[jruby-joni] 58/279: Imported Upstream version 1.1.3

Hideki Yamane henrich at moszumanska.debian.org
Mon Nov 16 11:26:45 UTC 2015


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henrich pushed a commit to branch debian/sid
in repository jruby-joni.

commit fe86a384b8c781f0f030a22b9c37b9f75be1c1ba
Author: Torsten Werner <twerner at debian.org>
Date:   Sat Jul 31 18:51:30 2010 +0200

    Imported Upstream version 1.1.3
---
 MANIFEST.MF                                   |    2 +
 build.xml                                     |   39 +
 pom.xml                                       |  131 ++
 src/org/joni/Analyser.java                    | 2209 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/org/joni/ApplyCaseFold.java               |   99 ++
 src/org/joni/ApplyCaseFoldArg.java            |   35 +
 src/org/joni/ArrayCompiler.java               | 1237 ++++++++++++++
 src/org/joni/AsmCompiler.java                 |  109 ++
 src/org/joni/AsmCompilerSupport.java          |  267 +++
 src/org/joni/BitSet.java                      |  115 ++
 src/org/joni/BitStatus.java                   |   55 +
 src/org/joni/ByteCodeMachine.java             | 1665 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/org/joni/ByteCodePrinter.java             |  360 ++++
 src/org/joni/CaptureTreeNode.java             |   74 +
 src/org/joni/CodeRangeBuffer.java             |  380 +++++
 src/org/joni/Compiler.java                    |  190 +++
 src/org/joni/Config.java                      |   87 +
 src/org/joni/Lexer.java                       | 1385 ++++++++++++++++
 src/org/joni/Matcher.java                     |  574 +++++++
 src/org/joni/MatcherFactory.java              |   31 +
 src/org/joni/MinMaxLen.java                   |  139 ++
 src/org/joni/NameEntry.java                   |   97 ++
 src/org/joni/NativeMachine.java               |   27 +
 src/org/joni/NodeOptInfo.java                 |  127 ++
 src/org/joni/OptAnchorInfo.java               |   92 +
 src/org/joni/OptEnvironment.java              |   39 +
 src/org/joni/OptExactInfo.java                |  171 ++
 src/org/joni/OptMapInfo.java                  |  129 ++
 src/org/joni/Option.java                      |  122 ++
 src/org/joni/Parser.java                      | 1028 ++++++++++++
 src/org/joni/Regex.java                       |  430 +++++
 src/org/joni/Region.java                      |   66 +
 src/org/joni/ScanEnvironment.java             |  140 ++
 src/org/joni/ScannerSupport.java              |  179 ++
 src/org/joni/SearchAlgorithm.java             |  528 ++++++
 src/org/joni/StackEntry.java                  |  164 ++
 src/org/joni/StackMachine.java                |  621 +++++++
 src/org/joni/Syntax.java                      |  606 +++++++
 src/org/joni/Token.java                       |  172 ++
 src/org/joni/UnsetAddrList.java               |   69 +
 src/org/joni/WarnCallback.java                |   32 +
 src/org/joni/ast/AnchorNode.java              |   92 +
 src/org/joni/ast/AnyCharNode.java             |   40 +
 src/org/joni/ast/BackRefNode.java             |   98 ++
 src/org/joni/ast/CClassNode.java              |  531 ++++++
 src/org/joni/ast/CTypeNode.java               |   50 +
 src/org/joni/ast/CallNode.java                |   86 +
 src/org/joni/ast/ConsAltNode.java             |  154 ++
 src/org/joni/ast/EncloseNode.java             |  151 ++
 src/org/joni/ast/Node.java                    |  136 ++
 src/org/joni/ast/QuantifierNode.java          |  272 +++
 src/org/joni/ast/StateNode.java               |  232 +++
 src/org/joni/ast/StringNode.java              |  209 +++
 src/org/joni/bench/AbstractBench.java         |   50 +
 src/org/joni/bench/BenchGreedyBacktrack.java  |    7 +
 src/org/joni/bench/BenchRailsRegs.java        |   31 +
 src/org/joni/bench/BenchSeveralRegexps.java   |   17 +
 src/org/joni/constants/AnchorType.java        |   58 +
 src/org/joni/constants/Arguments.java         |   31 +
 src/org/joni/constants/AsmConstants.java      |   49 +
 src/org/joni/constants/CCSTATE.java           |   27 +
 src/org/joni/constants/CCVALTYPE.java         |   26 +
 src/org/joni/constants/EncloseType.java       |   29 +
 src/org/joni/constants/MetaChar.java          |   31 +
 src/org/joni/constants/NodeStatus.java        |   39 +
 src/org/joni/constants/NodeType.java          |   66 +
 src/org/joni/constants/OPCode.java            |  387 +++++
 src/org/joni/constants/OPSize.java            |   75 +
 src/org/joni/constants/Reduce.java            |   60 +
 src/org/joni/constants/RegexState.java        |   28 +
 src/org/joni/constants/StackPopLevel.java     |   27 +
 src/org/joni/constants/StackType.java         |   51 +
 src/org/joni/constants/StringType.java        |   27 +
 src/org/joni/constants/SyntaxProperties.java  |  124 ++
 src/org/joni/constants/TargetInfo.java        |   27 +
 src/org/joni/constants/TokenType.java         |   48 +
 src/org/joni/constants/Traverse.java          |   26 +
 src/org/joni/exception/ErrorMessages.java     |   92 +
 src/org/joni/exception/InternalException.java |   28 +
 src/org/joni/exception/JOniException.java     |   28 +
 src/org/joni/exception/SyntaxException.java   |   28 +
 src/org/joni/exception/ValueException.java    |   37 +
 test/org/joni/test/Test.java                  |  194 +++
 test/org/joni/test/TestA.java                 |  481 ++++++
 test/org/joni/test/TestC.java                 |  736 ++++++++
 test/org/joni/test/TestCornerCases.java       |   62 +
 test/org/joni/test/TestCrnl.java              |   86 +
 test/org/joni/test/TestJoni.java              |   37 +
 test/org/joni/test/TestU.java                 |  770 +++++++++
 89 files changed, 19993 insertions(+)

diff --git a/MANIFEST.MF b/MANIFEST.MF
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae40ba2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MANIFEST.MF
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Implementation-Title: Joni (java port of Oniguruma)
+Implementation-Version: 1.1.1
diff --git a/build.xml b/build.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..04a54ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" ?>
+<project name="Joni" default="build">
+
+    <property name="src.dir" value="src" />
+    <property name="bin.dir" value="target/classes" />
+    <property name="dist.dir" value="target" />
+    <property name="jar.name" value="joni.jar" />
+
+    <target name="clean">
+        <delete dir="${bin.dir}" />
+        <delete dir="${dist.dir}" />
+
+    </target>
+
+    <target name="compile">
+        <mkdir dir="${bin.dir}" />
+        <javac srcdir="${src.dir}" destdir="${bin.dir}"/>
+    </target>
+    
+    <target name="build" depends="compile">
+        <mkdir dir="${dist.dir}" />
+
+        <tstamp>
+            <format property="buildDate" pattern="yyyy-MM-dd" />
+            <format property="buildTime" pattern="HH:mm:ss" />
+        </tstamp>
+
+        <jar destfile="${dist.dir}/${jar.name}" manifest="MANIFEST.MF">
+            <fileset dir="${bin.dir}" />
+
+            <manifest>
+                <attribute name="Built-By" value="${user.name}" />
+                <attribute name="Built-Date" value="${buildDate}" />
+                <attribute name="Built-Time" value="${buildTime}" />
+            </manifest>
+        </jar>
+
+    </target>
+</project>
diff --git a/pom.xml b/pom.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..606f9d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pom.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" ?>
+<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+  xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
+  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+  <groupId>org.jruby.joni</groupId>
+  <artifactId>joni</artifactId>
+  <packaging>jar</packaging>
+  <version>1.1.3</version>
+  <name>Joni</name>
+  <description>
+    Java port of Oniguruma: http://www.geocities.jp/kosako3/oniguruma
+    that uses byte arrays directly instead of java Strings and chars
+  </description>
+
+  <issueManagement>
+    <system>JIRA</system>
+    <url>http://jira.codehaus.org/browse/JRUBY</url>
+  </issueManagement>
+
+  <scm>
+    <connection>scm:svn:http://svn.codehaus.org/jruby</connection>
+    <developerConnection>scm:svn:https://svn.codehaus.org/jruby</developerConnection>
+    <url>http://svn.codehaus.org/jruby</url>
+  </scm>
+
+  <licenses>
+    <license>
+      <name>MIT License</name>
+      <url>http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php</url>
+      <distribution>repo</distribution>
+    </license>
+  </licenses>
+
+  <distributionManagement>
+    <repository>
+      <id>codehaus-jruby-repository</id>
+      <name>JRuby Central Repository</name>
+      <url>dav:https://dav.codehaus.org/repository/jruby</url>
+    </repository>
+    <snapshotRepository>
+      <id>codehaus-jruby-snapshot-repository</id>
+      <name>JRuby Central Development Repository</name>
+      <url>dav:https://dav.codehaus.org/snapshots.repository/jruby</url>
+    </snapshotRepository>
+    <site>
+      <id>codehaus-jruby-site</id>
+      <name>JRuby Maven site</name>
+      <url>dav:https://dav.codehaus.org/jruby/info</url>
+    </site>
+  </distributionManagement>
+
+  <repositories>
+    <repository>
+      <id>codehaus</id>
+      <name>Codehaus Repository</name>
+      <releases>
+        <enabled>true</enabled>
+      </releases>
+      <snapshots>
+        <enabled>false</enabled>
+      </snapshots>
+      <url>http://repository.codehaus.org</url>
+    </repository>
+  </repositories>
+
+  <developers>
+    <developer>
+      <id>lopex</id>
+      <name>Marcin Mielzynski</name>
+      <email>lopx at gazeta.pl</email>
+    </developer>
+  </developers>
+
+  <dependencies>
+    <dependency>
+       <groupId>org.jruby.jcodings</groupId>
+       <artifactId>jcodings</artifactId>
+       <version>1.0.2</version>
+    </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>junit</groupId>
+      <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
+      <version>3.8.1</version>
+      <scope>test</scope>
+    </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>asm</groupId>
+      <artifactId>asm</artifactId>
+      <version>3.0</version>
+      <scope>provided</scope>
+    </dependency>
+  </dependencies>
+
+  <build>
+    <sourceDirectory>src</sourceDirectory>
+    <testSourceDirectory>test</testSourceDirectory>
+    <finalName>joni</finalName>
+    <extensions>
+      <extension>
+        <groupId>org.apache.maven.wagon</groupId>
+        <artifactId>wagon-webdav</artifactId>
+      </extension>
+    </extensions>
+    <plugins>
+      <plugin>
+        <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
+        <configuration>
+          <source>1.5</source>
+          <target>1.5</target>
+        </configuration>
+      </plugin>
+      <plugin>
+        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+        <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
+        <configuration>
+          <includes>
+            <include>**/TestJoni.java</include>
+          </includes>
+        </configuration>
+      </plugin>
+      <plugin>
+        <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
+        <configuration>
+          <archive>
+            <manifestFile>MANIFEST.MF</manifestFile>
+          </archive>
+        </configuration>
+      </plugin>
+    </plugins>
+  </build>
+</project>
diff --git a/src/org/joni/Analyser.java b/src/org/joni/Analyser.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cce91ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/Analyser.java
@@ -0,0 +1,2209 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import static org.joni.BitStatus.bsAll;
+import static org.joni.BitStatus.bsAt;
+import static org.joni.BitStatus.bsClear;
+import static org.joni.BitStatus.bsOnAt;
+import static org.joni.BitStatus.bsOnAtSimple;
+import static org.joni.Option.isCaptureGroup;
+import static org.joni.Option.isFindCondition;
+import static org.joni.Option.isIgnoreCase;
+import static org.joni.Option.isMultiline;
+import static org.joni.ast.ConsAltNode.newAltNode;
+import static org.joni.ast.ConsAltNode.newListNode;
+import static org.joni.ast.QuantifierNode.isRepeatInfinite;
+
+import java.util.HashSet;
+
+import org.jcodings.CaseFoldCodeItem;
+import org.jcodings.constants.CharacterType;
+import org.joni.ast.AnchorNode;
+import org.joni.ast.BackRefNode;
+import org.joni.ast.CClassNode;
+import org.joni.ast.CTypeNode;
+import org.joni.ast.CallNode;
+import org.joni.ast.ConsAltNode;
+import org.joni.ast.EncloseNode;
+import org.joni.ast.Node;
+import org.joni.ast.QuantifierNode;
+import org.joni.ast.StringNode;
+import org.joni.constants.AnchorType;
+import org.joni.constants.EncloseType;
+import org.joni.constants.NodeType;
+import org.joni.constants.RegexState;
+import org.joni.constants.StackPopLevel;
+import org.joni.constants.TargetInfo;
+
+final class Analyser extends Parser {
+    
+    protected Analyser(ScanEnvironment env, byte[]bytes, int p, int end) {
+        super(env, bytes, p, end);
+    }
+    
+    protected final void compile() {
+        regex.state = RegexState.COMPILING;
+        
+        if (Config.DEBUG) {
+            Config.log.println(regex.encStringToString(bytes, getBegin(), getEnd()));
+        }
+        
+        reset();
+
+        regex.numMem = 0;
+        regex.numRepeat = 0;
+        regex.numNullCheck = 0;
+        //regex.repeatRangeAlloc = 0;
+        regex.repeatRangeLo = null;
+        regex.repeatRangeHi = null;        
+        regex.numCombExpCheck = 0;
+
+        if (Config.USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK) regex.numCombExpCheck = 0;
+
+        parse();
+
+        if (Config.USE_NAMED_GROUP) {
+            /* mixed use named group and no-named group */
+            if (env.numNamed > 0 && syntax.captureOnlyNamedGroup() && !isCaptureGroup(regex.options)) {
+                if (env.numNamed != env.numMem) {                    
+                    root = disableNoNameGroupCapture(root);
+                } else {
+                    numberedRefCheck(root);
+                }
+            }
+        } // USE_NAMED_GROUP
+       
+        if (Config.USE_NAMED_GROUP) {
+            if (env.numCall > 0) {
+                env.unsetAddrList = new UnsetAddrList(env.numCall);
+                setupSubExpCall(root);
+                // r != 0 ???                
