = d;
+        return WriteNumber(n);
+    }
+
+    bool RawNumber(const Ch* str, SizeType len, bool) {
+        WriteBuffer(kNumberType, str, len * sizeof(Ch));
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool String(const Ch* str, SizeType len, bool) {
+        WriteBuffer(kStringType, str, len * sizeof(Ch));
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool StartObject() { return true; }
+    bool Key(const Ch* str, SizeType len, bool copy) { return String(str, len, copy); }
+    bool EndObject(SizeType memberCount) { 
+        uint64_t h = Hash(0, kObjectType);
+        uint64_t* kv = stack_.template Pop<uint64_t>(memberCount * 2);
+        for (SizeType i = 0; i < memberCount; i++)
+            h ^= Hash(kv[i * 2], kv[i * 2 + 1]);  // Use xor to achieve member order insensitive
+        *stack_.template Push<uint64_t>() = h;
+        return true;
+    }
+    
+    bool StartArray() { return true; }
+    bool EndArray(SizeType elementCount) { 
+        uint64_t h = Hash(0, kArrayType);
+        uint64_t* e = stack_.template Pop<uint64_t>(elementCount);
+        for (SizeType i = 0; i < elementCount; i++)
+            h = Hash(h, e[i]); // Use hash to achieve element order sensitive
+        *stack_.template Push<uint64_t>() = h;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool IsValid() const { return stack_.GetSize() == sizeof(uint64_t); }
+
+    uint64_t GetHashCode() const {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(IsValid());
+        return *stack_.template Top<uint64_t>();
+    }
+
+private:
+    static const size_t kDefaultSize = 256;
+    struct Number {
+        union U {
+            uint64_t u;
+            int64_t i;
+        }u;
+        double d;
+    };
+
+    bool WriteType(Type type) { return WriteBuffer(type, 0, 0); }
+    
+    bool WriteNumber(const Number& n) { return WriteBuffer(kNumberType, &n, sizeof(n)); }
+    
+    bool WriteBuffer(Type type, const void* data, size_t len) {
+        // FNV-1a from http://isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/fnv/
+        uint64_t h = Hash(RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0x84222325, 0xcbf29ce4), type);
+        const unsigned char* d = static_cast<const unsigned char*>(data);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++)
+            h = Hash(h, d[i]);
+        *stack_.template Push<uint64_t>() = h;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    static uint64_t Hash(uint64_t h, uint64_t d) {
+        static const uint64_t kPrime = RAPIDJSON_UINT64_C2(0x00000100, 0x000001b3);
+        h ^= d;
+        h *= kPrime;
+        return h;
+    }
+
+    Stack<Allocator> stack_;
+};
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// SchemaValidationContext
+
+template <typename SchemaDocumentType>
+struct SchemaValidationContext {
+    typedef Schema<SchemaDocumentType> SchemaType;
+    typedef ISchemaStateFactory<SchemaType> SchemaValidatorFactoryType;
+    typedef typename SchemaType::ValueType ValueType;
+    typedef typename ValueType::Ch Ch;
+
+    enum PatternValidatorType {
+        kPatternValidatorOnly,
+        kPatternValidatorWithProperty,
+        kPatternValidatorWithAdditionalProperty
+    };
+
+    SchemaValidationContext(SchemaValidatorFactoryType& f, const SchemaType* s) :
+        factory(f),
+        schema(s),
+        valueSchema(),
+        invalidKeyword(),
+        hasher(),
+        arrayElementHashCodes(),
+        validators(),
+        validatorCount(),
+        patternPropertiesValidators(),
+        patternPropertiesValidatorCount(),
+        patternPropertiesSchemas(),
+        patternPropertiesSchemaCount(),
+        valuePatternValidatorType(kPatternValidatorOnly),
+        propertyExist(),
+        inArray(false),
+        valueUniqueness(false),
+        arrayUniqueness(false)
+    {
+    }
+
+    ~SchemaValidationContext() {
+        if (hasher)
+            factory.DestroryHasher(hasher);
+        if (validators) {
+            for (SizeType i = 0; i < validatorCount; i++)
+                factory.DestroySchemaValidator(validators[i]);
+            factory.FreeState(validators);
+        }
+        if (patternPropertiesValidators) {
+            for (SizeType i = 0; i < patternPropertiesValidatorCount; i++)
+                factory.DestroySchemaValidator(patternPropertiesValidators[i]);
+            factory.FreeState(patternPropertiesValidators);
+        }
+        if (patternPropertiesSchemas)
+            factory.FreeState(patternPropertiesSchemas);
+        if (propertyExist)
+            factory.FreeState(propertyExist);
+    }
+
+    SchemaValidatorFactoryType& factory;
+    const SchemaType* schema;
+    const SchemaType* valueSchema;
+    const Ch* invalidKeyword;
+    void* hasher; // Only validator access
+    void* arrayElementHashCodes; // Only validator access this
+    ISchemaValidator** validators;
+    SizeType validatorCount;
+    ISchemaValidator** patternPropertiesValidators;
+    SizeType patternPropertiesValidatorCount;
+    const SchemaType** patternPropertiesSchemas;
+    SizeType patternPropertiesSchemaCount;
+    PatternValidatorType valuePatternValidatorType;
+    PatternValidatorType objectPatternValidatorType;
+    SizeType arrayElementIndex;
+    bool* propertyExist;
+    bool inArray;
+    bool valueUniqueness;
+    bool arrayUniqueness;
+};
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Schema
+
+template <typename SchemaDocumentType>
+class Schema {
+public:
+    typedef typename SchemaDocumentType::ValueType ValueType;
+    typedef typename SchemaDocumentType::AllocatorType AllocatorType;
+    typedef typename SchemaDocumentType::PointerType PointerType;
+    typedef typename ValueType::EncodingType EncodingType;
+    typedef typename EncodingType::Ch Ch;
+    typedef SchemaValidationContext<SchemaDocumentType> Context;
+    typedef Schema<SchemaDocumentType> SchemaType;
+    typedef GenericValue<EncodingType, AllocatorType> SValue;
+    friend class GenericSchemaDocument<ValueType, AllocatorType>;
+
+    Schema(SchemaDocumentType* schemaDocument, const PointerType& p, const ValueType& value, const ValueType& document, AllocatorType* allocator) :
+        allocator_(allocator),
+        enum_(),
+        enumCount_(),
+        not_(),
+        type_((1 << kTotalSchemaType) - 1), // typeless
+        validatorCount_(),
+        properties_(),
+        additionalPropertiesSchema_(),
+        patternProperties_(),
+        patternPropertyCount_(),
+        propertyCount_(),
+        minProperties_(),
+        maxProperties_(SizeType(~0)),
+        additionalProperties_(true),
+        hasDependencies_(),
+        hasRequired_(),
+        hasSchemaDependencies_(),
+        additionalItemsSchema_(),
+        itemsList_(),
+        itemsTuple_(),
+        itemsTupleCount_(),
+        minItems_(),
+        maxItems_(SizeType(~0)),
+        additionalItems_(true),
+        uniqueItems_(false),
+        pattern_(),
+        minLength_(0),
+        maxLength_(~SizeType(0)),
+        exclusiveMinimum_(false),
+        exclusiveMaximum_(false)
+    {
+        typedef typename SchemaDocumentType::ValueType ValueType;
+        typedef typename ValueType::ConstValueIterator ConstValueIterator;
+        typedef typename ValueType::ConstMemberIterator ConstMemberIterator;
+
+        if (!value.IsObject())
+            return;
+
+        if (const ValueType* v = GetMember(value, GetTypeString())) {
+            type_ = 0;
+            if (v->IsString())
+                AddType(*v);
+            else if (v->IsArray())
+                for (ConstValueIterator itr = v->Begin(); itr != v->End(); ++itr)
+                    AddType(*itr);
+        }
+
+        if (const ValueType* v = GetMember(value, GetEnumString()))
+            if (v->IsArray() && v->Size() > 0) {
+                enum_ = static_cast<uint64_t*>(allocator_->Malloc(sizeof(uint64_t) * v->Size()));
+                for (ConstValueIterator itr = v->Begin(); itr != v->End(); ++itr) {
+                    typedef Hasher<EncodingType, MemoryPoolAllocator<> > EnumHasherType;
+                    char buffer[256 + 24];
+                    MemoryPoolAllocator<> hasherAllocator(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
+                    EnumHasherType h(&hasherAllocator, 256);
+                    itr->Accept(h);
+                    enum_[enumCount_++] = h.GetHashCode();
+                }
+            }
+
+        if (schemaDocument) {
+            AssignIfExist(allOf_, *schemaDocument, p, value, GetAllOfString(), document);
+            AssignIfExist(anyOf_, *schemaDocument, p, value, GetAnyOfString(), document);
+            AssignIfExist(oneOf_, *schemaDocument, p, value, GetOneOfString(), document);
+        }
+
+        if (const ValueType* v = GetMember(value, GetNotString())) {
+            schemaDocument->CreateSchema(&not_, p.Append(GetNotString(), allocator_), *v, document);
+            notValidatorIndex_ = validatorCount_;
+            validatorCount_++;
+        }
+
+        // Object
+
+        const ValueType* properties = GetMember(value, GetPropertiesString());
+        const ValueType* required = GetMember(value, GetRequiredString());
+        const ValueType* dependencies = GetMember(value, GetDependenciesString());
+        {
+            // Gather properties from properties/required/dependencies
+            SValue allProperties(kArrayType);
+
+            if (properties && properties->IsObject())
+                for (ConstMemberIterator itr = properties->MemberBegin(); itr != properties->MemberEnd(); ++itr)
+                    AddUniqueElement(allProperties, itr->name);
+            
+            if (required && required->IsArray())
+                for (ConstValueIterator itr = required->Begin(); itr != required->End(); ++itr)
+                    if (itr->IsString())
+                        AddUniqueElement(allProperties, *itr);
+
+            if (dependencies && dependencies->IsObject())
+                for (ConstMemberIterator itr = dependencies->MemberBegin(); itr != dependencies->MemberEnd(); ++itr) {
+                    AddUniqueElement(allProperties, itr->name);
+                    if (itr->value.IsArray())
+                        for (ConstValueIterator i = itr->value.Begin(); i != itr->value.End(); ++i)
+                            if (i->IsString())
+                                AddUniqueElement(allProperties, *i);
+                }
+
+            if (allProperties.Size() > 0) {
+                propertyCount_ = allProperties.Size();
+                properties_ = static_cast<Property*>(allocator_->Malloc(sizeof(Property) * propertyCount_));
+                for (SizeType i = 0; i < propertyCount_; i++) {
+                    new (&properties_[i]) Property();
+                    properties_[i].name = allProperties[i];
+                    properties_[i].schema = GetTypeless();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (properties && properties->IsObject()) {
+            PointerType q = p.Append(GetPropertiesString(), allocator_);
+            for (ConstMemberIterator itr = properties->MemberBegin(); itr != properties->MemberEnd(); ++itr) {
+                SizeType index;
+                if (FindPropertyIndex(itr->name, &index))
+                    schemaDocument->CreateSchema(&properties_[index].schema, q.Append(itr->name, allocator_), itr->value, document);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (const ValueType* v = GetMember(value, GetPatternPropertiesString())) {
+            PointerType q = p.Append(GetPatternPropertiesString(), allocator_);
+            patternProperties_ = static_cast<PatternProperty*>(allocator_->Malloc(sizeof(PatternProperty) * v->MemberCount()));
+            patternPropertyCount_ = 0;
+
+            for (ConstMemberIterator itr = v->MemberBegin(); itr != v->MemberEnd(); ++itr) {
+                new (&patternProperties_[patternPropertyCount_]) PatternProperty();
+                patternProperties_[patternPropertyCount_].pattern = CreatePattern(itr->name);
+                schemaDocument->CreateSchema(&patternProperties_[patternPropertyCount_].schema, q.Append(itr->name, allocator_), itr->value, document);
+                patternPropertyCount_++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (required && required->IsArray())
+            for (ConstValueIterator itr = required->Begin(); itr != required->End(); ++itr)
+                if (itr->IsString()) {
+                    SizeType index;
+                    if (FindPropertyIndex(*itr, &index)) {
+                        properties_[index].required = true;
+                        hasRequired_ = true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+        if (dependencies && dependencies->IsObject()) {
+            PointerType q = p.Append(GetDependenciesString(), allocator_);
+            hasDependencies_ = true;
+            for (ConstMemberIterator itr = dependencies->MemberBegin(); itr != dependencies->MemberEnd(); ++itr) {
+                SizeType sourceIndex;
+                if (FindPropertyIndex(itr->name, &sourceIndex)) {
+                    if (itr->value.IsArray()) {
+                        properties_[sourceIndex].dependencies = static_cast<bool*>(allocator_->Malloc(sizeof(bool) * propertyCount_));
+                        std::memset(properties_[sourceIndex].dependencies, 0, sizeof(bool)* propertyCount_);
+                        for (ConstValueIterator targetItr = itr->value.Begin(); targetItr != itr->value.End(); ++targetItr) {
+                            SizeType targetIndex;
+                            if (FindPropertyIndex(*targetItr, &targetIndex))
+                                properties_[sourceIndex].dependencies[targetIndex] = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else if (itr->value.IsObject()) {
+                        hasSchemaDependencies_ = true;
+                        schemaDocument->CreateSchema(&properties_[sourceIndex].dependenciesSchema, q.Append(itr->name, allocator_), itr->value, document);
+                        properties_[sourceIndex].dependenciesValidatorIndex = validatorCount_;
+                        validatorCount_++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (const ValueType* v = GetMember(value, GetAdditionalPropertiesString())) {
+            if (v->IsBool())
+                additionalProperties_ = v->GetBool();
+            else if (v->IsObject())
+                schemaDocument->CreateSchema(&additionalPropertiesSchema_, p.Append(GetAdditionalPropertiesString(), allocator_), *v, document);
+        }
+
+        AssignIfExist(minProperties_, value, GetMinPropertiesString());
+        AssignIfExist(maxProperties_, value, GetMaxPropertiesString());
+
+        // Array
+        if (const ValueType* v = GetMember(value, GetItemsString())) {
+            PointerType q = p.Append(GetItemsString(), allocator_);
+            if (v->IsObject()) // List validation
+                schemaDocument->CreateSchema(&itemsList_, q, *v, document);
+            else if (v->IsArray()) { // Tuple validation
+                itemsTuple_ = static_cast<const Schema**>(allocator_->Malloc(sizeof(const Schema*) * v->Size()));
+                SizeType index = 0;
+                for (ConstValueIterator itr = v->Begin(); itr != v->End(); ++itr, index++)
+                    schemaDocument->CreateSchema(&itemsTuple_[itemsTupleCount_++], q.Append(index, allocator_), *itr, document);
+            }
+        }
+
+        AssignIfExist(minItems_, value, GetMinItemsString());
+        AssignIfExist(maxItems_, value, GetMaxItemsString());
+
+        if (const ValueType* v = GetMember(value, GetAdditionalItemsString())) {
+            if (v->IsBool())
+                additionalItems_ = v->GetBool();
+            else if (v->IsObject())
+                schemaDocument->CreateSchema(&additionalItemsSchema_, p.Append(GetAdditionalItemsString(), allocator_), *v, document);
+        }
+
+        AssignIfExist(uniqueItems_, value, GetUniqueItemsString());
+
+        // String
+        AssignIfExist(minLength_, value, GetMinLengthString());
+        AssignIfExist(maxLength_, value, GetMaxLengthString());
+
+        if (const ValueType* v = GetMember(value, GetPatternString()))
+            pattern_ = CreatePattern(*v);
+
+        // Number
+        if (const ValueType* v = GetMember(value, GetMinimumString()))
+            if (v->IsNumber())
+                minimum_.CopyFrom(*v, *allocator_);
+
+        if (const ValueType* v = GetMember(value, GetMaximumString()))
+            if (v->IsNumber())
+                maximum_.CopyFrom(*v, *allocator_);
+
+        AssignIfExist(exclusiveMinimum_, value, GetExclusiveMinimumString());
+        AssignIfExist(exclusiveMaximum_, value, GetExclusiveMaximumString());
+
+        if (const ValueType* v = GetMember(value, GetMultipleOfString()))
+            if (v->IsNumber() && v->GetDouble() > 0.0)
+                multipleOf_.CopyFrom(*v, *allocator_);
+    }
+
+    ~Schema() {
+        if (allocator_) {
+            allocator_->Free(enum_);
+        }
+        if (properties_) {
+            for (SizeType i = 0; i < propertyCount_; i++)
+                properties_[i].~Property();
+            AllocatorType::Free(properties_);
+        }
+        if (patternProperties_) {
+            for (SizeType i = 0; i < patternPropertyCount_; i++)
+                patternProperties_[i].~PatternProperty();
+            AllocatorType::Free(patternProperties_);
+        }
+        AllocatorType::Free(itemsTuple_);
+#if RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HAS_REGEX
+        if (pattern_) {
+            pattern_->~RegexType();
+            allocator_->Free(pattern_);
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+
+    bool BeginValue(Context& context) const {
+        if (context.inArray) {
+            if (uniqueItems_)
+                context.valueUniqueness = true;
+
+            if (itemsList_)
+                context.valueSchema = itemsList_;
+            else if (itemsTuple_) {
+                if (context.arrayElementIndex < itemsTupleCount_)
+                    context.valueSchema = itemsTuple_[context.arrayElementIndex];
+                else if (additionalItemsSchema_)
+                    context.valueSchema = additionalItemsSchema_;
+                else if (additionalItems_)
+                    context.valueSchema = GetTypeless();
+                else
+                    RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetItemsString());
+            }
+            else
+                context.valueSchema = GetTypeless();
+
+            context.arrayElementIndex++;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE bool EndValue(Context& context) const {
+        if (context.patternPropertiesValidatorCount > 0) {
+            bool otherValid = false;
+            SizeType count = context.patternPropertiesValidatorCount;
+            if (context.objectPatternValidatorType != Context::kPatternValidatorOnly)
+                otherValid = context.patternPropertiesValidators[--count]->IsValid();
+
+            bool patternValid = true;
+            for (SizeType i = 0; i < count; i++)
+                if (!context.patternPropertiesValidators[i]->IsValid()) {
+                    patternValid = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+            if (context.objectPatternValidatorType == Context::kPatternValidatorOnly) {
+                if (!patternValid)
+                    RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetPatternPropertiesString());
+            }
+            else if (context.objectPatternValidatorType == Context::kPatternValidatorWithProperty) {
+                if (!patternValid || !otherValid)
+                    RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetPatternPropertiesString());
+            }
+            else if (!patternValid && !otherValid) // kPatternValidatorWithAdditionalProperty)
+                RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetPatternPropertiesString());
+        }
+
+        if (enum_) {
+            const uint64_t h = context.factory.GetHashCode(context.hasher);
+            for (SizeType i = 0; i < enumCount_; i++)
+                if (enum_[i] == h)
+                    goto foundEnum;
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetEnumString());
+            foundEnum:;
+        }
+
+        if (allOf_.schemas)
+            for (SizeType i = allOf_.begin; i < allOf_.begin + allOf_.count; i++)
+                if (!context.validators[i]->IsValid())
+                    RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetAllOfString());
+        
+        if (anyOf_.schemas) {
+            for (SizeType i = anyOf_.begin; i < anyOf_.begin + anyOf_.count; i++)
+                if (context.validators[i]->IsValid())
+                    goto foundAny;
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetAnyOfString());
+            foundAny:;
+        }
+
+        if (oneOf_.schemas) {
+            bool oneValid = false;
+            for (SizeType i = oneOf_.begin; i < oneOf_.begin + oneOf_.count; i++)
+                if (context.validators[i]->IsValid()) {
+                    if (oneValid)
+                        RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetOneOfString());
+                    else
+                        oneValid = true;
+                }
+            if (!oneValid)
+                RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetOneOfString());
+        }
+
+        if (not_ && context.validators[notValidatorIndex_]->IsValid())
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetNotString());
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool Null(Context& context) const { 
+        if (!(type_ & (1 << kNullSchemaType)))
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetTypeString());
+        return CreateParallelValidator(context);
+    }
+    
+    bool Bool(Context& context, bool) const { 
+        if (!(type_ & (1 << kBooleanSchemaType)))
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetTypeString());
+        return CreateParallelValidator(context);
+    }
+
+    bool Int(Context& context, int i) const {
+        if (!CheckInt(context, i))
+            return false;
+        return CreateParallelValidator(context);
+    }
+
+    bool Uint(Context& context, unsigned u) const {
+        if (!CheckUint(context, u))
+            return false;
+        return CreateParallelValidator(context);
+    }
+
+    bool Int64(Context& context, int64_t i) const {
+        if (!CheckInt(context, i))
+            return false;
+        return CreateParallelValidator(context);
+    }
+
+    bool Uint64(Context& context, uint64_t u) const {
+        if (!CheckUint(context, u))
+            return false;
+        return CreateParallelValidator(context);
+    }
+
+    bool Double(Context& context, double d) const {
+        if (!(type_ & (1 << kNumberSchemaType)))
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetTypeString());
+
+        if (!minimum_.IsNull() && !CheckDoubleMinimum(context, d))
+            return false;
+
+        if (!maximum_.IsNull() && !CheckDoubleMaximum(context, d))
+            return false;
+        
+        if (!multipleOf_.IsNull() && !CheckDoubleMultipleOf(context, d))
+            return false;
+        
+        return CreateParallelValidator(context);
+    }
+    
+    bool String(Context& context, const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool) const {
+        if (!(type_ & (1 << kStringSchemaType)))
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetTypeString());
+
+        if (minLength_ != 0 || maxLength_ != SizeType(~0)) {
+            SizeType count;
+            if (internal::CountStringCodePoint<EncodingType>(str, length, &count)) {
+                if (count < minLength_)
+                    RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetMinLengthString());
+                if (count > maxLength_)
+                    RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetMaxLengthString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (pattern_ && !IsPatternMatch(pattern_, str, length))
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetPatternString());
+
+        return CreateParallelValidator(context);
+    }
+
+    bool StartObject(Context& context) const { 
+        if (!(type_ & (1 << kObjectSchemaType)))
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetTypeString());
+
+        if (hasDependencies_ || hasRequired_) {
+            context.propertyExist = static_cast<bool*>(context.factory.MallocState(sizeof(bool) * propertyCount_));
+            std::memset(context.propertyExist, 0, sizeof(bool) * propertyCount_);
+        }
+
+        if (patternProperties_) { // pre-allocate schema array
+            SizeType count = patternPropertyCount_ + 1; // extra for valuePatternValidatorType
+            context.patternPropertiesSchemas = static_cast<const SchemaType**>(context.factory.MallocState(sizeof(const SchemaType*) * count));
+            context.patternPropertiesSchemaCount = 0;
+            std::memset(context.patternPropertiesSchemas, 0, sizeof(SchemaType*) * count);
+        }
+
+        return CreateParallelValidator(context);
+    }
+    
+    bool Key(Context& context, const Ch* str, SizeType len, bool) const {
+        if (patternProperties_) {
+            context.patternPropertiesSchemaCount = 0;
+            for (SizeType i = 0; i < patternPropertyCount_; i++)
+                if (patternProperties_[i].pattern && IsPatternMatch(patternProperties_[i].pattern, str, len))
+                    context.patternPropertiesSchemas[context.patternPropertiesSchemaCount++] = patternProperties_[i].schema;
+        }
+
+        SizeType index;
+        if (FindPropertyIndex(ValueType(str, len).Move(), &index)) {
+            if (context.patternPropertiesSchemaCount > 0) {
+                context.patternPropertiesSchemas[context.patternPropertiesSchemaCount++] = properties_[index].schema;
+                context.valueSchema = GetTypeless();
+                context.valuePatternValidatorType = Context::kPatternValidatorWithProperty;
+            }
+            else
+                context.valueSchema = properties_[index].schema;
+
+            if (context.propertyExist)
+                context.propertyExist[index] = true;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (additionalPropertiesSchema_) {
+            if (additionalPropertiesSchema_ && context.patternPropertiesSchemaCount > 0) {
+                context.patternPropertiesSchemas[context.patternPropertiesSchemaCount++] = additionalPropertiesSchema_;
+                context.valueSchema = GetTypeless();
+                context.valuePatternValidatorType = Context::kPatternValidatorWithAdditionalProperty;
+            }
+            else
+                context.valueSchema = additionalPropertiesSchema_;
+            return true;
+        }
+        else if (additionalProperties_) {
+            context.valueSchema = GetTypeless();
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (context.patternPropertiesSchemaCount == 0) // patternProperties are not additional properties
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetAdditionalPropertiesString());
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool EndObject(Context& context, SizeType memberCount) const {
+        if (hasRequired_)
+            for (SizeType index = 0; index < propertyCount_; index++)
+                if (properties_[index].required)
+                    if (!context.propertyExist[index])
+                        RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetRequiredString());
+
+        if (memberCount < minProperties_)
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetMinPropertiesString());
+
+        if (memberCount > maxProperties_)
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetMaxPropertiesString());
+
+        if (hasDependencies_) {
+            for (SizeType sourceIndex = 0; sourceIndex < propertyCount_; sourceIndex++)
+                if (context.propertyExist[sourceIndex]) {
+                    if (properties_[sourceIndex].dependencies) {
+                        for (SizeType targetIndex = 0; targetIndex < propertyCount_; targetIndex++)
+                            if (properties_[sourceIndex].dependencies[targetIndex] && !context.propertyExist[targetIndex])
+                                RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetDependenciesString());
+                    }
+                    else if (properties_[sourceIndex].dependenciesSchema)
+                        if (!context.validators[properties_[sourceIndex].dependenciesValidatorIndex]->IsValid())
+                            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetDependenciesString());
+                }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool StartArray(Context& context) const { 
+        if (!(type_ & (1 << kArraySchemaType)))
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetTypeString());
+
+        context.arrayElementIndex = 0;
+        context.inArray = true;
+
+        return CreateParallelValidator(context);
+    }
+
+    bool EndArray(Context& context, SizeType elementCount) const { 
+        context.inArray = false;
+        
+        if (elementCount < minItems_)
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetMinItemsString());
+        
+        if (elementCount > maxItems_)
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetMaxItemsString());
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // Generate functions for string literal according to Ch
+#define RAPIDJSON_STRING_(name, ...) \
+    static const ValueType& Get##name##String() {\
+        static const Ch s[] = { __VA_ARGS__, '\0' };\
+        static const ValueType v(s, sizeof(s) / sizeof(Ch) - 1);\
+        return v;\
+    }
+
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(Null, 'n', 'u', 'l', 'l')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(Boolean, 'b', 'o', 'o', 'l', 'e', 'a', 'n')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(Object, 'o', 'b', 'j', 'e', 'c', 't')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(Array, 'a', 'r', 'r', 'a', 'y')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(String, 's', 't', 'r', 'i', 'n', 'g')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(Number, 'n', 'u', 'm', 'b', 'e', 'r')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(Integer, 'i', 'n', 't', 'e', 'g', 'e', 'r')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(Type, 't', 'y', 'p', 'e')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(Enum, 'e', 'n', 'u', 'm')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(AllOf, 'a', 'l', 'l', 'O', 'f')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(AnyOf, 'a', 'n', 'y', 'O', 'f')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(OneOf, 'o', 'n', 'e', 'O', 'f')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(Not, 'n', 'o', 't')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(Properties, 'p', 'r', 'o', 'p', 'e', 'r', 't', 'i', 'e', 's')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(Required, 'r', 'e', 'q', 'u', 'i', 'r', 'e', 'd')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(Dependencies, 'd', 'e', 'p', 'e', 'n', 'd', 'e', 'n', 'c', 'i', 'e', 's')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(PatternProperties, 'p', 'a', 't', 't', 'e', 'r', 'n', 'P', 'r', 'o', 'p', 'e', 'r', 't', 'i', 'e', 's')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(AdditionalProperties, 'a', 'd', 'd', 'i', 't', 'i', 'o', 'n', 'a', 'l', 'P', 'r', 'o', 'p', 'e', 'r', 't', 'i', 'e', 's')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(MinProperties, 'm', 'i', 'n', 'P', 'r', 'o', 'p', 'e', 'r', 't', 'i', 'e', 's')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(MaxProperties, 'm', 'a', 'x', 'P', 'r', 'o', 'p', 'e', 'r', 't', 'i', 'e', 's')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(Items, 'i', 't', 'e', 'm', 's')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(MinItems, 'm', 'i', 'n', 'I', 't', 'e', 'm', 's')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(MaxItems, 'm', 'a', 'x', 'I', 't', 'e', 'm', 's')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(AdditionalItems, 'a', 'd', 'd', 'i', 't', 'i', 'o', 'n', 'a', 'l', 'I', 't', 'e', 'm', 's')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(UniqueItems, 'u', 'n', 'i', 'q', 'u', 'e', 'I', 't', 'e', 'm', 's')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(MinLength, 'm', 'i', 'n', 'L', 'e', 'n', 'g', 't', 'h')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(MaxLength, 'm', 'a', 'x', 'L', 'e', 'n', 'g', 't', 'h')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(Pattern, 'p', 'a', 't', 't', 'e', 'r', 'n')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(Minimum, 'm', 'i', 'n', 'i', 'm', 'u', 'm')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(Maximum, 'm', 'a', 'x', 'i', 'm', 'u', 'm')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(ExclusiveMinimum, 'e', 'x', 'c', 'l', 'u', 's', 'i', 'v', 'e', 'M', 'i', 'n', 'i', 'm', 'u', 'm')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(ExclusiveMaximum, 'e', 'x', 'c', 'l', 'u', 's', 'i', 'v', 'e', 'M', 'a', 'x', 'i', 'm', 'u', 'm')
+    RAPIDJSON_STRING_(MultipleOf, 'm', 'u', 'l', 't', 'i', 'p', 'l', 'e', 'O', 'f')
+
+#undef RAPIDJSON_STRING_
+
+private:
+    enum SchemaValueType {
+        kNullSchemaType,
+        kBooleanSchemaType,
+        kObjectSchemaType,
+        kArraySchemaType,
+        kStringSchemaType,
+        kNumberSchemaType,
+        kIntegerSchemaType,
+        kTotalSchemaType
+    };
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_USE_INTERNALREGEX
+        typedef internal::GenericRegex<EncodingType> RegexType;
+#elif RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_USE_STDREGEX
+        typedef std::basic_regex<Ch> RegexType;
+#else
+        typedef char RegexType;
+#endif
+
+    struct SchemaArray {
+        SchemaArray() : schemas(), count() {}
+        ~SchemaArray() { AllocatorType::Free(schemas); }
+        const SchemaType** schemas;
+        SizeType begin; // begin index of context.validators
+        SizeType count;
+    };
+
+    static const SchemaType* GetTypeless() {
+        static SchemaType typeless(0, PointerType(), ValueType(kObjectType).Move(), ValueType(kObjectType).Move(), 0);
+        return &typeless;
+    }
+
+    template <typename V1, typename V2>
+    void AddUniqueElement(V1& a, const V2& v) {
+        for (typename V1::ConstValueIterator itr = a.Begin(); itr != a.End(); ++itr)
+            if (*itr == v)
+                return;
+        V1 c(v, *allocator_);
+        a.PushBack(c, *allocator_);
+    }
+
+    static const ValueType* GetMember(const ValueType& value, const ValueType& name) {
+        typename ValueType::ConstMemberIterator itr = value.FindMember(name);
+        return itr != value.MemberEnd() ? &(itr->value) : 0;
+    }
+
+    static void AssignIfExist(bool& out, const ValueType& value, const ValueType& name) {
+        if (const ValueType* v = GetMember(value, name))
+            if (v->IsBool())
+                out = v->GetBool();
+    }
+
+    static void AssignIfExist(SizeType& out, const ValueType& value, const ValueType& name) {
+        if (const ValueType* v = GetMember(value, name))
+            if (v->IsUint64() && v->GetUint64() <= SizeType(~0))
+                out = static_cast<SizeType>(v->GetUint64());
+    }
+
+    void AssignIfExist(SchemaArray& out, SchemaDocumentType& schemaDocument, const PointerType& p, const ValueType& value, const ValueType& name, const ValueType& document) {
+        if (const ValueType* v = GetMember(value, name)) {
+            if (v->IsArray() && v->Size() > 0) {
+                PointerType q = p.Append(name, allocator_);
+                out.count = v->Size();
+                out.schemas = static_cast<const Schema**>(allocator_->Malloc(out.count * sizeof(const Schema*)));
+                memset(out.schemas, 0, sizeof(Schema*)* out.count);
+                for (SizeType i = 0; i < out.count; i++)
+                    schemaDocument.CreateSchema(&out.schemas[i], q.Append(i, allocator_), (*v)[i], document);
+                out.begin = validatorCount_;
+                validatorCount_ += out.count;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_USE_INTERNALREGEX
+    template <typename ValueType>
+    RegexType* CreatePattern(const ValueType& value) {
+        if (value.IsString()) {
+            RegexType* r = new (allocator_->Malloc(sizeof(RegexType))) RegexType(value.GetString());
+            if (!r->IsValid()) {
+                r->~RegexType();
+                AllocatorType::Free(r);
+                r = 0;
+            }
+            return r;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    static bool IsPatternMatch(const RegexType* pattern, const Ch *str, SizeType) {
+        return pattern->Search(str);
+    }
+#elif RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_USE_STDREGEX
+    template <typename ValueType>
+    RegexType* CreatePattern(const ValueType& value) {
+        if (value.IsString())
+            try {
+                return new (allocator_->Malloc(sizeof(RegexType))) RegexType(value.GetString(), std::size_t(value.GetStringLength()), std::regex_constants::ECMAScript);
+            }
+            catch (const std::regex_error&) {
+            }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    static bool IsPatternMatch(const RegexType* pattern, const Ch *str, SizeType length) {
+        std::match_results<const Ch*> r;
+        return std::regex_search(str, str + length, r, *pattern);
+    }
+#else
+    template <typename ValueType>
+    RegexType* CreatePattern(const ValueType&) { return 0; }
+
+    static bool IsPatternMatch(const RegexType*, const Ch *, SizeType) { return true; }
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_USE_STDREGEX
+
+    void AddType(const ValueType& type) {
+        if      (type == GetNullString()   ) type_ |= 1 << kNullSchemaType;
+        else if (type == GetBooleanString()) type_ |= 1 << kBooleanSchemaType;
+        else if (type == GetObjectString() ) type_ |= 1 << kObjectSchemaType;
+        else if (type == GetArrayString()  ) type_ |= 1 << kArraySchemaType;
+        else if (type == GetStringString() ) type_ |= 1 << kStringSchemaType;
+        else if (type == GetIntegerString()) type_ |= 1 << kIntegerSchemaType;
+        else if (type == GetNumberString() ) type_ |= (1 << kNumberSchemaType) | (1 << kIntegerSchemaType);
+    }
+
+    bool CreateParallelValidator(Context& context) const {
+        if (enum_ || context.arrayUniqueness)
+            context.hasher = context.factory.CreateHasher();
+
+        if (validatorCount_) {
+            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(context.validators == 0);
+            context.validators = static_cast<ISchemaValidator**>(context.factory.MallocState(sizeof(ISchemaValidator*) * validatorCount_));
+            context.validatorCount = validatorCount_;
+
+            if (allOf_.schemas)
+                CreateSchemaValidators(context, allOf_);
+
+            if (anyOf_.schemas)
+                CreateSchemaValidators(context, anyOf_);
+            
+            if (oneOf_.schemas)
+                CreateSchemaValidators(context, oneOf_);
+            
+            if (not_)
+                context.validators[notValidatorIndex_] = context.factory.CreateSchemaValidator(*not_);
+            
+            if (hasSchemaDependencies_) {
+                for (SizeType i = 0; i < propertyCount_; i++)
+                    if (properties_[i].dependenciesSchema)
+                        context.validators[properties_[i].dependenciesValidatorIndex] = context.factory.CreateSchemaValidator(*properties_[i].dependenciesSchema);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    void CreateSchemaValidators(Context& context, const SchemaArray& schemas) const {
+        for (SizeType i = 0; i < schemas.count; i++)
+            context.validators[schemas.begin + i] = context.factory.CreateSchemaValidator(*schemas.schemas[i]);
+    }
+
+    // O(n)
+    bool FindPropertyIndex(const ValueType& name, SizeType* outIndex) const {
+        SizeType len = name.GetStringLength();
+        const Ch* str = name.GetString();
+        for (SizeType index = 0; index < propertyCount_; index++)
+            if (properties_[index].name.GetStringLength() == len && 
+                (std::memcmp(properties_[index].name.GetString(), str, sizeof(Ch) * len) == 0))
+            {
+                *outIndex = index;
+                return true;
+            }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool CheckInt(Context& context, int64_t i) const {
+        if (!(type_ & ((1 << kIntegerSchemaType) | (1 << kNumberSchemaType))))
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetTypeString());
+
+        if (!minimum_.IsNull()) {
+            if (minimum_.IsInt64()) {
+                if (exclusiveMinimum_ ? i <= minimum_.GetInt64() : i < minimum_.GetInt64())
+                    RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetMinimumString());
+            }
+            else if (minimum_.IsUint64()) {
+                RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetMinimumString()); // i <= max(int64_t) < minimum.GetUint64()
+            }
+            else if (!CheckDoubleMinimum(context, static_cast<double>(i)))
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!maximum_.IsNull()) {
+            if (maximum_.IsInt64()) {
+                if (exclusiveMaximum_ ? i >= maximum_.GetInt64() : i > maximum_.GetInt64())
+                    RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetMaximumString());
+            }
+            else if (maximum_.IsUint64())
+                /* do nothing */; // i <= max(int64_t) < maximum_.GetUint64()
+            else if (!CheckDoubleMaximum(context, static_cast<double>(i)))
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!multipleOf_.IsNull()) {
+            if (multipleOf_.IsUint64()) {
+                if (static_cast<uint64_t>(i >= 0 ? i : -i) % multipleOf_.GetUint64() != 0)
+                    RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetMultipleOfString());
+            }
+            else if (!CheckDoubleMultipleOf(context, static_cast<double>(i)))
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool CheckUint(Context& context, uint64_t i) const {
+        if (!(type_ & ((1 << kIntegerSchemaType) | (1 << kNumberSchemaType))))
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetTypeString());
+
+        if (!minimum_.IsNull()) {
+            if (minimum_.IsUint64()) {
+                if (exclusiveMinimum_ ? i <= minimum_.GetUint64() : i < minimum_.GetUint64())
+                    RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetMinimumString());
+            }
+            else if (minimum_.IsInt64())
+                /* do nothing */; // i >= 0 > minimum.Getint64()
+            else if (!CheckDoubleMinimum(context, static_cast<double>(i)))
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!maximum_.IsNull()) {
+            if (maximum_.IsUint64()) {
+                if (exclusiveMaximum_ ? i >= maximum_.GetUint64() : i > maximum_.GetUint64())
+                    RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetMaximumString());
+            }
+            else if (maximum_.IsInt64())
+                RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetMaximumString()); // i >= 0 > maximum_
+            else if (!CheckDoubleMaximum(context, static_cast<double>(i)))
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!multipleOf_.IsNull()) {
+            if (multipleOf_.IsUint64()) {
+                if (i % multipleOf_.GetUint64() != 0)
+                    RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetMultipleOfString());
+            }
+            else if (!CheckDoubleMultipleOf(context, static_cast<double>(i)))
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool CheckDoubleMinimum(Context& context, double d) const {
+        if (exclusiveMinimum_ ? d <= minimum_.GetDouble() : d < minimum_.GetDouble())
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetMinimumString());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool CheckDoubleMaximum(Context& context, double d) const {
+        if (exclusiveMaximum_ ? d >= maximum_.GetDouble() : d > maximum_.GetDouble())
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetMaximumString());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool CheckDoubleMultipleOf(Context& context, double d) const {
+        double a = std::abs(d), b = std::abs(multipleOf_.GetDouble());
+        double q = std::floor(a / b);
+        double r = a - q * b;
+        if (r > 0.0)
+            RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(GetMultipleOfString());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    struct Property {
+        Property() : schema(), dependenciesSchema(), dependenciesValidatorIndex(), dependencies(), required(false) {}
+        ~Property() { AllocatorType::Free(dependencies); }
+        SValue name;
+        const SchemaType* schema;
+        const SchemaType* dependenciesSchema;
+        SizeType dependenciesValidatorIndex;
+        bool* dependencies;
+        bool required;
+    };
+
+    struct PatternProperty {
+        PatternProperty() : schema(), pattern() {}
+        ~PatternProperty() { 
+            if (pattern) {
+                pattern->~RegexType();
+                AllocatorType::Free(pattern);
+            }
+        }
+        const SchemaType* schema;
+        RegexType* pattern;
+    };
+
+    AllocatorType* allocator_;
+    uint64_t* enum_;
+    SizeType enumCount_;
+    SchemaArray allOf_;
+    SchemaArray anyOf_;
+    SchemaArray oneOf_;
+    const SchemaType* not_;
+    unsigned type_; // bitmask of kSchemaType
+    SizeType validatorCount_;
+    SizeType notValidatorIndex_;
+
+    Property* properties_;
+    const SchemaType* additionalPropertiesSchema_;
+    PatternProperty* patternProperties_;
+    SizeType patternPropertyCount_;
+    SizeType propertyCount_;
+    SizeType minProperties_;
+    SizeType maxProperties_;
+    bool additionalProperties_;
+    bool hasDependencies_;
+    bool hasRequired_;
+    bool hasSchemaDependencies_;
+
+    const SchemaType* additionalItemsSchema_;
+    const SchemaType* itemsList_;
+    const SchemaType** itemsTuple_;
+    SizeType itemsTupleCount_;
+    SizeType minItems_;
+    SizeType maxItems_;
+    bool additionalItems_;
+    bool uniqueItems_;
+
+    RegexType* pattern_;
+    SizeType minLength_;
+    SizeType maxLength_;
+
+    SValue minimum_;
+    SValue maximum_;
+    SValue multipleOf_;
+    bool exclusiveMinimum_;
+    bool exclusiveMaximum_;
+};
+
+template<typename Stack, typename Ch>
+struct TokenHelper {
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static void AppendIndexToken(Stack& documentStack, SizeType index) {
+        *documentStack.template Push<Ch>() = '/';
+        char buffer[21];
+        size_t length = static_cast<size_t>((sizeof(SizeType) == 4 ? u32toa(index, buffer) : u64toa(index, buffer)) - buffer);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < length; i++)
+            *documentStack.template Push<Ch>() = buffer[i];
+    }
+};
+
+// Partial specialized version for char to prevent buffer copying.
+template <typename Stack>
+struct TokenHelper<Stack, char> {
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE static void AppendIndexToken(Stack& documentStack, SizeType index) {
+        if (sizeof(SizeType) == 4) {
+            char *buffer = documentStack.template Push<char>(1 + 10); // '/' + uint
+            *buffer++ = '/';
+            const char* end = internal::u32toa(index, buffer);
+             documentStack.template Pop<char>(static_cast<size_t>(10 - (end - buffer)));
+        }
+        else {
+            char *buffer = documentStack.template Push<char>(1 + 20); // '/' + uint64
+            *buffer++ = '/';
+            const char* end = internal::u64toa(index, buffer);
+            documentStack.template Pop<char>(static_cast<size_t>(20 - (end - buffer)));
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace internal
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// IGenericRemoteSchemaDocumentProvider
+
+template <typename SchemaDocumentType>
+class IGenericRemoteSchemaDocumentProvider {
+public:
+    typedef typename SchemaDocumentType::Ch Ch;
+
+    virtual ~IGenericRemoteSchemaDocumentProvider() {}
+    virtual const SchemaDocumentType* GetRemoteDocument(const Ch* uri, SizeType length) = 0;
+};
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// GenericSchemaDocument
+
+//! JSON schema document.
+/*!
+    A JSON schema document is a compiled version of a JSON schema.
+    It is basically a tree of internal::Schema.
+
+    \note This is an immutable class (i.e. its instance cannot be modified after construction).
+    \tparam ValueT Type of JSON value (e.g. \c Value ), which also determine the encoding.
+    \tparam Allocator Allocator type for allocating memory of this document.
+*/
+template <typename ValueT, typename Allocator = CrtAllocator>
+class GenericSchemaDocument {
+public:
+    typedef ValueT ValueType;
+    typedef IGenericRemoteSchemaDocumentProvider<GenericSchemaDocument> IRemoteSchemaDocumentProviderType;
+    typedef Allocator AllocatorType;
+    typedef typename ValueType::EncodingType EncodingType;
+    typedef typename EncodingType::Ch Ch;
+    typedef internal::Schema<GenericSchemaDocument> SchemaType;
+    typedef GenericPointer<ValueType, Allocator> PointerType;
+    friend class internal::Schema<GenericSchemaDocument>;
+    template <typename, typename, typename>
+    friend class GenericSchemaValidator;
+
+    //! Constructor.
+    /*!
+        Compile a JSON document into schema document.
+
+        \param document A JSON document as source.
+        \param remoteProvider An optional remote schema document provider for resolving remote reference. Can be null.
+        \param allocator An optional allocator instance for allocating memory. Can be null.
+    */
+    explicit GenericSchemaDocument(const ValueType& document, IRemoteSchemaDocumentProviderType* remoteProvider = 0, Allocator* allocator = 0) :
+        remoteProvider_(remoteProvider),
+        allocator_(allocator),
+        ownAllocator_(),
+        root_(),
+        schemaMap_(allocator, kInitialSchemaMapSize),
+        schemaRef_(allocator, kInitialSchemaRefSize)
+    {
+        if (!allocator_)
+            ownAllocator_ = allocator_ = RAPIDJSON_NEW(Allocator());
+
+        // Generate root schema, it will call CreateSchema() to create sub-schemas,
+        // And call AddRefSchema() if there are $ref.
+        CreateSchemaRecursive(&root_, PointerType(), document, document);
+
+        // Resolve $ref
+        while (!schemaRef_.Empty()) {
+            SchemaRefEntry* refEntry = schemaRef_.template Pop<SchemaRefEntry>(1);
+            if (const SchemaType* s = GetSchema(refEntry->target)) {
+                if (refEntry->schema)
+                    *refEntry->schema = s;
+
+                // Create entry in map if not exist
+                if (!GetSchema(refEntry->source)) {
+                    new (schemaMap_.template Push<SchemaEntry>()) SchemaEntry(refEntry->source, const_cast<SchemaType*>(s), false, allocator_);
+                }
+            }
+            refEntry->~SchemaRefEntry();
+        }
+
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(root_ != 0);
+
+        schemaRef_.ShrinkToFit(); // Deallocate all memory for ref
+    }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+    //! Move constructor in C++11
+    GenericSchemaDocument(GenericSchemaDocument&& rhs) RAPIDJSON_NOEXCEPT :
+        remoteProvider_(rhs.remoteProvider_),
+        allocator_(rhs.allocator_),
+        ownAllocator_(rhs.ownAllocator_),
+        root_(rhs.root_),
+        schemaMap_(std::move(rhs.schemaMap_)),
+        schemaRef_(std::move(rhs.schemaRef_))
+    {
+        rhs.remoteProvider_ = 0;
+        rhs.allocator_ = 0;
+        rhs.ownAllocator_ = 0;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    //! Destructor
+    ~GenericSchemaDocument() {
+        while (!schemaMap_.Empty())
+            schemaMap_.template Pop<SchemaEntry>(1)->~SchemaEntry();
+
+        RAPIDJSON_DELETE(ownAllocator_);
+    }
+
+    //! Get the root schema.
+    const SchemaType& GetRoot() const { return *root_; }
+
+private:
+    //! Prohibit copying
+    GenericSchemaDocument(const GenericSchemaDocument&);
+    //! Prohibit assignment
+    GenericSchemaDocument& operator=(const GenericSchemaDocument&);
+
+    struct SchemaRefEntry {
+        SchemaRefEntry(const PointerType& s, const PointerType& t, const SchemaType** outSchema, Allocator *allocator) : source(s, allocator), target(t, allocator), schema(outSchema) {}
+        PointerType source;
+        PointerType target;
+        const SchemaType** schema;
+    };
+
+    struct SchemaEntry {
+        SchemaEntry(const PointerType& p, SchemaType* s, bool o, Allocator* allocator) : pointer(p, allocator), schema(s), owned(o) {}
+        ~SchemaEntry() {
+            if (owned) {
+                schema->~SchemaType();
+                Allocator::Free(schema);
+            }
+        }
+        PointerType pointer;
+        SchemaType* schema;
+        bool owned;
+    };
+
+    void CreateSchemaRecursive(const SchemaType** schema, const PointerType& pointer, const ValueType& v, const ValueType& document) {
+        if (schema)
+            *schema = SchemaType::GetTypeless();
+
+        if (v.GetType() == kObjectType) {
+            const SchemaType* s = GetSchema(pointer);
+            if (!s)
+                CreateSchema(schema, pointer, v, document);
+
+            for (typename ValueType::ConstMemberIterator itr = v.MemberBegin(); itr != v.MemberEnd(); ++itr)
+                CreateSchemaRecursive(0, pointer.Append(itr->name, allocator_), itr->value, document);
+        }
+        else if (v.GetType() == kArrayType)
+            for (SizeType i = 0; i < v.Size(); i++)
+                CreateSchemaRecursive(0, pointer.Append(i, allocator_), v[i], document);
+    }
+
+    void CreateSchema(const SchemaType** schema, const PointerType& pointer, const ValueType& v, const ValueType& document) {
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(pointer.IsValid());
+        if (v.IsObject()) {
+            if (!HandleRefSchema(pointer, schema, v, document)) {
+                SchemaType* s = new (allocator_->Malloc(sizeof(SchemaType))) SchemaType(this, pointer, v, document, allocator_);
+                new (schemaMap_.template Push<SchemaEntry>()) SchemaEntry(pointer, s, true, allocator_);
+                if (schema)
+                    *schema = s;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool HandleRefSchema(const PointerType& source, const SchemaType** schema, const ValueType& v, const ValueType& document) {
+        static const Ch kRefString[] = { '$', 'r', 'e', 'f', '\0' };
+        static const ValueType kRefValue(kRefString, 4);
+
+        typename ValueType::ConstMemberIterator itr = v.FindMember(kRefValue);
+        if (itr == v.MemberEnd())
+            return false;
+
+        if (itr->value.IsString()) {
+            SizeType len = itr->value.GetStringLength();
+            if (len > 0) {
+                const Ch* s = itr->value.GetString();
+                SizeType i = 0;
+                while (i < len && s[i] != '#') // Find the first #
+                    i++;
+
+                if (i > 0) { // Remote reference, resolve immediately
+                    if (remoteProvider_) {
+                        if (const GenericSchemaDocument* remoteDocument = remoteProvider_->GetRemoteDocument(s, i - 1)) {
+                            PointerType pointer(&s[i], len - i, allocator_);
+                            if (pointer.IsValid()) {
+                                if (const SchemaType* sc = remoteDocument->GetSchema(pointer)) {
+                                    if (schema)
+                                        *schema = sc;
+                                    return true;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (s[i] == '#') { // Local reference, defer resolution
+                    PointerType pointer(&s[i], len - i, allocator_);
+                    if (pointer.IsValid()) {
+                        if (const ValueType* nv = pointer.Get(document))
+                            if (HandleRefSchema(source, schema, *nv, document))
+                                return true;
+
+                        new (schemaRef_.template Push<SchemaRefEntry>()) SchemaRefEntry(source, pointer, schema, allocator_);
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const SchemaType* GetSchema(const PointerType& pointer) const {
+        for (const SchemaEntry* target = schemaMap_.template Bottom<SchemaEntry>(); target != schemaMap_.template End<SchemaEntry>(); ++target)
+            if (pointer == target->pointer)
+                return target->schema;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    PointerType GetPointer(const SchemaType* schema) const {
+        for (const SchemaEntry* target = schemaMap_.template Bottom<SchemaEntry>(); target != schemaMap_.template End<SchemaEntry>(); ++target)
+            if (schema == target->schema)
+                return target->pointer;
+        return PointerType();
+    }
+
+    static const size_t kInitialSchemaMapSize = 64;
+    static const size_t kInitialSchemaRefSize = 64;
+
+    IRemoteSchemaDocumentProviderType* remoteProvider_;
+    Allocator *allocator_;
+    Allocator *ownAllocator_;
+    const SchemaType* root_;                //!< Root schema.
+    internal::Stack<Allocator> schemaMap_;  // Stores created Pointer -> Schemas
+    internal::Stack<Allocator> schemaRef_;  // Stores Pointer from $ref and schema which holds the $ref
+};
+
+//! GenericSchemaDocument using Value type.
+typedef GenericSchemaDocument<Value> SchemaDocument;
+//! IGenericRemoteSchemaDocumentProvider using SchemaDocument.
+typedef IGenericRemoteSchemaDocumentProvider<SchemaDocument> IRemoteSchemaDocumentProvider;
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// GenericSchemaValidator
+
+//! JSON Schema Validator.
+/*!
+    A SAX style JSON schema validator.
+    It uses a \c GenericSchemaDocument to validate SAX events.
+    It delegates the incoming SAX events to an output handler.
+    The default output handler does nothing.
+    It can be reused multiple times by calling \c Reset().
+
+    \tparam SchemaDocumentType Type of schema document.
+    \tparam OutputHandler Type of output handler. Default handler does nothing.
+    \tparam StateAllocator Allocator for storing the internal validation states.
+*/
+template <
+    typename SchemaDocumentType,
+    typename OutputHandler = BaseReaderHandler<typename SchemaDocumentType::SchemaType::EncodingType>,
+    typename StateAllocator = CrtAllocator>
+class GenericSchemaValidator :
+    public internal::ISchemaStateFactory<typename SchemaDocumentType::SchemaType>, 
+    public internal::ISchemaValidator
+{
+public:
+    typedef typename SchemaDocumentType::SchemaType SchemaType;
+    typedef typename SchemaDocumentType::PointerType PointerType;
+    typedef typename SchemaType::EncodingType EncodingType;
+    typedef typename EncodingType::Ch Ch;
+
+    //! Constructor without output handler.
+    /*!
+        \param schemaDocument The schema document to conform to.
+        \param allocator Optional allocator for storing internal validation states.
+        \param schemaStackCapacity Optional initial capacity of schema path stack.
+        \param documentStackCapacity Optional initial capacity of document path stack.
+    */
+    GenericSchemaValidator(
+        const SchemaDocumentType& schemaDocument,
+        StateAllocator* allocator = 0, 
+        size_t schemaStackCapacity = kDefaultSchemaStackCapacity,
+        size_t documentStackCapacity = kDefaultDocumentStackCapacity)
+        :
+        schemaDocument_(&schemaDocument),
+        root_(schemaDocument.GetRoot()),
+        outputHandler_(GetNullHandler()),
+        stateAllocator_(allocator),
+        ownStateAllocator_(0),
+        schemaStack_(allocator, schemaStackCapacity),
+        documentStack_(allocator, documentStackCapacity),
+        valid_(true)
+#if RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_VERBOSE
+        , depth_(0)
+#endif
+    {
+    }
+
+    //! Constructor with output handler.
+    /*!
+        \param schemaDocument The schema document to conform to.
+        \param allocator Optional allocator for storing internal validation states.
+        \param schemaStackCapacity Optional initial capacity of schema path stack.
+        \param documentStackCapacity Optional initial capacity of document path stack.
+    */
+    GenericSchemaValidator(
+        const SchemaDocumentType& schemaDocument,
+        OutputHandler& outputHandler,
+        StateAllocator* allocator = 0, 
+        size_t schemaStackCapacity = kDefaultSchemaStackCapacity,
+        size_t documentStackCapacity = kDefaultDocumentStackCapacity)
+        :
+        schemaDocument_(&schemaDocument),
+        root_(schemaDocument.GetRoot()),
+        outputHandler_(outputHandler),
+        stateAllocator_(allocator),
+        ownStateAllocator_(0),
+        schemaStack_(allocator, schemaStackCapacity),
+        documentStack_(allocator, documentStackCapacity),
+        valid_(true)
+#if RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_VERBOSE
+        , depth_(0)
+#endif
+    {
+    }
+
+    //! Destructor.
+    ~GenericSchemaValidator() {
+        Reset();
+        RAPIDJSON_DELETE(ownStateAllocator_);
+    }
+
+    //! Reset the internal states.
+    void Reset() {
+        while (!schemaStack_.Empty())
+            PopSchema();
+        documentStack_.Clear();
+        valid_ = true;
+    }
+
+    //! Checks whether the current state is valid.
+    // Implementation of ISchemaValidator
+    virtual bool IsValid() const { return valid_; }
+
+    //! Gets the JSON pointer pointed to the invalid schema.
+    PointerType GetInvalidSchemaPointer() const {
+        return schemaStack_.Empty() ? PointerType() : schemaDocument_->GetPointer(&CurrentSchema());
+    }
+
+    //! Gets the keyword of invalid schema.
+    const Ch* GetInvalidSchemaKeyword() const {
+        return schemaStack_.Empty() ? 0 : CurrentContext().invalidKeyword;
+    }
+
+    //! Gets the JSON pointer pointed to the invalid value.
+    PointerType GetInvalidDocumentPointer() const {
+        return documentStack_.Empty() ? PointerType() : PointerType(documentStack_.template Bottom<Ch>(), documentStack_.GetSize() / sizeof(Ch));
+    }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_VERBOSE
+#define RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_BEGIN_VERBOSE_() \
+RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_BEGIN\
+    *documentStack_.template Push<Ch>() = '\0';\
+    documentStack_.template Pop<Ch>(1);\
+    internal::PrintInvalidDocument(documentStack_.template Bottom<Ch>());\
+RAPIDJSON_MULTILINEMACRO_END
+#else
+#define RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_BEGIN_VERBOSE_()
+#endif
+
+#define RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_BEGIN_(method, arg1)\
+    if (!valid_) return false; \
+    if (!BeginValue() || !CurrentSchema().method arg1) {\
+        RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_BEGIN_VERBOSE_();\
+        return valid_ = false;\
+    }
+
+#define RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_PARALLEL_(method, arg2)\
+    for (Context* context = schemaStack_.template Bottom<Context>(); context != schemaStack_.template End<Context>(); context++) {\
+        if (context->hasher)\
+            static_cast<HasherType*>(context->hasher)->method arg2;\
+        if (context->validators)\
+            for (SizeType i_ = 0; i_ < context->validatorCount; i_++)\
+                static_cast<GenericSchemaValidator*>(context->validators[i_])->method arg2;\
+        if (context->patternPropertiesValidators)\
+            for (SizeType i_ = 0; i_ < context->patternPropertiesValidatorCount; i_++)\
+                static_cast<GenericSchemaValidator*>(context->patternPropertiesValidators[i_])->method arg2;\
+    }
+
+#define RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_END_(method, arg2)\
+    return valid_ = EndValue() && outputHandler_.method arg2
+
+#define RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_VALUE_(method, arg1, arg2) \
+    RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_BEGIN_   (method, arg1);\
+    RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_PARALLEL_(method, arg2);\
+    RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_END_     (method, arg2)
+
+    bool Null()             { RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_VALUE_(Null,   (CurrentContext()   ), ( )); }
+    bool Bool(bool b)       { RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_VALUE_(Bool,   (CurrentContext(), b), (b)); }
+    bool Int(int i)         { RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_VALUE_(Int,    (CurrentContext(), i), (i)); }
+    bool Uint(unsigned u)   { RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_VALUE_(Uint,   (CurrentContext(), u), (u)); }
+    bool Int64(int64_t i)   { RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_VALUE_(Int64,  (CurrentContext(), i), (i)); }
+    bool Uint64(uint64_t u) { RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_VALUE_(Uint64, (CurrentContext(), u), (u)); }
+    bool Double(double d)   { RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_VALUE_(Double, (CurrentContext(), d), (d)); }