+                subexpRecursiveCheckTrav(root);
+                // r < 0 -< err, FOUND_CALLED_NODE = 1
+                subexpInfRecursiveCheckTrav(root);
+                // r != 0  recursion infinite ???
+                regex.numCall = env.numCall;
+            } else {
+                regex.numCall = 0;
+            }
+        } // USE_NAMED_GROUP
+        
+        setupTree(root, 0);        
+        if (Config.DEBUG_PARSE_TREE) {
+            root.verifyTree(new HashSet<Node>(),env.reg.warnings);
+            Config.log.println(root + "\n");
+        }
+        
+        regex.captureHistory = env.captureHistory;
+        regex.btMemStart = env.btMemStart;
+        regex.btMemEnd = env.btMemEnd;
+        
+        if (isFindCondition(regex.options)) {
+            regex.btMemEnd = bsAll();
+        } else {
+            regex.btMemEnd = env.btMemEnd;
+            regex.btMemEnd |= regex.captureHistory;
+        }
+        
+        if (Config.USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK) {
+            if (env.backrefedMem == 0 || (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL && env.numCall == 0)) {                
+                setupCombExpCheck(root, 0);
+                
+                if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL && env.hasRecursion) {
+                    env.numCombExpCheck = 0;
+                } else { // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+                    if (env.combExpMaxRegNum > 0) {
+                        for (int i=1; i<env.combExpMaxRegNum; i++) {
+                            if (bsAt(env.backrefedMem, i)) {
+                                env.numCombExpCheck = 0;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                
+            } // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+            regex.numCombExpCheck = env.numCombExpCheck;
+        } // USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK
+        
+        regex.clearOptimizeInfo();
+        
+        if (!Config.DONT_OPTIMIZE) setOptimizedInfoFromTree(root);
+
+        env.memNodes = null;
+        
+        if (regex.numRepeat != 0 || regex.btMemEnd != 0) {
+            regex.stackPopLevel = StackPopLevel.ALL;
+        } else {
+            if (regex.btMemStart != 0) {
+                regex.stackPopLevel = StackPopLevel.MEM_START;
+            } else {
+                regex.stackPopLevel = StackPopLevel.FREE;
+            }
+        }
+
+        new ArrayCompiler(this).compile();
+        //new AsmCompiler(this).compile();
+
+        if (Config.DEBUG_COMPILE) {
+            if (Config.USE_NAMED_GROUP) Config.log.print(regex.nameTableToString());
+            Config.log.println("stack used: " + regex.stackNeeded);
+            Config.log.println(new ByteCodePrinter(regex).byteCodeListToString());
+        } // DEBUG_COMPILE
+        
+        regex.state = RegexState.NORMAL;
+    }
+    
+    private Node noNameDisableMap(Node node, int[]map, int[]counter) {
+        
+        switch (node.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.LIST:
+        case NodeType.ALT:
+            ConsAltNode can = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                can.setCar(noNameDisableMap(can.car, map, counter));                
+            } while ((can = can.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.QTFR:
+            QuantifierNode qn = (QuantifierNode)node;
+            Node target = qn.target;
+            Node old = target;
+            target = noNameDisableMap(target, map, counter);
+            
+            if (target != old) {
+                qn.setTarget(target);
+                if (target.getType() == NodeType.QTFR) qn.reduceNestedQuantifier((QuantifierNode)target);
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ENCLOSE:
+            EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)node;
+            if (en.type == EncloseType.MEMORY) {
+                if (en.isNamedGroup()) {
+                    counter[0]++;
+                    map[en.regNum] = counter[0];
+                    en.regNum = counter[0];
+                    //en.target = noNameDisableMap(en.target, map, counter);
+                    en.setTarget(noNameDisableMap(en.target, map, counter)); // ???
+                } else {
+                    node = en.target;
+                    en.target = null; // remove first enclose: /(a)(?<b>c)/
+                    node = noNameDisableMap(node, map, counter);
+                }
+            } else {
+                //en.target = noNameDisableMap(en.target, map, counter);
+                en.setTarget(noNameDisableMap(en.target, map, counter)); // ???
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        default:
+            break;
+        } // switch
+
+        return node;        
+    }
+
+    private void renumberByMap(Node node, int[]map) {
+        switch (node.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.LIST:
+        case NodeType.ALT:
+            ConsAltNode can = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                renumberByMap(can.car, map);
+            } while ((can = can.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.QTFR:
+            renumberByMap(((QuantifierNode)node).target, map);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ENCLOSE:
+            renumberByMap(((EncloseNode)node).target, map);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.BREF:
+            ((BackRefNode)node).renumber(map);
+            break;
+            
+        default:
+            break;
+        } // switch
+    }
+    
+    protected final void numberedRefCheck(Node node) {
+        
+        switch (node.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.LIST:
+        case NodeType.ALT:
+            ConsAltNode can = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                numberedRefCheck(can.car);
+            } while ((can = can.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.QTFR:
+            numberedRefCheck(((QuantifierNode)node).target);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ENCLOSE:
+            numberedRefCheck(((EncloseNode)node).target);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.BREF:
+            BackRefNode br = (BackRefNode)node;
+            if (!br.isNameRef()) newValueException(ERR_NUMBERED_BACKREF_OR_CALL_NOT_ALLOWED);
+            break;
+            
+        default:
+            break;
+        } // switch
+    }
+    
+    protected final Node disableNoNameGroupCapture(Node root) {
+        int[]map = new int[env.numMem + 1];
+        
+        for (int i=1; i<=env.numMem; i++) map[i] = 0;
+        
+        int[]counter = new int[]{0}; // !!! this should be passed as the recursion goes right ?, move to plain int
+        root = noNameDisableMap(root, map, counter); // ???
+        renumberByMap(root, map);
+        
+        for (int i=1, pos=1; i<=env.numMem; i++) {
+            if (map[i] > 0) {
+                env.memNodes[pos] = env.memNodes[i];
+                pos++;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        int loc = env.captureHistory;
+        env.captureHistory = bsClear();
+        
+        for (int i=1; i<=Config.MAX_CAPTURE_HISTORY_GROUP; i++) {
+            if (bsAt(loc, i)) {
+                env.captureHistory = bsOnAtSimple(env.captureHistory, map[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        env.numMem = env.numNamed;
+        regex.numMem = env.numNamed;
+        
+        regex.renumberNameTable(map);
+
+        return root;
+    }
+    
+    private void swap(Node a, Node b) {
+        a.swap(b);
+
+        if (root == b) {
+            root = a;
+        } else if (root == a) {
+            root = b;
+        } 
+    }
+    
+    // USE_INFINITE_REPEAT_MONOMANIAC_MEM_STATUS_CHECK
+    private int quantifiersMemoryInfo(Node node) {
+        int info = 0;
+        
+        switch(node.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.LIST:
+        case NodeType.ALT:
+            ConsAltNode can = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                int v = quantifiersMemoryInfo(can.car);
+                if (v > info) info = v;
+            } while ((can = can.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+        
+        case NodeType.CALL:
+            if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL) {
+                CallNode cn = (CallNode)node;
+                if (cn.isRecursion()) {
+                    return TargetInfo.IS_EMPTY_REC; /* tiny version */
+                } else {
+                    info = quantifiersMemoryInfo(cn.target);
+                }
+                break;
+            } // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.QTFR:
+            QuantifierNode qn = (QuantifierNode)node;
+            if (qn.upper != 0) {
+                info = quantifiersMemoryInfo(qn.target);
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ENCLOSE:
+            EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)node;
+            switch (en.type) {
+            case EncloseType.MEMORY:
+                return TargetInfo.IS_EMPTY_MEM;
+                
+            case EncloseType.OPTION:
+            case EncloseNode.STOP_BACKTRACK:
+                info = quantifiersMemoryInfo(en.target);
+                break;
+                
+            default:
+                break;
+            } // inner switch
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.BREF:
+        case NodeType.STR:
+        case NodeType.CTYPE:
+        case NodeType.CCLASS:
+        case NodeType.CANY:
+        case NodeType.ANCHOR:
+        default:
+            break;
+        } // switch
+        
+        return info;
+    }
+    
+    private int getMinMatchLength(Node node) {
+        int min = 0;
+        
+        switch (node.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.BREF:
+            BackRefNode br = (BackRefNode)node;
+            if (br.isRecursion()) break;
+            
+            if (br.back[0] > env.numMem) newValueException(ERR_INVALID_BACKREF);
+            min = getMinMatchLength(env.memNodes[br.back[0]]);
+            
+            for (int i=1; i<br.backNum; i++) { 
+                if (br.back[i] > env.numMem) newValueException(ERR_INVALID_BACKREF);
+                int tmin = getMinMatchLength(env.memNodes[br.back[i]]);
+                if (min > tmin) min = tmin;
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CALL:
+            if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL) {
+                CallNode cn = (CallNode)node;
+                if (cn.isRecursion()) {
+                    EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)cn.target;
+                    if (en.isMinFixed()) min = en.minLength;
+                } else {
+                    min = getMinMatchLength(cn.target);
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            } // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.LIST:
+            ConsAltNode can = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                min += getMinMatchLength(can.car);
+            } while ((can = can.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ALT:
+            ConsAltNode y = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                Node x = y.car;
+                int tmin = getMinMatchLength(x);
+                if (y == node) {
+                    min = tmin;
+                } else if (min > tmin) {
+                    min = tmin;
+                }
+            } while ((y = y.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.STR:
+            min = ((StringNode)node).length();
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CTYPE:
+            min = 1;
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CCLASS:
+        case NodeType.CANY:
+            min = 1;
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.QTFR:
+            QuantifierNode qn = (QuantifierNode)node;
+            if (qn.lower > 0) {
+                min = getMinMatchLength(qn.target);
+                min = MinMaxLen.distanceMultiply(min, qn.lower);
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ENCLOSE:
+            EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)node;
+            switch (en.type) {
+            case EncloseType.MEMORY:
+                if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL) {
+                    if (en.isMinFixed()) {
+                        min = en.minLength;
+                    } else {
+                        min = getMinMatchLength(en.target);
+                        en.minLength = min;
+                        en.setMinFixed();
+                    }
+                    break;                    
+                } // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+                break;
+                
+            case EncloseType.OPTION:
+            case EncloseType.STOP_BACKTRACK:
+                min = getMinMatchLength(en.target);
+                break;
+            } // inner switch
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ANCHOR:
+        default:
+            break;
+        } // switch
+        
+        return min;
+    }
+    
+    private int getMaxMatchLength(Node node) {
+        int max = 0;
+        
+        switch (node.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.LIST:
+            ConsAltNode ln = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                int tmax = getMaxMatchLength(ln.car);
+                max = MinMaxLen.distanceAdd(max, tmax);
+            } while ((ln = ln.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ALT:
+            ConsAltNode an = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                int tmax = getMaxMatchLength(an.car);
+                if (max < tmax) max = tmax;
+            } while ((an = an.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.STR:
+            max = ((StringNode)node).length();
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CTYPE:
+            max = enc.maxLengthDistance();
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CCLASS:
+        case NodeType.CANY:
+            max = enc.maxLengthDistance();
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.BREF:
+            BackRefNode br = (BackRefNode)node;
+            if (br.isRecursion()) {            
+                max = MinMaxLen.INFINITE_DISTANCE;
+                break;
+            }
+            
+            for (int i=0; i<br.backNum; i++) {
+                if (br.back[i] > env.numMem) newValueException(ERR_INVALID_BACKREF);
+                int tmax = getMaxMatchLength(env.memNodes[br.back[i]]);
+                if (max < tmax) max = tmax;
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CALL:
+            if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL) {
+                CallNode cn = (CallNode)node;
+                if (!cn.isRecursion()) {
+                    max = getMaxMatchLength(cn.target);
+                } else {
+                    max = MinMaxLen.INFINITE_DISTANCE;
+                }
+                break;
+            } // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.QTFR:
+            QuantifierNode qn = (QuantifierNode)node;
+            if (qn.upper != 0) {
+                max = getMaxMatchLength(qn.target);
+                if (max != 0) {
+                    if (!isRepeatInfinite(qn.upper)) {
+                        max = MinMaxLen.distanceMultiply(max, qn.upper); 
+                    } else {
+                        max = MinMaxLen.INFINITE_DISTANCE;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ENCLOSE:
+            EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)node;
+            switch (en.type) {
+            case EncloseType.MEMORY:
+                if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL) {
+                    if (en.isMaxFixed()) {
+                        max = en.maxLength;
+                    } else {
+                        max = getMaxMatchLength(en.target);
+                        en.maxLength = max;
+                        en.setMaxFixed();
+                    }
+                    break;
+                } // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+                break;
+            
+            case EncloseType.OPTION:
+            case EncloseType.STOP_BACKTRACK:
+                max = getMaxMatchLength(en.target);
+                break;
+            } // inner switch
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ANCHOR:
+        default:
+            break;
+        } // switch
+        
+        return max;
+    }
+    
+    private static final int GET_CHAR_LEN_VARLEN            = -1;
+    private static final int GET_CHAR_LEN_TOP_ALT_VARLEN    = -2;
+    protected final int getCharLengthTree(Node node) {
+        return getCharLengthTree(node, 0);
+    }
+    
+    private int getCharLengthTree(Node node, int level) {
+        level++;
+        
+        int len = 0;
+        returnCode = 0;
+
+        switch(node.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.LIST:
+            ConsAltNode ln = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                int tlen = getCharLengthTree(ln.car, level);
+                if (returnCode == 0) len = MinMaxLen.distanceAdd(len, tlen);
+            } while (returnCode == 0 && (ln = ln.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ALT:
+            ConsAltNode an = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            boolean varLen = false;
+            
+            int tlen = getCharLengthTree(an.car, level);
+            while (returnCode == 0 && (an = an.cdr) != null) {
+                int tlen2 = getCharLengthTree(an.car, level);
+                if (returnCode == 0) {
+                    if (tlen != tlen2) varLen = true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (returnCode == 0) {
+                if (varLen) {
+                    if (level == 1) {
+                        returnCode = GET_CHAR_LEN_TOP_ALT_VARLEN;
+                    } else {
+                        returnCode = GET_CHAR_LEN_VARLEN;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    len = tlen;
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.STR:
+            StringNode sn = (StringNode)node;
+            len = sn.length(enc);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.QTFR:
+            QuantifierNode qn = (QuantifierNode)node;
+            if (qn.lower == qn.upper) {
+                tlen = getCharLengthTree(qn.target, level);
+                if (returnCode == 0) len = MinMaxLen.distanceMultiply(tlen, qn.lower);                
+            } else {
+                returnCode = GET_CHAR_LEN_VARLEN;
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CALL:
+            if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL) {
+                CallNode cn = (CallNode)node;
+                if (!cn.isRecursion()) {
+                    len = getCharLengthTree(cn.target, level); 
+                } else {
+                    returnCode = GET_CHAR_LEN_VARLEN;
+                }
+                break;
+            } // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CTYPE:
+            len = 1;
+
+        case NodeType.CCLASS:
+        case NodeType.CANY:
+            len = 1;
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ENCLOSE:
+            EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)node;
+            switch(en.type) {
+            case EncloseType.MEMORY:
+                if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL) {
+                    if (en.isCLenFixed()) {
+                        len = en.charLength;
+                    } else {
+                        len = getCharLengthTree(en.target, level);
+                        if (returnCode == 0) {
+                            en.charLength = len;
+                            en.setCLenFixed();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                } // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+                break;
+                
+            case EncloseType.OPTION:
+            case EncloseType.STOP_BACKTRACK:
+                len = getCharLengthTree(en.target, level);
+                break;
+            } // inner switch
+            break;
+
+        case NodeType.ANCHOR:
+            break;
+            
+        default:
+            returnCode = GET_CHAR_LEN_VARLEN;
+        } // switch
+        return len;
+    }
+    
+    /* x is not included y ==>  1 : 0 */
+    private boolean isNotIncluded(Node x, Node y) {
+        Node tmp;
+
+        // !retry:!
+        retry:while(true) {
+            
+        int yType = y.getType();
+
+        switch(x.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.CTYPE:
+            switch(yType) {
+            case NodeType.CTYPE:
+                CTypeNode cny = (CTypeNode)y;
+                CTypeNode cnx = (CTypeNode)x;
+                return cny.ctype == cnx.ctype && cny.not != cnx.not;
+                
+            case NodeType.CCLASS:
+                // !swap:!
+                tmp = x;
+                x = y;
+                y = tmp;
+                // !goto retry;!
+                continue retry;                
+                
+            case NodeType.STR:
+                // !goto swap;!
+                tmp = x;
+                x = y;
+                y = tmp;
+                continue retry;
+                
+            default:
+                break;
+            } // inner switch
+            break;
+          
+        case NodeType.CCLASS:
+            CClassNode xc = (CClassNode)x;
+            
+            switch(yType) {
+            case NodeType.CTYPE:
+                switch(((CTypeNode)y).ctype) {
+                case CharacterType.WORD:
+                    if (!((CTypeNode)y).not) {
+                        if (xc.mbuf == null && !xc.isNot()) {
+                            for (int i=0; i<BitSet.SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+                                if (xc.bs.at(i)) {
+                                    if (enc.isSbWord(i)) return false; 
+                                }
+                            }
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                        return false;
+                    } else {
+                        for (int i=0; i<BitSet.SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+                            if (!enc.isSbWord(i)) {
+                                if (!xc.isNot()) {
+                                    if (xc.bs.at(i)) return false;
+                                } else {
+                                    if (!xc.bs.at(i)) return false;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                    // break; not reached
+                    
+                default:
+                    break; 
+                } // inner switch
+                break;
+                
+            case NodeType.CCLASS:
+                CClassNode yc = (CClassNode)y;
+                
+                for (int i=0; i<BitSet.SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+                    boolean v = xc.bs.at(i); 
+                    if ((v && !xc.isNot()) || (!v && xc.isNot())) {
+                        v = yc.bs.at(i);
+                        if ((v && !yc.isNot()) || (!v && yc.isNot())) return false;
+                    }
+                }
+                if ((xc.mbuf == null && !xc.isNot()) || yc.mbuf == null && !yc.isNot()) return true;
+                return false;
+                // break; not reached
+                
+            case NodeType.STR:
+                // !goto swap;!
+                tmp = x;
+                x = y;
+                y = tmp;
+                continue retry;
+
+            default:
+                break;
+            
+            } // inner switch
+            break; // case NodeType.CCLASS
+            
+        case NodeType.STR:
+            StringNode xs = (StringNode)x;
+            if (xs.length() == 0) break;
+            
+            switch (yType) {
+            case NodeType.CTYPE:
+                CTypeNode cy = ((CTypeNode)y);
+                switch (cy.ctype) {
+                case CharacterType.WORD:
+                    if (enc.isMbcWord(xs.bytes, xs.p, xs.end)) {
+                        return cy.not; 
+                    } else {
+                        return !cy.not;
+                    }
+                    
+                default:
+                    break;
+                    
+                } // inner switch
+                break;
+                
+            case NodeType.CCLASS:
+                CClassNode cc = (CClassNode)y;
+                int code = enc.mbcToCode(xs.bytes, xs.p, xs.p + enc.maxLength());
+                return !cc.isCodeInCC(enc, code);
+                
+            case NodeType.STR:
+                StringNode ys = (StringNode)y;
+                int len = xs.length();
+                if (len > ys.length()) len = ys.length();
+                if (xs.isAmbig() || ys.isAmbig()) {
+                    /* tiny version */                    
+                    return false;
+                } else {
+                    for (int i=0, p=ys.p, q=xs.p; i<len; i++, p++, q++) {
+                        if (ys.bytes[p] != xs.bytes[q]) return true;
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            default:
+                break;
+            } // inner switch
+        
+            break; // case NodeType.STR
+            
+        } // switch
+        
+        break;
+        } // retry:while
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    private Node getHeadValueNode(Node node, boolean exact) {
+        Node n = null;
+        
+        switch(node.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.BREF:
+        case NodeType.ALT:
+        case NodeType.CANY:
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CALL:
+            break; // if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL) 
+            
+        case NodeType.CTYPE:
+        case NodeType.CCLASS:
+            if (!exact) n = node;
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.LIST:
+            n = getHeadValueNode(((ConsAltNode)node).car, exact);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.STR:
+            StringNode sn = (StringNode)node;
+            if (sn.end <= sn.p) break; // ???
+            
+            if (exact && !sn.isRaw() && isIgnoreCase(regex.options)){
+                // nothing
+            } else {
+                n = node;
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.QTFR:
+            QuantifierNode qn = (QuantifierNode)node;
+            if (qn.lower > 0) {
+                if (qn.headExact != null) {
+                    n = qn.headExact;
+                } else {
+                    n = getHeadValueNode(qn.target, exact);
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ENCLOSE:
+            EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)node;
+            
+            switch (en.type) {
+            case EncloseType.OPTION:
+                int options = regex.options;
+                regex.options = en.option;
+                n = getHeadValueNode(en.target, exact);
+                regex.options = options;
+                break;
+                
+            case EncloseType.MEMORY:
+            case EncloseType.STOP_BACKTRACK:
+                n = getHeadValueNode(en.target, exact);
+                break;
+            } // inner switch
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ANCHOR:
+            AnchorNode an = (AnchorNode)node;
+            if (an.type == AnchorType.PREC_READ) n = getHeadValueNode(an.target, exact);
+            break;
+            
+        default:
+            break;
+        } // switch
+        
+        return n;
+    }
+    
+    // true: invalid
+    private boolean checkTypeTree(Node node, int typeMask, int encloseMask, int anchorMask) {
+        if ((node.getType2Bit() & typeMask) == 0) return true;
+
+        boolean invalid = false;
+        
+        switch(node.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.LIST:
+        case NodeType.ALT:
+            ConsAltNode can = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                invalid = checkTypeTree(can.car, typeMask, encloseMask, anchorMask);
+            } while (!invalid && (can = can.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.QTFR:
+            invalid = checkTypeTree(((QuantifierNode)node).target, typeMask, encloseMask, anchorMask);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ENCLOSE:
+            EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)node;
+            if ((en.type & encloseMask) == 0) return true;
+            invalid = checkTypeTree(en.target, typeMask, encloseMask, anchorMask);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ANCHOR:
+            AnchorNode an = (AnchorNode)node;
+            if ((an.type & anchorMask) == 0) return true;
+            
+            if (an.target != null) invalid = checkTypeTree(an.target, typeMask, encloseMask, anchorMask);
+            break;
+            
+        default:
+            break;
+            
+        } // switch
+
+        return invalid;
+    }
+    
+    private static final int RECURSION_EXIST       = 1;
+    private static final int RECURSION_INFINITE    = 2;
+    private int subexpInfRecursiveCheck(Node node, boolean head) {
+        int r = 0;
+        
+        switch (node.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.LIST:
+            int min;
+            ConsAltNode x = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                int ret = subexpInfRecursiveCheck(x.car, head);
+                if (ret == RECURSION_INFINITE) return ret;
+                r |= ret;
+                if (head) {
+                    min = getMinMatchLength(x.car);
+                    if (min != 0) head = false;
+                }
+            } while ((x = x.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ALT:
+            ConsAltNode can = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            r = RECURSION_EXIST;
+            do {
+                int ret = subexpInfRecursiveCheck(can.car, head);
+                if (ret == RECURSION_INFINITE) return ret;
+                r &= ret;
+            } while ((can = can.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.QTFR:
+            QuantifierNode qn = (QuantifierNode)node;
+            r = subexpInfRecursiveCheck(qn.target, head);
+            if (r == RECURSION_EXIST) {
+                if (qn.lower == 0) r = 0;
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ANCHOR:
+            AnchorNode an = (AnchorNode)node;
+            switch (an.type) {
+            case AnchorType.PREC_READ:
+            case AnchorType.PREC_READ_NOT:
+            case AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND:
+            case AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+                r = subexpInfRecursiveCheck(an.target, head);
+                break;
+            } // inner switch
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CALL:
+            r = subexpInfRecursiveCheck(((CallNode)node).target, head);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ENCLOSE:
+            EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)node;
+            if (en.isMark2()) {
+                return 0;
+            } else if (en.isMark1()) {
+                return !head ? RECURSION_EXIST : RECURSION_INFINITE;
+                // throw exception here ???
+            } else {
+                en.setMark2();
+                r = subexpInfRecursiveCheck(en.target, head);
+                en.clearMark2();
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        default:
+            break;
+        } // switch
+        return r;
+    }
+    
+    protected final int subexpInfRecursiveCheckTrav(Node node) {
+        int r = 0;
+        
+        switch (node.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.LIST:
+        case NodeType.ALT:
+            ConsAltNode can = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                r = subexpInfRecursiveCheckTrav(can.car);
+            } while (r == 0 && (can = can.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.QTFR:
+            r = subexpInfRecursiveCheckTrav(((QuantifierNode)node).target);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ANCHOR:
+            AnchorNode an = (AnchorNode)node;
+            switch (an.type) {
+            case AnchorType.PREC_READ:
+            case AnchorType.PREC_READ_NOT:
+            case AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND:
+            case AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+                r = subexpInfRecursiveCheckTrav(an.target);
+                break;
+            } // inner switch
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ENCLOSE:
+            EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)node;
+            if (en.isRecursion()) {
+                en.setMark1();
+                r = subexpInfRecursiveCheck(en.target, true);
+                if (r > 0) newValueException(ERR_NEVER_ENDING_RECURSION);
+                en.clearMark1();
+            }
+            r = subexpInfRecursiveCheckTrav(en.target);
+            break;
+            
+        default:
+            break;
+        } // switch
+        
+        return r;
+    }
+    
+    private int subexpRecursiveCheck(Node node) {
+        int r = 0;
+        
+        switch (node.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.LIST:
+        case NodeType.ALT:
+            ConsAltNode can = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                r |= subexpRecursiveCheck(can.car);
+            } while ((can = can.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.QTFR:
+            r = subexpRecursiveCheck(((QuantifierNode)node).target);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ANCHOR:
+            AnchorNode an = (AnchorNode)node;
+            switch (an.type) {
+            case AnchorType.PREC_READ:
+            case AnchorType.PREC_READ_NOT:
+            case AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND:
+            case AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+                r = subexpRecursiveCheck(an.target);
+                break;
+            } // inner switch
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CALL:
+            CallNode cn = (CallNode)node;
+            r = subexpRecursiveCheck(cn.target);
+            if (r != 0) cn.setRecursion(); 
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ENCLOSE:
+            EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)node;
+            if (en.isMark2()) {
+                return 0;
+            } else if (en.isMark1()) {
+                return 1; /* recursion */
+            } else {
+                en.setMark2();
+                r = subexpRecursiveCheck(en.target);
+                en.clearMark2();
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        default:
+            break;
+        } // switch
+        
+        return r;
+    }
+    
+    private static final int FOUND_CALLED_NODE  = 1;
+    protected final int subexpRecursiveCheckTrav(Node node) {
+        int r = 0;
+        
+        switch (node.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.LIST:
+        case NodeType.ALT:
+            ConsAltNode can = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                int ret = subexpRecursiveCheckTrav(can.car);
+                if (ret == FOUND_CALLED_NODE) {
+                    r = FOUND_CALLED_NODE;
+                } 
+                // else if (ret < 0) return ret; ???