+    bool RawNumber(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy)
+                                    { RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_VALUE_(String, (CurrentContext(), str, length, copy), (str, length, copy)); }
+    bool String(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy)
+                                    { RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_VALUE_(String, (CurrentContext(), str, length, copy), (str, length, copy)); }
+
+    bool StartObject() {
+        RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_BEGIN_(StartObject, (CurrentContext()));
+        RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_PARALLEL_(StartObject, ());
+        return valid_ = outputHandler_.StartObject();
+    }
+    
+    bool Key(const Ch* str, SizeType len, bool copy) {
+        if (!valid_) return false;
+        AppendToken(str, len);
+        if (!CurrentSchema().Key(CurrentContext(), str, len, copy)) return valid_ = false;
+        RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_PARALLEL_(Key, (str, len, copy));
+        return valid_ = outputHandler_.Key(str, len, copy);
+    }
+    
+    bool EndObject(SizeType memberCount) { 
+        if (!valid_) return false;
+        RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_PARALLEL_(EndObject, (memberCount));
+        if (!CurrentSchema().EndObject(CurrentContext(), memberCount)) return valid_ = false;
+        RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_END_(EndObject, (memberCount));
+    }
+
+    bool StartArray() {
+        RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_BEGIN_(StartArray, (CurrentContext()));
+        RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_PARALLEL_(StartArray, ());
+        return valid_ = outputHandler_.StartArray();
+    }
+    
+    bool EndArray(SizeType elementCount) {
+        if (!valid_) return false;
+        RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_PARALLEL_(EndArray, (elementCount));
+        if (!CurrentSchema().EndArray(CurrentContext(), elementCount)) return valid_ = false;
+        RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_END_(EndArray, (elementCount));
+    }
+
+#undef RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_BEGIN_VERBOSE_
+#undef RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_BEGIN_
+#undef RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_PARALLEL_
+#undef RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_HANDLE_VALUE_
+
+    // Implementation of ISchemaStateFactory<SchemaType>
+    virtual ISchemaValidator* CreateSchemaValidator(const SchemaType& root) {
+        return new (GetStateAllocator().Malloc(sizeof(GenericSchemaValidator))) GenericSchemaValidator(*schemaDocument_, root,
+#if RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_VERBOSE
+        depth_ + 1,
+#endif
+        &GetStateAllocator());
+    }
+
+    virtual void DestroySchemaValidator(ISchemaValidator* validator) {
+        GenericSchemaValidator* v = static_cast<GenericSchemaValidator*>(validator);
+        v->~GenericSchemaValidator();
+        StateAllocator::Free(v);
+    }
+
+    virtual void* CreateHasher() {
+        return new (GetStateAllocator().Malloc(sizeof(HasherType))) HasherType(&GetStateAllocator());
+    }
+
+    virtual uint64_t GetHashCode(void* hasher) {
+        return static_cast<HasherType*>(hasher)->GetHashCode();
+    }
+
+    virtual void DestroryHasher(void* hasher) {
+        HasherType* h = static_cast<HasherType*>(hasher);
+        h->~HasherType();
+        StateAllocator::Free(h);
+    }
+
+    virtual void* MallocState(size_t size) {
+        return GetStateAllocator().Malloc(size);
+    }
+
+    virtual void FreeState(void* p) {
+        return StateAllocator::Free(p);
+    }
+
+private:
+    typedef typename SchemaType::Context Context;
+    typedef GenericValue<UTF8<>, StateAllocator> HashCodeArray;
+    typedef internal::Hasher<EncodingType, StateAllocator> HasherType;
+
+    GenericSchemaValidator( 
+        const SchemaDocumentType& schemaDocument,
+        const SchemaType& root,
+#if RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_VERBOSE
+        unsigned depth,
+#endif
+        StateAllocator* allocator = 0,
+        size_t schemaStackCapacity = kDefaultSchemaStackCapacity,
+        size_t documentStackCapacity = kDefaultDocumentStackCapacity)
+        :
+        schemaDocument_(&schemaDocument),
+        root_(root),
+        outputHandler_(GetNullHandler()),
+        stateAllocator_(allocator),
+        ownStateAllocator_(0),
+        schemaStack_(allocator, schemaStackCapacity),
+        documentStack_(allocator, documentStackCapacity),
+        valid_(true)
+#if RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_VERBOSE
+        , depth_(depth)
+#endif
+    {
+    }
+
+    StateAllocator& GetStateAllocator() {
+        if (!stateAllocator_)
+            stateAllocator_ = ownStateAllocator_ = RAPIDJSON_NEW(StateAllocator());
+        return *stateAllocator_;
+    }
+
+    bool BeginValue() {
+        if (schemaStack_.Empty())
+            PushSchema(root_);
+        else {
+            if (CurrentContext().inArray)
+                internal::TokenHelper<internal::Stack<StateAllocator>, Ch>::AppendIndexToken(documentStack_, CurrentContext().arrayElementIndex);
+
+            if (!CurrentSchema().BeginValue(CurrentContext()))
+                return false;
+
+            SizeType count = CurrentContext().patternPropertiesSchemaCount;
+            const SchemaType** sa = CurrentContext().patternPropertiesSchemas;
+            typename Context::PatternValidatorType patternValidatorType = CurrentContext().valuePatternValidatorType;
+            bool valueUniqueness = CurrentContext().valueUniqueness;
+            if (CurrentContext().valueSchema)
+                PushSchema(*CurrentContext().valueSchema);
+
+            if (count > 0) {
+                CurrentContext().objectPatternValidatorType = patternValidatorType;
+                ISchemaValidator**& va = CurrentContext().patternPropertiesValidators;
+                SizeType& validatorCount = CurrentContext().patternPropertiesValidatorCount;
+                va = static_cast<ISchemaValidator**>(MallocState(sizeof(ISchemaValidator*) * count));
+                for (SizeType i = 0; i < count; i++)
+                    va[validatorCount++] = CreateSchemaValidator(*sa[i]);
+            }
+
+            CurrentContext().arrayUniqueness = valueUniqueness;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool EndValue() {
+        if (!CurrentSchema().EndValue(CurrentContext()))
+            return false;
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_VERBOSE
+        GenericStringBuffer<EncodingType> sb;
+        schemaDocument_->GetPointer(&CurrentSchema()).Stringify(sb);
+
+        *documentStack_.template Push<Ch>() = '\0';
+        documentStack_.template Pop<Ch>(1);
+        internal::PrintValidatorPointers(depth_, sb.GetString(), documentStack_.template Bottom<Ch>());
+#endif
+
+        uint64_t h = CurrentContext().arrayUniqueness ? static_cast<HasherType*>(CurrentContext().hasher)->GetHashCode() : 0;
+        
+        PopSchema();
+
+        if (!schemaStack_.Empty()) {
+            Context& context = CurrentContext();
+            if (context.valueUniqueness) {
+                HashCodeArray* a = static_cast<HashCodeArray*>(context.arrayElementHashCodes);
+                if (!a)
+                    CurrentContext().arrayElementHashCodes = a = new (GetStateAllocator().Malloc(sizeof(HashCodeArray))) HashCodeArray(kArrayType);
+                for (typename HashCodeArray::ConstValueIterator itr = a->Begin(); itr != a->End(); ++itr)
+                    if (itr->GetUint64() == h)
+                        RAPIDJSON_INVALID_KEYWORD_RETURN(SchemaType::GetUniqueItemsString());
+                a->PushBack(h, GetStateAllocator());
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Remove the last token of document pointer
+        while (!documentStack_.Empty() && *documentStack_.template Pop<Ch>(1) != '/')
+            ;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    void AppendToken(const Ch* str, SizeType len) {
+        documentStack_.template Reserve<Ch>(1 + len * 2); // worst case all characters are escaped as two characters
+        *documentStack_.template PushUnsafe<Ch>() = '/';
+        for (SizeType i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            if (str[i] == '~') {
+                *documentStack_.template PushUnsafe<Ch>() = '~';
+                *documentStack_.template PushUnsafe<Ch>() = '0';
+            }
+            else if (str[i] == '/') {
+                *documentStack_.template PushUnsafe<Ch>() = '~';
+                *documentStack_.template PushUnsafe<Ch>() = '1';
+            }
+            else
+                *documentStack_.template PushUnsafe<Ch>() = str[i];
+        }
+    }
+
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE void PushSchema(const SchemaType& schema) { new (schemaStack_.template Push<Context>()) Context(*this, &schema); }
+    
+    RAPIDJSON_FORCEINLINE void PopSchema() {
+        Context* c = schemaStack_.template Pop<Context>(1);
+        if (HashCodeArray* a = static_cast<HashCodeArray*>(c->arrayElementHashCodes)) {
+            a->~HashCodeArray();
+            StateAllocator::Free(a);
+        }
+        c->~Context();
+    }
+
+    const SchemaType& CurrentSchema() const { return *schemaStack_.template Top<Context>()->schema; }
+    Context& CurrentContext() { return *schemaStack_.template Top<Context>(); }
+    const Context& CurrentContext() const { return *schemaStack_.template Top<Context>(); }
+
+    static OutputHandler& GetNullHandler() {
+        static OutputHandler nullHandler;
+        return nullHandler;
+    }
+
+    static const size_t kDefaultSchemaStackCapacity = 1024;
+    static const size_t kDefaultDocumentStackCapacity = 256;
+    const SchemaDocumentType* schemaDocument_;
+    const SchemaType& root_;
+    OutputHandler& outputHandler_;
+    StateAllocator* stateAllocator_;
+    StateAllocator* ownStateAllocator_;
+    internal::Stack<StateAllocator> schemaStack_;    //!< stack to store the current path of schema (BaseSchemaType *)
+    internal::Stack<StateAllocator> documentStack_;  //!< stack to store the current path of validating document (Ch)
+    bool valid_;
+#if RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_VERBOSE
+    unsigned depth_;
+#endif
+};
+
+typedef GenericSchemaValidator<SchemaDocument> SchemaValidator;
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// SchemaValidatingReader
+
+//! A helper class for parsing with validation.
+/*!
+    This helper class is a functor, designed as a parameter of \ref GenericDocument::Populate().
+
+    \tparam parseFlags Combination of \ref ParseFlag.
+    \tparam InputStream Type of input stream, implementing Stream concept.
+    \tparam SourceEncoding Encoding of the input stream.
+    \tparam SchemaDocumentType Type of schema document.
+    \tparam StackAllocator Allocator type for stack.
+*/
+template <
+    unsigned parseFlags,
+    typename InputStream,
+    typename SourceEncoding,
+    typename SchemaDocumentType = SchemaDocument,
+    typename StackAllocator = CrtAllocator>
+class SchemaValidatingReader {
+public:
+    typedef typename SchemaDocumentType::PointerType PointerType;
+    typedef typename InputStream::Ch Ch;
+
+    //! Constructor
+    /*!
+        \param is Input stream.
+        \param sd Schema document.
+    */
+    SchemaValidatingReader(InputStream& is, const SchemaDocumentType& sd) : is_(is), sd_(sd), invalidSchemaKeyword_(), isValid_(true) {}
+
+    template <typename Handler>
+    bool operator()(Handler& handler) {
+        GenericReader<SourceEncoding, typename SchemaDocumentType::EncodingType, StackAllocator> reader;
+        GenericSchemaValidator<SchemaDocumentType, Handler> validator(sd_, handler);
+        parseResult_ = reader.template Parse<parseFlags>(is_, validator);
+
+        isValid_ = validator.IsValid();
+        if (isValid_) {
+            invalidSchemaPointer_ = PointerType();
+            invalidSchemaKeyword_ = 0;
+            invalidDocumentPointer_ = PointerType();
+        }
+        else {
+            invalidSchemaPointer_ = validator.GetInvalidSchemaPointer();
+            invalidSchemaKeyword_ = validator.GetInvalidSchemaKeyword();
+            invalidDocumentPointer_ = validator.GetInvalidDocumentPointer();
+        }
+
+        return parseResult_;
+    }
+
+    const ParseResult& GetParseResult() const { return parseResult_; }
+    bool IsValid() const { return isValid_; }
+    const PointerType& GetInvalidSchemaPointer() const { return invalidSchemaPointer_; }
+    const Ch* GetInvalidSchemaKeyword() const { return invalidSchemaKeyword_; }
+    const PointerType& GetInvalidDocumentPointer() const { return invalidDocumentPointer_; }
+
+private:
+    InputStream& is_;
+    const SchemaDocumentType& sd_;
+
+    ParseResult parseResult_;
+    PointerType invalidSchemaPointer_;
+    const Ch* invalidSchemaKeyword_;
+    PointerType invalidDocumentPointer_;
+    bool isValid_;
+};
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/stream.h b/include/rapidjson/stream.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fef82c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/rapidjson/stream.h
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#include "rapidjson.h"
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_STREAM_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_STREAM_H_
+
+#include "encodings.h"
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//  Stream
+
+/*! \class rapidjson::Stream
+    \brief Concept for reading and writing characters.
+
+    For read-only stream, no need to implement PutBegin(), Put(), Flush() and PutEnd().
+
+    For write-only stream, only need to implement Put() and Flush().
+
+\code
+concept Stream {
+    typename Ch;    //!< Character type of the stream.
+
+    //! Read the current character from stream without moving the read cursor.
+    Ch Peek() const;
+
+    //! Read the current character from stream and moving the read cursor to next character.
+    Ch Take();
+
+    //! Get the current read cursor.
+    //! \return Number of characters read from start.
+    size_t Tell();
+
+    //! Begin writing operation at the current read pointer.
+    //! \return The begin writer pointer.
+    Ch* PutBegin();
+
+    //! Write a character.
+    void Put(Ch c);
+
+    //! Flush the buffer.
+    void Flush();
+
+    //! End the writing operation.
+    //! \param begin The begin write pointer returned by PutBegin().
+    //! \return Number of characters written.
+    size_t PutEnd(Ch* begin);
+}
+\endcode
+*/
+
+//! Provides additional information for stream.
+/*!
+    By using traits pattern, this type provides a default configuration for stream.
+    For custom stream, this type can be specialized for other configuration.
+    See TEST(Reader, CustomStringStream) in readertest.cpp for example.
+*/
+template<typename Stream>
+struct StreamTraits {
+    //! Whether to make local copy of stream for optimization during parsing.
+    /*!
+        By default, for safety, streams do not use local copy optimization.
+        Stream that can be copied fast should specialize this, like StreamTraits<StringStream>.
+    */
+    enum { copyOptimization = 0 };
+};
+
+//! Reserve n characters for writing to a stream.
+template<typename Stream>
+inline void PutReserve(Stream& stream, size_t count) {
+    (void)stream;
+    (void)count;
+}
+
+//! Write character to a stream, presuming buffer is reserved.
+template<typename Stream>
+inline void PutUnsafe(Stream& stream, typename Stream::Ch c) {
+    stream.Put(c);
+}
+
+//! Put N copies of a character to a stream.
+template<typename Stream, typename Ch>
+inline void PutN(Stream& stream, Ch c, size_t n) {
+    PutReserve(stream, n);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++)
+        PutUnsafe(stream, c);
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// StringStream
+
+//! Read-only string stream.
+/*! \note implements Stream concept
+*/
+template <typename Encoding>
+struct GenericStringStream {
+    typedef typename Encoding::Ch Ch;
+
+    GenericStringStream(const Ch *src) : src_(src), head_(src) {}
+
+    Ch Peek() const { return *src_; }
+    Ch Take() { return *src_++; }
+    size_t Tell() const { return static_cast<size_t>(src_ - head_); }
+
+    Ch* PutBegin() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+    void Put(Ch) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); }
+    void Flush() { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); }
+    size_t PutEnd(Ch*) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(false); return 0; }
+
+    const Ch* src_;     //!< Current read position.
+    const Ch* head_;    //!< Original head of the string.
+};
+
+template <typename Encoding>
+struct StreamTraits<GenericStringStream<Encoding> > {
+    enum { copyOptimization = 1 };
+};
+
+//! String stream with UTF8 encoding.
+typedef GenericStringStream<UTF8<> > StringStream;
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// InsituStringStream
+
+//! A read-write string stream.
+/*! This string stream is particularly designed for in-situ parsing.
+    \note implements Stream concept
+*/
+template <typename Encoding>
+struct GenericInsituStringStream {
+    typedef typename Encoding::Ch Ch;
+
+    GenericInsituStringStream(Ch *src) : src_(src), dst_(0), head_(src) {}
+
+    // Read
+    Ch Peek() { return *src_; }
+    Ch Take() { return *src_++; }
+    size_t Tell() { return static_cast<size_t>(src_ - head_); }
+
+    // Write
+    void Put(Ch c) { RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(dst_ != 0); *dst_++ = c; }
+
+    Ch* PutBegin() { return dst_ = src_; }
+    size_t PutEnd(Ch* begin) { return static_cast<size_t>(dst_ - begin); }
+    void Flush() {}
+
+    Ch* Push(size_t count) { Ch* begin = dst_; dst_ += count; return begin; }
+    void Pop(size_t count) { dst_ -= count; }
+
+    Ch* src_;
+    Ch* dst_;
+    Ch* head_;
+};
+
+template <typename Encoding>
+struct StreamTraits<GenericInsituStringStream<Encoding> > {
+    enum { copyOptimization = 1 };
+};
+
+//! Insitu string stream with UTF8 encoding.
+typedef GenericInsituStringStream<UTF8<> > InsituStringStream;
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_STREAM_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/stringbuffer.h b/include/rapidjson/stringbuffer.h
index e9be849..78f34d2 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/stringbuffer.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/stringbuffer.h
@@ -1,93 +1,117 @@
-// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
-// 
-// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
-// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
-// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
-// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
-// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_STRINGBUFFER_H_
-#define RAPIDJSON_STRINGBUFFER_H_
-
-#include "rapidjson.h"
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
-#include <utility> // std::move
-#endif
-
-#include "internal/stack.h"
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-//! Represents an in-memory output stream.
-/*!
-    \tparam Encoding Encoding of the stream.
-    \tparam Allocator type for allocating memory buffer.
-    \note implements Stream concept
-*/
-template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator = CrtAllocator>
-class GenericStringBuffer {
-public:
-    typedef typename Encoding::Ch Ch;
-
-    GenericStringBuffer(Allocator* allocator = 0, size_t capacity = kDefaultCapacity) : stack_(allocator, capacity) {}
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
-    GenericStringBuffer(GenericStringBuffer&& rhs) : stack_(std::move(rhs.stack_)) {}
-    GenericStringBuffer& operator=(GenericStringBuffer&& rhs) {
-        if (&rhs != this)
-            stack_ = std::move(rhs.stack_);
-        return *this;
-    }
-#endif
-
-    void Put(Ch c) { *stack_.template Push<Ch>() = c; }
-    void Flush() {}
-
-    void Clear() { stack_.Clear(); }
-    void ShrinkToFit() {
-        // Push and pop a null terminator. This is safe.
-        *stack_.template Push<Ch>() = '\0';
-        stack_.ShrinkToFit();
-        stack_.template Pop<Ch>(1);
-    }
-    Ch* Push(size_t count) { return stack_.template Push<Ch>(count); }
-    void Pop(size_t count) { stack_.template Pop<Ch>(count); }
-
-    const Ch* GetString() const {
-        // Push and pop a null terminator. This is safe.
-        *stack_.template Push<Ch>() = '\0';
-        stack_.template Pop<Ch>(1);
-
-        return stack_.template Bottom<Ch>();
-    }
-
-    size_t GetSize() const { return stack_.GetSize(); }
-
-    static const size_t kDefaultCapacity = 256;
-    mutable internal::Stack<Allocator> stack_;
-
-private:
-    // Prohibit copy constructor & assignment operator.
-    GenericStringBuffer(const GenericStringBuffer&);
-    GenericStringBuffer& operator=(const GenericStringBuffer&);
-};
-
-//! String buffer with UTF8 encoding
-typedef GenericStringBuffer<UTF8<> > StringBuffer;
-
-//! Implement specialized version of PutN() with memset() for better performance.
-template<>
-inline void PutN(GenericStringBuffer<UTF8<> >& stream, char c, size_t n) {
-    std::memset(stream.stack_.Push<char>(n), c, n * sizeof(c));
-}
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_STRINGBUFFER_H_
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_STRINGBUFFER_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_STRINGBUFFER_H_
+
+#include "stream.h"
+#include "internal/stack.h"
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+#include <utility> // std::move
+#endif
+
+#include "internal/stack.h"
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(c++98-compat)
+#endif
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+//! Represents an in-memory output stream.
+/*!
+    \tparam Encoding Encoding of the stream.
+    \tparam Allocator type for allocating memory buffer.
+    \note implements Stream concept
+*/
+template <typename Encoding, typename Allocator = CrtAllocator>
+class GenericStringBuffer {
+public:
+    typedef typename Encoding::Ch Ch;
+
+    GenericStringBuffer(Allocator* allocator = 0, size_t capacity = kDefaultCapacity) : stack_(allocator, capacity) {}
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_CXX11_RVALUE_REFS
+    GenericStringBuffer(GenericStringBuffer&& rhs) : stack_(std::move(rhs.stack_)) {}
+    GenericStringBuffer& operator=(GenericStringBuffer&& rhs) {
+        if (&rhs != this)
+            stack_ = std::move(rhs.stack_);
+        return *this;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    void Put(Ch c) { *stack_.template Push<Ch>() = c; }
+    void PutUnsafe(Ch c) { *stack_.template PushUnsafe<Ch>() = c; }
+    void Flush() {}
+
+    void Clear() { stack_.Clear(); }
+    void ShrinkToFit() {
+        // Push and pop a null terminator. This is safe.
+        *stack_.template Push<Ch>() = '\0';
+        stack_.ShrinkToFit();
+        stack_.template Pop<Ch>(1);
+    }
+
+    void Reserve(size_t count) { stack_.template Reserve<Ch>(count); }
+    Ch* Push(size_t count) { return stack_.template Push<Ch>(count); }
+    Ch* PushUnsafe(size_t count) { return stack_.template PushUnsafe<Ch>(count); }
+    void Pop(size_t count) { stack_.template Pop<Ch>(count); }
+
+    const Ch* GetString() const {
+        // Push and pop a null terminator. This is safe.
+        *stack_.template Push<Ch>() = '\0';
+        stack_.template Pop<Ch>(1);
+
+        return stack_.template Bottom<Ch>();
+    }
+
+    size_t GetSize() const { return stack_.GetSize(); }
+
+    static const size_t kDefaultCapacity = 256;
+    mutable internal::Stack<Allocator> stack_;
+
+private:
+    // Prohibit copy constructor & assignment operator.
+    GenericStringBuffer(const GenericStringBuffer&);
+    GenericStringBuffer& operator=(const GenericStringBuffer&);
+};
+
+//! String buffer with UTF8 encoding
+typedef GenericStringBuffer<UTF8<> > StringBuffer;
+
+template<typename Encoding, typename Allocator>
+inline void PutReserve(GenericStringBuffer<Encoding, Allocator>& stream, size_t count) {
+    stream.Reserve(count);
+}
+
+template<typename Encoding, typename Allocator>
+inline void PutUnsafe(GenericStringBuffer<Encoding, Allocator>& stream, typename Encoding::Ch c) {
+    stream.PutUnsafe(c);
+}
+
+//! Implement specialized version of PutN() with memset() for better performance.
+template<>
+inline void PutN(GenericStringBuffer<UTF8<> >& stream, char c, size_t n) {
+    std::memset(stream.stack_.Push<char>(n), c, n * sizeof(c));
+}
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_STRINGBUFFER_H_
diff --git a/include/rapidjson/writer.h b/include/rapidjson/writer.h
index 40cdb35..94f22dd 100644
--- a/include/rapidjson/writer.h
+++ b/include/rapidjson/writer.h
@@ -1,395 +1,610 @@
-// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
-// 
-// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
-// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
-// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
-// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
-// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
-
-#ifndef RAPIDJSON_WRITER_H_
-#define RAPIDJSON_WRITER_H_
-
-#include "rapidjson.h"
-#include "internal/stack.h"
-#include "internal/strfunc.h"
-#include "internal/dtoa.h"
-#include "internal/itoa.h"
-#include "stringbuffer.h"
-#include <new>      // placement new
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
-#include <string>
-#endif
-
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(4127) // conditional expression is constant
-#endif
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
-//! JSON writer
-/*! Writer implements the concept Handler.
-    It generates JSON text by events to an output os.
-
-    User may programmatically calls the functions of a writer to generate JSON text.
-
-    On the other side, a writer can also be passed to objects that generates events, 
-
-    for example Reader::Parse() and Document::Accept().
-
-    \tparam OutputStream Type of output stream.
-    \tparam SourceEncoding Encoding of source string.
-    \tparam TargetEncoding Encoding of output stream.
-    \tparam StackAllocator Type of allocator for allocating memory of stack.
-    \note implements Handler concept
-*/
-template<typename OutputStream, typename SourceEncoding = UTF8<>, typename TargetEncoding = UTF8<>, typename StackAllocator = CrtAllocator>
-class Writer {
-public:
-    typedef typename SourceEncoding::Ch Ch;
-
-    //! Constructor
-    /*! \param os Output stream.
-        \param stackAllocator User supplied allocator. If it is null, it will create a private one.
-        \param levelDepth Initial capacity of stack.
-    */
-    explicit
-    Writer(OutputStream& os, StackAllocator* stackAllocator = 0, size_t levelDepth = kDefaultLevelDepth) : 
-        os_(&os), level_stack_(stackAllocator, levelDepth * sizeof(Level)), hasRoot_(false) {}
-
-    explicit
-    Writer(StackAllocator* allocator = 0, size_t levelDepth = kDefaultLevelDepth) :
-        os_(0), level_stack_(allocator, levelDepth * sizeof(Level)), hasRoot_(false) {}
-
-    //! Reset the writer with a new stream.
-    /*!
-        This function reset the writer with a new stream and default settings,
-        in order to make a Writer object reusable for output multiple JSONs.
-
-        \param os New output stream.
-        \code
-        Writer<OutputStream> writer(os1);
-        writer.StartObject();
-        // ...
-        writer.EndObject();
-
-        writer.Reset(os2);
-        writer.StartObject();
-        // ...
-        writer.EndObject();
-        \endcode
-    */
-    void Reset(OutputStream& os) {
-        os_ = &os;
-        hasRoot_ = false;
-        level_stack_.Clear();
-    }
-
-    //! Checks whether the output is a complete JSON.
-    /*!
-        A complete JSON has a complete root object or array.
-    */
-    bool IsComplete() const {
-        return hasRoot_ && level_stack_.Empty();
-    }
-
-    /*!@name Implementation of Handler
-        \see Handler
-    */
-    //@{
-
-    bool Null()                 { Prefix(kNullType);   return WriteNull(); }
-    bool Bool(bool b)           { Prefix(b ? kTrueType : kFalseType); return WriteBool(b); }
-    bool Int(int i)             { Prefix(kNumberType); return WriteInt(i); }
-    bool Uint(unsigned u)       { Prefix(kNumberType); return WriteUint(u); }
-    bool Int64(int64_t i64)     { Prefix(kNumberType); return WriteInt64(i64); }
-    bool Uint64(uint64_t u64)   { Prefix(kNumberType); return WriteUint64(u64); }
-
-    //! Writes the given \c double value to the stream
-    /*!
-        \param d The value to be written.
-        \return Whether it is succeed.
-    */
-    bool Double(double d)       { Prefix(kNumberType); return WriteDouble(d); }
-
-    bool String(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy = false) {
-        (void)copy;
-        Prefix(kStringType);
-        return WriteString(str, length);
-    }
-
-#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
-    bool String(const std::basic_string<Ch>& str) {
-        return String(str.data(), SizeType(str.size()));
-    }
-#endif
-
-    bool StartObject() {
-        Prefix(kObjectType);
-        new (level_stack_.template Push<Level>()) Level(false);
-        return WriteStartObject();
-    }
-
-    bool Key(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy = false) { return String(str, length, copy); }
-	
-    bool EndObject(SizeType memberCount = 0) {
-        (void)memberCount;
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(level_stack_.GetSize() >= sizeof(Level));
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(!level_stack_.template Top<Level>()->inArray);
-        level_stack_.template Pop<Level>(1);
-        bool ret = WriteEndObject();
-        if (level_stack_.Empty())   // end of json text
-            os_->Flush();
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    bool StartArray() {
-        Prefix(kArrayType);
-        new (level_stack_.template Push<Level>()) Level(true);
-        return WriteStartArray();
-    }
-
-    bool EndArray(SizeType elementCount = 0) {
-        (void)elementCount;
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(level_stack_.GetSize() >= sizeof(Level));
-        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(level_stack_.template Top<Level>()->inArray);
-        level_stack_.template Pop<Level>(1);
-        bool ret = WriteEndArray();
-        if (level_stack_.Empty())   // end of json text
-            os_->Flush();
-        return ret;
-    }
-    //@}
-
-    /*! @name Convenience extensions */
-    //@{
-
-    //! Simpler but slower overload.
-    bool String(const Ch* str) { return String(str, internal::StrLen(str)); }
-    bool Key(const Ch* str) { return Key(str, internal::StrLen(str)); }
-
-    //@}
-
-protected:
-    //! Information for each nested level
-    struct Level {
-        Level(bool inArray_) : valueCount(0), inArray(inArray_) {}
-        size_t valueCount;  //!< number of values in this level
-        bool inArray;       //!< true if in array, otherwise in object
-    };
-
-    static const size_t kDefaultLevelDepth = 32;
-
-    bool WriteNull()  {
-        os_->Put('n'); os_->Put('u'); os_->Put('l'); os_->Put('l'); return true;
-    }
-
-    bool WriteBool(bool b)  {
-        if (b) {
-            os_->Put('t'); os_->Put('r'); os_->Put('u'); os_->Put('e');
-        }
-        else {
-            os_->Put('f'); os_->Put('a'); os_->Put('l'); os_->Put('s'); os_->Put('e');
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    bool WriteInt(int i) {
-        char buffer[11];
-        const char* end = internal::i32toa(i, buffer);
-        for (const char* p = buffer; p != end; ++p)
-            os_->Put(*p);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    bool WriteUint(unsigned u) {
-        char buffer[10];
-        const char* end = internal::u32toa(u, buffer);
-        for (const char* p = buffer; p != end; ++p)
-            os_->Put(*p);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    bool WriteInt64(int64_t i64) {
-        char buffer[21];
-        const char* end = internal::i64toa(i64, buffer);
-        for (const char* p = buffer; p != end; ++p)
-            os_->Put(*p);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    bool WriteUint64(uint64_t u64) {
-        char buffer[20];
-        char* end = internal::u64toa(u64, buffer);
-        for (char* p = buffer; p != end; ++p)
-            os_->Put(*p);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    bool WriteDouble(double d) {
-        char buffer[25];
-        char* end = internal::dtoa(d, buffer);
-        for (char* p = buffer; p != end; ++p)
-            os_->Put(*p);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    bool WriteString(const Ch* str, SizeType length)  {
-        static const char hexDigits[16] = { '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F' };
-        static const char escape[256] = {
-#define Z16 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
-            //0    1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9    A    B    C    D    E    F
-            'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'b', 't', 'n', 'u', 'f', 'r', 'u', 'u', // 00
-            'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', // 10
-              0,   0, '"',   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, // 20
-            Z16, Z16,                                                                       // 30~4F
-              0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,'\\',   0,   0,   0, // 50
-            Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16                                // 60~FF
-#undef Z16
-        };
-
-        os_->Put('\"');
-        GenericStringStream<SourceEncoding> is(str);
-        while (is.Tell() < length) {
-            const Ch c = is.Peek();
-            if (!TargetEncoding::supportUnicode && (unsigned)c >= 0x80) {
-                // Unicode escaping
-                unsigned codepoint;
-                if (!SourceEncoding::Decode(is, &codepoint))
-                    return false;
-                os_->Put('\\');
-                os_->Put('u');
-                if (codepoint <= 0xD7FF || (codepoint >= 0xE000 && codepoint <= 0xFFFF)) {
-                    os_->Put(hexDigits[(codepoint >> 12) & 15]);
-                    os_->Put(hexDigits[(codepoint >>  8) & 15]);
-                    os_->Put(hexDigits[(codepoint >>  4) & 15]);
-                    os_->Put(hexDigits[(codepoint      ) & 15]);
-                }
-                else {
-                    RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(codepoint >= 0x010000 && codepoint <= 0x10FFFF);
-                    // Surrogate pair
-                    unsigned s = codepoint - 0x010000;
-                    unsigned lead = (s >> 10) + 0xD800;
-                    unsigned trail = (s & 0x3FF) + 0xDC00;
-                    os_->Put(hexDigits[(lead >> 12) & 15]);
-                    os_->Put(hexDigits[(lead >>  8) & 15]);
-                    os_->Put(hexDigits[(lead >>  4) & 15]);
-                    os_->Put(hexDigits[(lead      ) & 15]);
-                    os_->Put('\\');
-                    os_->Put('u');
-                    os_->Put(hexDigits[(trail >> 12) & 15]);
-                    os_->Put(hexDigits[(trail >>  8) & 15]);
-                    os_->Put(hexDigits[(trail >>  4) & 15]);
-                    os_->Put(hexDigits[(trail      ) & 15]);                    
-                }
-            }
-            else if ((sizeof(Ch) == 1 || (unsigned)c < 256) && escape[(unsigned char)c])  {
-                is.Take();
-                os_->Put('\\');
-                os_->Put(escape[(unsigned char)c]);
-                if (escape[(unsigned char)c] == 'u') {
-                    os_->Put('0');
-                    os_->Put('0');
-                    os_->Put(hexDigits[(unsigned char)c >> 4]);
-                    os_->Put(hexDigits[(unsigned char)c & 0xF]);
-                }
-            }
-            else
-                if (!Transcoder<SourceEncoding, TargetEncoding>::Transcode(is, *os_))
-                    return false;
-        }
-        os_->Put('\"');
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    bool WriteStartObject() { os_->Put('{'); return true; }
-    bool WriteEndObject()   { os_->Put('}'); return true; }
-    bool WriteStartArray()  { os_->Put('['); return true; }
-    bool WriteEndArray()    { os_->Put(']'); return true; }
-
-    void Prefix(Type type) {
-        (void)type;
-        if (level_stack_.GetSize() != 0) { // this value is not at root
-            Level* level = level_stack_.template Top<Level>();
-            if (level->valueCount > 0) {
-                if (level->inArray) 
-                    os_->Put(','); // add comma if it is not the first element in array
-                else  // in object
-                    os_->Put((level->valueCount % 2 == 0) ? ',' : ':');
-            }
-            if (!level->inArray && level->valueCount % 2 == 0)
-                RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(type == kStringType);  // if it's in object, then even number should be a name
-            level->valueCount++;
-        }
-        else {
-            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(!hasRoot_);    // Should only has one and only one root.
-            hasRoot_ = true;
-        }
-    }
-
-    OutputStream* os_;
-    internal::Stack<StackAllocator> level_stack_;
-    bool hasRoot_;
-
-private:
-    // Prohibit copy constructor & assignment operator.
-    Writer(const Writer&);
-    Writer& operator=(const Writer&);
-};
-
-// Full specialization for StringStream to prevent memory copying
-
-template<>
-inline bool Writer<StringBuffer>::WriteInt(int i) {
-    char *buffer = os_->Push(11);
-    const char* end = internal::i32toa(i, buffer);
-    os_->Pop(11 - (end - buffer));
-    return true;
-}
-
-template<>
-inline bool Writer<StringBuffer>::WriteUint(unsigned u) {
-    char *buffer = os_->Push(10);
-    const char* end = internal::u32toa(u, buffer);
-    os_->Pop(10 - (end - buffer));
-    return true;
-}
-
-template<>
-inline bool Writer<StringBuffer>::WriteInt64(int64_t i64) {
-    char *buffer = os_->Push(21);
-    const char* end = internal::i64toa(i64, buffer);
-    os_->Pop(21 - (end - buffer));
-    return true;
-}
-
-template<>
-inline bool Writer<StringBuffer>::WriteUint64(uint64_t u) {
-    char *buffer = os_->Push(20);
-    const char* end = internal::u64toa(u, buffer);
-    os_->Pop(20 - (end - buffer));
-    return true;
-}
-
-template<>
-inline bool Writer<StringBuffer>::WriteDouble(double d) {
-    char *buffer = os_->Push(25);
-    char* end = internal::dtoa(d, buffer);
-    os_->Pop(25 - (end - buffer));
-    return true;
-}
-
-RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
-
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
-#endif
-
-#endif // RAPIDJSON_RAPIDJSON_H_
+// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
+// 
+// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed 
+// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR 
+// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the 
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_WRITER_H_
+#define RAPIDJSON_WRITER_H_
+
+#include "stream.h"
+#include "internal/stack.h"
+#include "internal/strfunc.h"
+#include "internal/dtoa.h"
+#include "internal/itoa.h"
+#include "stringbuffer.h"
+#include <new>      // placement new
+
+#if defined(RAPIDJSON_SIMD) && defined(_MSC_VER)
+#include <intrin.h>
+#pragma intrinsic(_BitScanForward)
+#endif
+#ifdef RAPIDJSON_SSE42
+#include <nmmintrin.h>
+#elif defined(RAPIDJSON_SSE2)
+#include <emmintrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(4127) // conditional expression is constant
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(padded)
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(unreachable-code)
+#endif
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// WriteFlag
+
+/*! \def RAPIDJSON_WRITE_DEFAULT_FLAGS 
+    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_CONFIG
+    \brief User-defined kWriteDefaultFlags definition.
+
+    User can define this as any \c WriteFlag combinations.
+*/
+#ifndef RAPIDJSON_WRITE_DEFAULT_FLAGS
+#define RAPIDJSON_WRITE_DEFAULT_FLAGS kWriteNoFlags
+#endif
+
+//! Combination of writeFlags
+enum WriteFlag {
+    kWriteNoFlags = 0,              //!< No flags are set.
+    kWriteValidateEncodingFlag = 1, //!< Validate encoding of JSON strings.
+    kWriteNanAndInfFlag = 2,        //!< Allow writing of Infinity, -Infinity and NaN.
+    kWriteDefaultFlags = RAPIDJSON_WRITE_DEFAULT_FLAGS  //!< Default write flags. Can be customized by defining RAPIDJSON_WRITE_DEFAULT_FLAGS
+};
+
+//! JSON writer
+/*! Writer implements the concept Handler.
+    It generates JSON text by events to an output os.
+
+    User may programmatically calls the functions of a writer to generate JSON text.
+
+    On the other side, a writer can also be passed to objects that generates events, 
+
+    for example Reader::Parse() and Document::Accept().
+
+    \tparam OutputStream Type of output stream.
+    \tparam SourceEncoding Encoding of source string.
+    \tparam TargetEncoding Encoding of output stream.
+    \tparam StackAllocator Type of allocator for allocating memory of stack.
+    \note implements Handler concept
+*/
+template<typename OutputStream, typename SourceEncoding = UTF8<>, typename TargetEncoding = UTF8<>, typename StackAllocator = CrtAllocator, unsigned writeFlags = kWriteDefaultFlags>
+class Writer {
+public:
+    typedef typename SourceEncoding::Ch Ch;
+
+    static const int kDefaultMaxDecimalPlaces = 324;
+
+    //! Constructor
+    /*! \param os Output stream.
+        \param stackAllocator User supplied allocator. If it is null, it will create a private one.
+        \param levelDepth Initial capacity of stack.
+    */
+    explicit
+    Writer(OutputStream& os, StackAllocator* stackAllocator = 0, size_t levelDepth = kDefaultLevelDepth) : 
+        os_(&os), level_stack_(stackAllocator, levelDepth * sizeof(Level)), maxDecimalPlaces_(kDefaultMaxDecimalPlaces), hasRoot_(false) {}
+
+    explicit
+    Writer(StackAllocator* allocator = 0, size_t levelDepth = kDefaultLevelDepth) :
+        os_(0), level_stack_(allocator, levelDepth * sizeof(Level)), maxDecimalPlaces_(kDefaultMaxDecimalPlaces), hasRoot_(false) {}
+
+    //! Reset the writer with a new stream.
+    /*!
+        This function reset the writer with a new stream and default settings,
+        in order to make a Writer object reusable for output multiple JSONs.
+
+        \param os New output stream.
+        \code
+        Writer<OutputStream> writer(os1);
+        writer.StartObject();
+        // ...
+        writer.EndObject();
+
+        writer.Reset(os2);
+        writer.StartObject();
+        // ...
+        writer.EndObject();
+        \endcode
+    */
+    void Reset(OutputStream& os) {
+        os_ = &os;
+        hasRoot_ = false;
+        level_stack_.Clear();
+    }
+
+    //! Checks whether the output is a complete JSON.
+    /*!
+        A complete JSON has a complete root object or array.
+    */
+    bool IsComplete() const {
+        return hasRoot_ && level_stack_.Empty();
+    }
+
+    int GetMaxDecimalPlaces() const {
+        return maxDecimalPlaces_;
+    }
+
+    //! Sets the maximum number of decimal places for double output.
+    /*!
+        This setting truncates the output with specified number of decimal places.
+
+        For example, 
+
+        \code
+        writer.SetMaxDecimalPlaces(3);
+        writer.StartArray();
+        writer.Double(0.12345);                 // "0.123"
+        writer.Double(0.0001);                  // "0.0"
+        writer.Double(1.234567890123456e30);    // "1.234567890123456e30" (do not truncate significand for positive exponent)
+        writer.Double(1.23e-4);                 // "0.0"                  (do truncate significand for negative exponent)
+        writer.EndArray();
+        \endcode
+
+        The default setting does not truncate any decimal places. You can restore to this setting by calling
+        \code
+        writer.SetMaxDecimalPlaces(Writer::kDefaultMaxDecimalPlaces);
+        \endcode
+    */
+    void SetMaxDecimalPlaces(int maxDecimalPlaces) {
+        maxDecimalPlaces_ = maxDecimalPlaces;
+    }
+
+    /*!@name Implementation of Handler
+        \see Handler
+    */
+    //@{
+
+    bool Null()                 { Prefix(kNullType);   return EndValue(WriteNull()); }
+    bool Bool(bool b)           { Prefix(b ? kTrueType : kFalseType); return EndValue(WriteBool(b)); }
+    bool Int(int i)             { Prefix(kNumberType); return EndValue(WriteInt(i)); }
+    bool Uint(unsigned u)       { Prefix(kNumberType); return EndValue(WriteUint(u)); }
+    bool Int64(int64_t i64)     { Prefix(kNumberType); return EndValue(WriteInt64(i64)); }
+    bool Uint64(uint64_t u64)   { Prefix(kNumberType); return EndValue(WriteUint64(u64)); }
+
+    //! Writes the given \c double value to the stream
+    /*!
+        \param d The value to be written.
+        \return Whether it is succeed.
+    */
+    bool Double(double d)       { Prefix(kNumberType); return EndValue(WriteDouble(d)); }
+
+    bool RawNumber(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy = false) {
+        (void)copy;
+        Prefix(kNumberType);
+        return EndValue(WriteString(str, length));
+    }
+
+    bool String(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy = false) {
+        (void)copy;
+        Prefix(kStringType);
+        return EndValue(WriteString(str, length));
+    }
+
+#if RAPIDJSON_HAS_STDSTRING
+    bool String(const std::basic_string<Ch>& str) {
+        return String(str.data(), SizeType(str.size()));
+    }
+#endif
+
+    bool StartObject() {
+        Prefix(kObjectType);
+        new (level_stack_.template Push<Level>()) Level(false);
+        return WriteStartObject();
+    }
+
+    bool Key(const Ch* str, SizeType length, bool copy = false) { return String(str, length, copy); }
+
+    bool EndObject(SizeType memberCount = 0) {
+        (void)memberCount;
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(level_stack_.GetSize() >= sizeof(Level));
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(!level_stack_.template Top<Level>()->inArray);
+        level_stack_.template Pop<Level>(1);
+        return EndValue(WriteEndObject());
+    }
+
+    bool StartArray() {
+        Prefix(kArrayType);
+        new (level_stack_.template Push<Level>()) Level(true);
+        return WriteStartArray();
+    }
+
+    bool EndArray(SizeType elementCount = 0) {
+        (void)elementCount;
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(level_stack_.GetSize() >= sizeof(Level));
+        RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(level_stack_.template Top<Level>()->inArray);
+        level_stack_.template Pop<Level>(1);
+        return EndValue(WriteEndArray());
+    }
+    //@}
+
+    /*! @name Convenience extensions */
+    //@{
+
+    //! Simpler but slower overload.
+    bool String(const Ch* str) { return String(str, internal::StrLen(str)); }
+    bool Key(const Ch* str) { return Key(str, internal::StrLen(str)); }
+
+    //@}
+
+    //! Write a raw JSON value.
+    /*!
+        For user to write a stringified JSON as a value.
+
+        \param json A well-formed JSON value. It should not contain null character within [0, length - 1] range.
+        \param length Length of the json.
+        \param type Type of the root of json.
+    */
+    bool RawValue(const Ch* json, size_t length, Type type) { Prefix(type); return EndValue(WriteRawValue(json, length)); }
+
+protected:
+    //! Information for each nested level
+    struct Level {
+        Level(bool inArray_) : valueCount(0), inArray(inArray_) {}
+        size_t valueCount;  //!< number of values in this level
+        bool inArray;       //!< true if in array, otherwise in object
+    };
+
+    static const size_t kDefaultLevelDepth = 32;
+
+    bool WriteNull()  {
+        PutReserve(*os_, 4);
+        PutUnsafe(*os_, 'n'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'u'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'l'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'l'); return true;
+    }
+
+    bool WriteBool(bool b)  {
+        if (b) {
+            PutReserve(*os_, 4);
+            PutUnsafe(*os_, 't'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'r'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'u'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'e');
+        }
+        else {
+            PutReserve(*os_, 5);
+            PutUnsafe(*os_, 'f'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'a'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'l'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 's'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'e');
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool WriteInt(int i) {
+        char buffer[11];
+        const char* end = internal::i32toa(i, buffer);
+        PutReserve(*os_, static_cast<size_t>(end - buffer));
+        for (const char* p = buffer; p != end; ++p)
+            PutUnsafe(*os_, static_cast<typename TargetEncoding::Ch>(*p));
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool WriteUint(unsigned u) {
+        char buffer[10];
+        const char* end = internal::u32toa(u, buffer);
+        PutReserve(*os_, static_cast<size_t>(end - buffer));
+        for (const char* p = buffer; p != end; ++p)
+            PutUnsafe(*os_, static_cast<typename TargetEncoding::Ch>(*p));
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool WriteInt64(int64_t i64) {
+        char buffer[21];
+        const char* end = internal::i64toa(i64, buffer);
+        PutReserve(*os_, static_cast<size_t>(end - buffer));
+        for (const char* p = buffer; p != end; ++p)
+            PutUnsafe(*os_, static_cast<typename TargetEncoding::Ch>(*p));
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool WriteUint64(uint64_t u64) {
+        char buffer[20];
+        char* end = internal::u64toa(u64, buffer);
+        PutReserve(*os_, static_cast<size_t>(end - buffer));
+        for (char* p = buffer; p != end; ++p)
+            PutUnsafe(*os_, static_cast<typename TargetEncoding::Ch>(*p));
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool WriteDouble(double d) {
+        if (internal::Double(d).IsNanOrInf()) {
+            if (!(writeFlags & kWriteNanAndInfFlag))
+                return false;
+            if (internal::Double(d).IsNan()) {
+                PutReserve(*os_, 3);
+                PutUnsafe(*os_, 'N'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'a'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'N');
+                return true;
+            }
+            if (internal::Double(d).Sign()) {
+                PutReserve(*os_, 9);
+                PutUnsafe(*os_, '-');
+            }
+            else
+                PutReserve(*os_, 8);
+            PutUnsafe(*os_, 'I'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'n'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'f');
+            PutUnsafe(*os_, 'i'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'n'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'i'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 't'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'y');
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        char buffer[25];
+        char* end = internal::dtoa(d, buffer, maxDecimalPlaces_);
+        PutReserve(*os_, static_cast<size_t>(end - buffer));
+        for (char* p = buffer; p != end; ++p)
+            PutUnsafe(*os_, static_cast<typename TargetEncoding::Ch>(*p));
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool WriteString(const Ch* str, SizeType length)  {
+        static const typename TargetEncoding::Ch hexDigits[16] = { '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F' };
+        static const char escape[256] = {
+#define Z16 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
+            //0    1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9    A    B    C    D    E    F
+            'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'b', 't', 'n', 'u', 'f', 'r', 'u', 'u', // 00
+            'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', 'u', // 10
+              0,   0, '"',   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0, // 20
+            Z16, Z16,                                                                       // 30~4F
+              0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,'\\',   0,   0,   0, // 50
+            Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16, Z16                                // 60~FF
+#undef Z16
+        };
+
+        if (TargetEncoding::supportUnicode)
+            PutReserve(*os_, 2 + length * 6); // "\uxxxx..."
+        else
+            PutReserve(*os_, 2 + length * 12);  // "\uxxxx\uyyyy..."
+
+        PutUnsafe(*os_, '\"');
+        GenericStringStream<SourceEncoding> is(str);
+        while (ScanWriteUnescapedString(is, length)) {
+            const Ch c = is.Peek();
+            if (!TargetEncoding::supportUnicode && static_cast<unsigned>(c) >= 0x80) {
+                // Unicode escaping
+                unsigned codepoint;
+                if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!SourceEncoding::Decode(is, &codepoint)))
+                    return false;
+                PutUnsafe(*os_, '\\');
+                PutUnsafe(*os_, 'u');
+                if (codepoint <= 0xD7FF || (codepoint >= 0xE000 && codepoint <= 0xFFFF)) {
+                    PutUnsafe(*os_, hexDigits[(codepoint >> 12) & 15]);
+                    PutUnsafe(*os_, hexDigits[(codepoint >>  8) & 15]);
+                    PutUnsafe(*os_, hexDigits[(codepoint >>  4) & 15]);
+                    PutUnsafe(*os_, hexDigits[(codepoint      ) & 15]);
+                }
+                else {
+                    RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(codepoint >= 0x010000 && codepoint <= 0x10FFFF);
+                    // Surrogate pair
+                    unsigned s = codepoint - 0x010000;
+                    unsigned lead = (s >> 10) + 0xD800;
+                    unsigned trail = (s & 0x3FF) + 0xDC00;
+                    PutUnsafe(*os_, hexDigits[(lead >> 12) & 15]);
+                    PutUnsafe(*os_, hexDigits[(lead >>  8) & 15]);
+                    PutUnsafe(*os_, hexDigits[(lead >>  4) & 15]);
+                    PutUnsafe(*os_, hexDigits[(lead      ) & 15]);
+                    PutUnsafe(*os_, '\\');
+                    PutUnsafe(*os_, 'u');
+                    PutUnsafe(*os_, hexDigits[(trail >> 12) & 15]);
+                    PutUnsafe(*os_, hexDigits[(trail >>  8) & 15]);
+                    PutUnsafe(*os_, hexDigits[(trail >>  4) & 15]);
+                    PutUnsafe(*os_, hexDigits[(trail      ) & 15]);                    
+                }
+            }
+            else if ((sizeof(Ch) == 1 || static_cast<unsigned>(c) < 256) && RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(escape[static_cast<unsigned char>(c)]))  {
+                is.Take();
+                PutUnsafe(*os_, '\\');
+                PutUnsafe(*os_, static_cast<typename TargetEncoding::Ch>(escape[static_cast<unsigned char>(c)]));
+                if (escape[static_cast<unsigned char>(c)] == 'u') {
+                    PutUnsafe(*os_, '0');
+                    PutUnsafe(*os_, '0');
+                    PutUnsafe(*os_, hexDigits[static_cast<unsigned char>(c) >> 4]);
+                    PutUnsafe(*os_, hexDigits[static_cast<unsigned char>(c) & 0xF]);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(!(writeFlags & kWriteValidateEncodingFlag ? 
+                Transcoder<SourceEncoding, TargetEncoding>::Validate(is, *os_) :
+                Transcoder<SourceEncoding, TargetEncoding>::TranscodeUnsafe(is, *os_))))
+                return false;
+        }
+        PutUnsafe(*os_, '\"');
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool ScanWriteUnescapedString(GenericStringStream<SourceEncoding>& is, size_t length) {
+        return RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(is.Tell() < length);
+    }
+
+    bool WriteStartObject() { os_->Put('{'); return true; }
+    bool WriteEndObject()   { os_->Put('}'); return true; }
+    bool WriteStartArray()  { os_->Put('['); return true; }
+    bool WriteEndArray()    { os_->Put(']'); return true; }
+
+    bool WriteRawValue(const Ch* json, size_t length) {
+        PutReserve(*os_, length);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(json[i] != '\0');
+            PutUnsafe(*os_, json[i]);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    void Prefix(Type type) {
+        (void)type;
+        if (RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(level_stack_.GetSize() != 0)) { // this value is not at root
+            Level* level = level_stack_.template Top<Level>();
+            if (level->valueCount > 0) {
+                if (level->inArray) 
+                    os_->Put(','); // add comma if it is not the first element in array
+                else  // in object
+                    os_->Put((level->valueCount % 2 == 0) ? ',' : ':');
+            }
+            if (!level->inArray && level->valueCount % 2 == 0)
+                RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(type == kStringType);  // if it's in object, then even number should be a name
+            level->valueCount++;
+        }
+        else {
+            RAPIDJSON_ASSERT(!hasRoot_);    // Should only has one and only one root.
+            hasRoot_ = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Flush the value if it is the top level one.
+    bool EndValue(bool ret) {
+        if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(level_stack_.Empty()))   // end of json text
+            os_->Flush();
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    OutputStream* os_;
+    internal::Stack<StackAllocator> level_stack_;
+    int maxDecimalPlaces_;
+    bool hasRoot_;
+
+private:
+    // Prohibit copy constructor & assignment operator.
+    Writer(const Writer&);
+    Writer& operator=(const Writer&);
+};
+
+// Full specialization for StringStream to prevent memory copying
+
+template<>
+inline bool Writer<StringBuffer>::WriteInt(int i) {
+    char *buffer = os_->Push(11);
+    const char* end = internal::i32toa(i, buffer);
+    os_->Pop(static_cast<size_t>(11 - (end - buffer)));
+    return true;
+}
+
+template<>
+inline bool Writer<StringBuffer>::WriteUint(unsigned u) {
+    char *buffer = os_->Push(10);
+    const char* end = internal::u32toa(u, buffer);
+    os_->Pop(static_cast<size_t>(10 - (end - buffer)));
+    return true;
+}
+
+template<>
+inline bool Writer<StringBuffer>::WriteInt64(int64_t i64) {
+    char *buffer = os_->Push(21);
+    const char* end = internal::i64toa(i64, buffer);
+    os_->Pop(static_cast<size_t>(21 - (end - buffer)));
+    return true;
+}
+
+template<>
+inline bool Writer<StringBuffer>::WriteUint64(uint64_t u) {
+    char *buffer = os_->Push(20);
+    const char* end = internal::u64toa(u, buffer);
+    os_->Pop(static_cast<size_t>(20 - (end - buffer)));
+    return true;
+}
+
+template<>
+inline bool Writer<StringBuffer>::WriteDouble(double d) {
+    if (internal::Double(d).IsNanOrInf()) {
+        // Note: This code path can only be reached if (RAPIDJSON_WRITE_DEFAULT_FLAGS & kWriteNanAndInfFlag).
+        if (!(kWriteDefaultFlags & kWriteNanAndInfFlag))
+            return false;
+        if (internal::Double(d).IsNan()) {
+            PutReserve(*os_, 3);
+            PutUnsafe(*os_, 'N'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'a'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'N');
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (internal::Double(d).Sign()) {
+            PutReserve(*os_, 9);
+            PutUnsafe(*os_, '-');
+        }
+        else
+            PutReserve(*os_, 8);
+        PutUnsafe(*os_, 'I'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'n'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'f');
+        PutUnsafe(*os_, 'i'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'n'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'i'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 't'); PutUnsafe(*os_, 'y');
+        return true;
+    }
+    
+    char *buffer = os_->Push(25);
+    char* end = internal::dtoa(d, buffer, maxDecimalPlaces_);
+    os_->Pop(static_cast<size_t>(25 - (end - buffer)));
+    return true;
+}
+
+#if defined(RAPIDJSON_SSE2) || defined(RAPIDJSON_SSE42)
+template<>
+inline bool Writer<StringBuffer>::ScanWriteUnescapedString(StringStream& is, size_t length) {
+    if (length < 16)
+        return RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(is.Tell() < length);
+
+    if (!RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(is.Tell() < length))
+        return false;
+
+    const char* p = is.src_;
+    const char* end = is.head_ + length;
+    const char* nextAligned = reinterpret_cast<const char*>((reinterpret_cast<size_t>(p) + 15) & static_cast<size_t>(~15));
+    const char* endAligned = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(reinterpret_cast<size_t>(end) & static_cast<size_t>(~15));
+    if (nextAligned > end)
+        return true;
+
+    while (p != nextAligned)
+        if (*p < 0x20 || *p == '\"' || *p == '\\') {
+            is.src_ = p;
+            return RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(is.Tell() < length);
+        }
+        else
+            os_->PutUnsafe(*p++);
+
+    // The rest of string using SIMD
+    static const char dquote[16] = { '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"', '\"' };
+    static const char bslash[16] = { '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\', '\\' };
+    static const char space[16]  = { 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19, 0x19 };
+    const __m128i dq = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&dquote[0]));
+    const __m128i bs = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&bslash[0]));
+    const __m128i sp = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&space[0]));
+
+    for (; p != endAligned; p += 16) {
+        const __m128i s = _mm_load_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(p));
+        const __m128i t1 = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, dq);
+        const __m128i t2 = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(s, bs);
+        const __m128i t3 = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(_mm_max_epu8(s, sp), sp); // s < 0x20 <=> max(s, 0x19) == 0x19
+        const __m128i x = _mm_or_si128(_mm_or_si128(t1, t2), t3);
+        unsigned short r = static_cast<unsigned short>(_mm_movemask_epi8(x));
+        if (RAPIDJSON_UNLIKELY(r != 0)) {   // some of characters is escaped
+            SizeType len;
+#ifdef _MSC_VER         // Find the index of first escaped
+            unsigned long offset;
+            _BitScanForward(&offset, r);
+            len = offset;
+#else
+            len = static_cast<SizeType>(__builtin_ffs(r) - 1);
+#endif
+            char* q = reinterpret_cast<char*>(os_->PushUnsafe(len));
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++)
+                q[i] = p[i];
+
+            p += len;
+            break;
+        }
+        _mm_storeu_si128(reinterpret_cast<__m128i *>(os_->PushUnsafe(16)), s);
+    }
+
+    is.src_ = p;
+    return RAPIDJSON_LIKELY(is.Tell() < length);
+}
+#endif // defined(RAPIDJSON_SSE2) || defined(RAPIDJSON_SSE42)
+
+RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
+#endif
+
+#endif // RAPIDJSON_RAPIDJSON_H_
diff --git a/iwyu.imp b/iwyu.imp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..548bf5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iwyu.imp
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+#  Configuration for Include-What-You-Use tool
+#
+#  http://include-what-you-use.org/
+#
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+[
+    { "include": ["<boost/program_options/detail/parsers.hpp>", "private", "<boost/program_options.hpp>", "public"] },
+    { "include": ["<boost/program_options/detail/value_semantic.hpp>", "private", "<boost/program_options.hpp>", "public"] },
+    { "include": ["<boost/program_options/options_description.hpp>", "private", "<boost/program_options.hpp>", "public"] },
+    { "include": ["<boost/program_options/parsers.hpp>", "private", "<boost/program_options.hpp>", "public"] },
+    { "include": ["<boost/program_options/positional_options.hpp>", "private", "<boost/program_options.hpp>", "public"] },
+    { "include": ["<boost/program_options/value_semantic.hpp>", "private", "<boost/program_options.hpp>", "public"] },
+    { "include": ["<boost/program_options/variables_map.hpp>", "private", "<boost/program_options.hpp>", "public"] },
+    { "include": ["<boost/lexical_cast.hpp>", "public", "<boost/program_options/value_semantic.hpp>", "private"] },
+    { "include": ["<boost/lexical_cast/bad_lexical_cast.hpp>", "private", "<boost/lexical_cast.hpp>", "public"] }
+]
+
diff --git a/man/manpage.template b/man/manpage.template
index 6672b19..ab7ea69 100644
--- a/man/manpage.template
+++ b/man/manpage.template
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ $endfor$
 $if(author)$
 .SH COPYRIGHT
 .PP
-Copyright (C) 2013\-2015 Jochen Topf <jochen at topf.org>.
+Copyright (C) 2013\-2016 Jochen Topf <jochen at topf.org>.
 