+            } while ((can = can.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.QTFR:
+            QuantifierNode qn = (QuantifierNode)node;
+            r = subexpRecursiveCheckTrav(qn.target);
+            if (qn.upper == 0) {
+                if (r == FOUND_CALLED_NODE) qn.isRefered = true;
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ANCHOR:
+            AnchorNode an = (AnchorNode)node;
+            switch (an.type) {
+            case AnchorType.PREC_READ:
+            case AnchorType.PREC_READ_NOT:
+            case AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND:
+            case AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+                r = subexpRecursiveCheckTrav(an.target);
+                break;
+            } // inner switch
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ENCLOSE:
+            EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)node;
+            if (!en.isRecursion()) {
+                if (en.isCalled()) {
+                    en.setMark1();
+                    r = subexpRecursiveCheck(en.target);
+                    if (r != 0) en.setRecursion();
+                    en.clearMark1();
+                }
+            }
+            r = subexpRecursiveCheckTrav(en.target);
+            if (en.isCalled()) r |= FOUND_CALLED_NODE;
+            break;
+            
+        default:
+            break;
+        } // switch
+        
+        return r;
+    }
+    
+    protected final void setupSubExpCall(Node node) {
+        
+        switch(node.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.LIST:
+            ConsAltNode ln = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                setupSubExpCall(ln.car);
+            } while ((ln = ln.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+        
+        case NodeType.ALT:
+            ConsAltNode can = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                setupSubExpCall(can.car);
+            } while ((can = can.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.QTFR:
+            setupSubExpCall(((QuantifierNode)node).target);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ENCLOSE:
+            setupSubExpCall(((EncloseNode)node).target);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CALL:
+            CallNode cn = (CallNode)node;
+            
+            if (cn.groupNum != 0) {
+                int gNum = cn.groupNum;
+
+                if (Config.USE_NAMED_GROUP) {
+                    if (env.numNamed > 0 && syntax.captureOnlyNamedGroup() && !isCaptureGroup(env.option)) {
+                        newValueException(ERR_NUMBERED_BACKREF_OR_CALL_NOT_ALLOWED);
+                    }
+                } // USE_NAMED_GROUP
+                if (gNum > env.numMem) newValueException(ERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_REFERENCE, cn.nameP, cn.nameEnd);
+
+                // !goto set_call_attr!; // remove duplication ?
+                cn.target = env.memNodes[cn.groupNum]; // no setTarget in call nodes!
+                if (cn.target == null) newValueException(ERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE, cn.nameP, cn.nameEnd);
+
+                ((EncloseNode)cn.target).setCalled();
+                env.btMemStart = BitStatus.bsOnAt(env.btMemStart, cn.groupNum);
+                cn.unsetAddrList = env.unsetAddrList;
+            } else {            
+                if (Config.USE_NAMED_GROUP) {
+                    NameEntry ne = regex.nameToGroupNumbers(cn.name, cn.nameP, cn.nameEnd);
+                    
+                    if (ne == null) {
+                        newValueException(ERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE, cn.nameP, cn.nameEnd);
+                    } else if (ne.backNum > 1) {
+                        newValueException(ERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME_CALL, cn.nameP, cn.nameEnd);
+                    } else {
+                        cn.groupNum = ne.backRef1; // ne.backNum == 1 ? ne.backRef1 : ne.backRefs[0]; // ??? need to check ?
+                        // !set_call_attr:!
+                        cn.target = env.memNodes[cn.groupNum]; // no setTarget in call nodes!
+                        if (cn.target == null) newValueException(ERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE, cn.nameP, cn.nameEnd);
+                        
+                        ((EncloseNode)cn.target).setCalled();
+                        env.btMemStart = BitStatus.bsOnAt(env.btMemStart, cn.groupNum);
+                        cn.unsetAddrList = env.unsetAddrList;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ANCHOR:
+            AnchorNode an = (AnchorNode)node;
+            switch (an.type) {
+            case AnchorType.PREC_READ:
+            case AnchorType.PREC_READ_NOT:
+            case AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND:
+            case AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+                setupSubExpCall(an.target);
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+
+        } // switch
+    }
+    
+    /* divide different length alternatives in look-behind.
+    (?<=A|B) ==> (?<=A)|(?<=B)
+    (?<!A|B) ==> (?<!A)(?<!B)
+     */
+    private void divideLookBehindAlternatives(Node node) {
+        AnchorNode an = (AnchorNode)node;
+        int anchorType = an.type;
+        
+        Node head = an.target;
+        Node np = ((ConsAltNode)head).car;
+
+        
+        swap(node, head);
+        
+        Node tmp = node;
+        node = head;
+        head = tmp;
+
+        ((ConsAltNode)node).setCar(head);
+        ((AnchorNode)head).setTarget(np);
+        np = node;
+
+        while ((np = ((ConsAltNode)np).cdr) != null) {
+            AnchorNode insert = new AnchorNode(anchorType);
+            insert.setTarget(((ConsAltNode)np).car);
+            ((ConsAltNode)np).setCar(insert);
+        }
+        
+        if (anchorType == AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND_NOT) {
+            np = node;
+            do {
+                ((ConsAltNode)np).toListNode(); /* alt -> list */
+            } while ((np = ((ConsAltNode)np).cdr) != null); 
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void setupLookBehind(Node node) {
+        AnchorNode an = (AnchorNode)node;
+        
+        int len = getCharLengthTree(an.target);
+        switch(returnCode) {
+        case 0:
+            an.charLength = len;
+            break;
+        case GET_CHAR_LEN_VARLEN:
+            newSyntaxException(ERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN);
+            break;
+        case GET_CHAR_LEN_TOP_ALT_VARLEN:
+            if (syntax.differentLengthAltLookBehind()) {
+                divideLookBehindAlternatives(node);
+            } else {
+                newSyntaxException(ERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void nextSetup(Node node, Node nextNode) {
+        // retry:
+        retry: while(true) {
+        
+        int type = node.getType();
+        if (type == NodeType.QTFR) {
+            QuantifierNode qn = (QuantifierNode)node;
+            if (qn.greedy && isRepeatInfinite(qn.upper)) {
+                if (Config.USE_QTFR_PEEK_NEXT) {
+                    StringNode n = (StringNode)getHeadValueNode(nextNode, true);
+                    /* '\0': for UTF-16BE etc... */
+                    if (n != null && n.bytes[n.p] != 0) { // ?????????
+                        qn.nextHeadExact = n;
+                    }
+                } // USE_QTFR_PEEK_NEXT
+                /* automatic posseivation a*b ==> (?>a*)b */
+                if (qn.lower <= 1) {
+                    if (qn.target.isSimple()) {
+                        Node x = getHeadValueNode(qn.target, false);
+                        if (x != null) {
+                            Node y = getHeadValueNode(nextNode, false);
+                            if (y != null && isNotIncluded(x, y)) {
+                                EncloseNode en = new EncloseNode(EncloseType.STOP_BACKTRACK); //onig_node_new_enclose
+                                en.setStopBtSimpleRepeat();
+                                //en.setTarget(qn.target); // optimize it ??
+                                swap(node, en);
+                                
+                                en.setTarget(node);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (type == NodeType.ENCLOSE) {
+            EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)node;
+            if (en.isMemory()) {
+                node = en.target;
+                // !goto retry;!
+                continue retry;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        break;
+        } // while
+    }
+    
+    private void updateStringNodeCaseFold(Node node) {
+        StringNode sn = (StringNode)node;
+        
+        byte[]sbuf = new byte[sn.length() << 1];
+        int sp = 0;
+        
+        value = sn.p;
+        int end = sn.end;
+        
+        byte[]buf = new byte[Config.ENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD_MAXLEN];
+        while (value < end) {
+            int len = enc.mbcCaseFold(regex.caseFoldFlag, sn.bytes, this, end, buf);
+            for (int i=0; i<len; i++) {
+                if (sp >= sbuf.length) {
+                    byte[]tmp = new byte[sbuf.length << 1];
+                    System.arraycopy(sbuf, 0, tmp, 0, sbuf.length);
+                    sbuf = tmp;
+                }
+                sbuf[sp++] = buf[i];
+            }
+        }
+        
+        sn.set(sbuf, 0, sp);
+    }
+    
+    private Node expandCaseFoldMakeRemString(byte[]bytes, int p, int end) {
+        StringNode node = new StringNode(bytes, p, end);
+        
+        updateStringNodeCaseFold(node);
+        node.setAmbig();
+        node.setDontGetOptInfo();
+        return node;
+    }
+    
+    private boolean expandCaseFoldStringAlt(int itemNum, CaseFoldCodeItem[]items,
+                                              byte[]bytes, int p, int slen, int end, Node[]node) {
+        boolean varlen = false;
+        
+        for (int i=0; i<itemNum; i++) {
+            if (items[i].byteLen != slen) {
+                varlen = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        ConsAltNode varANode = null, anode, xnode;
+        if (varlen) {
+            node[0] = varANode = newAltNode(null, null);
+            
+            xnode = newListNode(null, null);
+            varANode.setCar(xnode);
+            
+            anode = newAltNode(null, null);
+            xnode.setCar(anode);
+        } else {
+            node[0] = anode = newAltNode(null, null);
+        }
+        
+        StringNode snode = new StringNode(bytes, p, p + slen);
+        anode.setCar(snode);
+        
+        for (int i=0; i<itemNum; i++) {
+            snode = new StringNode();
+            
+            for (int j=0; j<items[i].codeLen; j++) {
+                snode.ensure(Config.ENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN);
+                snode.end += enc.codeToMbc(items[i].code[j], snode.bytes, snode.end);
+            }
+            
+            ConsAltNode an = newAltNode(null, null);
+            if (items[i].byteLen != slen) {
+                int q = p + items[i].byteLen;
+                if (q < end) {
+                    Node rem = expandCaseFoldMakeRemString(bytes, q, end);
+                    
+                    xnode = ConsAltNode.listAdd(null, snode);
+                    ConsAltNode.listAdd(xnode, rem);
+                    an.setCar(xnode);
+                } else {
+                    an.setCar(snode);
+                }
+                varANode.setCdr(an);
+                varANode = an;
+            } else {
+                an.setCar(snode);
+                anode.setCdr(an);
+                anode = an;
+            }
+        }
+        return varlen;
+    }
+    
+    private static final int THRESHOLD_CASE_FOLD_ALT_FOR_EXPANSION = 8;
+    private void expandCaseFoldString(Node node) {
+        StringNode sn = (StringNode)node;
+
+        if (sn.isAmbig() || sn.length() <= 0) return;
+
+        byte[]bytes = sn.bytes;
+        int p = sn.p;
+        int end = sn.end;
+        int altNum = 1;
+
+        ConsAltNode topRoot = null, root = null;
+        Node[]prevNode = new Node[]{null};
+        StringNode snode = null;
+
+        while (p < end) {
+            CaseFoldCodeItem[]items = enc.caseFoldCodesByString(regex.caseFoldFlag, bytes, p, end);
+            int len = enc.length(bytes, p, end);
+
+            if (items.length == 0) {
+                if (snode == null) {
+                    if (root == null && prevNode[0] != null) {
+                        topRoot = root = ConsAltNode.listAdd(null, prevNode[0]);
+                    }
+                    
+                    prevNode[0] = snode = new StringNode(); // onig_node_new_str(NULL, NULL);
+                    
+                    if (root != null) {
+                        ConsAltNode.listAdd(root, snode);
+                    }
+                    
+                }
+            
+                snode.cat(bytes, p, p + len);
+            } else {
+                altNum *= (items.length + 1);
+                if (altNum > THRESHOLD_CASE_FOLD_ALT_FOR_EXPANSION) break;
+                
+                if (root == null && prevNode[0] != null) {
+                    topRoot = root = ConsAltNode.listAdd(null, prevNode[0]);
+                }
+                
+                boolean r = expandCaseFoldStringAlt(items.length, items, bytes, p, len, end, prevNode);
+                if (r) { // if (r == 1)
+                    if (root == null) {
+                        topRoot = (ConsAltNode)prevNode[0];
+                    } else {
+                        ConsAltNode.listAdd(root, prevNode[0]);
+                    }
+                    
+                    root = (ConsAltNode)((ConsAltNode)prevNode[0]).car;
+                } else { /* r == 0 */
+                    if (root != null) {
+                        ConsAltNode.listAdd(root, prevNode[0]);
+                    }
+                }
+                snode = null;
+            }
+            p += len;
+        }
+        
+        if (p < end) {
+            Node srem = expandCaseFoldMakeRemString(bytes, p, end);
+            
+            if (prevNode[0] != null && root == null) {
+                topRoot = root = ConsAltNode.listAdd(null, prevNode[0]);
+            }
+            
+            if (root == null) {
+                prevNode[0] = srem;
+            } else {
+                ConsAltNode.listAdd(root, srem);
+            }
+        }
+        /* ending */
+        Node xnode = topRoot != null ? topRoot : prevNode[0];
+        swap(node, xnode);
+    }
+    
+    private static final int CEC_THRES_NUM_BIG_REPEAT       = 512;
+    private static final int CEC_INFINITE_NUM               = 0x7fffffff;
+
+    private static final int CEC_IN_INFINITE_REPEAT         = (1<<0);
+    private static final int CEC_IN_FINITE_REPEAT           = (1<<1);
+    private static final int CEC_CONT_BIG_REPEAT            = (1<<2);
+    
+    protected final int setupCombExpCheck(Node node, int state) {
+        int r = state;
+        int ret;
+        
+        switch (node.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.LIST:
+            ConsAltNode ln = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            
+            do {
+                r = setupCombExpCheck(ln.car, r);
+                //prev = ((ConsAltNode)node).car;
+            } while (r >= 0 && (ln = ln.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ALT:
+            ConsAltNode an = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                ret = setupCombExpCheck(an.car, state);
+                r |= ret;
+            } while (ret >= 0 && (an = an.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.QTFR:
+            QuantifierNode qn = (QuantifierNode)node;
+            int childState = state;
+            int addState = 0;
+            int varNum;
+            
+            if (!isRepeatInfinite(qn.upper)) {
+                if (qn.upper > 1) {
+                    /* {0,1}, {1,1} are allowed */
+                    childState |= CEC_IN_FINITE_REPEAT;
+                    
+                    /* check (a*){n,m}, (a+){n,m} => (a*){n,n}, (a+){n,n} */
+                    if (env.backrefedMem == 0) {
+                        if (qn.target.getType() == NodeType.ENCLOSE) {
+                            EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)qn.target;
+                            if (en.type == EncloseType.MEMORY) {
+                                if (en.target.getType() == NodeType.QTFR) {
+                                    QuantifierNode q = (QuantifierNode)en.target;
+                                    if (isRepeatInfinite(q.upper) && q.greedy == qn.greedy) {
+                                        qn.upper = qn.lower == 0 ? 1 : qn.lower;
+                                        if (qn.upper == 1) childState = state;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            
+            if ((state & CEC_IN_FINITE_REPEAT) != 0) {
+                qn.combExpCheckNum = -1;
+            } else {
+                if (isRepeatInfinite(qn.upper)) {
+                    varNum = CEC_INFINITE_NUM;
+                    childState |= CEC_IN_INFINITE_REPEAT;
+                } else {
+                    varNum = qn.upper - qn.lower;
+                }
+                
+                if (varNum >= CEC_THRES_NUM_BIG_REPEAT) addState |= CEC_CONT_BIG_REPEAT;
+                
+                if (((state & CEC_IN_INFINITE_REPEAT) != 0 && varNum != 0) ||
+                   ((state & CEC_CONT_BIG_REPEAT) != 0 && varNum >= CEC_THRES_NUM_BIG_REPEAT)) {
+                    if (qn.combExpCheckNum == 0) {
+                        env.numCombExpCheck++;
+                        qn.combExpCheckNum = env.numCombExpCheck;
+                        if (env.currMaxRegNum > env.combExpMaxRegNum) {
+                            env.combExpMaxRegNum = env.currMaxRegNum;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            r = setupCombExpCheck(qn.target, childState);
+            r |= addState;
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ENCLOSE:
+            EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)node;
+            switch( en.type) {
+            case EncloseNode.MEMORY:
+                if (env.currMaxRegNum < en.regNum) {
+                    env.currMaxRegNum = en.regNum;
+                }
+                r = setupCombExpCheck(en.target, state);
+                break;
+            
+            default:
+                r = setupCombExpCheck(en.target, state);
+            } // inner switch
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CALL:
+            if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL) {
+                CallNode cn = (CallNode)node;
+                if (cn.isRecursion()) {
+                    env.hasRecursion = true;
+                } else {
+                    r = setupCombExpCheck(cn.target, state);
+                }
+                break;
+            } // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+            break;
+            
+        default:
+            break;
+            
+        } // switch
+        
+        return r;
+    }
+
+    private static final int IN_ALT                     = (1<<0);
+    private static final int IN_NOT                     = (1<<1);
+    private static final int IN_REPEAT                  = (1<<2);
+    private static final int IN_VAR_REPEAT              = (1<<3);
+    private static final int EXPAND_STRING_MAX_LENGTH   = 100;
+
+    /* setup_tree does the following work.
+    1. check empty loop. (set qn->target_empty_info)
+    2. expand ignore-case in char class.
+    3. set memory status bit flags. (reg->mem_stats)
+    4. set qn->head_exact for [push, exact] -> [push_or_jump_exact1, exact].
+    5. find invalid patterns in look-behind.
+    6. expand repeated string.
+    */
+    protected final void setupTree(Node node, int state) {
+        switch (node.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.LIST:
+            ConsAltNode lin = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            Node prev = null;
+            do {
+                setupTree(lin.car, state);
+                if (prev != null) {
+                    nextSetup(prev, lin.car);
+                }
+                prev = lin.car;
+            } while ((lin = lin.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ALT:
+            ConsAltNode aln = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                setupTree(aln.car, (state | IN_ALT));
+            } while ((aln = aln.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CCLASS:
+            break;
+
+        case NodeType.STR:
+            if (isIgnoreCase(regex.options) && !((StringNode)node).isRaw()) {
+                expandCaseFoldString(node);
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CTYPE:
+        case NodeType.CANY:
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CALL: // if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL) ?
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.BREF:
+            BackRefNode br = (BackRefNode)node;
+            for (int i=0; i<br.backNum; i++) {
+                if (br.back[i] > env.numMem) newValueException(ERR_INVALID_BACKREF);
+                env.backrefedMem = bsOnAt(env.backrefedMem, br.back[i]);
+                env.btMemStart = bsOnAt(env.btMemStart, br.back[i]);
+                if (Config.USE_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL) {
+                    if (br.isNestLevel()) {
+                        env.btMemEnd = bsOnAt(env.btMemEnd, br.back[i]);
+                    }
+                } // USE_BACKREF_AT_LEVEL
+                ((EncloseNode)env.memNodes[br.back[i]]).setMemBackrefed();
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.QTFR:
+            QuantifierNode qn = (QuantifierNode)node;
+            Node target = qn.target;
+            
+            if ((state & IN_REPEAT) != 0) qn.setInRepeat();
+            
+            if (isRepeatInfinite(qn.upper) || qn.lower >= 1) {
+                int d = getMinMatchLength(target);
+                if (d == 0) {
+                    qn.targetEmptyInfo = TargetInfo.IS_EMPTY;
+                    if (Config.USE_MONOMANIAC_CHECK_CAPTURES_IN_ENDLESS_REPEAT) {
+                        int info = quantifiersMemoryInfo(target);
+                        if (info > 0) qn.targetEmptyInfo = info;
+                    } // USE_INFINITE_REPEAT_MONOMANIAC_MEM_STATUS_CHECK
+                    // strange stuff here (turned off)
+                }
+            }
+            
+            state |= IN_REPEAT;
+            if (qn.lower != qn.upper) state |= IN_VAR_REPEAT;
+            
+            setupTree(target, state);            
+            
+            /* expand string */
+            if (target.getType() == NodeType.STR) {
+                if (!isRepeatInfinite(qn.lower) && qn.lower == qn.upper &&
+                    qn.lower > 1 && qn.lower <= EXPAND_STRING_MAX_LENGTH) {
+                    StringNode sn = (StringNode)target;
+                    int len = sn.length();
+                    
+                    if (len * qn.lower <= EXPAND_STRING_MAX_LENGTH) {
+                        StringNode str = qn.convertToString();
+                        // if (str.parent == null) root = str; 
+                        int n = qn.lower;
+                        for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
+                           str.cat(sn.bytes, sn.p, sn.end); 
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break; /* break case NT_QTFR: */
+                }
+            }
+            if (Config.USE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT) {
+                if (qn.greedy && qn.targetEmptyInfo != 0) {
+                    if (target.getType() == NodeType.QTFR) {
+                        QuantifierNode tqn = (QuantifierNode)target;
+                        if (tqn.headExact != null) {
+                            qn.headExact = tqn.headExact;
+                            tqn.headExact = null;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        qn.headExact = getHeadValueNode(qn.target, true);
+                    }
+                }
+            } // USE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ENCLOSE:
+            EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)node;
+            switch (en.type) {
+            case EncloseType.OPTION:
+                int options = regex.options;
+                regex.options = en.option;
+                setupTree(en.target, state);
+                regex.options = options;
+                break;
+                
+            case EncloseType.MEMORY:
+                if ((state & (IN_ALT | IN_NOT | IN_VAR_REPEAT)) != 0) {
+                    env.btMemStart = bsOnAt(env.btMemStart, en.regNum);
+                    /* SET_ENCLOSE_STATUS(node, NST_MEM_IN_ALT_NOT); */
+                    
+                }
+                setupTree(en.target, state);
+                break;
+
+            case EncloseType.STOP_BACKTRACK:
+                setupTree(en.target, state);
+                if (en.target.getType() == NodeType.QTFR) {
+                    QuantifierNode tqn = (QuantifierNode)en.target;
+                    if (isRepeatInfinite(tqn.upper) && tqn.lower <= 1 && tqn.greedy) {
+                        /* (?>a*), a*+ etc... */
+                        if (tqn.target.isSimple()) en.setStopBtSimpleRepeat();
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            } // inner switch
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ANCHOR:
+            AnchorNode an = (AnchorNode)node;
+            switch (an.type) {
+            case AnchorType.PREC_READ:
+                setupTree(an.target, state);
+                break;
+            
+            case AnchorType.PREC_READ_NOT:
+                setupTree(an.target, (state | IN_NOT));
+                break;
+                
+            case AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND:
+                boolean lbInvalid = checkTypeTree(an.target, NodeType.ALLOWED_IN_LB,
+                										     EncloseType.ALLOWED_IN_LB,
+                										     AnchorType.ALLOWED_IN_LB);
+                
+                if (lbInvalid) newSyntaxException(ERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN);
+                setupLookBehind(node);
+                setupTree(an.target, state);
+                break;
+                
+            case AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+                boolean lbnInvalid = checkTypeTree(an.target, NodeType.ALLOWED_IN_LB,
+                                                              EncloseType.ALLOWED_IN_LB,
+                                                              AnchorType.ALLOWED_IN_LB);
+                
+                if (lbnInvalid) newSyntaxException(ERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN);
+                
+                setupLookBehind(node);
+                setupTree(an.target, (state | IN_NOT));
+                break;
+                
+            } // inner switch
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            break;
+            
+        } // switch
+    }
+    
+    private static final int MAX_NODE_OPT_INFO_REF_COUNT   = 5;
+    private void optimizeNodeLeft(Node node, NodeOptInfo opt, OptEnvironment oenv) { // oenv remove, pass mmd
+        opt.clear();
+        opt.setBoundNode(oenv.mmd);
+        
+        switch (node.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.LIST: {
+            OptEnvironment nenv = new OptEnvironment();
+            NodeOptInfo nopt = new NodeOptInfo();
+            nenv.copy(oenv);
+            ConsAltNode lin = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                optimizeNodeLeft(lin.car, nopt, nenv);
+                nenv.mmd.add(nopt.length);
+                opt.concatLeftNode(nopt, enc);
+            } while ((lin = lin.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+        }
+        
+        case NodeType.ALT: {
+            NodeOptInfo nopt = new NodeOptInfo();