 License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later
-<http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
+<https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
 This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
 There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
 .SH CONTACT
diff --git a/man/osmium-add-locations-to-ways.md b/man/osmium-add-locations-to-ways.md
index 19414dc..5827e99 100644
--- a/man/osmium-add-locations-to-ways.md
+++ b/man/osmium-add-locations-to-ways.md
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ This program will not work on full history files.
 :   Keep the untagged nodes in the output file.
 
 @MAN_COMMON_OPTIONS@
+ at MAN_PROGRESS_OPTIONS@
 @MAN_INPUT_OPTIONS@
 @MAN_OUTPUT_OPTIONS@
 
diff --git a/man/osmium-apply-changes.md b/man/osmium-apply-changes.md
index 2d9c38e..d2d24c2 100644
--- a/man/osmium-apply-changes.md
+++ b/man/osmium-apply-changes.md
@@ -7,26 +7,41 @@ osmium-apply-changes - apply OSM change file(s) to OSM data file
 # SYNOPSIS
 
 **osmium apply-changes** \[*OPTIONS*\] *OSM-DATA-FILE* *OSM-CHANGE-FILE*...
+**osmium apply-changes** \[*OPTIONS*\] *OSM-HISTORY-FILE* *OSM-CHANGE-FILE*...
 
 
 # DESCRIPTION
 
 Merges the content of all OSM change files and applies those changes to the OSM
-data file.
+data or history file.
 
-Objects in change files will be sorted by type, ID, and version, so it doesn't
-matter in what order the change files are given or in what order they contain
-the data.
+Objects in the data or historyy file must be sorted by type, ID, and version.
+Objects in change files need not be sorted, so it doesn't matter in what order
+the change files are given or in what order they contain the data.
+
+Changes can be applied to normal OSM data files or OSM history files with this
+command. File formats will be autodetected from the file name suffixes, see
+the **--with-history** option if that doesn't work.
 
 
 # OPTIONS
 
 -r, --remove-deleted
-:   Remove deleted objects from the output. If this is not set, deleted objects
-    will be in the output with the visible flag set to false.
+:   Deprecated. Remove deleted objects from the output. This is now the
+    default if your input file is a normal OSM data file ('.osm').
 
 -s, --simplify
-:   Only write the last version of any object to the output.
+:   Deprecated. Only write the last version of any object to the output.
+    This is now the default if your input file is a normal OSM data file
+    ('.osm').
+
+--with-history
+:   Update an OSM history file (instead of a normal OSM data file). Both
+    input and output must be history files. This option is usually not
+    necessary, because history files will be detected from their file name
+    suffixes, but if this detection doesn't work, you can force this mode
+    with this option.
+
 
 @MAN_COMMON_OPTIONS@
 @MAN_INPUT_OPTIONS@
@@ -62,6 +77,6 @@ Apply changes in `362.osc.gz` to planet file and write result to `new.osm.pbf`:
 
 # SEE ALSO
 
-* **osmium**(1), **osmium-file-formats**(5), **osmium-merge-changes**(1)
+* **osmium**(1), **osmium-file-formats**(5), **osmium-merge-changes**(1), **osmium-derive-changes**(1)
 * [Osmium website](http://osmcode.org/osmium)
 
diff --git a/man/osmium-cat.md b/man/osmium-cat.md
index d35703a..31bffa7 100644
--- a/man/osmium-cat.md
+++ b/man/osmium-cat.md
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ can be used to convert OSM files from one format into another.
     By default all types are read. This option can be given multiple times.
 
 @MAN_COMMON_OPTIONS@
+ at MAN_PROGRESS_OPTIONS@
 @MAN_INPUT_OPTIONS@
 @MAN_OUTPUT_OPTIONS@
 
diff --git a/man/osmium-changeset-filter.md b/man/osmium-changeset-filter.md
index b63f9b9..0675645 100644
--- a/man/osmium-changeset-filter.md
+++ b/man/osmium-changeset-filter.md
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ criteria are given through command line options.
 :   Only copy changesets by the given user ID.
 
 @MAN_COMMON_OPTIONS@
+ at MAN_PROGRESS_OPTIONS@
 @MAN_INPUT_OPTIONS@
 @MAN_OUTPUT_OPTIONS@
 
diff --git a/man/osmium-check-refs.md b/man/osmium-check-refs.md
index 09584d4..7850cef 100644
--- a/man/osmium-check-refs.md
+++ b/man/osmium-check-refs.md
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ change files.
     nodes in ways are checked.
 