+            ConsAltNode aln = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                optimizeNodeLeft(aln.car, nopt, oenv);
+                if (aln == node) {
+                    opt.copy(nopt);
+                } else {
+                    opt.altMerge(nopt, oenv);
+                }
+            } while ((aln = aln.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case NodeType.STR: {
+            StringNode sn = (StringNode)node;
+            
+            int slen = sn.length();
+            
+            if (!sn.isAmbig()) {
+                opt.exb.concatStr(sn.bytes, sn.p, sn.end, sn.isRaw(), enc);
+
+                if (slen > 0) {
+                    opt.map.addChar(sn.bytes[sn.p], enc);
+                }
+
+                opt.length.set(slen, slen);
+            } else {
+                int max;
+                if (sn.isDontGetOptInfo()) {
+                    int n = sn.length(enc);
+                    max = enc.maxLengthDistance() * n;
+                } else {
+                    opt.exb.concatStr(sn.bytes, sn.p, sn.end, sn.isRaw(), enc);
+                    opt.exb.ignoreCase = true;
+                    
+                    if (slen > 0) {
+                        opt.map.addCharAmb(sn.bytes, sn.p, sn.end, enc, oenv.caseFoldFlag);
+                    }
+
+                    max = slen;
+                }
+                opt.length.set(slen, max);
+            }
+            
+            if (opt.exb.length == slen) {
+                opt.exb.reachEnd = true;
+            }
+            break;            
+        }
+            
+        case NodeType.CCLASS: {
+            CClassNode cc = (CClassNode)node;
+            /* no need to check ignore case. (setted in setup_tree()) */
+            if (cc.mbuf != null || cc.isNot()) {
+                int min = enc.minLength();
+                int max = enc.maxLengthDistance();
+                opt.length.set(min, max);
+            } else {
+                for (int i=0; i<BitSet.SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+                    boolean z = cc.bs.at(i);
+                    if ((z && !cc.isNot()) || (!z && cc.isNot())) {
+                        opt.map.addChar((byte)i, enc);
+                    }
+                }
+                opt.length.set(1, 1);
+            }
+            break;            
+        }
+            
+        case NodeType.CTYPE: {
+            int min;
+            int max = enc.maxLengthDistance();
+            if (max == 1) {
+                min = 1;
+                CTypeNode cn = (CTypeNode)node;
+                
+                switch (cn.ctype) {
+                case CharacterType.WORD:
+                    if (cn.not) {
+                        for (int i=0; i<BitSet.SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+                            if (!enc.isWord(i)) {
+                                opt.map.addChar((byte)i, enc);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        for (int i=0; i<BitSet.SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {                        
+                            if (enc.isWord(i)) {
+                                opt.map.addChar((byte)i, enc);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                } // inner switch
+            } else {
+                min = enc.minLength();
+            }
+            opt.length.set(min, max);
+            break;
+        }
+            
+        case NodeType.CANY: {
+            opt.length.set(enc.minLength(), enc.maxLengthDistance());
+            break;
+        }
+        
+        case NodeType.ANCHOR: {
+            AnchorNode an = (AnchorNode)node;
+            switch (an.type) {
+            case AnchorType.BEGIN_BUF:
+            case AnchorType.BEGIN_POSITION:
+            case AnchorType.BEGIN_LINE:
+            case AnchorType.END_BUF:
+            case AnchorType.SEMI_END_BUF:
+            case AnchorType.END_LINE:
+                opt.anchor.add(an.type);
+                break;
+                
+            case AnchorType.PREC_READ:
+                NodeOptInfo nopt = new NodeOptInfo();
+                optimizeNodeLeft(an.target, nopt, oenv);
+                if (nopt.exb.length > 0) {
+                    opt.expr.copy(nopt.exb);
+                } else if (nopt.exm.length > 0) {
+                    opt.expr.copy(nopt.exm);
+                }
+                opt.expr.reachEnd = false;
+                if (nopt.map.value > 0) opt.map.copy(nopt.map);
+                break;
+
+            case AnchorType.PREC_READ_NOT:
+            case AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND:    /* Sorry, I can't make use of it. */
+            case AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+                break;
+                
+            } // inner switch
+            break;
+        }
+            
+        case NodeType.BREF: {
+            BackRefNode br = (BackRefNode)node;
+            
+            if (br.isRecursion()) {
+                opt.length.set(0, MinMaxLen.INFINITE_DISTANCE);
+                break;
+            }
+            
+            Node[]nodes = oenv.scanEnv.memNodes;
+            
+            int min = getMinMatchLength(nodes[br.back[0]]);
+            int max = getMaxMatchLength(nodes[br.back[0]]);
+            
+            for (int i=1; i<br.backNum; i++) {
+                int tmin = getMinMatchLength(nodes[br.back[i]]);
+                int tmax = getMaxMatchLength(nodes[br.back[i]]);
+                if (min > tmin) min = tmin;
+                if (max < tmax) max = tmax;
+            }
+            opt.length.set(min, max);
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case NodeType.CALL: {
+            if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL) {
+                CallNode cn = (CallNode)node;
+                if (cn.isRecursion()) {
+                    opt.length.set(0, MinMaxLen.INFINITE_DISTANCE);
+                } else {
+                    int safe = oenv.options;
+                    oenv.options = ((EncloseNode)cn.target).option;
+                    optimizeNodeLeft(cn.target, opt, oenv);
+                    oenv.options = safe;
+                }
+                break;
+            } // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case NodeType.QTFR: {
+            NodeOptInfo nopt = new NodeOptInfo();
+            QuantifierNode qn = (QuantifierNode)node;
+            optimizeNodeLeft(qn.target, nopt, oenv);
+            if (qn.lower == 0 && isRepeatInfinite(qn.upper)) {
+                if (oenv.mmd.max == 0 && qn.target.getType() == NodeType.CANY && qn.greedy) {
+                    if (isMultiline(oenv.options)) {
+                        opt.anchor.add(AnchorType.ANYCHAR_STAR_ML);
+                    } else {
+                        opt.anchor.add(AnchorType.ANYCHAR_STAR);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (qn.lower > 0) {
+                    opt.copy(nopt);
+                    if (nopt.exb.length > 0) {
+                        if (nopt.exb.reachEnd) {
+                            int i;
+                            for (i=1; i<qn.lower && !opt.exb.isFull(); i++) {
+                                opt.exb.concat(nopt.exb, enc);
+                            }
+                            if (i < qn.lower) {
+                                opt.exb.reachEnd = false;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (qn.lower != qn.upper) {
+                        opt.exb.reachEnd = false;
+                        opt.exm.reachEnd = false;
+                    }
+                    if (qn.lower > 1) {
+                        opt.exm.reachEnd = false;
+                    }
+                    
+                }
+            }
+            int min = MinMaxLen.distanceMultiply(nopt.length.min, qn.lower);
+            int max;
+            if (isRepeatInfinite(qn.upper)) {
+                max = nopt.length.max > 0 ? MinMaxLen.INFINITE_DISTANCE : 0;
+            } else {
+                max = MinMaxLen.distanceMultiply(nopt.length.max, qn.upper);
+            }
+            opt.length.set(min, max);
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case NodeType.ENCLOSE: {
+            EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)node;
+            switch (en.type) {
+            case EncloseType.OPTION:
+                int save = oenv.options;
+                oenv.options = en.option;
+                optimizeNodeLeft(en.target, opt, oenv);
+                oenv.options = save;
+                break;
+                
+            case EncloseType.MEMORY:
+                if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL && ++en.optCount > MAX_NODE_OPT_INFO_REF_COUNT) {
+                    int min = 0;
+                    int max = MinMaxLen.INFINITE_DISTANCE;
+                    if (en.isMinFixed()) min = en.minLength;
+                    if (en.isMaxFixed()) max = en.maxLength;
+                    opt.length.set(min, max);
+                } else { // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+                    optimizeNodeLeft(en.target, opt, oenv);
+                    if (opt.anchor.isSet(AnchorType.ANYCHAR_STAR_MASK)) {
+                        if (bsAt(oenv.scanEnv.backrefedMem, en.regNum)) { 
+                            opt.anchor.remove(AnchorType.ANYCHAR_STAR_MASK);
+                        }
+                    }
+                } 
+                break;
+                
+            case EncloseType.STOP_BACKTRACK:
+                optimizeNodeLeft(en.target, opt, oenv);
+                break;
+            } // inner switch
+            break;
+        }
+        
+        default:
+            newInternalException(ERR_PARSER_BUG);
+        } // switch
+    }
+    
+    protected final void setOptimizedInfoFromTree(Node node) {    
+        NodeOptInfo opt = new NodeOptInfo();
+        OptEnvironment oenv = new OptEnvironment();
+        
+        oenv.enc = regex.enc;
+        oenv.options = regex.options;
+        oenv.caseFoldFlag = regex.caseFoldFlag;
+        oenv.scanEnv = env;
+        oenv.mmd.clear(); // ??
+        
+        optimizeNodeLeft(node, opt, oenv);
+
+        regex.anchor = opt.anchor.leftAnchor & (AnchorType.BEGIN_BUF |
+                                                AnchorType.BEGIN_POSITION |
+                                                AnchorType.ANYCHAR_STAR |
+                                                AnchorType.ANYCHAR_STAR_ML);
+
+        regex.anchor |= opt.anchor.rightAnchor & (AnchorType.END_BUF |
+                                                  AnchorType.SEMI_END_BUF);
+
+        if ((regex.anchor & (AnchorType.END_BUF | AnchorType.SEMI_END_BUF)) != 0) {
+            regex.anchorDmin = opt.length.min;
+            regex.anchorDmax = opt.length.max;
+        }
+
+        if (opt.exb.length > 0 || opt.exm.length > 0) {
+            opt.exb.select(opt.exm, enc);
+            if (opt.map.value > 0 && opt.exb.compare(opt.map) > 0) {
+                // !goto set_map;!
+                regex.setOptimizeMapInfo(opt.map);
+                regex.setSubAnchor(opt.map.anchor);
+            } else {
+                regex.setExactInfo(opt.exb);
+                regex.setSubAnchor(opt.exb.anchor);
+            }
+        } else if (opt.map.value > 0) {
+            // !set_map:!
+            regex.setOptimizeMapInfo(opt.map);
+            regex.setSubAnchor(opt.map.anchor);
+        } else {
+            regex.subAnchor |= opt.anchor.leftAnchor & AnchorType.BEGIN_LINE;
+            if (opt.length.max == 0) regex.subAnchor |= opt.anchor.rightAnchor & AnchorType.END_LINE;
+        }
+        
+        if (Config.DEBUG_COMPILE || Config.DEBUG_MATCH) {
+            Config.log.println(regex.optimizeInfoToString());
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/ApplyCaseFold.java b/src/org/joni/ApplyCaseFold.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54a1aa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/ApplyCaseFold.java
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import org.jcodings.ApplyAllCaseFoldFunction;
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+import org.joni.ast.CClassNode;
+import org.joni.ast.ConsAltNode;
+import org.joni.ast.StringNode;
+
+final class ApplyCaseFold implements ApplyAllCaseFoldFunction {
+
+    // i_apply_case_fold
+    public void apply(int from, int[]to, int length, Object o) {
+        ApplyCaseFoldArg arg = (ApplyCaseFoldArg)o;
+
+        ScanEnvironment env = arg.env;
+        Encoding enc = env.enc;
+        CClassNode cc = arg.cc;
+        BitSet bs = cc.bs;
+        
+        if (length == 1) {
+            boolean inCC = cc.isCodeInCC(enc, from);
+
+            if (Config.CASE_FOLD_IS_APPLIED_INSIDE_NEGATIVE_CCLASS) {
+                if ((inCC && !cc.isNot()) || (!inCC && cc.isNot())) {
+                    if (enc.minLength() > 1 || to[0] >= BitSet.SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE) {
+                        cc.addCodeRange(env, to[0], to[0]);
+                    } else {
+                        /* /(?i:[^A-C])/.match("a") ==> fail. */
+                        bs.set(to[0]);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (inCC) {
+                    if (enc.minLength() > 1 || to[0] >= BitSet.SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE) {
+                        if (cc.isNot()) cc.clearNotFlag(enc);
+                        cc.addCodeRange(env, to[0], to[0]);
+                    } else {
+                        if (cc.isNot()) {
+                            bs.clear(to[0]);
+                        } else {
+                            bs.set(to[0]);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } // CASE_FOLD_IS_APPLIED_INSIDE_NEGATIVE_CCLASS
+            
+        } else {
+            if (cc.isCodeInCC(enc, from) && (!Config.CASE_FOLD_IS_APPLIED_INSIDE_NEGATIVE_CCLASS || !cc.isNot())) {
+                StringNode node = null;
+                for (int i=0; i<length; i++) {
+                    if (i == 0) {
+                        node = new StringNode();
+                        node.ensure(Config.ENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN);