 @MAN_COMMON_OPTIONS@
+ at MAN_PROGRESS_OPTIONS@
 @MAN_INPUT_OPTIONS@
 
 # MEMORY USAGE
diff --git a/man/osmium-derive-changes.md b/man/osmium-derive-changes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc78817
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/osmium-derive-changes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+
+# NAME
+
+osmium-derive-changes - create OSM change files from two OSM data files
+
+
+# SYNOPSIS
+
+**osmium derive-changes** \[*OPTIONS*\] *OSM-FILE1* *OSM-FILE2*
+
+
+# DESCRIPTION
+
+Finds differences between two OSM files and creates a change file with those
+differences. The resulting change file is created in a way, that it could be
+applied on *OSM-FILE1* to re-create *OSM-FILE2*.
+
+Objects in both input files must be sorted by type, ID, and version. The first
+input file must be from a point in time before the second input file.
+
+For this command to create a proper chnage file you have to set the
+**--output** option or **--output-format** option in a way that it will
+generate an .osc file, typically by using something like '-o out.osc.gz'.
+You can create any other OSM file format, but that is usually not what you
+want. Osmium derive-changes will warn you in this case.
+
+Note that for objects that are in *OSM-FILE1* but not *OSM-FILE2* a "deleted"
+entry will be created in the output. But because we can not know when this
+deletion actually occurred, in which changeset, and by which user, it is
+unclear what attributes this deleted object should have. Also, if you are
+working with extracts, the object might not actually have been deleted in the
+OSM database, but just moved out of the extract you are looking at. So a real,
+new, "deleted" version was never created. Usually the "deleted" object will get
+the same version number and timestamp as the object in *OSM-FILE1* had, all
+other information will be removed. But you can change this using the
+**--increment-version**, **--keep-details**, and **--update-timestamp**
+options. Depending on which software you are using the change files with,
+different settings might be necessary.
+
+
+# OPTIONS
+
+--increment-version
+:   Increment version number of deleted objects.
+
+--keep-details
+:   Keep details of deleted objects. Usually only id, version, and timestamp
+    are kept. If this option is set all attributes, all tags, and all nodes
+    or members for ways and relations, respectively, are kept.
+
+--update-timestamp
+:   Update timestamp of deleted objects to the current time. This is the same
+    behaviour as Osmosis.
+
+
+ at MAN_COMMON_OPTIONS@
+ at MAN_INPUT_OPTIONS@
+ at MAN_OUTPUT_OPTIONS@
+
+# DIAGNOSTICS
+
+**osmium derive-changes** exits with exit code
+
+0
+  ~ if everything went alright,
+
+1
+  ~ if there was an error processing the data, or
+
+2
+  ~ if there was a problem with the command line arguments.
+
+
+# MEMORY USAGE
+
+**osmium derive-changes** doesn't keep a lot of data in memory.
+
+
+# EXAMPLES
+
+Find changes in Nepal extract in January 2016:
+
+    osmium derive-changes nepal-20160101.osm.pbf nepal-20160201.osm.pbf -o nepal-jan.osc.bz2
+
+
+# SEE ALSO
+
+* **osmium**(1), **osmium-file-formats**(5), **osmium-apply-changes**(1), **osmium-diff**(1)
+* [Osmium website](http://osmcode.org/osmium)
+
diff --git a/man/osmium-diff.md b/man/osmium-diff.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef9edc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/osmium-diff.md
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+
+# NAME
+
+osmium-diff - display differences between OSM files
+
+
+# SYNOPSIS
+
+**osmium diff** \[*OPTIONS*\] *OSM-FILE1* *OSM-FILE2*
+
+
+# DESCRIPTION
+
+Finds differences between two OSM files and displays them.
+
+Only differences between objects (node, ways, and relations) are found and
+displayed. Headers are ignored.
+
+Objects in both input files must be sorted in the same order.
+
+Several output formats are supported, see the **OUTPUT FORMAT** section.
+
+This command is intended for displaying the differences between files to
+humans. It can not be used to create an OSM change file (`.osc`), use
+**osmium-derive-changes** for that.
+
+
+# OUTPUT FORMATS
+
+The following output formats are supported and can be set with the
+**--output-format** or **-f** options. Default is the compact format.
+
+compact
+:   A very compact format. For all objects a line is printed with the type
+    of object ('n', 'w', or 'r'), the object ID and then the version number.
+    If objects appear in both files and are identical they are preceded by
+    a space (' ') character, if they are in both files, but different, they
+    are preceded by an asterisk ('*'). Otherwise they get a minus ('-') or
+    plus ('+') character to show that they are only in the first or second
+    file, respectively.
+
+opl
+:   The usual OPL format with all lines preceeded by space (' '), minus
+    ('-'), or plus ('+') characters depending on whether the object is in both,
+    the first, or the second file.
+
+debug
+:   The usual debug format with all lines preceeded by space (' '), minus
+    ('-'), or plus ('+') characters depending on whether the object is in both,
+    the first, or the second file. Color support can be enabled ('debug,color').
+
+None of the output formats print the headers of the input files.
+
+
+# OPTIONS
+
+-c, --suppress-common
+:   Do not output objects that are the same in both files.
+
+-q, --quiet
+:   No output. Just report when files differ through the return code.
+
+-s, --summary
+:   Print count of objects that are only in the left or right files, or the
+    same in both or different in both to *stderr*.
+
+-t, --object-type=TYPE
+:   Read only objects of given type (*node*, *way*, *relation*).
+    By default all types are read. This option can be given multiple times.
+    This affects the output as well as the return code of the command.
+
+
+ at MAN_COMMON_OPTIONS@
+ at MAN_INPUT_OPTIONS@
+ at MAN_OUTPUT_OPTIONS@
+
+# DIAGNOSTICS
+
+**osmium diff** exits with exit code
+
+0
+  ~ if the files are the same,
+
+1
+  ~ if the files are different, or
+
+2
+  ~ if there was an error
+
+
+# MEMORY USAGE
+
+**osmium diff** doesn't keep a lot of data in memory.
+
+
+# EXAMPLES
+
+Show difference between Nepal files from January 2016 and Febrary 2016 in
+compact format:
+
+    osmium diff nepal-20160101.osm.pbf nepal-20160201.osm.pbf
+
+Show in color debug format only those objects that are different:
+
+    osmium diff nepal-20160101.osm.pbf nepal-20160201.osm.pbf -f debug,color -c
+
+
+# SEE ALSO
+
+* **osmium**(1), **osmium-file-formats**(5), **osmium-derive-changes**(1)
+* [Osmium website](http://osmcode.org/osmium)
+
diff --git a/man/osmium-file-formats.md b/man/osmium-file-formats.md
index 8a8c9d9..ef8dd2e 100644
--- a/man/osmium-file-formats.md
+++ b/man/osmium-file-formats.md
@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@ Which format a file has is usually autodetected from the file name suffix.
 
 If this doesn't work, either because you are reading from stdin or writing to
 stdout, or because you have an unusual file name, you have to set the format
-manually. You can also set the format manually if you want to set special
+manually. You can also set the format manually if you want to specify special
 format options.
 
-Most **osmium** commands support the **--input-format** and **--output-format**
-options to set the format. They take a comma-separated list of arguments, the
-first is the format, further arguments set additional options.
+Most **osmium** commands support the **--input-format** (**--F**) and
+**--output-format** (**-f**) options to set the format. They take a
+comma-separated list of arguments, the first is the format, further arguments
+set additional options.
 
 # SPECIAL FORMAT OPTIONS
 
@@ -60,6 +61,9 @@ Here are some examples:
 pbf
 :   PBF format.
 
+pbf,add_metadata=false
+:   PBF format, dont' write metadata
+
 osm.bz2
 :   XML format, compressed with bzip2.
 
diff --git a/man/osmium-fileinfo.md b/man/osmium-fileinfo.md
index 5c5f507..8e88013 100644
--- a/man/osmium-fileinfo.md
+++ b/man/osmium-fileinfo.md
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ Data
 :   Output in JSON format. Can not be used together with --get.
 
 @MAN_COMMON_OPTIONS@
+ at MAN_PROGRESS_OPTIONS@
 @MAN_INPUT_OPTIONS@
 
 # VARIABLES
diff --git a/man/osmium-getid.md b/man/osmium-getid.md
index 40f6c5d..cfe820b 100644
--- a/man/osmium-getid.md
+++ b/man/osmium-getid.md
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ osmium-getid - get objects from OSM file by ID
 Get objects with the given IDs from the input and write them to the output.
 
 IDs can be given on the command line (first case in synopsis), or read from
-a text file with one ID per line (second case in synopsis), or read from an
-OSM file (third cases in synopsis).
+text files with one ID per line (second case in synopsis), or read from
+OSM files (third cases in synopsis). A mixture of these cases is also allowed.
 
 All objects with these IDs will be read from *OSM-FILE* and written to the
 output. If the option **-r**, **--add-referenced** is used all objects
@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ relations. If there is no type letter, 'n' for nodes is assumed (or whatever
 the **--default-type** option says). So "n13 w22 17 r21" will match the nodes
 13 and 17, the way 22 and the relation 21.
 
-The order in which the IDs appear does not matter.
+The order in which the IDs appear does not matter. Identical IDs can appear
+multiple times on the command file or in the ID file(s).
 
 On the command line, the list of IDs can be in separate arguments or in a
 single argument separated by spaces, tabs, commas (,), semicolons (;), forward
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ only used to detect which objects to get. This might matter if there are
 different object versions in the different files.
 
 The *OSM-FILE* can not be a history file unless the **-H**, **--history**
-option is used. Then all versions of the objects will be copied to the ouput.
+option is used. Then all versions of the objects will be copied to the output.
 
 If referenced objects are missing from the input file, the type and IDs
 of those objects is written out to *stderr* at the end of the program unless
@@ -75,10 +76,12 @@ the **-H**, **--history** option was given.
     ID in the format described above. Lines can optionally contain a space
     character or a hash sign ('#') after the ID. This character and all
     following characters are ignored. (This allows files in OPL format to be
-    read.) Empty lines are also ignored.
+    read.) Empty lines are also ignored. This option can be used multiple
+    times.
 
 -I, --id-osm-file=OSMFILE
-:   Like **-i** but get the IDs from an OSM file.
+:   Like **-i** but get the IDs from an OSM file. This option can be used
+    multiple times.
 
 -r, --add-referenced
 :   Recursively find all objects referenced by the objects of the given IDs
@@ -90,6 +93,7 @@ the **-H**, **--history** option was given.
     the lists can get quite long. (This option implies `--verbose`.)
 
 @MAN_COMMON_OPTIONS@
+ at MAN_PROGRESS_OPTIONS@
 @MAN_INPUT_OPTIONS@
 @MAN_OUTPUT_OPTIONS@
 
diff --git a/man/osmium-merge-changes.md b/man/osmium-merge-changes.md
index 842c98d..c687f6c 100644
--- a/man/osmium-merge-changes.md
+++ b/man/osmium-merge-changes.md
@@ -63,6 +63,6 @@ just a single change file:
 
 # SEE ALSO
 
-* **osmium**(1), **osmium-file-formats**(5)
+* **osmium**(1), **osmium-file-formats**(5), **osmium-merge**(1)
 * [Osmium website](http://osmcode.org/osmium)
 
diff --git a/man/osmium-merge.md b/man/osmium-merge.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72ef2ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/osmium-merge.md
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+
+# NAME
+
+osmium-merge - merge several sorted OSM files into one
+
+
+# SYNOPSIS
+
+**osmium merge** \[*OPTIONS*\] *OSM-FILE*...
+
+
+# DESCRIPTION
+
+Merges the content of all OSM files given on the command line into one large
+OSM file. Objects in all files must be sorted by type, ID, and version. The
+results will also be sorted in the same way. Objects that appear in multiple
+input files will only be in the output once.
+
+If there is only a single input file, its contents will be copied to the
+output.
+
+If there are different versions of the same object in the input files, all
+versions will appear in the output. So this command will work fine with history
+files as input creating a new history file. Do not use this command to merge
+non-history files with data from different points in time. It will not work
+correctly.
+
+ at MAN_COMMON_OPTIONS@
+ at MAN_INPUT_OPTIONS@
+ at MAN_OUTPUT_OPTIONS@
+
+# DIAGNOSTICS
+
+**osmium merge** exits with exit code
+
+0
+  ~ if everything went alright,
+
+1
+  ~ if there was an error processing the data, or
+
+2
+  ~ if there was a problem with the command line arguments.
+
+
+# MEMORY USAGE
+
+**osmium merge** doesn't keep a lot of data in memory, but if you are merging
+many files, the buffers might take a noticable amount of memory.
+
+
+# EXAMPLES
+
+Merge several extracts into one:
+
+    osmium merge washington.pbf oregon.pbf california.pbf -o westcoast.pbf
+
+
+# SEE ALSO
+
+* **osmium**(1), **osmium-file-formats**(5), **osmium-merge-changes**(1)
+* [Osmium website](http://osmcode.org/osmium)
+
diff --git a/man/osmium-renumber.md b/man/osmium-renumber.md
index 0b8d393..9bcab4c 100644
--- a/man/osmium-renumber.md
+++ b/man/osmium-renumber.md
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ This command expects the input file to be ordered in the usual way: First
 nodes in order of ID, then ways in order of ID, then relations in order of ID.
 The input file will be read twice, so it will not work with STDIN.
 
+Currently this command can not renumber negative IDs.
+
 You must never upload the data generated by this command to OSM! This would
 really confuse the OSM database because it knows the objects under different
 IDs.
@@ -35,12 +37,33 @@ IDs.
     in several OSM files. Without this option, the indexes are not read from
     or written to disk. The directory must exist. Use '.' for the current
     directory. The files written will be named `nodes.idx`, `ways.idx`, and
-    `relations.idx`.
+    `relations.idx`. See also the section INDEX FILES below.
+
+-t, --object-type=TYPE
+:   Renumber only objects of given type (*node*, *way*, or *relation*). By
+    default all objects of all types are renumbered. This option can be given
+    multiple times.
 
 @MAN_COMMON_OPTIONS@
+ at MAN_PROGRESS_OPTIONS@
 @MAN_INPUT_OPTIONS@
 @MAN_OUTPUT_OPTIONS@
 
+
+# INDEX FILES
+
+When the `-i` or `--index-directory` option is used, index files named
+`nodes.idx`, `ways.idx`, and `relations.idx` are read from and written to the
+given directory. This can be used to force consistent mapping over several
+invocations of `osmium renumber`, for instance when you want to remap an OSM
+data file and a corresponding OSM change file.
+
+The index files are in binary format, but you can use the following command
+line to convert them into something readable:
+
+    od -An -td8 -w8 TYPE.idx | cat -n
+
+
 # DIAGNOSTICS
 
 **osmium renumber** exits with exit code
diff --git a/man/osmium.md b/man/osmium.md
index d4855ba..3b752d5 100644
--- a/man/osmium.md
+++ b/man/osmium.md
@@ -42,6 +42,12 @@ changeset-filter
 check-refs
 :   check referential integrity of OSM file
 
+derive-changes
+:   create OSM change file from two OSM files
+
+diff
+:   display differences between OSM files
+
 fileinfo
 :   show information about an OSM file
 
@@ -51,6 +57,9 @@ getid
 help
 :   show help about commands
 
+merge
+:   merge several OSM files into one
+
 merge-changes
 :   merge several OSM change files into one
 
@@ -101,8 +110,11 @@ If an osmium command exits with an "Out of memory" error, try running it with
   **osmium-cat**(1),
   **osmium-changeset-filter**(1),
   **osmium-check-refs**(1),
+  **osmium-derive-changes**(1),
+  **osmium-diff**(1),
   **osmium-fileinfo**(1),
   **osmium-getid**(1),
+  **osmium-merge**(1),
   **osmium-merge-changes**(1),
   **osmium-renumber**(1),
   **osmium-show**(1),
diff --git a/man/progress-options.md b/man/progress-options.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ecf9fd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/progress-options.md
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+
+--progress
+:   Show progress bar. Usually a progress bar is only displayed if STDERR
+    is detected to be a TTY. With this option a progress bar is always shown.
+    Note that a progress bar will never be shown when reading from STDIN or
+    a pipe.
+
+--no-progress
+:   Do not show progress bar. Usually a progress bar is displayed if STDERR
+    is detected to be a TTY. With this option the progress bar is suppressed.
+    Note that a progress bar will never be shown when reading from STDIN or
+    a pipe.
+
diff --git a/osmium-wrapper.in b/osmium-wrapper.in
index 6574724..e3432af 100755
--- a/osmium-wrapper.in
+++ b/osmium-wrapper.in
@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@
 
 export MANPATH=$MANPATH:@PROJECT_BINARY_DIR@/man:
 
-exec @PROJECT_BINARY_DIR@/src/osmium $*
+exec @PROJECT_BINARY_DIR@/src/osmium "$@"
 
diff --git a/src/CMakeLists.txt b/src/CMakeLists.txt
index a4f7197..5b034e5 100644
--- a/src/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-file(GLOB OSMIUM_SOURCE_FILES *.cpp)
+file(GLOB OSMIUM_SOURCE_FILES *.cpp ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/src/version.cpp)
 
 add_executable(osmium ${OSMIUM_SOURCE_FILES})
 
diff --git a/src/cmd.cpp b/src/cmd.cpp
index 4c0e215..859d970 100644
--- a/src/cmd.cpp
+++ b/src/cmd.cpp
@@ -16,20 +16,35 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include <osmium/osm/entity_bits.hpp>
 #include <osmium/util/memory.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/verbose_output.hpp>
 
 #include "cmd.hpp"
 #include "exception.hpp"
 
+const char* yes_no(bool choice) noexcept {
+    return choice ? "yes\n" : "no\n";
+}
+
+void warning(const char* text) {
+    std::cerr << "WARNING: " << text;
+}
+
 po::options_description Command::add_common_options() {
     po::options_description options("COMMON OPTIONS");
 
     options.add_options()
     ("help,h", "Show usage help")
+    ("progress", "Display progress bar")
+    ("no-progress", "Suppress display of progress bar")
     ("verbose,v", "Set verbose mode")
     ;
 
@@ -42,13 +57,29 @@ void Command::setup_common(const boost::program_options::variables_map& vm, cons
                   << CommandFactory::get_description(name()) << "\n"
                   << desc
                   << "\nUse 'osmium help " << name() << "' to display the manual page.\n";
-        exit(0);
+        std::exit(0);
     }
 
     if (vm.count("verbose")) {
         m_vout.verbose(true);
     }
+}
+
+void Command::setup_progress(const boost::program_options::variables_map& vm) {
+    if (vm.count("progress") && vm.count("no-progress")) {
+        throw argument_error{"Can not use --progress and --no-progress together."};
+    }
 
+    if (vm.count("progress")) {
+        m_display_progress = display_progress_type::always;
+    }
+
+    if (vm.count("no-progress")) {
+        m_display_progress = display_progress_type::never;
+    }
+}
+
+void Command::setup_object_type_nrwc(const boost::program_options::variables_map& vm) {
     if (vm.count("object-type")) {
         m_osm_entity_bits = osmium::osm_entity_bits::nothing;
         for (const auto& t : vm["object-type"].as<std::vector<std::string>>()) {
@@ -61,16 +92,56 @@ void Command::setup_common(const boost::program_options::variables_map& vm, cons
             } else if (t == "c" || t == "changeset") {
                 m_osm_entity_bits |= osmium::osm_entity_bits::changeset;
             } else {
-                throw argument_error(std::string("Unknown object type '") + t + "' (Allowed are 'node', 'way', 'relation', and 'changeset').");
+                throw argument_error{std::string{"Unknown object type '"} + t + "' (Allowed are 'node', 'way', 'relation', and 'changeset')."};
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        m_osm_entity_bits = osmium::osm_entity_bits::all;
+    }
+}
+
+void Command::setup_object_type_nrw(const boost::program_options::variables_map& vm) {
+    if (vm.count("object-type")) {
+        m_osm_entity_bits = osmium::osm_entity_bits::nothing;
+        for (const auto& t : vm["object-type"].as<std::vector<std::string>>()) {
+            if (t == "n" || t == "node") {
+                m_osm_entity_bits |= osmium::osm_entity_bits::node;
+            } else if (t == "w" || t == "way") {
+                m_osm_entity_bits |= osmium::osm_entity_bits::way;
+            } else if (t == "r" || t == "relation") {
+                m_osm_entity_bits |= osmium::osm_entity_bits::relation;
+            } else {
+                throw argument_error{std::string{"Unknown object type '"} + t + "' (Allowed are 'node', 'way', and 'relation')."};
             }
         }
+    } else {
+        m_osm_entity_bits = osmium::osm_entity_bits::nwr;
+    }
+}
+
+void Command::show_object_types(osmium::util::VerboseOutput& vout) {
+    vout << "    object types:";
+    if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::node) {
+        vout << " node";
+    }
+    if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::way) {
+        vout << " way";
+    }
+    if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::relation) {
+        vout << " relation";
+    }
+    if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::changeset) {
+        vout << " changeset";
     }
+    m_vout << '\n';
 }
 
 void Command::print_arguments(const std::string& command) {
     if (m_vout.verbose()) {
-        m_vout << "Started osmium " << command << "\n";
-        m_vout << "Command line options and default settings:\n";
+        m_vout << "Started osmium " << command << '\n'
+               << "  " << get_osmium_long_version() << '\n'
+               << "  " << get_libosmium_version() << '\n'
+               << "Command line options and default settings:\n";
         show_arguments();
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/cmd.hpp b/src/cmd.hpp
index b107855..a32628d 100644
--- a/src/cmd.hpp
+++ b/src/cmd.hpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
+#include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <boost/program_options.hpp>
@@ -35,9 +36,17 @@ namespace po = boost::program_options;
 #include <osmium/io/file.hpp>
 #include <osmium/io/writer_options.hpp>
 #include <osmium/osm/entity_bits.hpp>
-#include <osmium/util/minmax.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/file.hpp>
 #include <osmium/util/verbose_output.hpp>
 
+const char* get_osmium_version() noexcept;
+const char* get_osmium_long_version() noexcept;
+const char* get_libosmium_version() noexcept;
+
+const char* yes_no(bool choice) noexcept;
+void warning(const char* text);
+std::size_t file_size_sum(std::vector<osmium::io::File> files);
+
 /**
  * Virtual base class for commands that can be called from the command line.
  */
@@ -45,6 +54,12 @@ class Command {
 
     osmium::osm_entity_bits::type m_osm_entity_bits {osmium::osm_entity_bits::all};
 
+    enum class display_progress_type {
+        never  = 0,
+        on_tty = 1,
+        always = 2
+    } m_display_progress = display_progress_type::on_tty;
+
 protected:
 
     bool m_debug {false};
@@ -89,6 +104,10 @@ public:
 
     po::options_description add_common_options();
     void setup_common(const boost::program_options::variables_map& vm, const po::options_description& desc);
+    void setup_progress(const boost::program_options::variables_map& vm);
+    void setup_object_type_nrwc(const boost::program_options::variables_map& vm);
+    void setup_object_type_nrw(const boost::program_options::variables_map& vm);
+    void show_object_types(osmium::util::VerboseOutput& vout);
     void print_arguments(const std::string& command);
     void show_memory_used();
 
@@ -96,6 +115,18 @@ public:
         return m_osm_entity_bits;
     }
 
+    bool display_progress() const {
+        switch (m_display_progress) {
+            case display_progress_type::on_tty:
+                return osmium::util::isatty(2); // if STDERR is a TTY
+            case display_progress_type::always:
+                return true;
+            default:
+                break;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
 }; // class Command
 
 class with_single_osm_input {
@@ -157,7 +188,8 @@ protected:
 public:
 
     with_osm_output() :
-        m_generator("osmium/" OSMIUM_VERSION) {
+        m_generator("osmium/") {
+        m_generator.append(get_osmium_version());
     }
 
     void setup_output_file(const po::variables_map& vm);
@@ -193,7 +225,7 @@ public:
  */
 class CommandFactory {
 
-    typedef std::function<Command*()> create_command_type;
+    using create_command_type = std::function<Command*()>;
 
     struct command_info {
         std::string description; // description of command for help
diff --git a/src/cmd_factory.cpp b/src/cmd_factory.cpp
index 7390a2e..9220396 100644
--- a/src/cmd_factory.cpp
+++ b/src/cmd_factory.cpp
@@ -16,10 +16,17 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <osmium/util/minmax.hpp>
+
 #include "cmd.hpp"
 
 CommandFactory& CommandFactory::instance() {
diff --git a/src/command_add_locations_to_ways.cpp b/src/command_add_locations_to_ways.cpp
index a70a5de..d2e9027 100644
--- a/src/command_add_locations_to_ways.cpp
+++ b/src/command_add_locations_to_ways.cpp
@@ -16,17 +16,31 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
 #include <iostream>
 #include <iterator>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include <boost/program_options.hpp>
 
-#include <osmium/io/any_input.hpp>
-#include <osmium/io/any_output.hpp>
+#include <osmium/index/map.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/file.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/header.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/reader.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/writer.hpp>
+#include <osmium/memory/buffer.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/item_type.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/location.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/node.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/types.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/progress_bar.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/verbose_output.hpp>
+#include <osmium/visitor.hpp>
 
 #include "command_add_locations_to_ways.hpp"
 #include "exception.hpp"
@@ -74,11 +88,12 @@ bool CommandAddLocationsToWays::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments)
     if (vm.count("index-type")) {
         m_index_type_name = vm["index-type"].as<std::string>();
         if (!map_factory.has_map_type(m_index_type_name)) {
-            throw argument_error(std::string{"Unknown index type '"} + m_index_type_name + "'. Use --show-index-types or -I to get a list.");
+            throw argument_error{std::string{"Unknown index type '"} + m_index_type_name + "'. Use --show-index-types or -I to get a list."};
         }
     }
 
     setup_common(vm, desc);
+    setup_progress(vm);
     setup_input_files(vm);
     setup_output_file(vm);
 
@@ -95,7 +110,7 @@ void CommandAddLocationsToWays::show_arguments() {
 
     m_vout << "  other options:\n";
     m_vout << "    index type: " << m_index_type_name << "\n";
-    m_vout << "    keep untagged nodes: " << (m_keep_untagged_nodes ? "yes" : "no") << "\n";
+    m_vout << "    keep untagged nodes: " << yes_no(m_keep_untagged_nodes);
     m_vout << "\n";
 }
 
@@ -106,8 +121,9 @@ void CommandAddLocationsToWays::setup_header(osmium::io::Header& header) const {
     }
 }
 
-void CommandAddLocationsToWays::copy_data(osmium::io::Reader& reader, osmium::io::Writer& writer, location_handler_type& location_handler) {
+void CommandAddLocationsToWays::copy_data(osmium::ProgressBar& progress_bar, osmium::io::Reader& reader, osmium::io::Writer& writer, location_handler_type& location_handler) {
     while (osmium::memory::Buffer buffer = reader.read()) {
+        progress_bar.update(reader.offset());
         osmium::apply(buffer, location_handler);
 
         if (m_keep_untagged_nodes) {
@@ -132,28 +148,33 @@ bool CommandAddLocationsToWays::run() {
 
     if (m_input_files.size() == 1) { // single input file
         m_vout << "Copying input file '" << m_input_files[0].filename() << "'\n";
-        osmium::io::Reader reader(m_input_files[0]);
-        osmium::io::Header header = reader.header();
+        osmium::io::Reader reader{m_input_files[0]};
+        osmium::io::Header header{reader.header()};
         setup_header(header);
         osmium::io::Writer writer(m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync);
 
-        copy_data(reader, writer, location_handler);
+        osmium::ProgressBar progress_bar{reader.file_size(), display_progress()};
+        copy_data(progress_bar, reader, writer, location_handler);
+        progress_bar.done();
 
         writer.close();
         reader.close();
     } else { // multiple input files
         osmium::io::Header header;
         setup_header(header);
-        osmium::io::Writer writer(m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync);
+        osmium::io::Writer writer{m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync};
 
+        osmium::ProgressBar progress_bar{file_size_sum(m_input_files), display_progress()};
         for (const auto& input_file : m_input_files) {
             m_vout << "Copying input file '" << input_file.filename() << "'\n";
             osmium::io::Reader reader(input_file);
 
-            copy_data(reader, writer, location_handler);
+            copy_data(progress_bar, reader, writer, location_handler);
 
+            progress_bar.file_done(reader.file_size());
             reader.close();
         }
+        progress_bar.done();
         writer.close();
     }
 
diff --git a/src/command_add_locations_to_ways.hpp b/src/command_add_locations_to_ways.hpp
index 113b4cf..571fea2 100644
--- a/src/command_add_locations_to_ways.hpp
+++ b/src/command_add_locations_to_ways.hpp
@@ -19,35 +19,34 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <osmium/index/map/dense_mem_array.hpp>
-#include <osmium/index/map/dense_mmap_array.hpp>
-#include <osmium/index/map/sparse_mem_array.hpp>
-#include <osmium/index/map/sparse_mmap_array.hpp>
+#include <osmium/index/map/dense_mem_array.hpp> // IWYU pragma: keep
+#include <osmium/index/map/dense_mmap_array.hpp> // IWYU pragma: keep
+#include <osmium/index/map/sparse_mem_array.hpp> // IWYU pragma: keep
+#include <osmium/index/map/sparse_mmap_array.hpp> // IWYU pragma: keep
 #include <osmium/handler/node_locations_for_ways.hpp>
-#include <osmium/io/header.hpp>
-#include <osmium/osm/entity_bits.hpp>
-
-#include "cmd.hpp"
-
-using index_type = osmium::index::map::Map<osmium::unsigned_object_id_type, osmium::Location>;
-using location_handler_type = osmium::handler::NodeLocationsForWays<index_type>;
 
 namespace osmium { namespace io {
+    class Header;
     class Reader;
     class Writer;
-} }
+}}
+
+#include "cmd.hpp" // IWYU pragma: export
+
+using index_type = osmium::index::map::Map<osmium::unsigned_object_id_type, osmium::Location>;
+using location_handler_type = osmium::handler::NodeLocationsForWays<index_type>;
 
 class CommandAddLocationsToWays : public Command, public with_multiple_osm_inputs, public with_osm_output {
 
     void setup_header(osmium::io::Header& header) const;
-    void copy_data(osmium::io::Reader& reader, osmium::io::Writer& writer, location_handler_type& location_handler);
+    void copy_data(osmium::ProgressBar& progress_bar, osmium::io::Reader& reader, osmium::io::Writer& writer, location_handler_type& location_handler);
 
     std::string m_index_type_name;
     bool m_keep_untagged_nodes = false;
diff --git a/src/command_apply_changes.cpp b/src/command_apply_changes.cpp
index 4911363..2d36375 100644
--- a/src/command_apply_changes.cpp
+++ b/src/command_apply_changes.cpp
@@ -16,26 +16,42 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <utility>
+
 #include <boost/function_output_iterator.hpp>
 #include <boost/program_options.hpp>
 
-#include <osmium/io/any_input.hpp>
-#include <osmium/io/any_output.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/file.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/header.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/input_iterator.hpp>
 #include <osmium/io/output_iterator.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/reader.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/writer.hpp>
+#include <osmium/memory/buffer.hpp>
 #include <osmium/object_pointer_collection.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/entity_bits.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/object.hpp>
 #include <osmium/osm/object_comparisons.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/types.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/verbose_output.hpp>
+#include <osmium/visitor.hpp>
 
 #include "command_apply_changes.hpp"
+#include "exception.hpp"
 
 bool CommandApplyChanges::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
     po::options_description opts_cmd{"COMMAND OPTIONS"};
     opts_cmd.add_options()
-    ("simplify,s", "Simplify change")
-    ("remove-deleted,r", "Remove deleted objects from output")
+    ("simplify,s",       "Simplify change (deprecated)")
+    ("remove-deleted,r", "Remove deleted objects from output (deprecated)")
+    ("with-history",     "Apply changes to history file")
     ;
 
     po::options_description opts_common{add_common_options()};
@@ -70,12 +86,25 @@ bool CommandApplyChanges::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
         m_change_filenames = vm["change-filenames"].as<std::vector<std::string>>();
     }
 
+    if (vm.count("with-history")) {
+        m_with_history = true;
+        m_output_file.set_has_multiple_object_versions(true);
+    } else {
+        if (m_input_file.has_multiple_object_versions() && m_output_file.has_multiple_object_versions()) {
+            m_with_history = true;
+        } else if (m_input_file.has_multiple_object_versions() != m_output_file.has_multiple_object_versions()) {
+            throw argument_error{"Input and output file must both be OSM data files or both OSM history files (force with --with-history)."};
+        }
+    }
+
     if (vm.count("simplify")) {
-        m_simplify_change = true;
+        warning("-s, --simplify option is deprecated. Please see manual page.\n");
+        m_with_history = false;
     }
 
     if (vm.count("remove-deleted")) {
-        m_remove_deleted = true;
+        warning("-r, --remove-deleted option is deprecated. Please see manual page.\n");
+        m_with_history = false;
     }
 
     return true;
@@ -89,35 +118,31 @@ void CommandApplyChanges::show_arguments() {
     }
     m_vout << "  input format: " << m_input_format << "\n";
     show_output_arguments(m_vout);
+    m_vout << "  reading and writing history file: " << yes_no(m_with_history);
 }
 
 /**
- *  Copy the first OSM object with a given Id to the output iterator. Keep
+ *  Copy the first OSM object with a given Id to the output. Keep
  *  track of the Id of each object to do this.
  *
- *  If kd is set to true, it will copy deleted objects, too. Otherwise those
- *  are suppressed.
- *
  *  We are using this functor class instead of a simple lambda, because the
  *  lambda doesn't build on MSVC.
  */
 class copy_first_with_id {
 
-    osmium::io::OutputIterator<osmium::io::Writer> out;
+    osmium::io::Writer* writer;
     osmium::object_id_type id = 0;
-    bool keep_deleted;
 
 public:
 
-    copy_first_with_id(osmium::io::OutputIterator<osmium::io::Writer> oi, bool kd) :
-        out(oi),
-        keep_deleted(kd) {
+    explicit copy_first_with_id(osmium::io::Writer& w) :
+        writer(&w) {
     }
 
     void operator()(const osmium::OSMObject& obj) {
         if (obj.id() != id) {
-            if (keep_deleted || obj.visible()) {
-                *out = obj;
+            if (obj.visible()) {
+                (*writer)(obj);
             }
             id = obj.id();
         }
@@ -132,7 +157,7 @@ bool CommandApplyChanges::run() {
     m_vout << "Reading change file contents...\n";
 
     for (const std::string& change_file_name : m_change_filenames) {
-        osmium::io::Reader reader(change_file_name, osmium::osm_entity_bits::object);
+        osmium::io::Reader reader{change_file_name, osmium::osm_entity_bits::object};
         while (osmium::memory::Buffer buffer = reader.read()) {
             osmium::apply(buffer, objects);
             changes.push_back(std::move(buffer));
@@ -141,48 +166,47 @@ bool CommandApplyChanges::run() {
     }
 
     m_vout << "Opening input file...\n";
-    osmium::io::Reader reader(m_input_file, osmium::osm_entity_bits::object);
+    osmium::io::Reader reader{m_input_file, osmium::osm_entity_bits::object};
 
-    osmium::io::Header header = reader.header();
+    osmium::io::Header header{reader.header()};
     header.set("generator", m_generator);
 
     m_vout << "Opening output file...\n";
-    osmium::io::Writer writer(m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync);
-    auto out = osmium::io::make_output_iterator(writer);
+    osmium::io::Writer writer{m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync};
 
     auto input = osmium::io::make_input_iterator_range<osmium::OSMObject>(reader);
 
-    if (m_simplify_change) {
-        // If the --simplify option was given we sort with the
-        // largest version of each object first and then only
-        // copy this last version of any object to the output_buffer.
+    if (m_with_history) {
+        // For history files this is a straightforward sort of the change
+        // files followed by a merge with the input file.
         m_vout << "Sorting change data...\n";
-        objects.sort(osmium::object_order_type_id_reverse_version());
-
-        auto output_it = boost::make_function_output_iterator(
-                            copy_first_with_id(out, !m_remove_deleted)
-        );
+        objects.sort(osmium::object_order_type_id_version());
 
+        auto out = osmium::io::make_output_iterator(writer);
         m_vout << "Applying changes and writing them to output...\n";
         std::set_union(objects.begin(),
                        objects.end(),
                        input.begin(),
                        input.end(),
-                       output_it,
-                       osmium::object_order_type_id_reverse_version());
+                       out);
     } else {
-        // If the --simplify option was not given, this
-        // is a straightforward sort of the change files
-        // and then a merge with the input file.
+        // For normal data files we sort with the largest version of each
+        // object first and then only copy this last version of any object
+        // to the output.
         m_vout << "Sorting change data...\n";
-        objects.sort(osmium::object_order_type_id_version());
+        objects.sort(osmium::object_order_type_id_reverse_version());
+
+        auto output_it = boost::make_function_output_iterator(
+                            copy_first_with_id(writer)
+        );
 
         m_vout << "Applying changes and writing them to output...\n";
         std::set_union(objects.begin(),
                        objects.end(),
                        input.begin(),
                        input.end(),
-                       out);
+                       output_it,
+                       osmium::object_order_type_id_reverse_version());
     }
 
     writer.close();
diff --git a/src/command_apply_changes.hpp b/src/command_apply_changes.hpp
index e89e866..267a7c7 100644
--- a/src/command_apply_changes.hpp
+++ b/src/command_apply_changes.hpp
@@ -19,21 +19,20 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cmd.hpp"
+#include "cmd.hpp" // IWYU pragma: export
 
 class CommandApplyChanges : public Command, public with_single_osm_input, public with_osm_output {
 
     std::vector<std::string> m_change_filenames;
 
-    bool m_simplify_change = false;
-    bool m_remove_deleted = false;
+    bool m_with_history = false;
 
 public:
 
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ public:
     }
 
     const char* synopsis() const noexcept override final {
-        return "osmium apply-changes [OPTIONS] OSM-DATA-FILE OSM-CHANGE-FILE...";
+        return "osmium apply-changes [OPTIONS] OSM-FILE OSM-CHANGE-FILE...";
     }
 
 }; // class CommandApplyChanges
diff --git a/src/command_cat.cpp b/src/command_cat.cpp
index 0da1415..a130e7b 100644
--- a/src/command_cat.cpp
+++ b/src/command_cat.cpp
@@ -16,20 +16,25 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
-#include <iostream>
-#include <iterator>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include <boost/program_options.hpp>
 
-#include <osmium/io/any_input.hpp>
-#include <osmium/io/any_output.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/file.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/header.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/reader.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/writer.hpp>
+#include <osmium/memory/buffer.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/progress_bar.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/verbose_output.hpp>
 
 #include "command_cat.hpp"
-#include "exception.hpp"
 
 bool CommandCat::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
     po::options_description opts_cmd{"COMMAND OPTIONS"};
@@ -60,6 +65,8 @@ bool CommandCat::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
     po::notify(vm);
 
     setup_common(vm, desc);
+    setup_progress(vm);
+    setup_object_type_nrwc(vm);
     setup_input_files(vm);
     setup_output_file(vm);
 
@@ -71,20 +78,7 @@ void CommandCat::show_arguments() {
     show_output_arguments(m_vout);
 
     m_vout << "  other options:\n";
-    m_vout << "    object types:";
-    if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::node) {
-        m_vout << " node";
-    }
-    if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::way) {
-        m_vout << " way";
-    }
-    if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::relation) {
-        m_vout << " relation";
-    }
-    if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::changeset) {
-        m_vout << " changeset";
-    }
-    m_vout << "\n";
+    show_object_types(m_vout);
 }
 
 void CommandCat::setup_header(osmium::io::Header& header) const {
@@ -97,30 +91,38 @@ void CommandCat::setup_header(osmium::io::Header& header) const {
 bool CommandCat::run() {
     if (m_input_files.size() == 1) { // single input file
         m_vout << "Copying input file '" << m_input_files[0].filename() << "'\n";
-        osmium::io::Reader reader(m_input_files[0], osm_entity_bits());
-        osmium::io::Header header = reader.header();
+        osmium::io::Reader reader{m_input_files[0], osm_entity_bits()};
+        osmium::io::Header header{reader.header()};
         setup_header(header);
         osmium::io::Writer writer(m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync);
 
+        osmium::ProgressBar progress_bar{reader.file_size(), display_progress()};
         while (osmium::memory::Buffer buffer = reader.read()) {
+            progress_bar.update(reader.offset());
             writer(std::move(buffer));
         }
+        progress_bar.done();
+
         writer.close();
         reader.close();
     } else { // multiple input files
         osmium::io::Header header;
         setup_header(header);
-        osmium::io::Writer writer(m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync);
+        osmium::io::Writer writer{m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync};
 
+        osmium::ProgressBar progress_bar{file_size_sum(m_input_files), display_progress()};
         for (const auto& input_file : m_input_files) {
             m_vout << "Copying input file '" << input_file.filename() << "'\n";
-            osmium::io::Reader reader(input_file, osm_entity_bits());
+            osmium::io::Reader reader{input_file, osm_entity_bits()};
             while (osmium::memory::Buffer buffer = reader.read()) {
+                progress_bar.update(reader.offset());
                 writer(std::move(buffer));
             }
+            progress_bar.file_done(reader.file_size());
             reader.close();
         }
         writer.close();
+        progress_bar.done();
     }
 
     show_memory_used();
diff --git a/src/command_cat.hpp b/src/command_cat.hpp
index 0abeaf6..3debe51 100644
--- a/src/command_cat.hpp
+++ b/src/command_cat.hpp
@@ -19,17 +19,18 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <osmium/io/header.hpp>
-#include <osmium/osm/entity_bits.hpp>
+#include "cmd.hpp" // IWYU pragma: export
 
-#include "cmd.hpp"
+namespace osmium { namespace io {
+    class Header;
+}}
 
 class CommandCat : public Command, public with_multiple_osm_inputs, public with_osm_output {
 
diff --git a/src/command_changeset_filter.cpp b/src/command_changeset_filter.cpp
index d5e656a..0413d4b 100644
--- a/src/command_changeset_filter.cpp
+++ b/src/command_changeset_filter.cpp
@@ -16,18 +16,28 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include <boost/program_options.hpp>
 
-#include <osmium/io/any_input.hpp>
-#include <osmium/io/any_output.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/header.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/reader.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/writer.hpp>
 #include <osmium/io/input_iterator.hpp>
 #include <osmium/io/output_iterator.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/changeset.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/entity_bits.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/timestamp.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/types.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/progress_bar.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/verbose_output.hpp>
 
 #include "command_changeset_filter.hpp"
 #include "exception.hpp"
@@ -70,6 +80,7 @@ bool CommandChangesetFilter::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
     po::notify(vm);
 
     setup_common(vm, desc);
+    setup_progress(vm);
     setup_input_file(vm);
     setup_output_file(vm);
 
@@ -109,8 +120,8 @@ bool CommandChangesetFilter::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
         auto ts = vm["after"].as<std::string>();
         try {
             m_after = osmium::Timestamp(ts);
-        } catch (std::invalid_argument&) {
-            throw argument_error("Wrong format for --after/-a timestamp (use YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ).");
+        } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) {
+            throw argument_error{"Wrong format for --after/-a timestamp (use YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ)."};
         }
     }
 
@@ -118,25 +129,25 @@ bool CommandChangesetFilter::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
         auto ts = vm["before"].as<std::string>();
         try {
             m_before = osmium::Timestamp(ts);
-        } catch (std::invalid_argument&) {
-            throw argument_error("Wrong format for --before/-b timestamp (use YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ).");
+        } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) {
+            throw argument_error{"Wrong format for --before/-b timestamp (use YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ)."};
         }
     }
 
     if (m_with_discussion && m_without_discussion) {
-        throw argument_error("You can not use --with-discussion/-d and --without-discussion/-D together.");
+        throw argument_error{"You can not use --with-discussion/-d and --without-discussion/-D together."};
     }
 
     if (m_with_changes && m_without_changes) {
-        throw argument_error("You can not use --with-changes/-c and --without-changes/-C together.");
+        throw argument_error{"You can not use --with-changes/-c and --without-changes/-C together."};
     }
 
     if (m_open && m_closed) {
-        throw argument_error("You can not use --open and --closed together.");
+        throw argument_error{"You can not use --open and --closed together."};
     }
 
     if (m_after > m_before) {
-        throw argument_error("Timestamp 'after' is after 'before'.");
+        throw argument_error{"Timestamp 'after' is after 'before'."};
     }
 
     return true;
@@ -189,21 +200,28 @@ bool changeset_before(const osmium::Changeset& changeset, osmium::Timestamp time
 
 bool CommandChangesetFilter::run() {
     m_vout << "Opening input file...\n";
-    osmium::io::Reader reader(m_input_file, osmium::osm_entity_bits::changeset);
+    osmium::io::Reader reader{m_input_file, osmium::osm_entity_bits::changeset};
 
     auto input = osmium::io::make_input_iterator_range<osmium::Changeset>(reader);
 
-    osmium::io::Header header = reader.header();
+    osmium::io::Header header{reader.header()};
     header.set("generator", m_generator);
 
     m_vout << "Opening output file...\n";
-    osmium::io::Writer writer(m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync);
+    osmium::io::Writer writer{m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync};
     auto out = osmium::io::make_output_iterator(writer);
 
     m_vout << "Filtering data...\n";
 
+    osmium::ProgressBar progress_bar{reader.file_size(), display_progress()};
+
+    int count = 0;
     std::copy_if(input.begin(), input.end(), out,
-        [this](const osmium::Changeset& changeset) {
+        [this, &count, &progress_bar, &reader](const osmium::Changeset& changeset) {
+            if (++count > 10000) {
+                progress_bar.update(reader.offset());
+                count = 0;
+            }
             return (!m_with_discussion    || changeset.num_comments() > 0) &&
                    (!m_without_discussion || changeset.num_comments() == 0) &&
                    (!m_with_changes       || changeset.num_changes() > 0) &&
@@ -217,6 +235,8 @@ bool CommandChangesetFilter::run() {
 
     });
 
+    progress_bar.done();
+
     writer.close();
     reader.close();
 
diff --git a/src/command_changeset_filter.hpp b/src/command_changeset_filter.hpp
index b861513..d198d8d 100644
--- a/src/command_changeset_filter.hpp
+++ b/src/command_changeset_filter.hpp
@@ -19,17 +19,17 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
 #include <string>
+#include <vector>
 
-#include <osmium/osm/box.hpp>
 #include <osmium/osm/timestamp.hpp>
 #include <osmium/osm/types.hpp>
 
-#include "cmd.hpp"
+#include "cmd.hpp" // IWYU pragma: export
 
 class CommandChangesetFilter : public Command, public with_single_osm_input, public with_osm_output {
 
diff --git a/src/command_check_refs.cpp b/src/command_check_refs.cpp
index 37d002c..c06beb0 100644
--- a/src/command_check_refs.cpp
+++ b/src/command_check_refs.cpp
@@ -16,22 +16,27 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <iostream>
-#include <iterator>
-#include <set>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <boost/program_options.hpp>
 
+#include <osmium/handler.hpp>
 #include <osmium/handler/check_order.hpp>
 #include <osmium/index/bool_vector.hpp>
-#include <osmium/io/any_input.hpp>
-#include <osmium/io/any_output.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/reader.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/progress_bar.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/verbose_output.hpp>
+#include <osmium/visitor.hpp>
 
 #include "command_check_refs.hpp"
 
@@ -64,6 +69,7 @@ bool CommandCheckRefs::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
     po::notify(vm);
 
     setup_common(vm, desc);
+    setup_progress(vm);
     setup_input_file(vm);
 
     if (vm.count("show-ids")) {
@@ -80,8 +86,8 @@ bool CommandCheckRefs::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
 void CommandCheckRefs::show_arguments() {
     show_single_input_arguments(m_vout);
     m_vout << "  other options:\n";
-    m_vout << "    show ids: " << (m_show_ids ? "yes\n" : "no\n");
-    m_vout << "    check relations: " << (m_check_relations ? "yes\n" : "no\n");
+    m_vout << "    show ids: " << yes_no(m_show_ids);
+    m_vout << "    check relations: " << yes_no(m_check_relations);
 }
 
 class RefCheckHandler : public osmium::handler::Handler {
@@ -148,9 +154,9 @@ public:
         m_relation_refs.erase(
             std::remove_if(m_relation_refs.begin(), m_relation_refs.end(), [this](std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t> refs){
                 return std::binary_search(m_relation_ids.begin(), m_relation_ids.end(), refs.first);
-                }),
-                m_relation_refs.end()
-            );
+            }),
+            m_relation_refs.end()
+        );
     }
 
     bool no_errors() {
@@ -244,17 +250,17 @@ public:
 }; // class RefCheckHandler
 
 bool CommandCheckRefs::run() {
-    osmium::io::Reader reader(m_input_file);
+    osmium::io::Reader reader{m_input_file};
+    RefCheckHandler handler{m_vout, m_show_ids, m_check_relations};
 
-    RefCheckHandler handler(m_vout, m_show_ids, m_check_relations);
-
-    try {
-        osmium::apply(reader, handler);
-    } catch (osmium::out_of_order_error& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << "\n";
-        std::cerr << "This command expects the input file to be ordered: First nodes in order of ID,\nthen ways in order of ID, then relations in order of ID.\n";
-        exit(1);
+    osmium::ProgressBar progress_bar{reader.file_size(), display_progress()};
+    while (osmium::memory::Buffer buffer = reader.read()) {
+        progress_bar.update(reader.offset());
+        osmium::apply(buffer, handler);
     }
+    progress_bar.done();
+
+    reader.close();
 
     if (m_check_relations) {
         handler.find_missing_relations();
@@ -275,8 +281,6 @@ bool CommandCheckRefs::run() {
         std::cerr << "Nodes in ways missing: " << handler.missing_nodes_in_ways() << "\n";
     }
 
-    reader.close();
-
     show_memory_used();
     m_vout << "Done.\n";
 
diff --git a/src/command_check_refs.hpp b/src/command_check_refs.hpp
index db38125..0e91863 100644
--- a/src/command_check_refs.hpp
+++ b/src/command_check_refs.hpp
@@ -19,13 +19,14 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
 #include <string>
+#include <vector>
 
-#include "cmd.hpp"
+#include "cmd.hpp" // IWYU pragma: export
 
 class CommandCheckRefs : public Command, public with_single_osm_input {
 
diff --git a/src/command_derive_changes.cpp b/src/command_derive_changes.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bcdea3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/command_derive_changes.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+/*
+
+Osmium -- OpenStreetMap data manipulation command line tool
+http://osmcode.org/osmium
+
+Copyright (C) 2013-2016  Jochen Topf <jochen at topf.org>
+
+This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+*/
+
+#include <ctime>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <boost/program_options.hpp>
+
+#include <osmium/builder/attr.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/file.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/file_format.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/header.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/input_iterator.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/reader.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/writer.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/entity_bits.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/object.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/verbose_output.hpp>
+
+#include "command_derive_changes.hpp"
+#include "exception.hpp"
+
+bool CommandDeriveChanges::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
+    po::options_description opts_cmd{"COMMAND OPTIONS"};
+    opts_cmd.add_options()
+    ("increment-version", "Increment version of deleted objects")
+    ("keep-details",      "Keep tags (and nodes of ways, members of relations) of deleted objects")
+    ("update-timestamp",  "Set timestamp of deleted objects to current time")
+    ;
+
+    po::options_description opts_common{add_common_options()};
+    po::options_description opts_input{add_multiple_inputs_options()};
+    po::options_description opts_output{add_output_options()};
+
+    po::options_description hidden;
+    hidden.add_options()
+    ("input-filenames", po::value<std::vector<std::string>>(), "Input files")
+    ;
+
+    po::options_description desc;
+    desc.add(opts_cmd).add(opts_common).add(opts_input).add(opts_output);
+
+    po::options_description parsed_options;
+    parsed_options.add(desc).add(hidden);
+
+    po::positional_options_description positional;
+    positional.add("input-filenames", -1);
+
+    po::variables_map vm;
+    po::store(po::command_line_parser(arguments).options(parsed_options).positional(positional).run(), vm);
+    po::notify(vm);
+
+    setup_common(vm, desc);
+    setup_input_files(vm);
+    setup_output_file(vm);
+
+    if (m_input_files.size() != 2) {
+        throw argument_error{"You need exactly two input files for this command."};
+    }
+
+    if (vm.count("increment-version")) {
+        m_increment_version = true;
+    }
+
+    if (vm.count("keep-details")) {
+        m_keep_details = true;
+    }
+
+    if (vm.count("update-timestamp")) {
+        m_update_timestamp = true;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void CommandDeriveChanges::show_arguments() {
+    show_multiple_inputs_arguments(m_vout);
+    show_output_arguments(m_vout);
+    m_vout << "  other options:\n";
+    m_vout << "    on deleted objects:\n";
+    m_vout << "      increment version: " << yes_no(m_increment_version);
+    m_vout << "      keep details: "      << yes_no(m_keep_details);
+    m_vout << "      update timestamp: "  << yes_no(m_update_timestamp);
+}
+
+void CommandDeriveChanges::write_deleted(osmium::io::Writer& writer, osmium::OSMObject& object) {
+    if (m_increment_version) {
+        object.set_version(object.version() + 1);
+    }
+
+    if (m_update_timestamp) {
+        object.set_timestamp(std::time(nullptr));
+    }
+
+    if (m_keep_details) {
+        object.set_visible(false);
+        writer(object);
+    } else {
+        using namespace osmium::builder::attr;
+        osmium::builder::add_node(m_buffer,
+            _deleted(),
+            _id(object.id()),
+            _version(object.version()),
+            _timestamp(object.timestamp())
+        );
+        writer(m_buffer.get<osmium::OSMObject>(0));
+        m_buffer.clear();
+    }
+}
+
+bool CommandDeriveChanges::run() {
+    m_vout << "Opening input files...\n";
+    osmium::io::Reader reader1{m_input_files[0], osmium::osm_entity_bits::object};
+    osmium::io::Reader reader2{m_input_files[1], osmium::osm_entity_bits::object};
+    auto in1 = osmium::io::make_input_iterator_range<osmium::OSMObject>(reader1);
+    auto in2 = osmium::io::make_input_iterator_range<osmium::OSMObject>(reader2);
+    auto it1 = in1.begin();
+    auto it2 = in2.begin();
+    auto end1 = in1.end();
+    auto end2 = in2.end();
+
+    m_vout << "Opening output file...\n";
+    if (m_output_file.format() != osmium::io::file_format::xml || !m_output_file.is_true("xml_change_format")) {
+        warning("Output format chosen is not the XML change format. Use .osc(.gz|bz2) as suffix or -f option.\n");
+    }
+    osmium::io::Header header;
+    header.set("generator", m_generator);
+    osmium::io::Writer writer{m_output_file, header};
+
+    m_vout << "Deriving changes...\n";
+    while (it1 != end1 || it2 != end2) {
+        if (it1 == end1 || *it2 < *it1) {
+            writer(*it2);
+            ++it2;
+        } else if (it2 == end2) {
+            write_deleted(writer, *it1);
+            ++it1;
+        } else if (*it1 < *it2) {
+            if (it2->id() != it1->id()) {
+                write_deleted(writer, *it1);
+            }
+            ++it1;
+        } else { /* *it1 == *it2 */
+            ++it1;
+            ++it2;
+        }
+    }
+
+    writer.close();
+    reader2.close();
+    reader1.close();
+
+    show_memory_used();
+    m_vout << "Done.\n";
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+    const bool register_derive_changes_command = CommandFactory::add("derive-changes", "Create OSM change files from two OSM data files", []() {
+        return new CommandDeriveChanges();
+    });
+
+}
+
diff --git a/src/command_apply_changes.hpp b/src/command_derive_changes.hpp
similarity index 57%
copy from src/command_apply_changes.hpp
copy to src/command_derive_changes.hpp
index e89e866..2d51ed8 100644
--- a/src/command_apply_changes.hpp
+++ b/src/command_derive_changes.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef COMMAND_APPLY_CHANGES_HPP
-#define COMMAND_APPLY_CHANGES_HPP
+#ifndef COMMAND_DERIVE_CHANGES_HPP
+#define COMMAND_DERIVE_CHANGES_HPP
 
 /*
 
@@ -19,41 +19,46 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cmd.hpp"
+#include <osmium/memory/buffer.hpp>
 
-class CommandApplyChanges : public Command, public with_single_osm_input, public with_osm_output {
+#include "cmd.hpp" // IWYU pragma: export
 
-    std::vector<std::string> m_change_filenames;
+class CommandDeriveChanges : public Command, public with_multiple_osm_inputs, public with_osm_output {
 
-    bool m_simplify_change = false;
-    bool m_remove_deleted = false;
+    osmium::memory::Buffer m_buffer{128};
+
+    bool m_keep_details = false;
+    bool m_update_timestamp = false;
+    bool m_increment_version = false;
 
 public:
 
-    CommandApplyChanges() = default;
+    CommandDeriveChanges() = default;
 
     bool setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) override final;
 
     void show_arguments() override final;
 
+    void write_deleted(osmium::io::Writer& writer, osmium::OSMObject& object);
+
     bool run() override final;
 
     const char* name() const noexcept override final {
-        return "apply-changes";
+        return "derive-changes";
     }
 
     const char* synopsis() const noexcept override final {
-        return "osmium apply-changes [OPTIONS] OSM-DATA-FILE OSM-CHANGE-FILE...";
+        return "osmium derive-changes [OPTIONS] OSM-FILE1 OSM-FILE2";
     }
 
-}; // class CommandApplyChanges
+}; // class CommandDeriveChanges
 
 
-#endif // COMMAND_APPLY_CHANGES_HPP
+#endif // COMMAND_DERIVE_CHANGES_HPP
diff --git a/src/command_diff.cpp b/src/command_diff.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2445115
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/command_diff.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+/*
+
+Osmium -- OpenStreetMap data manipulation command line tool
+http://osmcode.org/osmium
+
+Copyright (C) 2013-2016  Jochen Topf <jochen at topf.org>
+
+This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+*/
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <boost/crc.hpp>
+#include <boost/program_options.hpp>
+
+#include <osmium/io/detail/read_write.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/file.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/file_format.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/input_iterator.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/reader.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/writer.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/writer_options.hpp>
+#include <osmium/memory/item.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/crc.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/item_type.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/verbose_output.hpp>
+
+#include "command_diff.hpp"
+#include "exception.hpp"
+
+bool CommandDiff::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
+    po::options_description opts_cmd{"COMMAND OPTIONS"};
+    opts_cmd.add_options()
+    ("suppress-common,c", "Suppress common objects")
+    ("quiet,q", "Report only when files differ")
+    ("summary,s", "Show summary on STDERR")
+    ("object-type,t", po::value<std::vector<std::string>>(), "Read only objects of given type (node, way, relation)")
+    ;
+
+    po::options_description opts_common{add_common_options()};
+    po::options_description opts_input{add_multiple_inputs_options()};
+    po::options_description opts_output{add_output_options()};
+
+    po::options_description hidden;
+    hidden.add_options()
+    ("input-filenames", po::value<std::vector<std::string>>(), "Input files")
+    ;
+
+    po::options_description desc;
+    desc.add(opts_cmd).add(opts_common).add(opts_input).add(opts_output);
+
+    po::options_description parsed_options;
+    parsed_options.add(desc).add(hidden);
+
+    po::positional_options_description positional;
+    positional.add("input-filenames", -1);
+
+    po::variables_map vm;
+    po::store(po::command_line_parser(arguments).options(parsed_options).positional(positional).run(), vm);
+    po::notify(vm);
+
+    setup_common(vm, desc);
+    setup_object_type_nrw(vm);
+    setup_input_files(vm);
+
+    if (m_input_files.size() != 2) {
+        throw argument_error("You need exactly two input files for this command.");
+    }
+
+    if (vm.count("output")) {
+        m_output_filename = vm["output"].as<std::string>();
+    }
+
+    if (vm.count("output-format")) {
+        m_output_format = vm["output-format"].as<std::string>();
+    }
+
+    if (vm.count("output-header")) {
+        m_output_headers = vm["output-header"].as<std::vector<std::string>>();
+    }
+
+    if (vm.count("overwrite")) {
+        m_output_overwrite = osmium::io::overwrite::allow;
+    }
+
+    if (vm.count("fsync")) {
+        m_fsync = osmium::io::fsync::yes;
+    }
+
+    if (vm.count("summary")) {
+        m_show_summary = true;
+    }
+
+    if (vm.count("quiet")) {
+        if (vm.count("output") || vm.count("output-format") || vm.count("output-header") || vm.count("overwrite") || vm.count("fsync") || vm.count("suppress-common")) {
+            throw argument_error("Do not use --quiet/-q with any of the output options.");
+        }
+        m_output_action = "none";
+        m_output_format = "no output";
+    }
+
+    if (m_output_format == "compact") {
+        m_output_action = "compact";
+    }
+
+    if (m_output_action.empty()) {
+        if (m_output_format == "" && (m_output_filename == "" || m_output_filename == "-")) {
+            m_output_format = "compact";
+            m_output_action = "compact";
+        } else {
+            m_output_action = "osm";
+            m_output_file = osmium::io::File(m_output_filename, m_output_format);
+            m_output_file.check();
+
+            auto f = m_output_file.format();
+            if (f != osmium::io::file_format::opl && f != osmium::io::file_format::debug) {
+                throw argument_error("File format does not support diff output. Use 'compact', 'opl' or 'debug' format.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (vm.count("suppress-common")) {
+        m_suppress_common = true;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void CommandDiff::show_arguments() {
+    show_multiple_inputs_arguments(m_vout);
+    show_output_arguments(m_vout);
+
+    m_vout << "  other options:\n";
+    m_vout << "    show summary: " << yes_no(m_show_summary);
+    m_vout << "    suppress common objects: " << yes_no(m_suppress_common);
+    show_object_types(m_vout);
+}
+
+
+class OutputAction {
+
+public:
+
+    virtual ~OutputAction() {
+    }
+
+    virtual void left(osmium::OSMObject& /* object */) {
+    }
+
+    virtual void right(osmium::OSMObject& /* object */) {
+    }
+
+    virtual void same(osmium::OSMObject& /* object */) {
+    }
+
+    virtual void different(osmium::OSMObject& /* left */, osmium::OSMObject& /* right */) {
+    }
+
+}; // class OutputAction
+
+class OutputActionCompact : public OutputAction {
+
+    int m_fd;
+
+    void print(const char diff, const osmium::OSMObject& object) const {
+        std::stringstream ss;
+        ss << diff
+           << osmium::item_type_to_char(object.type()) << object.id()
+           << " v" << object.version() << '\n';
+        osmium::io::detail::reliable_write(m_fd, ss.str().c_str(), ss.str().size());
+    }
+
+public:
+
+    OutputActionCompact(int fd) noexcept :
+        m_fd(fd) {
+    }
+
+    void left(osmium::OSMObject& object) override {
+        print('-', object);
+    }
+
+    void right(osmium::OSMObject& object) override {
+        print('+', object);
+    }
+
+    void same(osmium::OSMObject& object) override {
+        print(' ', object);
+    }
+
+    void different(osmium::OSMObject& left, osmium::OSMObject& /* right */) override {
+        print('*', left);
+    }
+
+}; // class OutputActionCompact
+
+class OutputActionOSM : public OutputAction {
+
+    osmium::io::Writer m_writer;
+
+public:
+
+    OutputActionOSM(const osmium::io::File& file) :
+        m_writer(file) {
+    }
+
+    void left(osmium::OSMObject& object) override {
+        m_writer(object);
+    }
+
+    void right(osmium::OSMObject& object) override {
+        m_writer(object);
+    }
+
+    void same(osmium::OSMObject& object) override {
+        m_writer(object);
+    }
+
+    void different(osmium::OSMObject& left, osmium::OSMObject& right) override {
+        m_writer(left);
+        m_writer(right);
+    }
+
+}; // class OutputActionOSM
+
+bool CommandDiff::run() {
+    osmium::io::Reader reader1{m_input_files[0], osm_entity_bits()};
+    osmium::io::Reader reader2{m_input_files[1], osm_entity_bits()};
+    auto in1 = osmium::io::make_input_iterator_range<osmium::OSMObject>(reader1);
+    auto in2 = osmium::io::make_input_iterator_range<osmium::OSMObject>(reader2);
+    auto it1 = in1.begin();
+    auto it2 = in2.begin();
+    auto end1 = in1.end();
+    auto end2 = in2.end();
+
+    std::unique_ptr<OutputAction> action;
+
+    if (m_output_action == "compact") {
+        int fd = osmium::io::detail::open_for_writing(m_output_filename, m_output_overwrite);
+        action.reset(new OutputActionCompact{fd});
+    } else if (m_output_action == "osm") {
+        m_output_file.set("diff");
+        action.reset(new OutputActionOSM{m_output_file});
+    }
+
+    uint64_t count_left = 0;
+    uint64_t count_right = 0;
+    uint64_t count_same = 0;
+    uint64_t count_different = 0;
+
+    while (it1 != end1 || it2 != end2) {
+        if (it1 == end1 || *it2 < *it1) {
+            it2->set_diff(osmium::diff_indicator_type::right);
+            ++count_right;
+            if (action) {
+                 action->right(*it2);
+            }
+            ++it2;
+        } else if (it2 == end2 || *it1 < *it2) {
+            it1->set_diff(osmium::diff_indicator_type::left);
+            ++count_left;
+            if (action) {
+                action->left(*it1);
+            }
+            ++it1;
+        } else { /* *it1 == *it2 */
+            osmium::CRC<boost::crc_32_type> crc1;
+            osmium::CRC<boost::crc_32_type> crc2;
+            switch (it1->type()) {
+                case osmium::item_type::node:
+                    crc1.update(static_cast<const osmium::Node&>(*it1));
+                    crc2.update(static_cast<const osmium::Node&>(*it2));
+                    break;
+                case osmium::item_type::way:
+                    crc1.update(static_cast<const osmium::Way&>(*it1));
+                    crc2.update(static_cast<const osmium::Way&>(*it2));
+                    break;
+                case osmium::item_type::relation:
+                    crc1.update(static_cast<const osmium::Relation&>(*it1));
+                    crc2.update(static_cast<const osmium::Relation&>(*it2));
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    break;
+            }
+            if (crc1().checksum() == crc2().checksum()) {
+                ++count_same;
+                if (!m_suppress_common) {
+                    it1->set_diff(osmium::diff_indicator_type::both);
+                    it2->set_diff(osmium::diff_indicator_type::both);
+                    if (action) {
+                        action->same(*it1);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                ++count_different;
+                it1->set_diff(osmium::diff_indicator_type::left);
+                it2->set_diff(osmium::diff_indicator_type::right);
+                if (action) {
+                    action->different(*it1, *it2);
+                }
+            }
+            ++it1;
+            ++it2;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (m_show_summary) {
+        std::cerr << "Summary: left=" << count_left <<
+                            " right=" << count_right <<
+                             " same=" << count_same <<
+                        " different=" << count_different << "\n";
+    }
+
+    show_memory_used();
+
+    m_vout << "Done.\n";
+
+    return count_left == 0 && count_right == 0 && count_different == 0;
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+    const bool register_diff_command = CommandFactory::add("diff", "Display differences between OSM files", []() {
+        return new CommandDiff();
+    });
+
+}
+
diff --git a/src/command_sort.hpp b/src/command_diff.hpp
similarity index 72%
copy from src/command_sort.hpp
copy to src/command_diff.hpp
index 68a89bf..5734b88 100644
--- a/src/command_sort.hpp
+++ b/src/command_diff.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef COMMAND_SORT_HPP
-#define COMMAND_SORT_HPP
+#ifndef COMMAND_DIFF_HPP
+#define COMMAND_DIFF_HPP
 
 /*
 
@@ -26,15 +26,17 @@ along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cmd.hpp"
+#include "cmd.hpp" // IWYU pragma: export
 
-class CommandSort : public Command, public with_multiple_osm_inputs, public with_osm_output {
+class CommandDiff : public Command, public with_multiple_osm_inputs, public with_osm_output {
 
-    std::vector<std::string> m_filenames;
+    std::string m_output_action;
+    bool m_show_summary = false;
+    bool m_suppress_common = false;
 
 public:
 
-    CommandSort() = default;
+    CommandDiff() = default;
 
     bool setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) override final;
 
@@ -43,14 +45,14 @@ public:
     bool run() override final;
 
     const char* name() const noexcept override final {
-        return "sort";
+        return "diff";
     }
 
     const char* synopsis() const noexcept override final {
-        return "osmium sort [OPTIONS] OSM-FILE...";
+        return "osmium diff [OPTIONS] OSM-FILE1 OSM-FILE2";
     }
 
-}; // class CommandSort
+}; // class CommandDiff
 
 
-#endif // COMMAND_SORT_HPP
+#endif // COMMAND_DIFF_HPP
diff --git a/src/command_fileinfo.cpp b/src/command_fileinfo.cpp
index d324952..c2f70ea 100644
--- a/src/command_fileinfo.cpp
+++ b/src/command_fileinfo.cpp
@@ -16,17 +16,22 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <iterator>
+#include <memory>
 #include <sstream>
+#include <string>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <system_error>
+#include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
 #ifndef _MSC_VER
@@ -42,11 +47,16 @@ along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 #include <boost/crc.hpp>
 #include <boost/program_options.hpp>
 
-#include <osmium/io/any_input.hpp>
 #include <osmium/handler.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/file.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/header.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/reader.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/box.hpp>
 #include <osmium/osm/crc.hpp>
-#include <osmium/osm/entity_bits.hpp>
 #include <osmium/util/minmax.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/progress_bar.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/verbose_output.hpp>
 #include <osmium/visitor.hpp>
 
 #include "command_fileinfo.hpp"
@@ -80,6 +90,15 @@ struct InfoHandler : public osmium::handler::Handler {
     osmium::object_id_type last_id = 0;
 
     void changeset(const osmium::Changeset& changeset) {
+        if (last_type == osmium::item_type::changeset) {
+            if (last_id > changeset.id()) {
+                ordered = false;
+            }
+        } else {
+            last_type = osmium::item_type::changeset;
+        }
+
+        last_id = changeset.id();
         crc32.update(changeset);
         ++changesets;
 
@@ -97,7 +116,7 @@ struct InfoHandler : public osmium::handler::Handler {
             if (last_id > object.id()) {
                 ordered = false;
             }
-        } else if (last_type > object.type()) {
+        } else if (last_type != osmium::item_type::changeset && last_type > object.type()) {
             ordered = false;
         }
 
@@ -138,7 +157,7 @@ off_t filesize(const std::string& filename) {
 
     struct stat s;
     if (::stat(filename.c_str(), &s) == -1) {
-        throw std::system_error(errno, std::system_category(), "stat failed");
+        throw std::system_error{errno, std::system_category(), "stat failed"};
     }
 
     return s.st_size;
@@ -183,7 +202,7 @@ public:
         for (const auto& box : header.boxes()) {
             std::cout << "    " << box << "\n";
         }
-        std::cout << "  With history: " << (header.has_multiple_object_versions() ? "yes" : "no") << "\n";
+        std::cout << "  With history: " << yes_no(header.has_multiple_object_versions());
 
         std::cout << "  Options:\n";
         for (const auto& option : header) {
@@ -201,11 +220,11 @@ public:
             std::cout << "    Last: " << info_handler.last_timestamp() << "\n";
         }
 
-        std::cout << "  Objects ordered (by type and id): " << (info_handler.ordered ? "yes\n" : "no\n");
+        std::cout << "  Objects ordered (by type and id): " << yes_no(info_handler.ordered);
 
         std::cout << "  Multiple versions of same object: ";
         if (info_handler.ordered) {
-            std::cout << (info_handler.multiple_versions ? "yes\n" : "no\n");
+            std::cout << yes_no(info_handler.multiple_versions);
             if (info_handler.multiple_versions != header.has_multiple_object_versions()) {
                 std::cout << "    WARNING! This is different from the setting in the header.\n";
             }
@@ -231,7 +250,7 @@ public:
 
 class JSONOutput : public Output {
 
-    typedef rapidjson::PrettyWriter<rapidjson::StringBuffer> writer_type;
+    using writer_type = rapidjson::PrettyWriter<rapidjson::StringBuffer>;
 
     rapidjson::StringBuffer m_stream;
     writer_type m_writer;
@@ -371,13 +390,9 @@ class SimpleOutput : public Output {
 
     std::string m_get_value;
 
-    bool output_variable(const std::string& name) {
-        return m_get_value == name;
-    }
-
 public:
 
-    SimpleOutput(const std::string& get_value) :
+    explicit SimpleOutput(const std::string& get_value) :
         m_get_value(get_value) {
     }
 
@@ -402,11 +417,11 @@ public:
 
     void header(const osmium::io::Header& header) override final {
         if (m_get_value == "header.with_history") {
-            std::cout << (header.has_multiple_object_versions() ? "yes" : "no") << "\n";
+            std::cout << yes_no(header.has_multiple_object_versions());
         }
 
         for (const auto& option : header) {
-            std::string value_name = "header.option.";
+            std::string value_name{"header.option."};
             value_name.append(option.first);
             if (m_get_value == value_name) {
                 std::cout << option.second << "\n";
@@ -514,6 +529,7 @@ bool CommandFileinfo::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
     po::notify(vm);
 
     setup_common(vm, desc);
+    setup_progress(vm);
 
     if (vm.count("extended")) {
         m_extended = true;
@@ -562,15 +578,15 @@ bool CommandFileinfo::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
         m_get_value = vm["get"].as<std::string>();
         const auto& f = std::find(known_values.cbegin(), known_values.cend(), m_get_value);
         if (f == known_values.cend()) {
-            throw argument_error(std::string("Unknown value for --get/-g option '") + m_get_value + "'. Use --show-variables/-G to see list of known values.");
+            throw argument_error{std::string{"Unknown value for --get/-g option '"} + m_get_value + "'. Use --show-variables/-G to see list of known values."};
         }
         if (m_get_value.substr(0, 5) == "data." && ! m_extended) {
-            throw argument_error("You need to set --extended/-e for any 'data.*' variables to be available.");
+            throw argument_error{"You need to set --extended/-e for any 'data.*' variables to be available."};
         }
     }
 
     if (vm.count("get") && vm.count("json")) {
-        throw argument_error("You can not use --get/-g and --json/-j together.");
+        throw argument_error{"You can not use --get/-g and --json/-j together."};
     }
 
     return true;
@@ -595,13 +611,18 @@ bool CommandFileinfo::run() {
 
     output->file(m_input_filename, m_input_file);
 
-    osmium::io::Reader reader(m_input_file, m_extended ? osmium::osm_entity_bits::all : osmium::osm_entity_bits::nothing);
-    osmium::io::Header header = reader.header();
+    osmium::io::Reader reader{m_input_file, m_extended ? osmium::osm_entity_bits::all : osmium::osm_entity_bits::nothing};
+    osmium::io::Header header{reader.header()};
     output->header(header);
 
     if (m_extended) {
         InfoHandler info_handler;
-        osmium::apply(reader, info_handler);
+        osmium::ProgressBar progress_bar{reader.file_size(), display_progress()};
+        while (osmium::memory::Buffer buffer = reader.read()) {
+            progress_bar.update(reader.offset());
+            osmium::apply(buffer, info_handler);
+        }
+        progress_bar.done();
         output->data(header, info_handler);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/command_fileinfo.hpp b/src/command_fileinfo.hpp
index 6efecbd..f6176da 100644
--- a/src/command_fileinfo.hpp
+++ b/src/command_fileinfo.hpp
@@ -19,15 +19,14 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
 #include <string>
+#include <vector>
 
-#include <osmium/io/file.hpp>
-
-#include "cmd.hpp"
+#include "cmd.hpp" // IWYU pragma: export
 
 class CommandFileinfo : public Command, public with_single_osm_input {
 
diff --git a/src/command_getid.cpp b/src/command_getid.cpp
index 2c8b1c6..2498d76 100644
--- a/src/command_getid.cpp
+++ b/src/command_getid.cpp
@@ -16,23 +16,30 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
+#include <cstddef>
 #include <fstream>
-#include <iterator>
-#include <numeric>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <map>
+#include <set>
 #include <string>
+#include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <boost/program_options.hpp>
 
-#include <osmium/io/any_input.hpp>
-#include <osmium/io/any_output.hpp>
-#include <osmium/osm/entity_bits.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/header.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/reader.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/writer.hpp>
+#include <osmium/memory/buffer.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm.hpp>
 #include <osmium/osm/types_from_string.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/progress_bar.hpp>
 #include <osmium/util/string.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/verbose_output.hpp>
 
 #include "command_getid.hpp"
 #include "exception.hpp"
@@ -69,7 +76,7 @@ bool CommandGetId::no_ids() const {
            ids(osmium::item_type::relation).empty();
 }
 
-size_t CommandGetId::count_ids() const {
+std::size_t CommandGetId::count_ids() const {
     return ids(osmium::item_type::node).size() +
            ids(osmium::item_type::way).size() +
            ids(osmium::item_type::relation).size();
@@ -79,8 +86,8 @@ bool CommandGetId::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
     po::options_description opts_cmd{"COMMAND OPTIONS"};
     opts_cmd.add_options()
     ("default-type", po::value<std::string>()->default_value("node"), "Default item type")
-    ("id-file,i", po::value<std::string>(), "Read OSM IDs from text file")
-    ("id-osm-file,I", po::value<std::string>(), "Read OSM IDs from OSM file")
+    ("id-file,i", po::value<std::vector<std::string>>(), "Read OSM IDs from text file")
+    ("id-osm-file,I", po::value<std::vector<std::string>>(), "Read OSM IDs from OSM file")
     ("history,H", "Make it work with history files")
     ("add-referenced,r", "Recursively add referenced objects")
     ("verbose-ids", "Print all requested and missing IDs")
@@ -111,12 +118,13 @@ bool CommandGetId::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
     po::notify(vm);
 
     setup_common(vm, desc);
+    setup_progress(vm);
     setup_input_file(vm);
     setup_output_file(vm);
 
     if (vm.count("add-referenced")) {
         if (m_input_filename == "-") {
-            throw argument_error("Can not read OSM input from STDIN when -r/--add-referenced option is used.");
+            throw argument_error{"Can not read OSM input from STDIN when --add-referenced/-r option is used."};
         }
         m_add_referenced_objects = true;
     }
@@ -135,7 +143,7 @@ bool CommandGetId::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
         } else if (t == "r" || t == "relation") {
             m_default_item_type = osmium::item_type::relation;
         } else {
-            throw argument_error(std::string("Unknown default type '") + t + "' (Allowed are 'node', 'way', and 'relation').");
+            throw argument_error{std::string{"Unknown default type '"} + t + "' (Allowed are 'node', 'way', and 'relation')."};
         }
     }
 
@@ -145,24 +153,26 @@ bool CommandGetId::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
     }
 
     if (vm.count("id-file")) {
-        std::string filename = vm["id-file"].as<std::string>();
-
-        if (filename == "-") {
-            if (m_input_filename == "-") {
-                throw argument_error("Can not read OSM input and IDs both from STDIN.");
-            }
-            read_id_file(std::cin);
-        } else {
-            std::ifstream id_file{filename};
-            if (!id_file.is_open()) {
-                throw argument_error("Could not open file '" + filename + "'");
+        for (const std::string& filename : vm["id-file"].as<std::vector<std::string>>()) {
+            if (filename == "-") {
+                if (m_input_filename == "-") {
+                    throw argument_error{"Can not read OSM input and IDs both from STDIN."};
+                }
+                read_id_file(std::cin);
+            } else {
+                std::ifstream id_file{filename};
+                if (!id_file.is_open()) {
+                    throw argument_error{"Could not open file '" + filename + "'"};
+                }
+                read_id_file(id_file);
             }
-            read_id_file(id_file);
         }
     }
 
     if (vm.count("id-osm-file")) {
-        read_id_osm_file(vm["id-osm-file"].as<std::string>());
+        for (const std::string& filename : vm["id-osm-file"].as<std::vector<std::string>>()) {
+            read_id_osm_file(filename);
+        }
     }
 
     if (vm.count("ids")) {
@@ -176,7 +186,7 @@ bool CommandGetId::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
     }
 
     if (no_ids()) {
-        throw argument_error("Please specify IDs to look for on command line or with option -i/--id-file or -I/--id-osm-file.");
+        throw argument_error{"Please specify IDs to look for on command line or with option --id-file/-i or --id-osm-file/-I."};
     }
 
     return true;
@@ -187,8 +197,8 @@ void CommandGetId::show_arguments() {
     show_output_arguments(m_vout);
 
     m_vout << "  other options:\n";
-    m_vout << "    add referenced objects: " << (m_add_referenced_objects ? "yes" : "no") << "\n";
-    m_vout << "    work with history files: " << (m_work_with_history ? "yes" : "no") << "\n";
+    m_vout << "    add referenced objects: " << yes_no(m_add_referenced_objects);
+    m_vout << "    work with history files: " << yes_no(m_work_with_history);
     m_vout << "    default object type: " << osmium::item_type_to_name(m_default_item_type) << "\n";
     if (m_verbose_ids) {
         m_vout << "    looking for these ids:\n";
@@ -255,7 +265,7 @@ static void print_missing_ids(const char* type, std::set<osmium::object_id_type>
 
 void CommandGetId::read_id_osm_file(const std::string& file_name) {
     m_vout << "Reading OSM ID file...\n";
-    osmium::io::Reader reader(file_name, osmium::osm_entity_bits::object);
+    osmium::io::Reader reader{file_name, osmium::osm_entity_bits::object};
     while (osmium::memory::Buffer buffer = reader.read()) {
         for (const auto& object : buffer.select<osmium::OSMObject>()) {
             ids(object.type()).insert(object.id());
@@ -283,7 +293,7 @@ bool CommandGetId::find_relations_in_relations() {
     m_vout << "  Reading input file to find relations in relations...\n";
     std::multimap<osmium::object_id_type, osmium::object_id_type> rel_in_rel;
 
-    osmium::io::Reader reader(m_input_file, osmium::osm_entity_bits::relation);
+    osmium::io::Reader reader{m_input_file, osmium::osm_entity_bits::relation};
     while (osmium::memory::Buffer buffer = reader.read()) {
         for (const auto& relation : buffer.select<osmium::Relation>()) {
             for (const auto& member : relation.members()) {
@@ -315,7 +325,7 @@ bool CommandGetId::find_relations_in_relations() {
 void CommandGetId::find_nodes_and_ways_in_relations() {
     m_vout << "  Reading input file to find nodes/ways in relations...\n";
 
-    osmium::io::Reader reader(m_input_file, osmium::osm_entity_bits::relation);
+    osmium::io::Reader reader{m_input_file, osmium::osm_entity_bits::relation};
     while (osmium::memory::Buffer buffer = reader.read()) {
         for (const auto& relation : buffer.select<osmium::Relation>()) {
             if (ids(osmium::item_type::relation).count(relation.id())) {
@@ -335,7 +345,7 @@ void CommandGetId::find_nodes_and_ways_in_relations() {
 void CommandGetId::find_nodes_in_ways() {
     m_vout << "  Reading input file to find nodes in ways...\n";
 
-    osmium::io::Reader reader(m_input_file, osmium::osm_entity_bits::way);
+    osmium::io::Reader reader{m_input_file, osmium::osm_entity_bits::way};
     while (osmium::memory::Buffer buffer = reader.read()) {
         for (const auto& way : buffer.select<osmium::Way>()) {
             if (ids(osmium::item_type::way).count(way.id())) {
@@ -369,15 +379,17 @@ bool CommandGetId::run() {
     }
 
     m_vout << "Opening input file...\n";
-    osmium::io::Reader reader(m_input_file, get_needed_types());
+    osmium::io::Reader reader{m_input_file, get_needed_types()};
 
     m_vout << "Opening output file...\n";
     osmium::io::Header header = reader.header();
     header.set("generator", m_generator);
-    osmium::io::Writer writer(m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync);
+    osmium::io::Writer writer{m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync};
 
     m_vout << "Copying from source to output file...\n";
+    osmium::ProgressBar progress_bar{reader.file_size(), display_progress()};
     while (osmium::memory::Buffer buffer = reader.read()) {
+        progress_bar.update(reader.offset());
         for (const auto& object : buffer.select<osmium::OSMObject>()) {
             auto& index = ids(object.type());
             if (index.count(object.id())) {
@@ -388,6 +400,7 @@ bool CommandGetId::run() {
             }
         }
     }
+    progress_bar.done();
 
     m_vout << "Closing output file...\n";
     writer.close();
diff --git a/src/command_getid.hpp b/src/command_getid.hpp
index a69da79..908592f 100644
--- a/src/command_getid.hpp
+++ b/src/command_getid.hpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 #include <osmium/osm/item_type.hpp>
 #include <osmium/osm/types.hpp>
 
-#include "cmd.hpp"
+#include "cmd.hpp" // IWYU pragma: export
 
 class CommandGetId : public Command, public with_single_osm_input, public with_osm_output {
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class CommandGetId : public Command, public with_single_osm_input, public with_o
 
     osmium::osm_entity_bits::type get_needed_types() const;
     bool no_ids() const;
-    size_t count_ids() const;
+    std::size_t count_ids() const;
 
     void find_referenced_objects();
 
diff --git a/src/command_help.cpp b/src/command_help.cpp
index a6598ea..9503f6e 100644
--- a/src/command_help.cpp
+++ b/src/command_help.cpp
@@ -16,17 +16,14 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <cstring>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <iomanip>
-#include <map>
-#include <numeric>
 #include <string>
+#include <vector>
 