+                        node.end += enc.codeToMbc(to[i], node.bytes, node.end);
+                        
+                        /* char-class expanded multi-char only
+                        compare with string folded at match time. */
+                        node.setAmbig();
+                    } else {
+                        node.ensure(Config.ENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN);
+                        node.end += enc.codeToMbc(to[i], node.bytes, node.end);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ConsAltNode alt = ConsAltNode.newAltNode(node, null);
+
+                if (arg.tail == null) {
+                    arg.altRoot = alt;
+                } else {
+                    arg.tail.setCdr(alt);
+                }
+                arg.tail = alt;
+            }
+
+        }
+
+    }
+    
+    static final ApplyCaseFold INSTANCE = new ApplyCaseFold();   
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/ApplyCaseFoldArg.java b/src/org/joni/ApplyCaseFoldArg.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92dd2fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/ApplyCaseFoldArg.java
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import org.joni.ast.CClassNode;
+import org.joni.ast.ConsAltNode;
+
+public final class ApplyCaseFoldArg {
+    final ScanEnvironment env;
+    final CClassNode cc;
+    ConsAltNode altRoot;
+    ConsAltNode tail;
+    
+    public ApplyCaseFoldArg(ScanEnvironment env, CClassNode cc) {
+        this.env = env;
+        this.cc = cc;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/ArrayCompiler.java b/src/org/joni/ArrayCompiler.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f23ce58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/ArrayCompiler.java
@@ -0,0 +1,1237 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import static org.joni.BitStatus.bsAt;
+import static org.joni.Option.isDynamic;
+import static org.joni.Option.isIgnoreCase;
+import static org.joni.Option.isMultiline;
+import static org.joni.ast.QuantifierNode.isRepeatInfinite;
+
+import org.jcodings.constants.CharacterType;
+import org.joni.ast.AnchorNode;
+import org.joni.ast.BackRefNode;
+import org.joni.ast.CClassNode;
+import org.joni.ast.CTypeNode;
+import org.joni.ast.CallNode;
+import org.joni.ast.ConsAltNode;
+import org.joni.ast.EncloseNode;
+import org.joni.ast.Node;
+import org.joni.ast.QuantifierNode;
+import org.joni.ast.StringNode;
+import org.joni.constants.AnchorType;
+import org.joni.constants.EncloseType;
+import org.joni.constants.NodeType;
+import org.joni.constants.OPCode;
+import org.joni.constants.OPSize;
+import org.joni.constants.TargetInfo;
+
+final class ArrayCompiler extends Compiler {
+
+    ArrayCompiler(Analyser analyser) {
+        super(analyser);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected final void prepare() {
+        regex.code = new int[(analyser.stop - analyser.p) * 2 + 1]; // (+1: empty regex)        
+        regex.codeLength = 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected final void finish() {
+        addOpcode(OPCode.END);
+        addOpcode(OPCode.FINISH); // for stack bottom
+        
+        if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL && analyser.env.unsetAddrList != null) {
+            analyser.env.unsetAddrList.fix(regex);
+            analyser.env.unsetAddrList = null;
+        }
+
+        regex.factory = MatcherFactory.DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileAltNode(ConsAltNode node) {
+        ConsAltNode aln = node;
+        int len = 0;
+
+        do {
+            len += compileLengthTree(aln.car);
+            if (aln.cdr != null) {
+                len += OPSize.PUSH + OPSize.JUMP;
+            }
+        } while ((aln = aln.cdr) != null);
+
+        int pos = regex.codeLength + len;  /* goal position */
+
+        aln = node;
+        do {
+            len = compileLengthTree(aln.car);
+            if (aln.cdr != null) {
+                addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.PUSH, len + OPSize.JUMP);
+            }
+            compileTree(aln.car);
+            if (aln.cdr != null) {
+                len = pos - (regex.codeLength + OPSize.JUMP);
+                addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.JUMP, len);
+            }
+        } while ((aln = aln.cdr) != null);
+    }
+
+    private boolean isNeedStrLenOpExact(int op) {
+        return  op == OPCode.EXACTN         ||
+                op == OPCode.EXACTMB2N      ||
+                op == OPCode.EXACTMB3N      ||
+                op == OPCode.EXACTMBN       ||
+                op == OPCode.EXACTN_IC      ||
+                op == OPCode.EXACTN_IC_SB;
+    }
+
+    private int selectStrOpcode(int mbLength, int strLength, boolean ignoreCase) {
+        int op;
+        
+        if (ignoreCase) {
+            switch(strLength) {
+            case 1: op = enc.toLowerCaseTable() != null ? OPCode.EXACT1_IC_SB : OPCode.EXACT1_IC; break;
+            default:op = enc.toLowerCaseTable() != null ? OPCode.EXACTN_IC_SB : OPCode.EXACTN_IC; break;
+            } // switch
+        } else {
+            switch (mbLength) {
+            case 1:
+                switch (strLength) {
+                case 1: op = OPCode.EXACT1; break;
+                case 2: op = OPCode.EXACT2; break;
+                case 3: op = OPCode.EXACT3; break;
+                case 4: op = OPCode.EXACT4; break;
+                case 5: op = OPCode.EXACT5; break;
+                default:op = OPCode.EXACTN; break;
+                } // inner switch
+                break;
+            case 2:
+                switch (strLength) {
+                case 1: op = OPCode.EXACTMB2N1; break;
+                case 2: op = OPCode.EXACTMB2N2; break;
+                case 3: op = OPCode.EXACTMB2N3; break;
+                default:op = OPCode.EXACTMB2N;  break;
+                } // inner switch
+                break;
+            case 3:
+                op = OPCode.EXACTMB3N;
+            default:
+                op = OPCode.EXACTMBN;
+            } // switch
+        }
+        return op;
+    }
+
+    private void compileTreeEmptyCheck(Node node, int emptyInfo) {
+        int savedNumNullCheck = regex.numNullCheck;
+        
+        if (emptyInfo != 0) {
+            addOpcode(OPCode.NULL_CHECK_START);
+            addMemNum(regex.numNullCheck); /* NULL CHECK ID */
+            regex.numNullCheck++;
+        }
+        
+        compileTree(node);
+        
+        if (emptyInfo != 0) {
+            switch(emptyInfo) {
+            case TargetInfo.IS_EMPTY:
+                addOpcode(OPCode.NULL_CHECK_END);
+                break;
+            case TargetInfo.IS_EMPTY_MEM:
+                addOpcode(OPCode.NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST);
+                break;
+            case TargetInfo.IS_EMPTY_REC:
+                addOpcode(OPCode.NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST_PUSH);
+                break;
+            } // switch
+            
+            addMemNum(savedNumNullCheck); /* NULL CHECK ID */
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int addCompileStringlength(byte[]bytes, int p, int mbLength, int strLength, boolean ignoreCase) {
+        int op = selectStrOpcode(mbLength, strLength, ignoreCase);
+        
+        int len = OPSize.OPCODE;
+
+        if (op == OPCode.EXACTMBN) len += OPSize.LENGTH;
+        if (isNeedStrLenOpExact(op)) len += OPSize.LENGTH;
+        
+        len += mbLength * strLength;
+        return len;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected final void addCompileString(byte[]bytes, int p, int mbLength, int strLength, boolean ignoreCase) {
+        int op = selectStrOpcode(mbLength, strLength, ignoreCase);
+        addOpcode(op);
+        
+        if (op == OPCode.EXACTMBN) addLength(mbLength);
+        
+        if (isNeedStrLenOpExact(op)) {
+            if (op == OPCode.EXACTN_IC || op == OPCode.EXACTN_IC_SB) {
+                addLength(mbLength * strLength);
+            } else {
+                addLength(strLength);                
+            }
+        }
+        addBytes(bytes, p, mbLength * strLength);
+    }
+
+    private int compileLengthStringNode(Node node) {
+        StringNode sn = (StringNode)node;
+        if (sn.length() <= 0) return 0;
+        boolean ambig = sn.isAmbig();
+        
+        int p, prev;
+        p = prev = sn.p;
+        int end = sn.end;
+        byte[]bytes = sn.bytes;
+        int prevLen = enc.length(bytes, p, end);
+        p += prevLen;
+        
+        int slen = 1;
+        int rlen = 0;
+        
+        while (p < end) {
+            int len = enc.length(bytes, p, end);
+            if (len == prevLen) {
+                slen++;
+            } else {
+                int r = addCompileStringlength(bytes, prev, prevLen, slen, ambig);
+                rlen += r;
+                prev = p;
+                slen = 1;
+                prevLen = len;
+            }
+            p += len;
+        }
+        int r = addCompileStringlength(bytes, prev, prevLen, slen, ambig);
+        rlen += r;
+        return rlen;
+    }
+    
+    private int compileLengthStringRawNode(StringNode sn) {
+        if (sn.length() <= 0) return 0;        
+        return addCompileStringlength(sn.bytes, sn.p, 1 /*sb*/, sn.length(), false);
+    }
+
+    private void addMultiByteCClass(CodeRangeBuffer mbuf) {
+        addLength(mbuf.used);
+        addInts(mbuf.p, mbuf.used);
+    }
+    
+    private int compileLengthCClassNode(CClassNode cc) {
+        if (cc.isShare()) return OPSize.OPCODE + OPSize.POINTER;
+
+        int len;
+        if (cc.mbuf == null) {
+            len = OPSize.OPCODE + BitSet.BITSET_SIZE;
+        } else {
+            if (enc.minLength() > 1 || cc.bs.isEmpty()) {
+                len = OPSize.OPCODE;
+            } else {
+                len = OPSize.OPCODE + BitSet.BITSET_SIZE;
+            }
+            
+            len += OPSize.LENGTH + cc.mbuf.used;
+        }
+        return len;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileCClassNode(CClassNode cc) {
+        if (cc.isShare()) { // shared char class
+            addOpcode(OPCode.CCLASS_NODE);
+            addPointer(cc);
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        if (cc.mbuf == null) {
+            if (cc.isNot()) {
+                addOpcode(enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.CCLASS_NOT_SB : OPCode.CCLASS_NOT);
+            } else {
+                addOpcode(enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.CCLASS_SB : OPCode.CCLASS);
+            }
+            addInts(cc.bs.bits, BitSet.BITSET_SIZE); // add_bitset
+        } else {
+            if (enc.minLength() > 1 || cc.bs.isEmpty()) {
+                if (cc.isNot()) {
+                    addOpcode(OPCode.CCLASS_MB_NOT);
+                } else {
+                    addOpcode(OPCode.CCLASS_MB);
+                }
+                addMultiByteCClass(cc.mbuf);                
+            } else {
+                if (cc.isNot()) {
+                    addOpcode(OPCode.CCLASS_MIX_NOT);
+                } else {
+                    addOpcode(OPCode.CCLASS_MIX);
+                }
+                // store the bit set and mbuf themself!
+                addInts(cc.bs.bits, BitSet.BITSET_SIZE); // add_bitset
+                addMultiByteCClass(cc.mbuf);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileCTypeNode(CTypeNode node) {
+        CTypeNode cn = node;
+        int op;
+        switch (cn.ctype) {
+        case CharacterType.WORD:
+            if (cn.not) {
+                op = enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.NOT_WORD_SB : OPCode.NOT_WORD;
+            } else {
+                op = enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.WORD_SB : OPCode.WORD;
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        default:
+            newInternalException(ERR_PARSER_BUG);
+            return; // not reached  
+        } // inner switch
+        addOpcode(op);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileAnyCharNode() {
+        if (isMultiline(regex.options)) {            
+            addOpcode(enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_SB : OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML);
+        } else {
+            addOpcode(enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.ANYCHAR_SB : OPCode.ANYCHAR);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileCallNode(CallNode node) {
+        addOpcode(OPCode.CALL);
+        node.unsetAddrList.add(regex.codeLength, node.target);
+        addAbsAddr(0); /*dummy addr.*/
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileBackrefNode(BackRefNode node) {
+        BackRefNode br = node;
+        if (Config.USE_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL && br.isNestLevel()) {
+            addOpcode(OPCode.BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL);
+            addOption(regex.options & Option.IGNORECASE);
+            addLength(br.nestLevel);
+            // !goto add_bacref_mems;!
+            addLength(br.backNum);
+            for (int i=br.backNum-1; i>=0; i--) addMemNum(br.back[i]);                        
+            return;
+        } else { // USE_BACKREF_AT_LEVEL
+            if (br.backNum == 1) {
+                if (isIgnoreCase(regex.options)) {
+                    addOpcode(OPCode.BACKREFN_IC);
+                    addMemNum(br.back[0]);
+                } else {
+                    switch (br.back[0]) {
+                    case 1:
+                        addOpcode(OPCode.BACKREF1);
+                        break;
+                    case 2:
+                        addOpcode(OPCode.BACKREF2);
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        addOpcode(OPCode.BACKREFN);
+                        addOpcode(br.back[0]);
+                        break;
+                    } // switch
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (isIgnoreCase(regex.options)) {
+                    addOpcode(OPCode.BACKREF_MULTI_IC);
+                } else {
+                    addOpcode(OPCode.BACKREF_MULTI);
+                }
+                // !add_bacref_mems:!