 #ifndef _MSC_VER
 # include <unistd.h>
@@ -42,7 +39,7 @@ bool CommandHelp::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
 void show_help(const std::string& topic, const std::string& info) {
 #ifndef _MSC_VER
     // show man page on non-Windows systems
-    std::string manpage("osmium-");
+    std::string manpage{"osmium-"};
     manpage += topic;
     ::execlp("man", "man", manpage.c_str(), nullptr);
     // if exec fails, fall thru
@@ -78,7 +75,7 @@ bool CommandHelp::run() {
 
     std::string description = CommandFactory::get_description(m_topic);
     if (!description.empty()) {
-        show_help(m_topic, std::string("osmium ") + m_topic + ": " + description);
+        show_help(m_topic, std::string{"osmium "} + m_topic + ": " + description);
         return true;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/command_help.hpp b/src/command_help.hpp
index 79aa962..a9c460f 100644
--- a/src/command_help.hpp
+++ b/src/command_help.hpp
@@ -19,11 +19,14 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
-#include "cmd.hpp"
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "cmd.hpp" // IWYU pragma: export
 
 class CommandHelp : public Command {
 
diff --git a/src/command_merge.cpp b/src/command_merge.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..caed2b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/command_merge.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+/*
+
+Osmium -- OpenStreetMap data manipulation command line tool
+http://osmcode.org/osmium
+
+Copyright (C) 2013-2016  Jochen Topf <jochen at topf.org>
+
+This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+*/
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <memory>
+#include <queue>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <boost/program_options.hpp>
+
+#include <osmium/io/header.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/reader.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/writer.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/input_iterator.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/output_iterator.hpp>
+#include <osmium/memory/buffer.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/entity_bits.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/object.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/verbose_output.hpp>
+
+#include "command_merge.hpp"
+
+namespace osmium { namespace io {
+    class File;
+}}
+
+bool CommandMerge::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
+    po::options_description opts_cmd{"COMMAND OPTIONS"};
+
+    po::options_description opts_common{add_common_options()};
+    po::options_description opts_input{add_multiple_inputs_options()};
+    po::options_description opts_output{add_output_options()};
+
+    po::options_description hidden;
+    hidden.add_options()
+    ("input-filenames", po::value<std::vector<std::string>>(), "Input files")
+    ;
+
+    po::options_description desc;
+    desc.add(opts_cmd).add(opts_common).add(opts_input).add(opts_output);
+
+    po::options_description parsed_options;
+    parsed_options.add(desc).add(hidden);
+
+    po::positional_options_description positional;
+    positional.add("input-filenames", -1);
+
+    po::variables_map vm;
+    po::store(po::command_line_parser(arguments).options(parsed_options).positional(positional).run(), vm);
+    po::notify(vm);
+
+    setup_common(vm, desc);
+    setup_input_files(vm);
+    setup_output_file(vm);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void CommandMerge::show_arguments() {
+    show_multiple_inputs_arguments(m_vout);
+    show_output_arguments(m_vout);
+}
+
+class DataSource {
+
+    using it_type = osmium::io::InputIterator<osmium::io::Reader, osmium::OSMObject>;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<osmium::io::Reader> reader;
+    it_type iterator;
+
+public:
+
+    explicit DataSource(const osmium::io::File& file) :
+        reader(new osmium::io::Reader{file}),
+        iterator(*reader) {
+    }
+
+    bool empty() const noexcept {
+        return iterator == it_type{};
+    }
+
+    bool next() noexcept {
+        ++iterator;
+        return iterator != it_type{};
+    }
+
+    const osmium::OSMObject* get() noexcept {
+        return &*iterator;
+    }
+
+}; // DataSource
+
+class QueueElement {
+
+    const osmium::OSMObject* m_object;
+    int m_data_source_index;
+
+public:
+
+    QueueElement(const osmium::OSMObject* object, int data_source_index) noexcept :
+        m_object(object),
+        m_data_source_index(data_source_index) {
+    }
+
+    const osmium::OSMObject& object() const noexcept {
+        return *m_object;
+    }
+
+    int data_source_index() const noexcept {
+        return m_data_source_index;
+    }
+
+}; // QueueElement
+
+bool operator<(const QueueElement& lhs, const QueueElement& rhs) noexcept {
+    return lhs.object() > rhs.object();
+}
+
+bool operator==(const QueueElement& lhs, const QueueElement& rhs) noexcept {
+    return lhs.object() == rhs.object();
+}
+
+bool operator!=(const QueueElement& lhs, const QueueElement& rhs) noexcept {
+    return ! (lhs == rhs);
+}
+
+bool CommandMerge::run() {
+    m_vout << "Opening output file...\n";
+    osmium::io::Header header;
+    header.set("generator", m_generator);
+    osmium::io::Writer writer{m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync};
+
+    if (m_input_files.size() == 1) {
+        m_vout << "Single input file. Copying to output file...\n";
+        osmium::io::Reader reader{m_input_files[0]};
+        while (osmium::memory::Buffer buffer = reader.read()) {
+            writer(std::move(buffer));
+        }
+    } else if (m_input_files.size() == 2) {
+        // Use simpler code when there are exactly two files to merge
+        m_vout << "Merging 2 input files to output file...\n";
+        osmium::io::Reader reader1(m_input_files[0], osmium::osm_entity_bits::object);
+        osmium::io::Reader reader2(m_input_files[1], osmium::osm_entity_bits::object);
+        auto in1 = osmium::io::make_input_iterator_range<osmium::OSMObject>(reader1);
+        auto in2 = osmium::io::make_input_iterator_range<osmium::OSMObject>(reader2);
+        auto out = osmium::io::make_output_iterator(writer);
+
+        std::set_union(in1.cbegin(), in1.cend(),
+                       in2.cbegin(), in2.cend(),
+                       out);
+    } else {
+        // Three or more files to merge
+        m_vout << "Merging " << m_input_files.size() << " input files to output file...\n";
+        std::vector<DataSource> data_sources;
+        data_sources.reserve(m_input_files.size());
+
+        std::priority_queue<QueueElement> queue;
+
+        int index = 0;
+        for (const osmium::io::File& file : m_input_files) {
+            data_sources.emplace_back(file);
+
+            if (!data_sources.back().empty()) {
+                queue.emplace(data_sources.back().get(), index);
+            }
+
+            ++index;
+        }
+
+        while (!queue.empty()) {
+            auto element = queue.top();
+            queue.pop();
+            if (queue.empty() || element != queue.top()) {
+                writer(element.object());
+            }
+
+            const int index = element.data_source_index();
+            if (data_sources[index].next()) {
+                queue.emplace(data_sources[index].get(), index);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    m_vout << "Closing output file...\n";
+    writer.close();
+
+    show_memory_used();
+    m_vout << "Done.\n";
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+    const bool register_merge_command = CommandFactory::add("merge", "Merge several sorted OSM files into one", []() {
+        return new CommandMerge();
+    });
+
+}
+
diff --git a/src/command_sort.hpp b/src/command_merge.hpp
similarity index 70%
copy from src/command_sort.hpp
copy to src/command_merge.hpp
index 68a89bf..eb58ed6 100644
--- a/src/command_sort.hpp
+++ b/src/command_merge.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef COMMAND_SORT_HPP
-#define COMMAND_SORT_HPP
+#ifndef COMMAND_MERGE_HPP
+#define COMMAND_MERGE_HPP
 
 /*
 
@@ -19,22 +19,20 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cmd.hpp"
+#include "cmd.hpp" // IWYU pragma: export
 
-class CommandSort : public Command, public with_multiple_osm_inputs, public with_osm_output {
-
-    std::vector<std::string> m_filenames;
+class CommandMerge : public Command, public with_multiple_osm_inputs, public with_osm_output {
 
 public:
 
-    CommandSort() = default;
+    CommandMerge() = default;
 
     bool setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) override final;
 
@@ -43,14 +41,14 @@ public:
     bool run() override final;
 
     const char* name() const noexcept override final {
-        return "sort";
+        return "merge";
     }
 
     const char* synopsis() const noexcept override final {
-        return "osmium sort [OPTIONS] OSM-FILE...";
+        return "osmium merge [OPTIONS] OSM-FILE...";
     }
 
-}; // class CommandSort
+}; // class CommandMerge
 
 
-#endif // COMMAND_SORT_HPP
+#endif // COMMAND_MERGE_HPP
diff --git a/src/command_merge_changes.cpp b/src/command_merge_changes.cpp
index c1fab42..50fe769 100644
--- a/src/command_merge_changes.cpp
+++ b/src/command_merge_changes.cpp
@@ -16,22 +16,33 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
-#include <iostream>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include <boost/program_options.hpp>
 
-#include <osmium/io/any_input.hpp>
-#include <osmium/io/any_output.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/header.hpp>
 #include <osmium/io/output_iterator.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/reader.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/writer.hpp>
+#include <osmium/memory/buffer.hpp>
 #include <osmium/object_pointer_collection.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/entity_bits.hpp>
 #include <osmium/osm/object_comparisons.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/verbose_output.hpp>
+#include <osmium/visitor.hpp>
 
 #include "command_merge_changes.hpp"
 
+namespace osmium { namespace io {
+    class File;
+}}
+
 bool CommandMergeChanges::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
     po::options_description opts_cmd{"COMMAND OPTIONS"};
     opts_cmd.add_options()
@@ -80,7 +91,7 @@ bool CommandMergeChanges::run() {
     m_vout << "Opening output file...\n";
     osmium::io::Header header;
     header.set("generator", m_generator);
-    osmium::io::Writer writer(m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync);
+    osmium::io::Writer writer{m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync};
     auto out = osmium::io::make_output_iterator(writer);
 
     // this will contain all the buffers with the input data
@@ -92,7 +103,7 @@ bool CommandMergeChanges::run() {
     // to each object to objects collection.
     m_vout << "Reading change file contents...\n";
     for (osmium::io::File& change_file : m_input_files) {
-        osmium::io::Reader reader(change_file, osmium::osm_entity_bits::object);
+        osmium::io::Reader reader{change_file, osmium::osm_entity_bits::object};
         while (osmium::memory::Buffer buffer = reader.read()) {
             osmium::apply(buffer, objects);
             changes.push_back(std::move(buffer));
diff --git a/src/command_merge_changes.hpp b/src/command_merge_changes.hpp
index 66e1d9f..699204b 100644
--- a/src/command_merge_changes.hpp
+++ b/src/command_merge_changes.hpp
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cmd.hpp"
+#include "cmd.hpp" // IWYU pragma: export
 
 class CommandMergeChanges : public Command, public with_multiple_osm_inputs, public with_osm_output {
 
diff --git a/src/command_renumber.cpp b/src/command_renumber.cpp
index 805c9e3..24b1e84 100644
--- a/src/command_renumber.cpp
+++ b/src/command_renumber.cpp
@@ -15,16 +15,21 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <iterator>
+#include <string>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
 # include <io.h>
@@ -32,16 +37,23 @@ along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 #include <boost/program_options.hpp>
 
-#include <osmium/index/index.hpp>
-#include <osmium/io/any_input.hpp>
-#include <osmium/io/any_output.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/header.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/reader.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/writer.hpp>
 #include <osmium/io/detail/read_write.hpp>
-#include <osmium/osm/entity_bits.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/input_iterator.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm.hpp>
 #include <osmium/util/file.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/progress_bar.hpp>
 #include <osmium/util/memory_mapping.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/verbose_output.hpp>
 
 #include "command_renumber.hpp"
 
+namespace osmium { namespace io {
+    class File;
+}}
+
 osmium::object_id_type id_map::operator()(osmium::object_id_type id) {
     // Search for id in m_extra_ids and return if found.
     auto it = m_extra_ids.find(id);
@@ -79,7 +91,7 @@ void id_map::write(int fd) {
     );
 }
 
-void id_map::read(int fd, size_t file_size) {
+void id_map::read(int fd, std::size_t file_size) {
     auto num_elements = file_size / sizeof(osmium::object_id_type);
     m_ids.reserve(num_elements);
     osmium::util::TypedMemoryMapping<osmium::object_id_type> mapping{num_elements, osmium::util::MemoryMapping::mapping_mode::readonly, fd};
@@ -100,6 +112,7 @@ bool CommandRenumber::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
     po::options_description opts_cmd{"COMMAND OPTIONS"};
     opts_cmd.add_options()
     ("index-directory,i", po::value<std::string>(), "Index directory")
+    ("object-type,t", po::value<std::vector<std::string>>(), "Renumber only objects of given type (node, way, relation)")
     ;
 
     po::options_description opts_common{add_common_options()};
@@ -125,6 +138,8 @@ bool CommandRenumber::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
     po::notify(vm);
 
     setup_common(vm, desc);
+    setup_progress(vm);
+    setup_object_type_nrw(vm);
     setup_input_file(vm);
     setup_output_file(vm);
 
@@ -141,27 +156,48 @@ void CommandRenumber::show_arguments() {
 
     m_vout << "  other options:\n";
     m_vout << "    index directory: " << m_index_directory << "\n";
+    m_vout << "    object types that will be renumbered:";
+    if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::node) {
+        m_vout << " node";
+    }
+    if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::way) {
+        m_vout << " way";
+    }
+    if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::relation) {
+        m_vout << " relation";
+    }
+    m_vout << "\n";
 }
 
 void CommandRenumber::renumber(osmium::memory::Buffer& buffer) {
     for (auto& object : buffer.select<osmium::OSMObject>()) {
         switch (object.type()) {
             case osmium::item_type::node:
-                m_check_order.node(static_cast<const osmium::Node&>(object));
-                object.set_id(map(osmium::item_type::node)(object.id()));
+                if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::node) {
+                    m_check_order.node(static_cast<const osmium::Node&>(object));
+                    object.set_id(map(osmium::item_type::node)(object.id()));
+                }
                 break;
             case osmium::item_type::way:
-                m_check_order.way(static_cast<const osmium::Way&>(object));
-                object.set_id(map(osmium::item_type::way)(object.id()));
-                for (auto& ref : static_cast<osmium::Way&>(object).nodes()) {
-                    ref.set_ref(map(osmium::item_type::node)(ref.ref()));
+                if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::way) {
+                    m_check_order.way(static_cast<const osmium::Way&>(object));
+                    object.set_id(map(osmium::item_type::way)(object.id()));
+                }
+                if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::node) {
+                    for (auto& ref : static_cast<osmium::Way&>(object).nodes()) {
+                        ref.set_ref(map(osmium::item_type::node)(ref.ref()));
+                    }
                 }
                 break;
             case osmium::item_type::relation:
-                m_check_order.relation(static_cast<const osmium::Relation&>(object));
-                object.set_id(map(osmium::item_type::relation)(object.id()));
+                if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::relation) {
+                    m_check_order.relation(static_cast<const osmium::Relation&>(object));
+                    object.set_id(map(osmium::item_type::relation)(object.id()));
+                }
                 for (auto& member : static_cast<osmium::Relation&>(object).members()) {
-                    member.set_ref(map(member.type())(member.ref()));
+                    if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::from_item_type(member.type())) {
+                        member.set_ref(map(member.type())(member.ref()));
+                    }
                 }
                 break;
             default:
@@ -175,23 +211,23 @@ std::string CommandRenumber::filename(const char* name) const {
 }
 
 void CommandRenumber::read_index(osmium::item_type type) {
-    std::string f { filename(osmium::item_type_to_name(type)) };
-    int fd = ::open(f.c_str(), O_RDONLY);
+    const std::string f{filename(osmium::item_type_to_name(type))};
+    const int fd = ::open(f.c_str(), O_RDONLY);
     if (fd < 0) {
         // if the file is not there we don't have to read anything and can return
         if (errno == ENOENT) {
             return;
         }
-        throw std::runtime_error(std::string("Can't open file '") + f + "': " + strerror(errno));
+        throw std::runtime_error{std::string{"Can't open file '"} + f + "': " + std::strerror(errno)};
     }
 #ifdef _WIN32
     _setmode(fd, _O_BINARY);
 #endif
 
-    size_t file_size = osmium::util::file_size(fd);
+    const std::size_t file_size = osmium::util::file_size(fd);
 
     if (file_size % sizeof(osmium::object_id_type) != 0) {
-        throw std::runtime_error(std::string("index file '") + f + "' has wrong file size");
+        throw std::runtime_error{std::string{"index file '"} + f + "' has wrong file size"};
     }
 
     map(type).read(fd, file_size);
@@ -200,10 +236,14 @@ void CommandRenumber::read_index(osmium::item_type type) {
 }
 
 void CommandRenumber::write_index(osmium::item_type type) {
-    std::string f { filename(osmium::item_type_to_name(type)) };
-    int fd = ::open(f.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, 0666);
+    if (!(osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::from_item_type(type))) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const std::string f{filename(osmium::item_type_to_name(type))};
+    const int fd = ::open(f.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, 0666);
     if (fd < 0) {
-        throw std::runtime_error(std::string("Can't open file '") + f + "': " + strerror(errno));
+        throw std::runtime_error{std::string{"Can't open file '"} + f + "': " + std::strerror(errno)};
     }
 #ifdef _WIN32
     _setmode(fd, _O_BINARY);
@@ -215,7 +255,7 @@ void CommandRenumber::write_index(osmium::item_type type) {
 }
 
 void read_relations(const osmium::io::File& input_file, id_map& map) {
-    osmium::io::Reader reader_pass1(input_file, osmium::osm_entity_bits::relation);
+    osmium::io::Reader reader_pass1{input_file, osmium::osm_entity_bits::relation};
 
     auto input = osmium::io::make_input_iterator_range<osmium::Relation>(reader_pass1);
     for (const osmium::Relation& relation : input) {
@@ -237,11 +277,15 @@ bool CommandRenumber::run() {
         m_vout << "  Relations index contains " << map(osmium::item_type::relation).size() << " items\n";
     }
 
-    m_vout << "First pass through input file (reading relations)...\n";
-    read_relations(m_input_file, map(osmium::item_type::relation));
+    if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::relation) {
+        m_vout << "First pass through input file (reading relations)...\n";
+        read_relations(m_input_file, map(osmium::item_type::relation));
+    } else {
+        m_vout << "No first pass through input file, because relation IDs are not mapped.\n";
+    }
 
     m_vout << "Second pass through input file...\n";
-    osmium::io::Reader reader_pass2(m_input_file);
+    osmium::io::Reader reader_pass2{m_input_file};
 
     osmium::io::Header header = reader_pass2.header();
     header.set("generator", m_generator);
@@ -249,19 +293,15 @@ bool CommandRenumber::run() {
     for (const auto& h : m_output_headers) {
         header.set(h);
     }
-    osmium::io::Writer writer(m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync);
+    osmium::io::Writer writer{m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync};
 
-    try {
-        while (osmium::memory::Buffer buffer = reader_pass2.read()) {
-            renumber(buffer);
-            writer(std::move(buffer));
-        }
-    } catch (osmium::out_of_order_error& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << "\n";
-        std::cerr << "This command expects the input file to be ordered: First nodes in order of ID,\n"
-                  << "then ways in order of ID, then relations in order of ID.\n";
-        exit(1);
+    osmium::ProgressBar progress_bar{reader_pass2.file_size(), display_progress()};
+    while (osmium::memory::Buffer buffer = reader_pass2.read()) {
+        progress_bar.update(reader_pass2.offset());
+        renumber(buffer);
+        writer(std::move(buffer));
     }
+    progress_bar.done();
     reader_pass2.close();
 
     m_vout << "Closing output file...\n";
@@ -274,9 +314,17 @@ bool CommandRenumber::run() {
         write_index(osmium::item_type::relation);
     }
 
-    m_vout << "Largest (referenced) node id: "     << map(osmium::item_type::node).size()     << "\n";
-    m_vout << "Largest (referenced) way id: "      << map(osmium::item_type::way).size()      << "\n";
-    m_vout << "Largest (referenced) relation id: " << map(osmium::item_type::relation).size() << "\n";
+    if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::node) {
+        m_vout << "Largest (referenced) node id: "     << map(osmium::item_type::node).size()     << "\n";
+    }
+
+    if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::way) {
+        m_vout << "Largest (referenced) way id: "      << map(osmium::item_type::way).size()      << "\n";
+    }
+
+    if (osm_entity_bits() & osmium::osm_entity_bits::relation) {
+        m_vout << "Largest (referenced) relation id: " << map(osmium::item_type::relation).size() << "\n";
+    }
 
     show_memory_used();
     m_vout << "Done.\n";
diff --git a/src/command_renumber.hpp b/src/command_renumber.hpp
index fe77b24..5b97a48 100644
--- a/src/command_renumber.hpp
+++ b/src/command_renumber.hpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 #include <osmium/memory/buffer.hpp>
 #include <osmium/osm/types.hpp>
 
-#include "cmd.hpp"
+#include "cmd.hpp" // IWYU pragma: export
 
 /**
  * Holds the mapping from old IDs to new IDs of one object type.
@@ -74,11 +74,11 @@ public:
     void write(int fd);
 
     // Read the mappings from a binary file into m_ids and m_extra_ids.
-    void read(int fd, size_t file_size);
+    void read(int fd, std::size_t file_size);
 
     // The number of mappings currently existing. Also the last allocated
     // new ID.
-    size_t size() const noexcept {
+    std::size_t size() const noexcept {
         return m_ids.size();
     }
 
diff --git a/src/command_show.cpp b/src/command_show.cpp
index 836a0a9..a69b1cd 100644
--- a/src/command_show.cpp
+++ b/src/command_show.cpp
@@ -16,12 +16,11 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
-#include <iostream>
-#include <iterator>
+#include <cstdlib>
 
 #ifndef _MSC_VER
 # include <signal.h>
@@ -30,8 +29,10 @@ along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 #include <boost/program_options.hpp>
 
-#include <osmium/io/any_input.hpp>
-#include <osmium/io/any_output.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/file.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/header.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/reader.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/writer.hpp>
 
 #include "command_show.hpp"
 #include "exception.hpp"
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ bool CommandShow::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
     po::notify(vm);
 
     setup_common(vm, desc);
+    setup_object_type_nrwc(vm);
     setup_input_file(vm);
 
 #ifndef _MSC_VER
@@ -104,7 +106,7 @@ bool CommandShow::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
         vm.count("format-debug") &&
         vm.count("format-opl") &&
         vm.count("format-xml")) {
-        throw argument_error("You can only use at most one of the following options: -f/--output-format, -d/--format-debug, -o/--format-opl, and -x/--format-xml.");
+        throw argument_error{"You can only use at most one of the following options: --output-format/-f, --format-debug/-d, --format-opl/-o, and --format-xml/-x."};
     }
 
     if (vm.count("output-format")) {
@@ -129,12 +131,12 @@ bool CommandShow::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
 static int execute_pager(const std::string& pager) {
     int pipefd[2];
     if (::pipe(pipefd) < 0) {
-        throw std::system_error(errno, std::system_category(), "opening pipe failed");
+        throw std::system_error{errno, std::system_category(), "opening pipe failed"};
     }
 
     pid_t pid = fork();
     if (pid < 0) {
-        throw std::system_error(errno, std::system_category(), "fork failed");
+        throw std::system_error{errno, std::system_category(), "fork failed"};
     }
 
     if (pid == 0) {
@@ -142,7 +144,7 @@ static int execute_pager(const std::string& pager) {
         ::close(pipefd[1]); // close write end of the pipe
         ::close(0); // close stdin
         if (::dup2(pipefd[0], 0) < 0) { // put end of pipe as stdin
-            exit(1);
+            std::exit(1);
         }
 
         // execute pager without arguments
@@ -150,14 +152,14 @@ static int execute_pager(const std::string& pager) {
 
         // Exec will either succeed and never return here, or it fails and
         // we'll exit.
-        exit(1);
+        std::exit(1);
     }
 
     // parent
     ::close(pipefd[0]); // close read end of the pipe
 
     if (signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN) == SIG_ERR) {
-        throw std::system_error(errno, std::system_category(), "signal call failed");
+        throw std::system_error{errno, std::system_category(), "signal call failed"};
     }
 
     return pipefd[1];
@@ -165,8 +167,8 @@ static int execute_pager(const std::string& pager) {
 #endif
 
 bool CommandShow::run() {
-    osmium::io::Reader reader(m_input_file, osm_entity_bits());
-    osmium::io::Header header = reader.header();
+    osmium::io::Reader reader{m_input_file, osm_entity_bits()};
+    osmium::io::Header header{reader.header()};
 
     if (m_pager.empty()) {
         osmium::io::File file("-", m_output_format);
@@ -181,16 +183,16 @@ bool CommandShow::run() {
 
         ::close(1); // close stdout
         if (::dup2(fd, 1) < 0) { // put end of pipe as stdout
-            throw std::system_error(errno, std::system_category(), "dup2 failed");
+            throw std::system_error{errno, std::system_category(), "dup2 failed"};
         }
 
-        osmium::io::File file("-", m_output_format);
-        osmium::io::Writer writer(file, header);
+        osmium::io::File file{"-", m_output_format};
+        osmium::io::Writer writer{file, header};
         try {
             while (osmium::memory::Buffer buffer = reader.read()) {
                 writer(std::move(buffer));
             }
-        } catch (std::system_error& e) {
+        } catch (const std::system_error& e) {
             if (e.code().value() != EPIPE) {
                 throw;
             }
@@ -200,12 +202,12 @@ bool CommandShow::run() {
         writer.close();
 
         int status = 0;
-        int pid = ::wait(&status);
+        const int pid = ::wait(&status);
         if (pid < 0) {
-            throw std::system_error(errno, std::system_category(), "wait failed");
+            throw std::system_error{errno, std::system_category(), "wait failed"};
         }
         if (WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status) == 1) {
-            throw argument_error(std::string{"Could not execute pager '"} + m_pager + "'");
+            throw argument_error{std::string{"Could not execute pager '"} + m_pager + "'"};
         }
 #endif
     }
diff --git a/src/command_show.hpp b/src/command_show.hpp
index 2b7fdd7..b2d3d55 100644
--- a/src/command_show.hpp
+++ b/src/command_show.hpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 #include <osmium/io/header.hpp>
 
-#include "cmd.hpp"
+#include "cmd.hpp" // IWYU pragma: export
 
 class CommandShow : public Command, public with_single_osm_input {
 
diff --git a/src/command_sort.cpp b/src/command_sort.cpp
index 3c49a17..3148274 100644
--- a/src/command_sort.cpp
+++ b/src/command_sort.cpp
@@ -16,18 +16,27 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
-#include <boost/function_output_iterator.hpp>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
 #include <boost/program_options.hpp>
 
-#include <osmium/io/any_input.hpp>
-#include <osmium/io/any_output.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/header.hpp>
 #include <osmium/io/output_iterator.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/reader.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/writer.hpp>
+#include <osmium/memory/buffer.hpp>
 #include <osmium/object_pointer_collection.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/box.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/entity_bits.hpp>
 #include <osmium/osm/object_comparisons.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/verbose_output.hpp>
+#include <osmium/visitor.hpp>
 
 #include "command_sort.hpp"
 
@@ -78,8 +87,8 @@ bool CommandSort::run() {
 
     m_vout << "Reading contents of input files...\n";
     for (const std::string& file_name : m_filenames) {
-        osmium::io::Reader reader(file_name, osmium::osm_entity_bits::object);
-        auto header = reader.header();
+        osmium::io::Reader reader{file_name, osmium::osm_entity_bits::object};
+        osmium::io::Header header{reader.header()};
         bounding_box.extend(header.joined_boxes());
         while (osmium::memory::Buffer buffer = reader.read()) {
             osmium::apply(buffer, objects);
@@ -94,7 +103,7 @@ bool CommandSort::run() {
         header.add_box(bounding_box);
     }
     header.set("generator", m_generator);
-    osmium::io::Writer writer(m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync);
+    osmium::io::Writer writer{m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync};
 
     m_vout << "Sorting data...\n";
     objects.sort(osmium::object_order_type_id_version());
diff --git a/src/command_sort.hpp b/src/command_sort.hpp
index 68a89bf..0d922f8 100644
--- a/src/command_sort.hpp
+++ b/src/command_sort.hpp
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "cmd.hpp"
+#include "cmd.hpp" // IWYU pragma: export
 
 class CommandSort : public Command, public with_multiple_osm_inputs, public with_osm_output {
 
diff --git a/src/command_time_filter.cpp b/src/command_time_filter.cpp
index 759a10c..42a556e 100644
--- a/src/command_time_filter.cpp
+++ b/src/command_time_filter.cpp
@@ -16,19 +16,27 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <ctime>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
 #include <boost/program_options.hpp>
 
-#include <osmium/io/any_input.hpp>
-#include <osmium/io/any_output.hpp>
+#include <osmium/diff_iterator.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/file.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/header.hpp>
 #include <osmium/io/input_iterator.hpp>
 #include <osmium/io/output_iterator.hpp>
-#include <osmium/diff_iterator.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/reader.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/writer.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/diff_object.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/entity_bits.hpp>
+#include <osmium/osm/object.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/verbose_output.hpp>
 
 #include "command_time_filter.hpp"
 #include "exception.hpp"
@@ -64,41 +72,41 @@ bool CommandTimeFilter::setup(const std::vector<std::string>& arguments) {
     setup_input_file(vm);
     setup_output_file(vm);
 
-    m_from = osmium::Timestamp(time(0));
+    m_from = osmium::Timestamp(std::time(0));
     m_to = m_from;
 
     if (vm.count("time-from")) {
-        auto ts = vm["time-from"].as<std::string>();
+        const auto ts = vm["time-from"].as<std::string>();
         try {
-            m_from = osmium::Timestamp(ts);
-        } catch (std::invalid_argument&) {
-            throw argument_error("Wrong format for (first) timestamp (use YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ).");
+            m_from = osmium::Timestamp{ts};
+        } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) {
+            throw argument_error{"Wrong format for (first) timestamp (use YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ)."};
         }
         m_to = m_from;
     }
 
     if (vm.count("time-to")) {
-        auto ts = vm["time-to"].as<std::string>();
+        const auto ts = vm["time-to"].as<std::string>();
         try {
-            m_to = osmium::Timestamp(ts);
-        } catch (std::invalid_argument&) {
-            throw argument_error("Wrong format for second timestamp (use YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ).");
+            m_to = osmium::Timestamp{ts};
+        } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) {
+            throw argument_error{"Wrong format for second timestamp (use YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ)."};
         }
     }
 
     if (m_from > m_to) {
-        throw argument_error("Second timestamp is before first one.");
+        throw argument_error{"Second timestamp is before first one."};
     }
 
     if (m_from == m_to) { // point in time
         if (m_output_file.has_multiple_object_versions()) {
-            std::cerr << "Warning! You are writing to a file marked as having multiple object versions,\n";
-            std::cerr << "but there will be only a single version of each object.\n";
+            warning("You are writing to a file marked as having multiple object versions,\n"
+                    "but there will be only a single version of each object.\n");
         }
     } else { // time range
         if (!m_output_file.has_multiple_object_versions()) {
-            std::cerr << "Warning! You are writing to a file marked as having a single object version,\n";
-            std::cerr << "but there might be multiple versions of each object.\n";
+            warning("You are writing to a file marked as having a single object version,\n"
+                    "but there might be multiple versions of each object.\n");
         }
     }
 
@@ -114,12 +122,12 @@ void CommandTimeFilter::show_arguments() {
 
 bool CommandTimeFilter::run() {
     m_vout << "Opening input file...\n";
-    osmium::io::Reader reader(m_input_file, osmium::osm_entity_bits::object);
+    osmium::io::Reader reader{m_input_file, osmium::osm_entity_bits::object};
 
     m_vout << "Opening output file...\n";
-    osmium::io::Header header = reader.header();
+    osmium::io::Header header{reader.header()};
     header.set("generator", m_generator);
-    osmium::io::Writer writer(m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync);
+    osmium::io::Writer writer{m_output_file, header, m_output_overwrite, m_fsync};
 
     m_vout << "Filter data while copying it from input to output...\n";
     auto input = osmium::io::make_input_iterator_range<osmium::OSMObject>(reader);
diff --git a/src/command_time_filter.hpp b/src/command_time_filter.hpp
index 111dbed..963ac19 100644
--- a/src/command_time_filter.hpp
+++ b/src/command_time_filter.hpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 #include <osmium/osm/timestamp.hpp>
 
-#include "cmd.hpp"
+#include "cmd.hpp" // IWYU pragma: export
 
 class CommandTimeFilter : public Command, public with_single_osm_input, public with_osm_output {
 
diff --git a/src/exception.hpp b/src/exception.hpp
index d63a393..ebe8970 100644
--- a/src/exception.hpp
+++ b/src/exception.hpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  */
 struct argument_error : std::runtime_error {
 
-    argument_error(const char* message) :
+    explicit argument_error(const char* message) :
         std::runtime_error(message) {
     }
 
-    argument_error(const std::string& message) :
+    explicit argument_error(const std::string& message) :
         std::runtime_error(message) {
     }
 
diff --git a/src/io.cpp b/src/io.cpp
index 5698beb..4110d31 100644
--- a/src/io.cpp
+++ b/src/io.cpp
@@ -16,10 +16,23 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <boost/program_options.hpp>
+
+#include <osmium/io/any_input.hpp> // IWYU pragma: keep
+#include <osmium/io/any_output.hpp> // IWYU pragma: keep
+#include <osmium/io/file.hpp>
+#include <osmium/io/writer_options.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/file.hpp>
+#include <osmium/util/verbose_output.hpp>
+
 #include "cmd.hpp"
 #include "exception.hpp"
 
@@ -33,7 +46,7 @@ void with_single_osm_input::setup_input_file(const boost::program_options::varia
     }
 
     if ((m_input_filename == "-" || m_input_filename == "") && m_input_format.empty()) {
-        throw argument_error("When reading from STDIN you need to use the --input-format/-F option to declare the file format.");
+        throw argument_error{"When reading from STDIN you need to use the --input-format/-F option to declare the file format."};
     }
 
     m_input_file = osmium::io::File(m_input_filename, m_input_format);
@@ -74,7 +87,7 @@ void with_multiple_osm_inputs::setup_input_files(const boost::program_options::v
             }
         }
         if (uses_stdin) {
-            throw argument_error("When reading from STDIN you need to use the --input-format/-F option to declare the file format.");
+            throw argument_error{"When reading from STDIN you need to use the --input-format/-F option to declare the file format."};
         }
     }
 
@@ -130,7 +143,7 @@ void with_osm_output::setup_output_file(const po::variables_map& vm) {
     }
 
     if ((m_output_filename == "-" || m_output_filename == "") && m_output_format.empty()) {
-        throw argument_error("When writing to STDOUT you need to use the --output-format/-f option to declare the file format.");
+        throw argument_error{"When writing to STDOUT you need to use the --output-format/-f option to declare the file format."};
     }
 
     m_output_file = osmium::io::File(m_output_filename, m_output_format);
@@ -157,8 +170,8 @@ void with_osm_output::show_output_arguments(osmium::util::VerboseOutput& vout) {
     vout << "    file name: " << m_output_filename << "\n";
     vout << "    file format: " << m_output_format << "\n";
     vout << "    generator: " << m_generator << "\n";
-    vout << "    overwrite: " << (m_output_overwrite == osmium::io::overwrite::allow ? "yes" : "no") << "\n";
-    vout << "    fsync: " << (m_fsync == osmium::io::fsync::yes ? "yes" : "no") << "\n";
+    vout << "    overwrite: " << yes_no(m_output_overwrite == osmium::io::overwrite::allow);
+    vout << "    fsync: " << yes_no(m_fsync == osmium::io::fsync::yes);
     if (!m_output_headers.empty()) {
         vout << "    output header:\n";
         for (const auto& h : m_output_headers) {
@@ -167,3 +180,13 @@ void with_osm_output::show_output_arguments(osmium::util::VerboseOutput& vout) {
     }
 }
 
+std::size_t file_size_sum(std::vector<osmium::io::File> files) {
+    std::size_t sum = 0;
+
+    for (const auto& file : files) {
+        sum += osmium::util::file_size(file.filename());
+    }
+
+    return sum;
+}
+
diff --git a/src/main.cpp b/src/main.cpp
index d079173..93c28e5 100644
--- a/src/main.cpp
+++ b/src/main.cpp
@@ -16,11 +16,14 @@ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 GNU General Public License for more details.
 
 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 */
 
+#include <exception>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
+#include <new>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -29,7 +32,9 @@ along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 # include <io.h>
 #endif
 
-#include <osmium/version.hpp>
+#include <boost/program_options/errors.hpp>
+
+#include <osmium/handler/check_order.hpp>
 
 #include "cmd.hpp"
 
@@ -78,10 +83,10 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
     }
 
     if (command == "version") {
-        std::cout << "osmium version " OSMIUM_VERSION "\n"
-                  << "libosmium version " LIBOSMIUM_VERSION_STRING "\n"
+        std::cout << get_osmium_long_version() << '\n'
+                  << get_libosmium_version() << '\n'
                   << "Copyright (C) 2013-2016  Jochen Topf <jochen at topf.org>\n"
-                  << "License: GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 3 <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.\n"
+                  << "License: GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 3 <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.\n"
                   << "This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.\n"
                   << "There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.\n";
 
@@ -99,10 +104,10 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         if (!cmd->setup(arguments)) {
             return return_code::okay;
         }
-    } catch (boost::program_options::error& e) {
+    } catch (const boost::program_options::error& e) {
         std::cerr << "Error parsing command line: " << e.what() << std::endl;
         return return_code::fatal;
-    } catch (std::exception& e) {
+    } catch (const std::exception& e) {
         std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
         return return_code::fatal;
     }
@@ -113,9 +118,13 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         if (cmd->run()) {
             return return_code::okay;
         }
-    } catch (std::bad_alloc& e) {
+    } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) {
         std::cerr << "Out of memory. Read the MEMORY USAGE section of the osmium(1) manpage.\n";
-    } catch (std::exception& e) {
+    } catch (const osmium::out_of_order_error& e) {
+        std::cerr << e.what() << "\n";
+        std::cerr << "This command expects the input file to be ordered: First nodes in order of ID,\n"
+                  << "then ways in order of ID, then relations in order of ID.\n";
+    } catch (const std::exception& e) {
         std::cerr << e.what() << "\n";
     }
 
diff --git a/src/version.cpp.in b/src/version.cpp.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72255dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/version.cpp.in
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+#include <osmium/version.hpp>
+
+const char* get_osmium_version() noexcept {
+    return "@OSMIUM_VERSION@";
+}
+
+const char* get_osmium_long_version() noexcept {
+    return "osmium version @OSMIUM_VERSION@@VERSION_FROM_GIT@";
+}
+
+const char* get_libosmium_version() noexcept {
+    return "libosmium version " LIBOSMIUM_VERSION_STRING;
+}
+
diff --git a/test/CMakeLists.txt b/test/CMakeLists.txt
index c30d8e4..5d91c6b 100644
--- a/test/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/test/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ include_directories(../include)
 
 file(GLOB ALL_SETUP_TESTS */test_setup.cpp)
 file(GLOB ALL_COMMANDS ../src/command_*.cpp ../src/io.cpp ../src/cmd.cpp ../src/cmd_factory.cpp)
-add_executable(unit_tests unit_tests.cpp ${ALL_COMMANDS} ${ALL_SETUP_TESTS})
+add_executable(unit_tests unit_tests.cpp ${ALL_COMMANDS} ${ALL_SETUP_TESTS} ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/src/version.cpp)
 target_link_libraries(unit_tests ${Boost_LIBRARIES} ${OSMIUM_LIBRARIES})
 add_test(NAME unit_tests COMMAND unit_tests)
 
@@ -73,12 +73,16 @@ function(check_cmd_help _command)
     do_test(help_cmd_${_command} "osmium ${_command} -h" "Usage: osmium ${_command}.*OPTIONS:")
 endfunction()
 
+check_cmd_help(add-locations-to-ways)
 check_cmd_help(apply-changes)
 check_cmd_help(cat)
 check_cmd_help(changeset-filter)
 check_cmd_help(check-refs)
+check_cmd_help(derive-changes)
+check_cmd_help(diff)
 check_cmd_help(fileinfo)
 check_cmd_help(getid)
+check_cmd_help(merge)
 check_cmd_help(merge-changes)
 check_cmd_help(renumber)
 check_cmd_help(show)
diff --git a/test/apply-changes/CMakeLists.txt b/test/apply-changes/CMakeLists.txt
index 4cec8de..ea0f57d 100644
--- a/test/apply-changes/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/test/apply-changes/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -10,8 +10,18 @@ function(check_apply_changes _name _options _input _change _type _output)
     check_output(apply-changes ${_name} "apply-changes ${_options} --generator=test -f ${_type} apply-changes/${_input} apply-changes/${_change}" "apply-changes/${_output}")
 endfunction()
 
-check_apply_changes(withhist "" input-data.osm input-change.osc "osh" output.osh)
-check_apply_changes(simplified "--simplify --remove-deleted" input-data.osm input-change.osc "osm" simplified.osm)
+check_apply_changes(data              ""                            input-data.osm input-change.osc "osm" output-data.osm)
+
+add_test(NAME check-apply-changes-mixed1 COMMAND osmium apply-changes ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/test/apply-changes/input-data.osm ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/test/apply-changes/input-changes.osc -f osh)
+set_tests_properties(check-apply-changes-mixed1 PROPERTIES WILL_FAIL true)
+
+add_test(NAME check-apply-changes-mixed2 COMMAND osmium apply-changes ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/test/apply-changes/input-data.osh ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/test/apply-changes/input-changes.osc -f osm)
+set_tests_properties(check-apply-changes-mixed2 PROPERTIES WILL_FAIL true)
+
+check_apply_changes(history-osh-osh    ""               input-history.osh input-change.osc "osh" output-history.osh)
+check_apply_changes(history-osh-osh-wh "--with-history" input-history.osh input-change.osc "osh" output-history.osh)
+check_apply_changes(history-osm-osh-wh "--with-history" input-history.osm input-change.osc "osh" output-history.osh)
+check_apply_changes(history-osh-osm-wh "--with-history" input-history.osh input-change.osc "osm" output-history.osh)
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/test/apply-changes/simplified.osm b/test/apply-changes/input-history.osh
similarity index 56%
copy from test/apply-changes/simplified.osm
copy to test/apply-changes/input-history.osh
index f3181e2..6958be4 100644
--- a/test/apply-changes/simplified.osm
+++ b/test/apply-changes/input-history.osh
@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
 <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
-<osm version="0.6" generator="test">
+<osm version="0.6" upload="false" generator="testdata">
   <node id="10" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="1" lon="1"/>
-  <node id="11" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2" lat="2" lon="2"/>
+  <node id="11" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="2" lon="1"/>
   <node id="12" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="3" lon="1"/>
-  <node id="14" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2" lat="5" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="12" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:01Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="3" lon="2"/>
+  <node id="13" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="4" lon="1"/>
   <way id="20" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
     <nd ref="10"/>
     <nd ref="11"/>
     <nd ref="12"/>
     <tag k="foo" v="bar"/>
   </way>
-  <way id="21" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2">
+  <way id="21" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
     <nd ref="12"/>
-    <nd ref="14"/>
-    <tag k="xyz" v="new"/>
+    <nd ref="13"/>
+    <tag k="xyz" v="abc"/>
   </way>
   <relation id="30" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
     <member type="node" ref="12" role="m1"/>
diff --git a/test/apply-changes/simplified.osm b/test/apply-changes/input-history.osm
similarity index 56%
copy from test/apply-changes/simplified.osm
copy to test/apply-changes/input-history.osm
index f3181e2..6958be4 100644
--- a/test/apply-changes/simplified.osm
+++ b/test/apply-changes/input-history.osm
@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
 <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
-<osm version="0.6" generator="test">
+<osm version="0.6" upload="false" generator="testdata">
   <node id="10" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="1" lon="1"/>
-  <node id="11" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2" lat="2" lon="2"/>
+  <node id="11" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="2" lon="1"/>
   <node id="12" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="3" lon="1"/>
-  <node id="14" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2" lat="5" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="12" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:01Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="3" lon="2"/>
+  <node id="13" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="4" lon="1"/>
   <way id="20" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
     <nd ref="10"/>
     <nd ref="11"/>
     <nd ref="12"/>
     <tag k="foo" v="bar"/>
   </way>
-  <way id="21" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2">
+  <way id="21" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
     <nd ref="12"/>
-    <nd ref="14"/>
-    <tag k="xyz" v="new"/>
+    <nd ref="13"/>
+    <tag k="xyz" v="abc"/>
   </way>
   <relation id="30" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
     <member type="node" ref="12" role="m1"/>
diff --git a/test/apply-changes/simplified.osm b/test/apply-changes/output-data.osm
similarity index 100%
copy from test/apply-changes/simplified.osm
copy to test/apply-changes/output-data.osm
diff --git a/test/apply-changes/output.osh b/test/apply-changes/output-history.osh
similarity index 93%
rename from test/apply-changes/output.osh
rename to test/apply-changes/output-history.osh
index 6a9118e..27c379e 100644
--- a/test/apply-changes/output.osh
+++ b/test/apply-changes/output-history.osh
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
   <node id="11" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" visible="true" lat="2" lon="1"/>
   <node id="11" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2" visible="true" lat="2" lon="2"/>
   <node id="12" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" visible="true" lat="3" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="12" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:01Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" visible="true" lat="3" lon="2"/>
   <node id="13" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" visible="true" lat="4" lon="1"/>
   <node id="13" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2" visible="false" lat="4" lon="1"/>
   <node id="14" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2" visible="true" lat="5" lon="1"/>
diff --git a/test/cat/CMakeLists.txt b/test/cat/CMakeLists.txt
index 71b8221..8eb8929 100644
--- a/test/cat/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/test/cat/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 function(check_cat _name _in1 _in2 _output)
-    check_output(cat ${_name} "cat --generator=test -f osm cat/${_in1} cat/${_in2}" "cat/${_output}")
+    check_output(cat ${_name} "cat --no-progress --generator=test -f osm cat/${_in1} cat/${_in2}" "cat/${_output}")
 endfunction()
 
 function(check_convert _name _input _output _format)
-    check_output(cat ${_name} "cat --generator=test cat/${_input} -f ${_format}" "cat/${_output}")
+    check_output(cat ${_name} "cat --no-progress --generator=test cat/${_input} -f ${_format}" "cat/${_output}")
 endfunction()
 
 
diff --git a/test/cat/test_setup.cpp b/test/cat/test_setup.cpp
index 5f13298..63447bf 100644
--- a/test/cat/test_setup.cpp
+++ b/test/cat/test_setup.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 
-#include "test.hpp"
+#include "test.hpp" // IWYU pragma: keep
 
 #include "command_cat.hpp"
 
diff --git a/test/derive-changes/CMakeLists.txt b/test/derive-changes/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51ff0ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/derive-changes/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+#  CMake Config
+#
+#  Osmium Tool Tests - derive-changes
+#
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function(check_derive_changes _name _options _input1 _input2 _output)
+    check_output(derive-changes ${_name} "derive-changes --generator=test -f osc ${_options} derive-changes/${_input1} derive-changes/${_input2}" "derive-changes/${_output}")
+endfunction()
+
+check_derive_changes(normal       ""                    input1.osm input2.osm output.osc)
+check_derive_changes(keep_details "--keep-details"      input1.osm input2.osm output-keep-details.osc)
+check_derive_changes(incr_version "--increment-version" input1.osm input2.osm output-incr-version.osc)
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/test/apply-changes/simplified.osm b/test/derive-changes/input1.osm
similarity index 60%
copy from test/apply-changes/simplified.osm
copy to test/derive-changes/input1.osm
index f3181e2..707653e 100644
--- a/test/apply-changes/simplified.osm
+++ b/test/derive-changes/input1.osm
@@ -1,19 +1,21 @@
 <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
-<osm version="0.6" generator="test">
+<osm version="0.6" upload="false" generator="testdata">
   <node id="10" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="1" lon="1"/>
-  <node id="11" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2" lat="2" lon="2"/>
+  <node id="11" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="2" lon="1"/>
   <node id="12" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="3" lon="1"/>
-  <node id="14" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2" lat="5" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="13" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="4" lon="1">
+    <tag k="foo" v="bar"/>
+  </node>
   <way id="20" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
     <nd ref="10"/>
     <nd ref="11"/>
     <nd ref="12"/>
     <tag k="foo" v="bar"/>
   </way>
-  <way id="21" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2">
+  <way id="21" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
     <nd ref="12"/>
-    <nd ref="14"/>
-    <tag k="xyz" v="new"/>
+    <nd ref="13"/>
+    <tag k="xyz" v="abc"/>
   </way>
   <relation id="30" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
     <member type="node" ref="12" role="m1"/>
diff --git a/test/apply-changes/simplified.osm b/test/derive-changes/input2.osm
similarity index 100%
copy from test/apply-changes/simplified.osm
copy to test/derive-changes/input2.osm
diff --git a/test/derive-changes/output-incr-version.osc b/test/derive-changes/output-incr-version.osc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17d37c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/derive-changes/output-incr-version.osc
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<osmChange version="0.6" generator="test">
+  <modify>
+    <node id="11" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2" lat="2" lon="2"/>
+  </modify>
+  <delete>
+    <node id="13" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z"/>
+  </delete>
+  <create>
+    <node id="14" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2" lat="5" lon="1"/>
+  </create>
+  <modify>
+    <way id="21" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2">
+      <nd ref="12"/>
+      <nd ref="14"/>
+      <tag k="xyz" v="new"/>
+    </way>
+  </modify>
+</osmChange>
diff --git a/test/derive-changes/output-keep-details.osc b/test/derive-changes/output-keep-details.osc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b07c92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/derive-changes/output-keep-details.osc
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<osmChange version="0.6" generator="test">
+  <modify>
+    <node id="11" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2" lat="2" lon="2"/>
+  </modify>
+  <delete>
+    <node id="13" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="4" lon="1">
+      <tag k="foo" v="bar"/>
+    </node>
+  </delete>
+  <create>
+    <node id="14" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2" lat="5" lon="1"/>
+  </create>
+  <modify>
+    <way id="21" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2">
+      <nd ref="12"/>
+      <nd ref="14"/>
+      <tag k="xyz" v="new"/>
+    </way>
+  </modify>
+</osmChange>
diff --git a/test/derive-changes/output.osc b/test/derive-changes/output.osc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c88aefb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/derive-changes/output.osc
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<osmChange version="0.6" generator="test">
+  <modify>
+    <node id="11" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2" lat="2" lon="2"/>
+  </modify>
+  <delete>
+    <node id="13" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z"/>
+  </delete>
+  <create>
+    <node id="14" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2" lat="5" lon="1"/>
+  </create>
+  <modify>
+    <way id="21" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2">
+      <nd ref="12"/>
+      <nd ref="14"/>
+      <tag k="xyz" v="new"/>
+    </way>
+  </modify>
+</osmChange>
diff --git a/test/diff/CMakeLists.txt b/test/diff/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60694a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/diff/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+#  CMake Config
+#
+#  Osmium Tool Tests - diff
+#
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function(check_diff _name _options _input1 _input2 _output)
+    check_output(diff ${_name} "diff ${_options} --generator=test diff/${_input1} diff/${_input2}" "diff/${_output}")
+endfunction()
+
+check_diff(compact "" input1.osm input2.osm output-compact)
+set_tests_properties(diff-compact PROPERTIES WILL_FAIL true)
+
+check_diff(compact-c "-c" input1.osm input2.osm output-compact-c)
+set_tests_properties(diff-compact-c PROPERTIES WILL_FAIL true)
+
+check_diff(opl "-f opl" input1.osm input2.osm output.opl)
+set_tests_properties(diff-opl PROPERTIES WILL_FAIL true)
+
+check_diff(opl-c "-f opl -c" input1.osm input2.osm output-c.opl)
+set_tests_properties(diff-opl-c PROPERTIES WILL_FAIL true)
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/test/apply-changes/simplified.osm b/test/diff/input1.osm
similarity index 51%
copy from test/apply-changes/simplified.osm
copy to test/diff/input1.osm
index f3181e2..416f61b 100644
--- a/test/apply-changes/simplified.osm
+++ b/test/diff/input1.osm
@@ -1,19 +1,21 @@
 <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
-<osm version="0.6" generator="test">
+<osm version="0.6" upload="false" generator="testdata">
   <node id="10" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="1" lon="1"/>
-  <node id="11" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2" lat="2" lon="2"/>
+  <node id="11" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="2" lon="1"/>
   <node id="12" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="3" lon="1"/>
-  <node id="14" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2" lat="5" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="13" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="4" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="15" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="2" user="test" changeset="1" lat="5" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="16" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="5" lon="2"/>
   <way id="20" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
     <nd ref="10"/>
     <nd ref="11"/>
     <nd ref="12"/>
     <tag k="foo" v="bar"/>
   </way>
-  <way id="21" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2">
+  <way id="21" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
     <nd ref="12"/>
-    <nd ref="14"/>
-    <tag k="xyz" v="new"/>
+    <nd ref="13"/>
+    <tag k="xyz" v="abc"/>
   </way>
   <relation id="30" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
     <member type="node" ref="12" role="m1"/>
diff --git a/test/apply-changes/simplified.osm b/test/diff/input2.osm
similarity index 82%
rename from test/apply-changes/simplified.osm
rename to test/diff/input2.osm
index f3181e2..a6d5bcd 100644
--- a/test/apply-changes/simplified.osm
+++ b/test/diff/input2.osm
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
   <node id="11" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2" lat="2" lon="2"/>
   <node id="12" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="3" lon="1"/>
   <node id="14" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="2" lat="5" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="15" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="5" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="16" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T02:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="5" lon="1"/>
   <way id="20" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
     <nd ref="10"/>
     <nd ref="11"/>
diff --git a/test/diff/output-c.opl b/test/diff/output-c.opl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fa57bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/diff/output-c.opl
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+-n11 v1 dV c1 t2015-01-01T01:00:00Z i1 utest T x1 y2
++n11 v2 dV c2 t2015-01-01T02:00:00Z i1 utest T x2 y2
+-n13 v1 dV c1 t2015-01-01T01:00:00Z i1 utest T x1 y4
++n14 v1 dV c2 t2015-01-01T02:00:00Z i1 utest T x1 y5
+-n15 v1 dV c1 t2015-01-01T02:00:00Z i2 utest T x1 y5
++n15 v1 dV c1 t2015-01-01T02:00:00Z i1 utest T x1 y5
+-n16 v1 dV c1 t2015-01-01T02:00:00Z i1 utest T x2 y5
++n16 v1 dV c1 t2015-01-01T02:00:00Z i1 utest T x1 y5
+-w21 v1 dV c1 t2015-01-01T01:00:00Z i1 utest Txyz=abc Nn12,n13
++w21 v2 dV c2 t2015-01-01T02:00:00Z i1 utest Txyz=new Nn12,n14
diff --git a/test/diff/output-compact b/test/diff/output-compact
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e9ff32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/diff/output-compact
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+ n10 v1
+-n11 v1
++n11 v2
+ n12 v1
+-n13 v1
++n14 v1
+*n15 v1
+*n16 v1
+ w20 v1
+-w21 v1
++w21 v2
+ r30 v1
diff --git a/test/diff/output-compact-c b/test/diff/output-compact-c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4524fb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/diff/output-compact-c
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+-n11 v1
++n11 v2
+-n13 v1
++n14 v1
+*n15 v1
+*n16 v1
+-w21 v1
++w21 v2
diff --git a/test/diff/output.opl b/test/diff/output.opl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f70ad7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/diff/output.opl
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+ n10 v1 dV c1 t2015-01-01T01:00:00Z i1 utest T x1 y1
+-n11 v1 dV c1 t2015-01-01T01:00:00Z i1 utest T x1 y2
++n11 v2 dV c2 t2015-01-01T02:00:00Z i1 utest T x2 y2
+ n12 v1 dV c1 t2015-01-01T01:00:00Z i1 utest T x1 y3
+-n13 v1 dV c1 t2015-01-01T01:00:00Z i1 utest T x1 y4
++n14 v1 dV c2 t2015-01-01T02:00:00Z i1 utest T x1 y5
+-n15 v1 dV c1 t2015-01-01T02:00:00Z i2 utest T x1 y5
++n15 v1 dV c1 t2015-01-01T02:00:00Z i1 utest T x1 y5
+-n16 v1 dV c1 t2015-01-01T02:00:00Z i1 utest T x2 y5
++n16 v1 dV c1 t2015-01-01T02:00:00Z i1 utest T x1 y5
+ w20 v1 dV c1 t2015-01-01T01:00:00Z i1 utest Tfoo=bar Nn10,n11,n12
+-w21 v1 dV c1 t2015-01-01T01:00:00Z i1 utest Txyz=abc Nn12,n13
++w21 v2 dV c2 t2015-01-01T02:00:00Z i1 utest Txyz=new Nn12,n14
+ r30 v1 dV c1 t2015-01-01T01:00:00Z i1 utest T Mn12 at m1,w20 at m2
diff --git a/test/diff/test_setup.cpp b/test/diff/test_setup.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40e6241
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/diff/test_setup.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+
+#include "test.hpp"
+
+#include "command_diff.hpp"
+
+TEST_CASE("diff") {
+
+    CommandDiff cmd;
+
+    SECTION("no argments - need exactly two arguments") {
+        REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(cmd.setup({}), argument_error);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("one argument - need exactly two arguments") {
+        REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(cmd.setup({"x"}), argument_error);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("three arguments - need exactly two arguments") {
+        REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(cmd.setup({"x", "y", "z"}), argument_error);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("quiet with output parameter -o") {
+        REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(cmd.setup({"-q", "-o", "file"}), argument_error);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("quiet with output parameter -f") {
+        REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(cmd.setup({"-q", "-f", "opl"}), argument_error);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("quiet with output parameter --fsync") {
+        REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(cmd.setup({"-q", "--fsync"}), argument_error);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("quiet with output parameter --output-header") {
+        REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(cmd.setup({"-q", "--output-header", "foo"}), argument_error);
+    }
+
+    SECTION("quiet with output parameter -O") {
+        REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(cmd.setup({"-q", "-O"}), argument_error);
+    }
+
+}
+
diff --git a/test/include/catch.hpp b/test/include/catch.hpp
index f042149..879fc5b 100644
--- a/test/include/catch.hpp
+++ b/test/include/catch.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
- *  Catch v1.3.3
- *  Generated: 2016-01-22 07:51:36.661106
+ *  Catch v1.5.6
+ *  Generated: 2016-06-09 19:20:41.460328
  *  ----------------------------------------------------------
  *  This file has been merged from multiple headers. Please don't edit it directly
  *  Copyright (c) 2012 Two Blue Cubes Ltd. All rights reserved.
@@ -62,7 +62,11 @@
 
 #define INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME_LINE2( name, line ) name##line
 #define INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME_LINE( name, line ) INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME_LINE2( name, line )
-#define INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( name ) INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME_LINE( name, __LINE__ )
+#ifdef CATCH_CONFIG_COUNTER
+#  define INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( name ) INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME_LINE( name, __COUNTER__ )
+#else
+#  define INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( name ) INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME_LINE( name, __LINE__ )
+#endif
 
 #define INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIFY2( expr ) #expr
 #define INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIFY( expr ) INTERNAL_CATCH_STRINGIFY2( expr )
@@ -89,7 +93,7 @@
 // CATCH_CONFIG_CPP11_OR_GREATER : Is C++11 supported?
 
 // CATCH_CONFIG_VARIADIC_MACROS : are variadic macros supported?
-
+// CATCH_CONFIG_COUNTER : is the __COUNTER__ macro supported?
 // ****************
 // Note to maintainers: if new toggles are added please document them
 // in configuration.md, too
@@ -102,6 +106,18 @@
 
 // All the C++11 features can be disabled with CATCH_CONFIG_NO_CPP11
 
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+
+#  if __cplusplus >= 201103L
+#    define CATCH_CPP11_OR_GREATER
+#  endif
+
+#  if __cplusplus >= 201402L
+#    define CATCH_CPP14_OR_GREATER
+#  endif
+
+#endif
+
 #ifdef __clang__
 
 #  if __has_feature(cxx_nullptr)
@@ -112,6 +128,10 @@
 #    define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_NOEXCEPT
 #  endif
 
+#   if defined(CATCH_CPP11_OR_GREATER)
+#       define CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS _Pragma( "clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wparentheses\"" )
+#   endif
+
 #endif // __clang__
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
@@ -136,9 +156,13 @@
 // GCC
 #ifdef __GNUC__
 
-#if __GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 6 && defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
-#   define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_NULLPTR
-#endif
+#   if __GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 6 && defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
+#       define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_NULLPTR
+#   endif
+
+#   if !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS) && defined(CATCH_CPP11_OR_GREATER)
+#       define CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS _Pragma( "GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wparentheses\"" )
+#   endif
 
 // - otherwise more recent versions define __cplusplus >= 201103L
 // and will get picked up below
@@ -173,13 +197,20 @@
 
 #endif
 
+// Use __COUNTER__ if the compiler supports it
+#if ( defined _MSC_VER && _MSC_VER >= 1300 ) || \
+    ( defined __GNUC__  && __GNUC__ >= 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3 ) || \
+    ( defined __clang__ && __clang_major__ >= 3 )
+
+#define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_COUNTER
+
+#endif
+
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // C++ language feature support
 
 // catch all support for C++11
-#if defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201103L
-
-#  define CATCH_CPP11_OR_GREATER
+#if defined(CATCH_CPP11_OR_GREATER)
 
 #  if !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_NULLPTR)
 #    define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_NULLPTR
@@ -246,6 +277,13 @@
 #if defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_UNIQUE_PTR) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_UNIQUE_PTR) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_CPP11_UNIQUE_PTR) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_CPP11)
 #   define CATCH_CONFIG_CPP11_UNIQUE_PTR
 #endif
+#if defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_COUNTER) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_COUNTER) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_COUNTER)
+#   define CATCH_CONFIG_COUNTER
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS)
+#   define CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS
+#endif
 
 // noexcept support:
 #if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_CPP11_NOEXCEPT) && !defined(CATCH_NOEXCEPT)
@@ -672,24 +710,28 @@ void registerTestCaseFunction
 
 #ifdef CATCH_CONFIG_VARIADIC_MACROS
     ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE2( TestName, ... ) \
+        static void TestName(); \
+        namespace{ Catch::AutoReg INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( autoRegistrar )( &TestName, CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, Catch::NameAndDesc( __VA_ARGS__ ) ); }\
+        static void TestName()
     #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE( ... ) \
-        static void INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ )(); \
-        namespace{ Catch::AutoReg INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( autoRegistrar )( &INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME(  ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, Catch::NameAndDesc( __VA_ARGS__ ) ); }\
-        static void INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME(  ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ )()
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ), __VA_ARGS__ )
 
     ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
     #define INTERNAL_CATCH_METHOD_AS_TEST_CASE( QualifiedMethod, ... ) \
         namespace{ Catch::AutoReg INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( autoRegistrar )( &QualifiedMethod, "&" #QualifiedMethod, Catch::NameAndDesc( __VA_ARGS__ ), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO ); }
 
     ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST_CASE_METHOD( ClassName, ... )\
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST_CASE_METHOD2( TestName, ClassName, ... )\
         namespace{ \
-            struct INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ) : ClassName{ \
+            struct TestName : ClassName{ \
                 void test(); \
             }; \
-            Catch::AutoReg INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( autoRegistrar ) ( &INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ )::test, #ClassName, Catch::NameAndDesc( __VA_ARGS__ ), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO ); \
+            Catch::AutoReg INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( autoRegistrar ) ( &TestName::test, #ClassName, Catch::NameAndDesc( __VA_ARGS__ ), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO ); \
         } \
-        void INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ )::test()
+        void TestName::test()
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST_CASE_METHOD( ClassName, ... ) \
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST_CASE_METHOD2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ), ClassName, __VA_ARGS__ )
 
     ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
     #define INTERNAL_CATCH_REGISTER_TESTCASE( Function, ... ) \
@@ -697,24 +739,28 @@ void registerTestCaseFunction
 
 #else
     ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE2( TestName, Name, Desc ) \
+        static void TestName(); \
+        namespace{ Catch::AutoReg INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( autoRegistrar )( &TestName, CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, Catch::NameAndDesc( Name, Desc ) ); }\
+        static void TestName()
     #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE( Name, Desc ) \
-        static void INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ )(); \
-        namespace{ Catch::AutoReg INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( autoRegistrar )( &INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME(  ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, Catch::NameAndDesc( Name, Desc ) ); }\
-        static void INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME(  ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ )()
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_TESTCASE2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ), Name, Desc )
 
     ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
     #define INTERNAL_CATCH_METHOD_AS_TEST_CASE( QualifiedMethod, Name, Desc ) \
         namespace{ Catch::AutoReg INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( autoRegistrar )( &QualifiedMethod, "&" #QualifiedMethod, Catch::NameAndDesc( Name, Desc ), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO ); }
 
     ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST_CASE_METHOD( ClassName, TestName, Desc )\
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST_CASE_METHOD2( TestCaseName, ClassName, TestName, Desc )\
         namespace{ \
-            struct INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ) : ClassName{ \
+            struct TestCaseName : ClassName{ \
                 void test(); \
             }; \
-            Catch::AutoReg INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( autoRegistrar ) ( &INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ )::test, #ClassName, Catch::NameAndDesc( TestName, Desc ), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO ); \
+            Catch::AutoReg INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( autoRegistrar ) ( &TestCaseName::test, #ClassName, Catch::NameAndDesc( TestName, Desc ), CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO ); \
         } \
-        void INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ )::test()
+        void TestCaseName::test()
+    #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST_CASE_METHOD( ClassName, TestName, Desc )\
+        INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST_CASE_METHOD2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( ____C_A_T_C_H____T_E_S_T____ ), ClassName, TestName, Desc )
 
     ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
     #define INTERNAL_CATCH_REGISTER_TESTCASE( Function, Name, Desc ) \
@@ -1287,37 +1333,37 @@ namespace Internal {
     template<typename T1, typename T2>
     struct Evaluator<T1, T2, IsEqualTo> {
         static bool evaluate( T1 const& lhs, T2 const& rhs) {
-            return opCast( lhs ) ==  opCast( rhs );
+            return bool( opCast( lhs ) ==  opCast( rhs ) );
         }
     };
     template<typename T1, typename T2>
     struct Evaluator<T1, T2, IsNotEqualTo> {
         static bool evaluate( T1 const& lhs, T2 const& rhs ) {
-            return opCast( lhs ) != opCast( rhs );
+            return bool( opCast( lhs ) != opCast( rhs ) );
         }
     };
     template<typename T1, typename T2>
     struct Evaluator<T1, T2, IsLessThan> {
         static bool evaluate( T1 const& lhs, T2 const& rhs ) {
-            return opCast( lhs ) < opCast( rhs );
+            return bool( opCast( lhs ) < opCast( rhs ) );
         }
     };
     template<typename T1, typename T2>
     struct Evaluator<T1, T2, IsGreaterThan> {
         static bool evaluate( T1 const& lhs, T2 const& rhs ) {
-            return opCast( lhs ) > opCast( rhs );
+            return bool( opCast( lhs ) > opCast( rhs ) );
         }
     };
     template<typename T1, typename T2>
     struct Evaluator<T1, T2, IsGreaterThanOrEqualTo> {
         static bool evaluate( T1 const& lhs, T2 const& rhs ) {
-            return opCast( lhs ) >= opCast( rhs );
+            return bool( opCast( lhs ) >= opCast( rhs ) );
         }
     };
     template<typename T1, typename T2>
     struct Evaluator<T1, T2, IsLessThanOrEqualTo> {
         static bool evaluate( T1 const& lhs, T2 const& rhs ) {
-            return opCast( lhs ) <= opCast( rhs );
+            return bool( opCast( lhs ) <= opCast( rhs ) );
         }
     };
 
@@ -2020,13 +2066,14 @@ namespace Catch {
     do { \
         Catch::ResultBuilder __catchResult( macroName, CATCH_INTERNAL_LINEINFO, #expr, resultDisposition ); \
         try { \
+            CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS \
             ( __catchResult <= expr ).endExpression(); \
         } \
         catch( ... ) { \
             __catchResult.useActiveException( Catch::ResultDisposition::Normal ); \
         } \
         INTERNAL_CATCH_REACT( __catchResult ) \
-    } while( Catch::isTrue( false && (expr) ) ) // expr here is never evaluated at runtime but it forces the compiler to give it a look
+    } while( Catch::isTrue( false && !!(expr) ) ) // expr here is never evaluated at runtime but it forces the compiler to give it a look
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 #define INTERNAL_CATCH_IF( expr, resultDisposition, macroName ) \
@@ -2563,10 +2610,12 @@ namespace Catch {
 }
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-#define INTERNAL_CATCH_TRANSLATE_EXCEPTION( signature ) \
-    static std::string INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( catch_internal_ExceptionTranslator )( signature ); \
-    namespace{ Catch::ExceptionTranslatorRegistrar INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( catch_internal_ExceptionRegistrar )( &INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( catch_internal_ExceptionTranslator ) ); }\
-    static std::string INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME(  catch_internal_ExceptionTranslator )( signature )
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_TRANSLATE_EXCEPTION2( translatorName, signature ) \
+    static std::string translatorName( signature ); \
+    namespace{ Catch::ExceptionTranslatorRegistrar INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( catch_internal_ExceptionRegistrar )( &translatorName ); }\
+    static std::string translatorName( signature )
+
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_TRANSLATE_EXCEPTION( signature ) INTERNAL_CATCH_TRANSLATE_EXCEPTION2( INTERNAL_CATCH_UNIQUE_NAME( catch_internal_ExceptionTranslator ), signature )
 
 // #included from: internal/catch_approx.hpp
 #define TWOBLUECUBES_CATCH_APPROX_HPP_INCLUDED
@@ -3331,6 +3380,11 @@ namespace Catch {
         InLexicographicalOrder,
         InRandomOrder
     }; };
+    struct UseColour { enum YesOrNo {
+        Auto,
+        Yes,
+        No
+    }; };
 
     class TestSpec;
 
@@ -3350,7 +3404,7 @@ namespace Catch {
         virtual TestSpec const& testSpec() const = 0;
         virtual RunTests::InWhatOrder runOrder() const = 0;
         virtual unsigned int rngSeed() const = 0;
-        virtual bool forceColour() const = 0;
+        virtual UseColour::YesOrNo useColour() const = 0;
     };
 }
 
@@ -3404,7 +3458,7 @@ namespace Catch {
     };
 
     class DebugOutStream : public IStream {
-        std::auto_ptr<StreamBufBase> m_streamBuf;
+        CATCH_AUTO_PTR( StreamBufBase ) m_streamBuf;
         mutable std::ostream m_os;
     public:
         DebugOutStream();
@@ -3439,14 +3493,14 @@ namespace Catch {
             noThrow( false ),
             showHelp( false ),
             showInvisibles( false ),
-            forceColour( false ),
             filenamesAsTags( false ),
             abortAfter( -1 ),
             rngSeed( 0 ),
             verbosity( Verbosity::Normal ),
             warnings( WarnAbout::Nothing ),
             showDurations( ShowDurations::DefaultForReporter ),
-            runOrder( RunTests::InDeclarationOrder )
+            runOrder( RunTests::InDeclarationOrder ),
+            useColour( UseColour::Auto )
         {}
 
         bool listTests;
@@ -3459,7 +3513,6 @@ namespace Catch {
         bool noThrow;
         bool showHelp;
         bool showInvisibles;
-        bool forceColour;
         bool filenamesAsTags;
 
         int abortAfter;
@@ -3469,6 +3522,7 @@ namespace Catch {
         WarnAbout::What warnings;
         ShowDurations::OrNot showDurations;
         RunTests::InWhatOrder runOrder;
+        UseColour::YesOrNo useColour;
 
         std::string outputFilename;
         std::string name;
@@ -3534,7 +3588,7 @@ namespace Catch {
         virtual ShowDurations::OrNot showDurations() const { return m_data.showDurations; }
         virtual RunTests::InWhatOrder runOrder() const  { return m_data.runOrder; }
         virtual unsigned int rngSeed() const    { return m_data.rngSeed; }
-        virtual bool forceColour() const { return m_data.forceColour; }
+        virtual UseColour::YesOrNo useColour() const { return m_data.useColour; }
 
     private:
 
@@ -3552,7 +3606,7 @@ namespace Catch {
         }
         ConfigData m_data;
 
-        std::auto_ptr<IStream const> m_stream;
+        CATCH_AUTO_PTR( IStream const ) m_stream;
         TestSpec m_testSpec;
     };
 
@@ -3572,6 +3626,8 @@ namespace Catch {
 #define STITCH_CLARA_OPEN_NAMESPACE namespace Catch {
 // #included from: ../external/clara.h
 
+// Version 0.0.2.4
+
 // Only use header guard if we are not using an outer namespace
 #if !defined(TWOBLUECUBES_CLARA_H_INCLUDED) || defined(STITCH_CLARA_OPEN_NAMESPACE)
 
@@ -3596,6 +3652,7 @@ namespace Catch {
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 #include <sstream>
+#include <algorithm>
 
 // Use optional outer namespace
 #ifdef STITCH_TBC_TEXT_FORMAT_OUTER_NAMESPACE
@@ -3730,15 +3787,165 @@ namespace Tbc {
 #endif // TBC_TEXT_FORMAT_H_INCLUDED
 
 // ----------- end of #include from tbc_text_format.h -----------
-// ........... back in /Users/philnash/Dev/OSS/Clara/srcs/clara.h
+// ........... back in clara.h
 
 #undef STITCH_TBC_TEXT_FORMAT_OPEN_NAMESPACE
 
+// ----------- #included from clara_compilers.h -----------
+
+#ifndef TWOBLUECUBES_CLARA_COMPILERS_H_INCLUDED
+#define TWOBLUECUBES_CLARA_COMPILERS_H_INCLUDED
+
+// Detect a number of compiler features - mostly C++11/14 conformance - by compiler
+// The following features are defined:
+//
+// CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_NULLPTR : is nullptr supported?
+// CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_NOEXCEPT : is noexcept supported?
+// CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_GENERATED_METHODS : The delete and default keywords for compiler generated methods
+// CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_OVERRIDE : is override supported?
+// CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_UNIQUE_PTR : is unique_ptr supported (otherwise use auto_ptr)
+
+// CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_OR_GREATER : Is C++11 supported?
+
+// CLARA_CONFIG_VARIADIC_MACROS : are variadic macros supported?
+
+// In general each macro has a _NO_<feature name> form
+// (e.g. CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_NO_NULLPTR) which disables the feature.
+// Many features, at point of detection, define an _INTERNAL_ macro, so they
+// can be combined, en-mass, with the _NO_ forms later.
+
+// All the C++11 features can be disabled with CLARA_CONFIG_NO_CPP11
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+
+#if __has_feature(cxx_nullptr)
+#define CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_NULLPTR
+#endif
+
+#if __has_feature(cxx_noexcept)
+#define CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_NOEXCEPT
+#endif
+
+#endif // __clang__
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// GCC
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+
+#if __GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 6 && defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
+#define CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_NULLPTR
+#endif
+
+// - otherwise more recent versions define __cplusplus >= 201103L
+// and will get picked up below
+
+#endif // __GNUC__
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Visual C++
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+
+#if (_MSC_VER >= 1600)
+#define CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_NULLPTR
+#define CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_UNIQUE_PTR
+#endif
+
+#if (_MSC_VER >= 1900 ) // (VC++ 13 (VS2015))
+#define CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_NOEXCEPT
+#define CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_GENERATED_METHODS
+#endif
+
+#endif // _MSC_VER
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// C++ language feature support
+
+// catch all support for C++11
+#if defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201103L
+
+#define CLARA_CPP11_OR_GREATER
+
+#if !defined(CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_NULLPTR)
+#define CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_NULLPTR
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_NOEXCEPT
+#define CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_NOEXCEPT
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_GENERATED_METHODS
+#define CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_GENERATED_METHODS
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_OVERRIDE)
+#define CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_OVERRIDE
+#endif
+#if !defined(CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_UNIQUE_PTR)
+#define CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_UNIQUE_PTR
+#endif
+
+#endif // __cplusplus >= 201103L
+
+// Now set the actual defines based on the above + anything the user has configured
+#if defined(CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_NULLPTR) && !defined(CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_NO_NULLPTR) && !defined(CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_NULLPTR) && !defined(CLARA_CONFIG_NO_CPP11)
+#define CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_NULLPTR
+#endif
+#if defined(CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_NOEXCEPT) && !defined(CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_NO_NOEXCEPT) && !defined(CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_NOEXCEPT) && !defined(CLARA_CONFIG_NO_CPP11)
+#define CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_NOEXCEPT
+#endif
+#if defined(CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_GENERATED_METHODS) && !defined(CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_NO_GENERATED_METHODS) && !defined(CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_GENERATED_METHODS) && !defined(CLARA_CONFIG_NO_CPP11)
+#define CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_GENERATED_METHODS
+#endif
+#if defined(CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_OVERRIDE) && !defined(CLARA_CONFIG_NO_OVERRIDE) && !defined(CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_OVERRIDE) && !defined(CLARA_CONFIG_NO_CPP11)
+#define CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_OVERRIDE
+#endif
+#if defined(CLARA_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_UNIQUE_PTR) && !defined(CLARA_CONFIG_NO_UNIQUE_PTR) && !defined(CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_UNIQUE_PTR) && !defined(CLARA_CONFIG_NO_CPP11)
+#define CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_UNIQUE_PTR
+#endif
+
+// noexcept support:
+#if defined(CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_NOEXCEPT) && !defined(CLARA_NOEXCEPT)
+#define CLARA_NOEXCEPT noexcept
+#  define CLARA_NOEXCEPT_IS(x) noexcept(x)
+#else
+#define CLARA_NOEXCEPT throw()
+#  define CLARA_NOEXCEPT_IS(x)
+#endif
+
+// nullptr support
+#ifdef CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_NULLPTR
+#define CLARA_NULL nullptr
+#else
+#define CLARA_NULL NULL
+#endif
+
+// override support
+#ifdef CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_OVERRIDE
+#define CLARA_OVERRIDE override
+#else
+#define CLARA_OVERRIDE
+#endif
+
+// unique_ptr support
+#ifdef CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_UNIQUE_PTR
+#   define CLARA_AUTO_PTR( T ) std::unique_ptr<T>
+#else
+#   define CLARA_AUTO_PTR( T ) std::auto_ptr<T>
+#endif
+
+#endif // TWOBLUECUBES_CLARA_COMPILERS_H_INCLUDED
+
+// ----------- end of #include from clara_compilers.h -----------
+// ........... back in clara.h
+
 #include <map>
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <memory>
 
+#if defined(WIN32) || defined(__WIN32__) || defined(_WIN32) || defined(_MSC_VER)
+#define CLARA_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
+#endif
+
 // Use optional outer namespace
 #ifdef STITCH_CLARA_OPEN_NAMESPACE
 STITCH_CLARA_OPEN_NAMESPACE
@@ -3797,23 +4004,15 @@ namespace Clara {
             else
                 throw std::runtime_error( "Expected a boolean value but did not recognise:\n  '" + _source + "'" );
         }
-        inline void convertInto( bool _source, bool& _dest ) {
-            _dest = _source;
-        }
-        template<typename T>
-        inline void convertInto( bool, T& ) {
-            throw std::runtime_error( "Invalid conversion" );
-        }
 
         template<typename ConfigT>
         struct IArgFunction {
             virtual ~IArgFunction() {}
-#  ifdef CATCH_CONFIG_CPP11_GENERATED_METHODS
+#ifdef CLARA_CONFIG_CPP11_GENERATED_METHODS
             IArgFunction()                      = default;
             IArgFunction( IArgFunction const& ) = default;
-#  endif
+#endif
             virtual void set( ConfigT& config, std::string const& value ) const = 0;
-            virtual void setFlag( ConfigT& config ) const = 0;
             virtual bool takesArg() const = 0;
             virtual IArgFunction* clone() const = 0;
         };
@@ -3821,11 +4020,11 @@ namespace Clara {
         template<typename ConfigT>
         class BoundArgFunction {
         public:
-            BoundArgFunction() : functionObj( CATCH_NULL ) {}
+            BoundArgFunction() : functionObj( CLARA_NULL ) {}
             BoundArgFunction( IArgFunction<ConfigT>* _functionObj ) : functionObj( _functionObj ) {}
-            BoundArgFunction( BoundArgFunction const& other ) : functionObj( other.functionObj ? other.functionObj->clone() : CATCH_NULL ) {}
+            BoundArgFunction( BoundArgFunction const& other ) : functionObj( other.functionObj ? other.functionObj->clone() : CLARA_NULL ) {}
             BoundArgFunction& operator = ( BoundArgFunction const& other ) {
-                IArgFunction<ConfigT>* newFunctionObj = other.functionObj ? other.functionObj->clone() : CATCH_NULL;
+                IArgFunction<ConfigT>* newFunctionObj = other.functionObj ? other.functionObj->clone() : CLARA_NULL;
                 delete functionObj;
                 functionObj = newFunctionObj;
                 return *this;
@@ -3835,13 +4034,10 @@ namespace Clara {
             void set( ConfigT& config, std::string const& value ) const {
                 functionObj->set( config, value );
             }
-            void setFlag( ConfigT& config ) const {
-                functionObj->setFlag( config );
-            }
             bool takesArg() const { return functionObj->takesArg(); }
 
             bool isSet() const {
-                return functionObj != CATCH_NULL;
+                return functionObj != CLARA_NULL;
             }
         private:
             IArgFunction<ConfigT>* functionObj;
@@ -3850,7 +4046,6 @@ namespace Clara {
         template<typename C>
         struct NullBinder : IArgFunction<C>{
             virtual void set( C&, std::string const& ) const {}
-            virtual void setFlag( C& ) const {}
             virtual bool takesArg() const { return true; }
             virtual IArgFunction<C>* clone() const { return new NullBinder( *this ); }
         };
@@ -3861,9 +4056,6 @@ namespace Clara {
             virtual void set( C& p, std::string const& stringValue ) const {
                 convertInto( stringValue, p.*member );
             }
-            virtual void setFlag( C& p ) const {
-                convertInto( true, p.*member );
-            }
             virtual bool takesArg() const { return !IsBool<M>::value; }
             virtual IArgFunction<C>* clone() const { return new BoundDataMember( *this ); }
             M C::* member;
@@ -3876,11 +4068,6 @@ namespace Clara {
                 convertInto( stringValue, value );
                 (p.*member)( value );
             }
-            virtual void setFlag( C& p ) const {
-                typename RemoveConstRef<M>::type value;
-                convertInto( true, value );
-                (p.*member)( value );
-            }
             virtual bool takesArg() const { return !IsBool<M>::value; }
             virtual IArgFunction<C>* clone() const { return new BoundUnaryMethod( *this ); }
             void (C::*member)( M );
@@ -3894,9 +4081,6 @@ namespace Clara {
                 if( value )
                     (p.*member)();
             }
-            virtual void setFlag( C& p ) const {
-                (p.*member)();
-            }
             virtual bool takesArg() const { return false; }
             virtual IArgFunction<C>* clone() const { return new BoundNullaryMethod( *this ); }
             void (C::*member)();
@@ -3911,9 +4095,6 @@ namespace Clara {
                 if( value )
                     function( obj );
             }
-            virtual void setFlag( C& p ) const {
-                function( p );
-            }
             virtual bool takesArg() const { return false; }
             virtual IArgFunction<C>* clone() const { return new BoundUnaryFunction( *this ); }
             void (*function)( C& );
@@ -3927,11 +4108,6 @@ namespace Clara {
                 convertInto( stringValue, value );
                 function( obj, value );
             }
-            virtual void setFlag( C& obj ) const {
-                typename RemoveConstRef<T>::type value;
-                convertInto( true, value );
-                function( obj, value );
-            }
             virtual bool takesArg() const { return !IsBool<T>::value; }
             virtual IArgFunction<C>* clone() const { return new BoundBinaryFunction( *this ); }
             void (*function)( C&, T );
@@ -3939,8 +4115,20 @@ namespace Clara {
 
     } // namespace Detail
 
-    struct Parser {
-        Parser() : separators( " \t=:" ) {}
+    inline std::vector<std::string> argsToVector( int argc, char const* const* const argv ) {
+        std::vector<std::string> args( static_cast<std::size_t>( argc ) );
+        for( std::size_t i = 0; i < static_cast<std::size_t>( argc ); ++i )
+            args[i] = argv[i];
+
+        return args;
+    }
+
+    class Parser {
+        enum Mode { None, MaybeShortOpt, SlashOpt, ShortOpt, LongOpt, Positional };
+        Mode mode;
+        std::size_t from;
+        bool inQuotes;
+    public:
 
         struct Token {
             enum Type { Positional, ShortOpt, LongOpt };
@@ -3949,38 +4137,75 @@ namespace Clara {
             std::string data;
         };
 
-        void parseIntoTokens( int argc, char const * const * argv, std::vector<Parser::Token>& tokens ) const {
+        Parser() : mode( None ), from( 0 ), inQuotes( false ){}
+
+        void parseIntoTokens( std::vector<std::string> const& args, std::vector<Token>& tokens ) {
             const std::string doubleDash = "--";
-            for( int i = 1; i < argc && argv[i] != doubleDash; ++i )
-                parseIntoTokens( argv[i] , tokens);
-        }
-        void parseIntoTokens( std::string arg, std::vector<Parser::Token>& tokens ) const {
-            while( !arg.empty() ) {
-                Parser::Token token( Parser::Token::Positional, arg );
-                arg = "";
-                if( token.data[0] == '-' ) {
-                    if( token.data.size() > 1 && token.data[1] == '-' ) {
-                        token = Parser::Token( Parser::Token::LongOpt, token.data.substr( 2 ) );
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        token = Parser::Token( Parser::Token::ShortOpt, token.data.substr( 1 ) );
-                        if( token.data.size() > 1 && separators.find( token.data[1] ) == std::string::npos ) {
-                            arg = "-" + token.data.substr( 1 );
-                            token.data = token.data.substr( 0, 1 );
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                if( token.type != Parser::Token::Positional ) {
-                    std::size_t pos = token.data.find_first_of( separators );
-                    if( pos != std::string::npos ) {
-                        arg = token.data.substr( pos+1 );
-                        token.data = token.data.substr( 0, pos );
-                    }
-                }
-                tokens.push_back( token );
+            for( std::size_t i = 1; i < args.size() && args[i] != doubleDash; ++i )
+                parseIntoTokens( args[i], tokens);
+        }
+
+        void parseIntoTokens( std::string const& arg, std::vector<Token>& tokens ) {
+            for( std::size_t i = 0; i <= arg.size(); ++i ) {
+                char c = arg[i];
+                if( c == '"' )
+                    inQuotes = !inQuotes;
+                mode = handleMode( i, c, arg, tokens );
+            }
+        }
+        Mode handleMode( std::size_t i, char c, std::string const& arg, std::vector<Token>& tokens ) {
+            switch( mode ) {
+                case None: return handleNone( i, c );
+                case MaybeShortOpt: return handleMaybeShortOpt( i, c );
+                case ShortOpt:
+                case LongOpt:
+                case SlashOpt: return handleOpt( i, c, arg, tokens );
+                case Positional: return handlePositional( i, c, arg, tokens );
+                default: throw std::logic_error( "Unknown mode" );
+            }
+        }
+
+        Mode handleNone( std::size_t i, char c ) {
+            if( inQuotes ) {
+                from = i;
+                return Positional;
+            }
+            switch( c ) {
+                case '-': return MaybeShortOpt;
+#ifdef CLARA_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
+                case '/': from = i+1; return SlashOpt;
+#endif
+                default: from = i; return Positional;
+            }
+        }
+        Mode handleMaybeShortOpt( std::size_t i, char c ) {
+            switch( c ) {
+                case '-': from = i+1; return LongOpt;
+                default: from = i; return ShortOpt;
             }
         }
-        std::string separators;
+        Mode handleOpt( std::size_t i, char c, std::string const& arg, std::vector<Token>& tokens ) {
+            if( std::string( ":=\0", 3 ).find( c ) == std::string::npos )
+                return mode;
+
+            std::string optName = arg.substr( from, i-from );
+            if( mode == ShortOpt )
+                for( std::size_t j = 0; j < optName.size(); ++j )
+                    tokens.push_back( Token( Token::ShortOpt, optName.substr( j, 1 ) ) );
+            else if( mode == SlashOpt && optName.size() == 1 )
+                tokens.push_back( Token( Token::ShortOpt, optName ) );
+            else
+                tokens.push_back( Token( Token::LongOpt, optName ) );
+            return None;
+        }
+        Mode handlePositional( std::size_t i, char c, std::string const& arg, std::vector<Token>& tokens ) {
+            if( inQuotes || std::string( "\0", 1 ).find( c ) == std::string::npos )
+                return mode;
+
+            std::string data = arg.substr( from, i-from );
+            tokens.push_back( Token( Token::Positional, data ) );
+            return None;
+        }
     };
 
     template<typename ConfigT>
@@ -4059,7 +4284,7 @@ namespace Clara {
             }
         };
 
-        typedef CATCH_AUTO_PTR( Arg ) ArgAutoPtr;
+        typedef CLARA_AUTO_PTR( Arg ) ArgAutoPtr;
 
         friend void addOptName( Arg& arg, std::string const& optName )
         {
@@ -4135,8 +4360,8 @@ namespace Clara {
                 m_arg->description = description;
                 return *this;
             }
-            ArgBuilder& detail( std::string const& _detail ) {
-                m_arg->detail = _detail;
+            ArgBuilder& detail( std::string const& detail ) {
+                m_arg->detail = detail;
                 return *this;
             }
 
@@ -4219,14 +4444,14 @@ namespace Clara {
                 maxWidth = (std::max)( maxWidth, it->commands().size() );
 
             for( it = itBegin; it != itEnd; ++it ) {
-                Detail::Text usageText( it->commands(), Detail::TextAttributes()
+                Detail::Text usage( it->commands(), Detail::TextAttributes()
                                                         .setWidth( maxWidth+indent )
                                                         .setIndent( indent ) );
                 Detail::Text desc( it->description, Detail::TextAttributes()
                                                         .setWidth( width - maxWidth - 3 ) );
 
-                for( std::size_t i = 0; i < (std::max)( usageText.size(), desc.size() ); ++i ) {
-                    std::string usageCol = i < usageText.size() ? usageText[i] : "";
+                for( std::size_t i = 0; i < (std::max)( usage.size(), desc.size() ); ++i ) {
+                    std::string usageCol = i < usage.size() ? usage[i] : "";
                     os << usageCol;
 
                     if( i < desc.size() && !desc[i].empty() )
@@ -4283,21 +4508,21 @@ namespace Clara {
             return oss.str();
         }
 
-        ConfigT parse( int argc, char const * const * argv ) const {
+        ConfigT parse( std::vector<std::string> const& args ) const {
             ConfigT config;
-            parseInto( argc, argv, config );
+            parseInto( args, config );
             return config;
         }
 
-        std::vector<Parser::Token> parseInto( int argc, char const * const * argv, ConfigT& config ) const {
-            std::string processName = argv[0];
+        std::vector<Parser::Token> parseInto( std::vector<std::string> const& args, ConfigT& config ) const {
+            std::string processName = args[0];
             std::size_t lastSlash = processName.find_last_of( "/\\" );
             if( lastSlash != std::string::npos )
                 processName = processName.substr( lastSlash+1 );
             m_boundProcessName.set( config, processName );
             std::vector<Parser::Token> tokens;
             Parser parser;
-            parser.parseIntoTokens( argc, argv, tokens );
+            parser.parseIntoTokens( args, tokens );
             return populate( tokens, config );
         }
 
@@ -4328,7 +4553,7 @@ namespace Clara {
                                     arg.boundField.set( config, tokens[++i].data );
                             }
                             else {
-                                arg.boundField.setFlag( config );
+                                arg.boundField.set( config, "true" );
                             }
                             break;
                         }
@@ -4471,6 +4696,21 @@ namespace Catch {
             ? ShowDurations::Always
             : ShowDurations::Never;
     }
+    inline void setUseColour( ConfigData& config, std::string const& value ) {
+        std::string mode = toLower( value );
+
+        if( mode == "yes" )
+            config.useColour = UseColour::Yes;
+        else if( mode == "no" )
+            config.useColour = UseColour::No;
+        else if( mode == "auto" )
+            config.useColour = UseColour::Auto;
+        else
+            throw std::runtime_error( "colour mode must be one of: auto, yes or no" );
+    }
+    inline void forceColour( ConfigData& config ) {
+        config.useColour = UseColour::Yes;
+    }
     inline void loadTestNamesFromFile( ConfigData& config, std::string const& _filename ) {
         std::ifstream f( _filename.c_str() );
         if( !f.is_open() )
@@ -4557,7 +4797,7 @@ namespace Catch {
 
         cli["-d"]["--durations"]
             .describe( "show test durations" )
-            .bind( &setShowDurations, "yes/no" );
+            .bind( &setShowDurations, "yes|no" );
 
         cli["-f"]["--input-file"]
             .describe( "load test names to run from a file" )
@@ -4585,8 +4825,12 @@ namespace Catch {
             .bind( &setRngSeed, "'time'|number" );
 
         cli["--force-colour"]
-            .describe( "force colourised output" )
-            .bind( &ConfigData::forceColour );
+            .describe( "force colourised output (deprecated)" )
+            .bind( &forceColour );
+
+        cli["--use-colour"]
+            .describe( "should output be colourised" )
+            .bind( &setUseColour, "yes|no" );
 
         return cli;
     }
@@ -5017,6 +5261,8 @@ namespace Catch
         bool aborting;
     };
 
+    class MultipleReporters;
+
     struct IStreamingReporter : IShared {
         virtual ~IStreamingReporter();
 
@@ -5044,6 +5290,8 @@ namespace Catch
         virtual void testRunEnded( TestRunStats const& testRunStats ) = 0;
 
         virtual void skipTest( TestCaseInfo const& testInfo ) = 0;
+
+        virtual MultipleReporters* tryAsMulti() { return CATCH_NULL; }
     };
 
     struct IReporterFactory : IShared {
@@ -5261,6 +5509,10 @@ namespace TestCaseTracking {
         virtual void addChild( Ptr<ITracker> const& child ) = 0;
         virtual ITracker* findChild( std::string const& name ) = 0;
         virtual void openChild() = 0;
+
+        // Debug/ checking
+        virtual bool isSectionTracker() const = 0;
+        virtual bool isIndexTracker() const = 0;
     };
 
     class TrackerContext {
@@ -5385,6 +5637,10 @@ namespace TestCaseTracking {
                     m_parent->openChild();
             }
         }
+
+        virtual bool isSectionTracker() const CATCH_OVERRIDE { return false; }
+        virtual bool isIndexTracker() const CATCH_OVERRIDE { return false; }
+
         void open() {
             m_runState = Executing;
             moveToThis();
@@ -5448,13 +5704,16 @@ namespace TestCaseTracking {
         {}
         virtual ~SectionTracker();
 
+        virtual bool isSectionTracker() const CATCH_OVERRIDE { return true; }
+
         static SectionTracker& acquire( TrackerContext& ctx, std::string const& name ) {
             SectionTracker* section = CATCH_NULL;
 
             ITracker& currentTracker = ctx.currentTracker();
             if( ITracker* childTracker = currentTracker.findChild( name ) ) {
-                section = dynamic_cast<SectionTracker*>( childTracker );
-                assert( section );
+                assert( childTracker );
+                assert( childTracker->isSectionTracker() );
+                section = static_cast<SectionTracker*>( childTracker );
             }
             else {
                 section = new SectionTracker( name, ctx, &currentTracker );
@@ -5479,13 +5738,16 @@ namespace TestCaseTracking {
         {}
         virtual ~IndexTracker();
 
+        virtual bool isIndexTracker() const CATCH_OVERRIDE { return true; }
+
         static IndexTracker& acquire( TrackerContext& ctx, std::string const& name, int size ) {
             IndexTracker* tracker = CATCH_NULL;
 
             ITracker& currentTracker = ctx.currentTracker();
             if( ITracker* childTracker = currentTracker.findChild( name ) ) {
-                tracker = dynamic_cast<IndexTracker*>( childTracker );
-                assert( tracker );
+                assert( childTracker );
+                assert( childTracker->isIndexTracker() );
+                tracker = static_cast<IndexTracker*>( childTracker );
             }
             else {
                 tracker = new IndexTracker( name, ctx, &currentTracker, size );
@@ -5692,6 +5954,11 @@ namespace Catch {
             while( getCurrentContext().advanceGeneratorsForCurrentTest() && !aborting() );
 
             Totals deltaTotals = m_totals.delta( prevTotals );
+            if( testInfo.expectedToFail() && deltaTotals.testCases.passed > 0 ) {
+                deltaTotals.assertions.failed++;
+                deltaTotals.testCases.passed--;
+                deltaTotals.testCases.failed++;
+            }
             m_totals.testCases += deltaTotals.testCases;
             m_reporter->testCaseEnded( TestCaseStats(   testInfo,
                                                         deltaTotals,
@@ -6083,10 +6350,10 @@ namespace Catch {
             Catch::cout() << "For more detail usage please see the project docs\n" << std::endl;
         }
 
-        int applyCommandLine( int argc, char const* const argv[], OnUnusedOptions::DoWhat unusedOptionBehaviour = OnUnusedOptions::Fail ) {
+        int applyCommandLine( int argc, char const* const* const argv, OnUnusedOptions::DoWhat unusedOptionBehaviour = OnUnusedOptions::Fail ) {
             try {
                 m_cli.setThrowOnUnrecognisedTokens( unusedOptionBehaviour == OnUnusedOptions::Fail );
-                m_unusedTokens = m_cli.parseInto( argc, argv, m_configData );
+                m_unusedTokens = m_cli.parseInto( Clara::argsToVector( argc, argv ), m_configData );
                 if( m_configData.showHelp )
                     showHelp( m_configData.processName );
                 m_config.reset();
@@ -6110,7 +6377,7 @@ namespace Catch {
             m_config.reset();
         }
 
-        int run( int argc, char const* const argv[] ) {
+        int run( int argc, char const* const* const argv ) {
 
             int returnCode = applyCommandLine( argc, argv );
             if( returnCode == 0 )
@@ -6180,13 +6447,31 @@ namespace Catch {
 #include <iostream>
 #include <algorithm>
 
+#ifdef CATCH_CPP14_OR_GREATER
+#include <random>
+#endif
+
 namespace Catch {
 
-    struct LexSort {
-        bool operator() (TestCase i,TestCase j) const { return (i<j);}
-    };
     struct RandomNumberGenerator {
-        int operator()( int n ) const { return std::rand() % n; }
+        typedef int result_type;
+
+        result_type operator()( result_type n ) const { return std::rand() % n; }
+
+#ifdef CATCH_CPP14_OR_GREATER
+        static constexpr result_type min() { return 0; }
+        static constexpr result_type max() { return 1000000; }
+        result_type operator()() const { return std::rand() % max(); }
+#endif
+        template<typename V>
+        static void shuffle( V& vector ) {
+            RandomNumberGenerator rng;
+#ifdef CATCH_CPP14_OR_GREATER
+            std::shuffle( vector.begin(), vector.end(), rng );
+#else
+            std::random_shuffle( vector.begin(), vector.end(), rng );
+#endif
+        }
     };
 
     inline std::vector<TestCase> sortTests( IConfig const& config, std::vector<TestCase> const& unsortedTestCases ) {
@@ -6195,14 +6480,12 @@ namespace Catch {
 
         switch( config.runOrder() ) {
             case RunTests::InLexicographicalOrder:
-                std::sort( sorted.begin(), sorted.end(), LexSort() );
+                std::sort( sorted.begin(), sorted.end() );
                 break;
             case RunTests::InRandomOrder:
                 {
                     seedRng( config );
-
-                    RandomNumberGenerator rng;
-                    std::random_shuffle( sorted.begin(), sorted.end(), rng );
+                    RandomNumberGenerator::shuffle( sorted );
                 }
                 break;
             case RunTests::InDeclarationOrder:
@@ -6221,13 +6504,15 @@ namespace Catch {
             it != itEnd;
             ++it ) {
             std::pair<std::set<TestCase>::const_iterator, bool> prev = seenFunctions.insert( *it );
-            if( !prev.second ){
-                Catch::cerr()
-                << Colour( Colour::Red )
-                << "error: TEST_CASE( \"" << it->name << "\" ) already defined.\n"
-                << "\tFirst seen at " << prev.first->getTestCaseInfo().lineInfo << "\n"
-                << "\tRedefined at " << it->getTestCaseInfo().lineInfo << std::endl;
-                exit(1);
+            if( !prev.second ) {
+                std::ostringstream ss;
+
+                ss  << Colour( Colour::Red )
+                    << "error: TEST_CASE( \"" << it->name << "\" ) already defined.\n"
+                    << "\tFirst seen at " << prev.first->getTestCaseInfo().lineInfo << "\n"
+                    << "\tRedefined at " << it->getTestCaseInfo().lineInfo << std::endl;
+
+                throw std::runtime_error(ss.str());
             }
         }
     }
@@ -6815,7 +7100,18 @@ namespace {
 
     IColourImpl* platformColourInstance() {
         static Win32ColourImpl s_instance;
-        return &s_instance;
+
+        Ptr<IConfig const> config = getCurrentContext().getConfig();
+        UseColour::YesOrNo colourMode = config
+            ? config->useColour()
+            : UseColour::Auto;
+        if( colourMode == UseColour::Auto )
+            colourMode = !isDebuggerActive()
+                ? UseColour::Yes
+                : UseColour::No;
+        return colourMode == UseColour::Yes
+            ? &s_instance
+            : NoColourImpl::instance();
     }
 
 } // end anon namespace
@@ -6866,7 +7162,14 @@ namespace {
 
     IColourImpl* platformColourInstance() {
         Ptr<IConfig const> config = getCurrentContext().getConfig();
-        return (config && config->forceColour()) || isatty(STDOUT_FILENO)
+        UseColour::YesOrNo colourMode = config
+            ? config->useColour()
+            : UseColour::Auto;
+        if( colourMode == UseColour::Auto )
+            colourMode = (!isDebuggerActive() && isatty(STDOUT_FILENO) )
+                ? UseColour::Yes
+                : UseColour::No;
+        return colourMode == UseColour::Yes
             ? PosixColourImpl::instance()
             : NoColourImpl::instance();
     }
@@ -6891,9 +7194,7 @@ namespace Catch {
     Colour::~Colour(){ if( !m_moved ) use( None ); }
 
     void Colour::use( Code _colourCode ) {
-        static IColourImpl* impl = isDebuggerActive()
-            ? NoColourImpl::instance()
-            : platformColourInstance();
+        static IColourImpl* impl = platformColourInstance();
         impl->use( _colourCode );
     }
 
@@ -7270,7 +7571,7 @@ namespace Catch {
         return os;
     }
 
-    Version libraryVersion( 1, 3, 3, "", 0 );
+    Version libraryVersion( 1, 5, 6, "", 0 );
 
 }
 
@@ -8249,13 +8550,18 @@ public: // IStreamingReporter
                 ++it )
             (*it)->skipTest( testInfo );
     }
+
+    virtual MultipleReporters* tryAsMulti() CATCH_OVERRIDE {
+        return this;
+    }
+
 };
 
 Ptr<IStreamingReporter> addReporter( Ptr<IStreamingReporter> const& existingReporter, Ptr<IStreamingReporter> const& additionalReporter ) {
     Ptr<IStreamingReporter> resultingReporter;
 
     if( existingReporter ) {
-        MultipleReporters* multi = dynamic_cast<MultipleReporters*>( existingReporter.get() );
+        MultipleReporters* multi = existingReporter->tryAsMulti();
         if( !multi ) {
             multi = new MultipleReporters;
             resultingReporter = Ptr<IStreamingReporter>( multi );
@@ -8435,7 +8741,7 @@ namespace Catch {
 
         virtual void assertionStarting( AssertionInfo const& ) CATCH_OVERRIDE {}
 
-        virtual bool assertionEnded( AssertionStats const& assertionStats ) {
+        virtual bool assertionEnded( AssertionStats const& assertionStats ) CATCH_OVERRIDE {
             assert( !m_sectionStack.empty() );
             SectionNode& sectionNode = *m_sectionStack.back();
             sectionNode.assertions.push_back( assertionStats );
@@ -9566,7 +9872,7 @@ namespace Catch {
             if( totals.testCases.total() == 0 ) {
                 stream << Colour( Colour::Warning ) << "No tests ran\n";
             }
-            else if( totals.assertions.total() > 0 && totals.assertions.allPassed() ) {
+            else if( totals.assertions.total() > 0 && totals.testCases.allPassed() ) {
                 stream << Colour( Colour::ResultSuccess ) << "All tests passed";
                 stream << " ("
                         << pluralise( totals.assertions.passed, "assertion" ) << " in "
diff --git a/test/merge/CMakeLists.txt b/test/merge/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e59484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/merge/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+#  CMake Config
+#
+#  Osmium Tool Tests - getid
+#
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function(check_merge1 _name _input1 _output)
+    check_output(merge ${_name} "merge --generator=test -f osm merge/${_input1}" "merge/${_output}")
+endfunction()
+
+function(check_merge2 _name _input1 _input2 _output)
+    check_output(merge ${_name} "merge --generator=test -f osm merge/${_input1} merge/${_input2}" "merge/${_output}")
+endfunction()
+
+function(check_merge3 _name _input1 _input2 _input3 _output)
+    check_output(merge ${_name} "merge --generator=test -f osm merge/${_input1} merge/${_input2} merge/${_input3}" "merge/${_output}")
+endfunction()
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+check_merge1(i1 input1.osm output1.osm)
+check_merge2(i2f input1.osm input2.osm output2.osm)
+check_merge2(i2r input2.osm input1.osm output2.osm)
+check_merge3(i3f input1.osm input2.osm input3.osm output3.osm)
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/test/merge/input1.osm b/test/merge/input1.osm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2afd872
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/merge/input1.osm
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<osm version="0.6" upload="false" generator="testdata">
+  <node id="10" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="1" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="11" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="2" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="13" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="4" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="14" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="5" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="16" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="8" lon="1"/>
+  <way id="20" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <nd ref="10"/>
+    <nd ref="11"/>
+    <nd ref="13"/>
+    <tag k="foo" v="bar"/>
+  </way>
+  <way id="24" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <nd ref="14"/>
+    <nd ref="16"/>
+    <tag k="xyz" v="abc"/>
+  </way>
+  <relation id="31" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <member type="node" ref="13" role="m1"/>
+    <member type="way" ref="20" role="m2"/>
+  </relation>
+</osm>
diff --git a/test/merge/input2.osm b/test/merge/input2.osm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..529dc5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/merge/input2.osm
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<osm version="0.6" upload="false" generator="testdata">
+  <node id="10" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="1" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="12" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="3" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="15" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="6" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="16" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="7" lon="1"/>
+  <way id="21" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <nd ref="10"/>
+    <nd ref="12"/>
+    <nd ref="15"/>
+    <tag k="foo" v="bar"/>
+  </way>
+  <way id="22" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <nd ref="15"/>
+    <nd ref="16"/>
+    <tag k="xyz" v="abc"/>
+  </way>
+  <relation id="30" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <member type="node" ref="12" role="m1"/>
+    <member type="way" ref="21" role="m2"/>
+  </relation>
+</osm>
diff --git a/test/merge/input3.osm b/test/merge/input3.osm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc56f82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/merge/input3.osm
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<osm version="0.6" upload="false" generator="testdata">
+  <node id="17" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="8" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="18" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="9" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="19" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="10" lon="1"/>
+  <way id="23" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <nd ref="17"/>
+    <nd ref="19"/>
+    <nd ref="18"/>
+    <tag k="foo" v="bar"/>
+  </way>
+  <relation id="33" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <member type="node" ref="17" role="m1"/>
+    <member type="way" ref="23" role="m2"/>
+  </relation>
+</osm>
diff --git a/test/merge/output1.osm b/test/merge/output1.osm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5202c77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/merge/output1.osm
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<osm version="0.6" generator="test">
+  <node id="10" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="1" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="11" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="2" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="13" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="4" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="14" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="5" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="16" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="8" lon="1"/>
+  <way id="20" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <nd ref="10"/>
+    <nd ref="11"/>
+    <nd ref="13"/>
+    <tag k="foo" v="bar"/>
+  </way>
+  <way id="24" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <nd ref="14"/>
+    <nd ref="16"/>
+    <tag k="xyz" v="abc"/>
+  </way>
+  <relation id="31" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <member type="node" ref="13" role="m1"/>
+    <member type="way" ref="20" role="m2"/>
+  </relation>
+</osm>
diff --git a/test/merge/output2.osm b/test/merge/output2.osm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7daf85c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/merge/output2.osm
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<osm version="0.6" generator="test">
+  <node id="10" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="1" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="11" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="2" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="12" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="3" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="13" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="4" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="14" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="5" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="15" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="6" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="16" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="7" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="16" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="8" lon="1"/>
+  <way id="20" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <nd ref="10"/>
+    <nd ref="11"/>
+    <nd ref="13"/>
+    <tag k="foo" v="bar"/>
+  </way>
+  <way id="21" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <nd ref="10"/>
+    <nd ref="12"/>
+    <nd ref="15"/>
+    <tag k="foo" v="bar"/>
+  </way>
+  <way id="22" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <nd ref="15"/>
+    <nd ref="16"/>
+    <tag k="xyz" v="abc"/>
+  </way>
+  <way id="24" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <nd ref="14"/>
+    <nd ref="16"/>
+    <tag k="xyz" v="abc"/>
+  </way>
+  <relation id="30" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <member type="node" ref="12" role="m1"/>
+    <member type="way" ref="21" role="m2"/>
+  </relation>
+  <relation id="31" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <member type="node" ref="13" role="m1"/>
+    <member type="way" ref="20" role="m2"/>
+  </relation>
+</osm>
diff --git a/test/merge/output3.osm b/test/merge/output3.osm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d650862
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/merge/output3.osm
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<osm version="0.6" generator="test">
+  <node id="10" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="1" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="11" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="2" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="12" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="3" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="13" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="4" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="14" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="5" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="15" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="6" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="16" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="7" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="16" version="2" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="8" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="17" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="8" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="18" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="9" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="19" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="10" lon="1"/>
+  <way id="20" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <nd ref="10"/>
+    <nd ref="11"/>
+    <nd ref="13"/>
+    <tag k="foo" v="bar"/>
+  </way>
+  <way id="21" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <nd ref="10"/>
+    <nd ref="12"/>
+    <nd ref="15"/>
+    <tag k="foo" v="bar"/>
+  </way>
+  <way id="22" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <nd ref="15"/>
+    <nd ref="16"/>
+    <tag k="xyz" v="abc"/>
+  </way>
+  <way id="23" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <nd ref="17"/>
+    <nd ref="19"/>
+    <nd ref="18"/>
+    <tag k="foo" v="bar"/>
+  </way>
+  <way id="24" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <nd ref="14"/>
+    <nd ref="16"/>
+    <tag k="xyz" v="abc"/>
+  </way>
+  <relation id="30" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <member type="node" ref="12" role="m1"/>
+    <member type="way" ref="21" role="m2"/>
+  </relation>
+  <relation id="31" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <member type="node" ref="13" role="m1"/>
+    <member type="way" ref="20" role="m2"/>
+  </relation>
+  <relation id="33" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <member type="node" ref="17" role="m1"/>
+    <member type="way" ref="23" role="m2"/>
+  </relation>
+</osm>
diff --git a/test/misc/CMakeLists.txt b/test/misc/CMakeLists.txt
index 592c7c6..2d87bd2 100644
--- a/test/misc/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/test/misc/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 #
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-do_test(version1 "osmium --version" "^osmium version ${OSMIUM_VERSION}\n")
-do_test(version2 "osmium version"   "^osmium version ${OSMIUM_VERSION}\n")
+do_test(version1 "osmium --version" "^osmium version ${OSMIUM_VERSION}")
+do_test(version2 "osmium version"   "^osmium version ${OSMIUM_VERSION}")
 
 do_test(unknown_command "osmium x" "^Unknown command or option 'x'. Try 'osmium help'.\n")
 
diff --git a/test/renumber/CMakeLists.txt b/test/renumber/CMakeLists.txt
index 4d639c0..4285155 100644
--- a/test/renumber/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/test/renumber/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ function(check_renumber _name _input _output)
     check_output(renumber ${_name} "renumber --generator=test -f osm renumber/${_input}" "renumber/${_output}")
 endfunction()
 
+function(check_renumber_nodes _name _input _output)
+    check_output(renumber ${_name} "renumber --generator=test -t node -f osm renumber/${_input}" "renumber/${_output}")
+endfunction()
+
 function(check_renumber2 _name _in1 _in2 _out)
     set(_idxdir "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/test/renumber/index")
     if(WIN32)
@@ -25,6 +29,7 @@ function(check_renumber2 _name _in1 _in2 _out)
 endfunction()
 
 check_renumber(sorted input-sorted.osm output-sorted.osm)
+check_renumber_nodes(nodes-sorted input-sorted.osm output-sorted-n.osm)
 
 check_renumber2(change input-sorted.osm input-change.osc output-change.osc)
 
diff --git a/test/renumber/output-sorted-n.osm b/test/renumber/output-sorted-n.osm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47c6107
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/renumber/output-sorted-n.osm
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<osm version="0.6" upload="false" generator="test">
+  <node id="1" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="1" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="2" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="2" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="3" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="3" lon="1"/>
+  <node id="4" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1" lat="4" lon="1"/>
+  <way id="20" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <nd ref="1"/>
+    <nd ref="2"/>
+    <nd ref="3"/>
+    <tag k="foo" v="bar"/>
+  </way>
+  <way id="21" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <nd ref="3"/>
+    <nd ref="4"/>
+    <tag k="xyz" v="abc"/>
+  </way>
+  <relation id="30" version="1" timestamp="2015-01-01T01:00:00Z" uid="1" user="test" changeset="1">
+    <member type="node" ref="3" role="m1"/>
+    <member type="node" ref="5" role="s1"/>
+    <member type="way" ref="20" role="m2"/>
+  </relation>
+</osm>
diff --git a/test/time-filter/test_setup.cpp b/test/time-filter/test_setup.cpp
index 1ca7712..745af08 100644
--- a/test/time-filter/test_setup.cpp
+++ b/test/time-filter/test_setup.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 
-#include "test.hpp"
+#include "test.hpp" // IWYU pragma: keep
 
 #include "command_time_filter.hpp"
 
diff --git a/test/unit_tests.cpp b/test/unit_tests.cpp
index ef9c296..619777e 100644
--- a/test/unit_tests.cpp
+++ b/test/unit_tests.cpp
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 #define CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN
-#include "test.hpp"
+#include "catch.hpp" // IWYU pragma: keep
diff --git a/zsh_completion/_osmium b/zsh_completion/_osmium
index 5a97207..5d37301 100644
--- a/zsh_completion/_osmium
+++ b/zsh_completion/_osmium
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ osmium_file_glob="'*.(osm|osh|osc|o5m|o5c|pbf|osm.pbf) *.(osm|osh|osc|o5m|o5c).(
 
 _osmium() {
     local -a osmium_commands
-    osmium_commands=(add-locations-to-ways apply-changes cat changeset-filter check-refs fileinfo getid help merge-changes renumber show sort time-filter)
+    osmium_commands=(add-locations-to-ways apply-changes cat diff changeset-filter check-refs derive-changes fileinfo getid help merge merge-changes renumber show sort time-filter)
     if (( CURRENT > 2 )); then
         # Remember the subcommand name
         local cmd=${words[2]}
@@ -41,14 +41,14 @@ _osmium-common-options() {
 }
 
 _osmium-single-input-options() {
-    echo '(--input-format)-F[format of input OSM file]:OSM file format:_osmium_file_formats'
-    echo '(-F)--input-format[format of input OSM file]:OSM file format:_osmium_file_formats'
+    echo '(--input-format)-F[format of input OSM file]:OSM file format:_osmium_input_file_formats'
+    echo '(-F)--input-format[format of input OSM file]:OSM file format:_osmium_input_file_formats'
     echo "1:input OSM files:_files -g ${osmium_file_glob}"
 }
 
 _osmium-multiple-inputs-options() {
-    echo '(--input-format)-F[format of input OSM files]:OSM file format:_osmium_file_formats'
-    echo '(-F)--input-format[format of input OSM files]:OSM file format:_osmium_file_formats'
+    echo '(--input-format)-F[format of input OSM files]:OSM file format:_osmium_input_file_formats'
+    echo '(-F)--input-format[format of input OSM files]:OSM file format:_osmium_input_file_formats'
     echo "*:input OSM files:_files -g ${osmium_file_glob}"
 }
 
@@ -56,49 +56,62 @@ _osmium-output-options() {
     echo '--generator[generator setting for output file header]:generator:'
     echo "(--output)-o[output file name]:output OSM file:_files -g ${osmium_file_glob}"
     echo "(-o)--output[output file name]:output OSM file:_files -g ${osmium_file_glob}"
-    echo '(--output-format)-f[format of output OSM file]:OSM file format:_osmium_file_formats'
-    echo '(-f)--output-format[format of output OSM file]:OSM file format:_osmium_file_formats'
     echo '(--overwrite)-O[allow overwriting of existing output file]'
     echo '(-O)--overwrite[allow overwriting of existing output file]'
 }
 
+_osmium-output-format-options() {
+    echo '(--output-format)-f[format of output OSM file]:OSM file format:_osmium_output_file_formats'
+    echo '(-f)--output-format[format of output OSM file]:OSM file format:_osmium_output_file_formats'
+}
+
+_osmium-diff-output-format-options() {
+    echo '(--output-format)-f[format of output file]:OSM file format:_osmium_diff_file_formats'
+    echo '(-f)--output-format[format of output file]:OSM file format:_osmium_diff_file_formats'
+}
+
 _osmium-add-locations-to-ways() {
     _arguments : \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-common-options)"} \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-multiple-inputs-options)"} \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-format-options)"} \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-options)"} \
         '(--index-type -I --show-index-types)-i[set index type]:index_types:_osmium_index_types' \
         '(-i -I --show-index-types)--index-type[set index type]:index_types:_osmium_index_types' \
         '(--show-index-types -i --index-type -n --keep-untagged-nodes)-I[show available index types]' \
         '(-I -i --index-type -n --keep-untagged-nodes)--show-index-types[show available index types]' \
         '(--keep-untagged-nodes -I --show-index-types)-n[keep untagged nodes in output]' \
-        '(-n -I --show-index-types)--keep-untagged-nodes[keep untagged nodes in output]'
+        '(-n -I --show-index-types)--keep-untagged-nodes[keep untagged nodes in output]' \
+        '(--progress)--no-progress[disable progress bar]' \
+        '(--no-progress)--progress[enable progress bar]'
 }
 
 _osmium-apply-changes() {
     _arguments : \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-common-options)"} \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-multiple-inputs-options)"} \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-format-options)"} \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-options)"} \
-        '(--remove-deleted)-r[remove deleted objects]' \
-        '(-r)--remove-deleted[remove deleted objects]' \
-        '(--simplify)-s[only write last version of any object]' \
-        '(-s)--simplify[only write last version of any object]'
+        '--with-history[update OSM history file]'
 }
 
 _osmium-cat() {
     _arguments : \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-common-options)"} \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-multiple-inputs-options)"} \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-format-options)"} \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-options)"} \
-        '*-t[read only object of given output types]:OSM entity type:_osmium_entity_type' \
-        '*--object-type[read only object of given output types]:OSM entity type:_osmium_entity_type'
+        '*-t[read only objects of given output types]:OSM entity type:_osmium_entity_type' \
+        '*--object-type[read only objects of given output types]:OSM entity type:_osmium_entity_type' \
+        '(--progress)--no-progress[disable progress bar]' \
+        '(--no-progress)--progress[enable progress bar]'
 }
 
 _osmium-changeset-filter() {
     _arguments : \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-common-options)"} \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-single-input-options)"} \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-format-options)"} \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-options)"} \
         '(--with-discussions)-d[changesets with discussions]' \
         '(-d)--with-discussions[changesets with discussions]' \
@@ -117,7 +130,9 @@ _osmium-changeset-filter() {
         '-a[changesets closed after]:timestamp:' \
         '--after[changesets closed after]:timestamp:' \
         '-b[changesets opened before]:timestamp:' \
-        '--before[changesets opened before]:timestamp:'
+        '--before[changesets opened before]:timestamp:' \
+        '(--progress)--no-progress[disable progress bar]' \
+        '(--no-progress)--progress[enable progress bar]'
 }
 
 _osmium-check-refs() {
@@ -127,7 +142,36 @@ _osmium-check-refs() {
         '(--show-ids)-i[show ids of missing objects]' \
         '(-i)--show-ids[show ids of missing objects]' \
         '(--check-relations)-r[also check referential integrity of relations]' \
-        '(-r)--check-relations[also check referential integrity of relations]'
+        '(-r)--check-relations[also check referential integrity of relations]' \
+        '(--progress)--no-progress[disable progress bar]' \
+        '(--no-progress)--progress[enable progress bar]'
+}
+
+_osmium-derive-changes() {
+    _arguments : \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-common-options)"} \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-multiple-inputs-options)"} \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-format-options)"} \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-options)"} \
+        '--increment-version[increment version of deleted objects]' \
+        '--keep-details[keep details of deleted objects]' \
+        '--update-timestamp[update timestamp of deleted objects]'
+}
+
+_osmium-diff() {
+    _arguments : \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-common-options)"} \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-multiple-inputs-options)"} \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-diff-output-format-options)"} \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-options)"} \
+        '(--quiet)-q[report only when files differ]' \
+        '(-q)--quiet[report only when files differ]' \
+        '(--suppress-common)-c[suppress common objects]' \
+        '(-c)--suppress-common[suppress common objects]' \
+        '(--summary)-s[Show summary on STDERR]' \
+        '(-s)--summary[Show summary on STDERR]' \
+        '*-t[read only objects of given output types]:OSM entity type:_osmium_object_type' \
+        '*--object-type[read only objects of given output types]:OSM entity type:_osmium_object_type'
 }
 
 _osmium-fileinfo() {
@@ -141,30 +185,44 @@ _osmium-fileinfo() {
         '(--get -g --json)-j[output variables in JSON format]' \
         '(--get -g -j)--json[output variables in JSON format]' \
         '(--get -g --json -j --extended -e --show-variables)-G[show a list of all variable names]' \
-        '(--get -g --json -j --extended -e -G)--show-variables[show a list of all variable names]'
+        '(--get -g --json -j --extended -e -G)--show-variables[show a list of all variable names]' \
+        '(--progress)--no-progress[disable progress bar]' \
+        '(--no-progress)--progress[enable progress bar]'
 }
 
 _osmium-getid() {
     _arguments : \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-common-options)"} \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-single-input-options)"} \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-format-options)"} \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-options)"} \
         '--default-type[default item type]' \
-        '(--id-file)-i[read OSM IDs from text file]' \
-        '(-i)--id-file[read OSM IDs from text file]' \
-        '(--id-osm-file)-I[read OSM IDs from OSM file]' \
-        '(-I)--id-osm-file[read OSM IDs from OSM file]' \
+        'i[read OSM IDs from text file]' \
+        '--id-file[read OSM IDs from text file]' \
+        '-I[read OSM IDs from OSM file]' \
+        '--id-osm-file[read OSM IDs from OSM file]' \
         '(--add-referenced)-r[recursively add referenced objects]' \
         '(-r)--add-referenced[recursively add referenced objects]' \
         '(--with-history)-H[make it work with history files]' \
         '(-H)--with-history[make it work with history files]' \
+        '(--progress)--no-progress[disable progress bar]' \
+        '(--no-progress)--progress[enable progress bar]'
         "*:IDs (format\: [nwr]ID):"
 }
 
+_osmium-merge() {
+    _arguments : \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-common-options)"} \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-multiple-inputs-options)"} \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-format-options)"} \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-options)"}
+}
+
 _osmium-merge-changes() {
     _arguments : \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-common-options)"} \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-multiple-inputs-options)"} \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-format-options)"} \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-options)"} \
         '(--simplify)-s[only write last version of any object]' \
         '(-s)--simplify[only write last version of any object]'
@@ -174,17 +232,22 @@ _osmium-renumber() {
     _arguments : \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-common-options)"} \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-single-input-options)"} \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-format-options)"} \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-options)"} \
         '(--index-directory)-i[read/write index files in this directory]:directory:_path_files -/' \
-        '(-i)--index-directory[read/write index files in this directory]:directory:_path_files -/'
+        '(-i)--index-directory[read/write index files in this directory]:directory:_path_files -/' \
+        '(--progress)--no-progress[disable progress bar]' \
+        '(--no-progress)--progress[enable progress bar]'
+        '*-t[renumber only objects of given output types]:OSM entity type:_osmium_object_type' \
+        '*--object-type[renumber only objects of given output types]:OSM entity type:_osmium_object_type'
 }
 
 _osmium-show() {
     _arguments : \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-common-options)"} \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-single-input-options)"} \
-        '(--output-format --format-debug -d --format-opl -o --format-xml -x)-f[format of output OSM file]:OSM file format:_osmium_file_formats' \
-        '(-f --format-debug -d --format-opl -o --format-xml -x)--output-format[format of output OSM file]:OSM file format:_osmium_file_formats' \
+        '(--output-format --format-debug -d --format-opl -o --format-xml -x)-f[format of output OSM file]:OSM file format:_osmium_output_file_formats' \
+        '(-f --format-debug -d --format-opl -o --format-xml -x)--output-format[format of output OSM file]:OSM file format:_osmium_output_file_formats' \
         '(--output-format -f -d --format-opl -o --format-xml -x)--format-debug[set format of output OSM file to debug]' \
         '(--output-format -f --format-debug --format-opl -o --format-xml -x)-d[set format of output OSM file to debug]' \
         '(--output-format -f --format-debug -d -o --format-xml -x)--format-opl[set format of output OSM file to OPL]' \
@@ -192,14 +255,15 @@ _osmium-show() {
         '(--output-format -f --format-debug -d --format-opl -o -x)--format-xml[set format of output OSM file to XML]' \
         '(--output-format -f --format-debug -d --format-opl -o --format-xml)-x[set format of output OSM file to XML]' \
         '--no-pager[disable pager]' \
-        '*-t[read only object of given output types]:OSM entity type:_osmium_entity_type' \
-        '*--object-type[read only object of given output types]:OSM entity type:_osmium_entity_type'
+        '*-t[read only objects of given output types]:OSM entity type:_osmium_entity_type' \
+        '*--object-type[read only objects of given output types]:OSM entity type:_osmium_entity_type'
 }
 
 _osmium-sort() {
     _arguments : \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-common-options)"} \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-multiple-inputs-options)"} \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-format-options)"} \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-options)"}
 }
 
@@ -207,13 +271,14 @@ _osmium-time-filter() {
     _arguments : \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-common-options)"} \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-single-input-options)"} \
+        ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-format-options)"} \
         ${(f)"$(_osmium-output-options)"} \
         "2::start time (format\: yyyy-mm-ddThh\:mm\:ssZ):" \
         "3::end time (format\: yyyy-mm-ddThh\:mm\:ssZ):"
 }
 
-_osmium_file_formats() {
-    _values 'OSM file formats' \
+_osmium_input_file_formats() {
+    _values 'OSM input file formats' \
         'osm[XML data format]' \
         'osm.gz[XML data format (compressed with gzip)]' \
         'osm.bz2[XML data format (compressed with bzip2)]' \
@@ -223,9 +288,46 @@ _osmium_file_formats() {
         'osc[XML change format]' \
         'osc.gz[XML change format (compressed with gzip)]' \
         'osc.bz2[XML change format (compressed with bzip2)]' \
+        'o5m[o5m data format]' \
+        'o5c[o5c change format]' \
         'pbf[PBF format]'
 }
 
+_osmium_output_file_formats() {
+    _values 'OSM output file formats' \
+        'debug[Debug data format]' \
+        'debug.gz[Debug data format (compressed with gzip)]' \
+        'debug.bz2[Debug data format (compressed with bzip2)]' \
+        'opl[OPL data format]' \
+        'opl.gz[OPL data format (compressed with gzip)]' \
+        'opl.bz2[OPL data format (compressed with bzip2)]' \
+        'osm[XML data format]' \
+        'osm.gz[XML data format (compressed with gzip)]' \
+        'osm.bz2[XML data format (compressed with bzip2)]' \
+        'osh[XML history format]' \
+        'osh.gz[XML history format (compressed with gzip)]' \
+        'osh.bz2[XML history format (compressed with bzip2)]' \
+        'osc[XML change format]' \
+        'osc.gz[XML change format (compressed with gzip)]' \
+        'osc.bz2[XML change format (compressed with bzip2)]' \
+        'pbf[PBF format]'
+}
+
+_osmium_diff_file_formats() {
+    _values 'Diff file formats' \
+        'opl[One object per line]' \
+        'debug[Debug format]' \
+        'debug,color[Debug format with color]' \
+        'compact[Compact format]'
+}
+
+_osmium_object_type() {
+    _values 'OSM object type' \
+        'node' \
+        'way' \
+        'relation'
+}
+
 _osmium_entity_type() {
     _values 'OSM entity type' \
         'node' \
@@ -244,7 +346,7 @@ _osmium_index_types() {
 
 _osmium-help() {
     local -a osmium_help_topics
-    osmium_help_topics=(add-locations-to-ways apply-changes cat changeset-filter check-refs fileinfo getid help merge-changes renumber show sort time-filter file-formats)
+    osmium_help_topics=(add-locations-to-ways apply-changes cat diff changeset-filter check-refs derive-changes fileinfo getid help merge merge-changes renumber show sort time-filter file-formats)
     _describe -t osmium-help-topics 'osmium help topics' osmium_help_topics
 }
 

-- 
Alioth's /usr/local/bin/git-commit-notice on /srv/git.debian.org/git/pkg-grass/osmium-tool.git



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