+                addLength(br.backNum);
+                for (int i=br.backNum-1; i>=0; i--) addMemNum(br.back[i]);                        
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final int REPEAT_RANGE_ALLOC = 8;
+    private void entryRepeatRange(int id, int lower, int upper) {
+        if (regex.repeatRangeLo == null) {
+            regex.repeatRangeLo = new int[REPEAT_RANGE_ALLOC];
+            regex.repeatRangeHi = new int[REPEAT_RANGE_ALLOC];
+        } else if (id >= regex.repeatRangeLo.length){
+            int[]tmp = new int[regex.repeatRangeLo.length + REPEAT_RANGE_ALLOC];
+            System.arraycopy(regex.repeatRangeLo, 0, tmp, 0, regex.repeatRangeLo.length);
+            regex.repeatRangeLo = tmp;
+            tmp = new int[regex.repeatRangeHi.length + REPEAT_RANGE_ALLOC];
+            System.arraycopy(regex.repeatRangeHi, 0, tmp, 0, regex.repeatRangeHi.length);
+            regex.repeatRangeHi = tmp;
+        }
+        
+        regex.repeatRangeLo[id] = lower;
+        regex.repeatRangeHi[id] = isRepeatInfinite(upper) ? 0x7fffffff : upper;
+    }
+    
+    private void compileRangeRepeatNode(QuantifierNode qn, int targetLen, int emptyInfo) {
+        int numRepeat = regex.numRepeat;
+        addOpcode(qn.greedy ? OPCode.REPEAT : OPCode.REPEAT_NG);
+        addMemNum(numRepeat); /* OP_REPEAT ID */
+        regex.numRepeat++;
+        addRelAddr(targetLen + OPSize.REPEAT_INC);
+        
+        entryRepeatRange(numRepeat, qn.lower, qn.upper);
+        
+        compileTreeEmptyCheck(qn.target, emptyInfo);
+        
+        if ((Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL && regex.numCall > 0) || qn.isInRepeat()) {
+            addOpcode(qn.greedy ? OPCode.REPEAT_INC_SG : OPCode.REPEAT_INC_NG_SG);
+        } else {
+            addOpcode(qn.greedy ? OPCode.REPEAT_INC : OPCode.REPEAT_INC_NG);            
+        }
+        
+        addMemNum(numRepeat); /* OP_REPEAT ID */
+    }
+    
+    private static final int QUANTIFIER_EXPAND_LIMIT_SIZE   = 50; // was 50
+
+    private static boolean cknOn(int ckn) { 
+        return ckn > 0;
+    }
+    
+    private int compileCECLengthQuantifierNode(QuantifierNode qn) {
+        boolean infinite = isRepeatInfinite(qn.upper);
+        int emptyInfo = qn.targetEmptyInfo;
+        
+        int tlen = compileLengthTree(qn.target);
+        int ckn = regex.numCombExpCheck > 0 ? qn.combExpCheckNum : 0;
+        int cklen = cknOn(ckn) ? OPSize.STATE_CHECK_NUM : 0;
+        
+        /* anychar repeat */
+        if (qn.target.getType() == NodeType.CANY) {
+            if (qn.greedy && infinite) {
+                if (qn.nextHeadExact != null && !cknOn(ckn)) {
+                    return OPSize.ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT + tlen * qn.lower + cklen;
+                } else {
+                    return OPSize.ANYCHAR_STAR + tlen * qn.lower + cklen;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        int modTLen;
+        if (emptyInfo != 0) {
+            modTLen = tlen + (OPSize.NULL_CHECK_START + OPSize.NULL_CHECK_END);
+        } else {
+            modTLen = tlen;
+        }
+        
+        int len;
+        if (infinite && qn.lower <= 1) {
+            if (qn.greedy) {
+                if (qn.lower == 1) {
+                    len = OPSize.JUMP;
+                } else {
+                    len = 0;
+                }
+                len += OPSize.PUSH + cklen + modTLen + OPSize.JUMP;
+            } else {
+                if (qn.lower == 0) {
+                    len = OPSize.JUMP;
+                } else {
+                    len = 0;
+                }
+                len += modTLen + OPSize.PUSH + cklen;
+            }
+        } else if (qn.upper == 0) {
+            if (qn.isRefered) { /* /(?<n>..){0}/ */
+                len = OPSize.JUMP + tlen;
+            } else {
+                len = 0;
+            }
+        } else if (qn.upper == 1 && qn.greedy) {
+            if (qn.lower == 0) {
+                if (cknOn(ckn)) {
+                    len = OPSize.STATE_CHECK_PUSH + tlen;
+                } else {
+                    len = OPSize.PUSH + tlen;
+                }
+            } else {
+                len = tlen;
+            }
+        } else if (!qn.greedy && qn.upper == 1 && qn.lower == 0) { /* '??' */
+            len = OPSize.PUSH + cklen + OPSize.JUMP + tlen;
+        } else {
+            len = OPSize.REPEAT_INC + modTLen + OPSize.OPCODE + OPSize.RELADDR + OPSize.MEMNUM;
+            
+            if (cknOn(ckn)) {
+                len += OPSize.STATE_CHECK;
+            }
+        }
+        return len;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileCECQuantifierNode(QuantifierNode qn) {
+        boolean infinite = isRepeatInfinite(qn.upper);
+        int emptyInfo = qn.targetEmptyInfo;
+        
+        int tlen = compileLengthTree(qn.target);
+        
+        int ckn = regex.numCombExpCheck > 0 ? qn.combExpCheckNum : 0;
+        
+        if (qn.isAnyCharStar()) {
+            compileTreeNTimes(qn.target, qn.lower);
+            if (qn.nextHeadExact != null && !cknOn(ckn)) {
+                if (isMultiline(regex.options)) {
+                    addOpcode(enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT_SB : OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT);
+                } else {
+                    addOpcode(enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT_SB : OPCode.ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT);
+                }
+                if (cknOn(ckn)) {
+                    addStateCheckNum(ckn);
+                }
+                StringNode sn = (StringNode)qn.nextHeadExact;
+                addBytes(sn.bytes, sn.p, 1);
+                return;
+            } else {
+                if (isMultiline(regex.options)) {
+                    if (cknOn(ckn)) {
+                        addOpcode(enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_SB : OPCode.STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR);
+                    } else {
+                        addOpcode(enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_SB : OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_STAR);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    if (cknOn(ckn)) {
+                        addOpcode(enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_STAR_SB : OPCode.STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_STAR);
+                    } else {
+                        addOpcode(enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.ANYCHAR_STAR_SB : OPCode.ANYCHAR_STAR);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (cknOn(ckn)) {
+                    addStateCheckNum(ckn);
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        int modTLen;
+        if (emptyInfo != 0) {
+            modTLen = tlen + (OPSize.NULL_CHECK_START + OPSize.NULL_CHECK_END);
+        } else {
+            modTLen = tlen;
+        }
+        if (infinite && qn.lower <= 1) {
+            if (qn.greedy) {
+                if (qn.lower == 1) {
+                    addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.JUMP, cknOn(ckn) ? OPSize.STATE_CHECK_PUSH :
+                                                                     OPSize.PUSH);
+                }
+                if (cknOn(ckn)) {
+                    addOpcode(OPCode.STATE_CHECK_PUSH);
+                    addStateCheckNum(ckn);
+                    addRelAddr(modTLen + OPSize.JUMP);
+                } else {
+                    addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.PUSH, modTLen + OPSize.JUMP);
+                }
+                compileTreeEmptyCheck(qn.target, emptyInfo);
+                addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.JUMP, -(modTLen + OPSize.JUMP + (cknOn(ckn) ?
+                                                                               OPSize.STATE_CHECK_PUSH :
+                                                                               OPSize.PUSH)));
+            } else {
+                if (qn.lower == 0) {
+                    addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.JUMP, modTLen);
+                }
+                compileTreeEmptyCheck(qn.target, emptyInfo);
+                if (cknOn(ckn)) {
+                    addOpcode(OPCode.STATE_CHECK_PUSH_OR_JUMP);
+                    addStateCheckNum(ckn);
+                    addRelAddr(-(modTLen + OPSize.STATE_CHECK_PUSH_OR_JUMP));
+                } else {
+                    addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.PUSH, -(modTLen + OPSize.PUSH));
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (qn.upper == 0) {
+            if (qn.isRefered) { /* /(?<n>..){0}/ */
+                addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.JUMP, tlen);
+                compileTree(qn.target);
+            } // else r=0 ???
+        } else if (qn.upper == 1 && qn.greedy) {
+            if (qn.lower == 0) {
+                if (cknOn(ckn)) {
+                    addOpcode(OPCode.STATE_CHECK_PUSH);
+                    addStateCheckNum(ckn);
+                    addRelAddr(tlen);
+                } else {
+                    addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.PUSH, tlen);
+                }
+            }
+            compileTree(qn.target);
+        } else if (!qn.greedy && qn.upper == 1 && qn.lower == 0){ /* '??' */
+            if (cknOn(ckn)) {
+                addOpcode(OPCode.STATE_CHECK_PUSH);
+                addStateCheckNum(ckn);
+                addRelAddr(OPSize.JUMP);
+            } else {
+                addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.PUSH, OPSize.JUMP);
+            }
+            
+            addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.JUMP, tlen);
+            compileTree(qn.target);
+        } else {
+            compileRangeRepeatNode(qn, modTLen, emptyInfo);
+            if (cknOn(ckn)) {
+                addOpcode(OPCode.STATE_CHECK);
+                addStateCheckNum(ckn);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int compileNonCECLengthQuantifierNode(QuantifierNode qn) {
+        boolean infinite = isRepeatInfinite(qn.upper);
+        int emptyInfo = qn.targetEmptyInfo;
+        
+        int tlen = compileLengthTree(qn.target);
+
+        /* anychar repeat */
+        if (qn.target.getType() == NodeType.CANY) {
+            if (qn.greedy && infinite) {
+                if (qn.nextHeadExact != null) {
+                    return OPSize.ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT + tlen * qn.lower;
+                } else {
+                    return OPSize.ANYCHAR_STAR + tlen * qn.lower;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        int modTLen = 0;
+        if (emptyInfo != 0) {
+            modTLen = tlen + (OPSize.NULL_CHECK_START + OPSize.NULL_CHECK_END);
+        } else {
+            modTLen = tlen;
+        }
+        
+        int len;
+        if (infinite && (qn.lower <= 1 || tlen * qn.lower <= QUANTIFIER_EXPAND_LIMIT_SIZE)) {
+            if (qn.lower == 1 && tlen > QUANTIFIER_EXPAND_LIMIT_SIZE) {
+                len = OPSize.JUMP;
+            } else {
+                len = tlen * qn.lower;
+            }
+            
+            if (qn.greedy) {
+                if (qn.headExact != null) {
+                    len += OPSize.PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1 + modTLen + OPSize.JUMP;
+                } else if (qn.nextHeadExact != null) {
+                    len += OPSize.PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT + modTLen + OPSize.JUMP;
+                } else {
+                    len += OPSize.PUSH + modTLen + OPSize.JUMP;
+                }
+            } else {
+                len += OPSize.JUMP + modTLen + OPSize.PUSH; 
+            }
+            
+        } else if (qn.upper == 0 && qn.isRefered) { /* /(?<n>..){0}/ */
+            len = OPSize.JUMP + tlen;
+        } else if (!infinite && qn.greedy &&
+                  (qn.upper == 1 || (tlen + OPSize.PUSH) * qn.upper <= QUANTIFIER_EXPAND_LIMIT_SIZE )) { 
+            len = tlen * qn.lower;
+            len += (OPSize.PUSH + tlen) * (qn.upper - qn.lower);
+        } else if (!qn.greedy && qn.upper == 1 && qn.lower == 0) { /* '??' */
+            len = OPSize.PUSH + OPSize.JUMP + tlen;
+        } else {
+            len = OPSize.REPEAT_INC + modTLen + OPSize.OPCODE + OPSize.RELADDR + OPSize.MEMNUM;
+        }
+        return len;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected void compileNonCECQuantifierNode(QuantifierNode qn) {
+        boolean infinite = isRepeatInfinite(qn.upper);
+        int emptyInfo = qn.targetEmptyInfo;
+        
+        int tlen = compileLengthTree(qn.target);        
+        
+        if (qn.isAnyCharStar()) {
+            compileTreeNTimes(qn.target, qn.lower);
+            if (qn.nextHeadExact != null) {
+                if (isMultiline(regex.options)) {
+                    addOpcode(enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT_SB : OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT);
+                } else {
+                    addOpcode(enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT_SB : OPCode.ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT);
+                }
+                StringNode sn = (StringNode)qn.nextHeadExact;
+                addBytes(sn.bytes, sn.p, 1);
+                return;
+            } else {
+                if (isMultiline(regex.options)) {
+                    addOpcode(enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_SB : OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_STAR);
+                } else {
+                    addOpcode(enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.ANYCHAR_STAR_SB : OPCode.ANYCHAR_STAR);
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        int modTLen;
+        if (emptyInfo != 0) {
+            modTLen = tlen + (OPSize.NULL_CHECK_START + OPSize.NULL_CHECK_END);
+        } else {
+            modTLen = tlen;
+        }
+        if (infinite && (qn.lower <= 1 || tlen * qn.lower <= QUANTIFIER_EXPAND_LIMIT_SIZE)) {
+            if (qn.lower == 1 && tlen > QUANTIFIER_EXPAND_LIMIT_SIZE) {
+                if (qn.greedy) {
+                    if (qn.headExact != null) {
+                        addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.JUMP, OPSize.PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1);
+                    } else if (qn.nextHeadExact != null) {
+                        addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.JUMP, OPSize.PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT);
+                    } else {
+                        addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.JUMP, OPSize.PUSH);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.JUMP, OPSize.JUMP);
+                }
+            } else {
+                compileTreeNTimes(qn.target, qn.lower);
+            }
+                
+            if (qn.greedy) {
+                if (qn.headExact != null) {
+                    addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1, modTLen + OPSize.JUMP);
+                    StringNode sn = (StringNode)qn.headExact;
+                    addBytes(sn.bytes, sn.p, 1);
+                    compileTreeEmptyCheck(qn.target, emptyInfo);
+                    addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.JUMP, -(modTLen + OPSize.JUMP + OPSize.PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1));
+                } else if (qn.nextHeadExact != null) { 
+                    addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT, modTLen + OPSize.JUMP);
+                    StringNode sn = (StringNode)qn.nextHeadExact;
+                    addBytes(sn.bytes, sn.p, 1);
+                    compileTreeEmptyCheck(qn.target, emptyInfo);
+                    addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.JUMP, -(modTLen + OPSize.JUMP + OPSize.PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT));
+                } else {
+                    addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.PUSH, modTLen + OPSize.JUMP);
+                    compileTreeEmptyCheck(qn.target, emptyInfo);
+                    addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.JUMP, -(modTLen + OPSize.JUMP + OPSize.PUSH));
+                }
+            } else {
+                addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.JUMP, modTLen);
+                compileTreeEmptyCheck(qn.target, emptyInfo);
+                addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.PUSH, -(modTLen + OPSize.PUSH));
+            }
+        } else if (qn.upper == 0 && qn.isRefered) { /* /(?<n>..){0}/ */
+            addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.JUMP, tlen);
+            compileTree(qn.target);
+        } else if (!infinite && qn.greedy && 
+                  (qn.upper == 1 || (tlen + OPSize.PUSH) * qn.upper <= QUANTIFIER_EXPAND_LIMIT_SIZE)) {
+            int n = qn.upper - qn.lower;
+            compileTreeNTimes(qn.target, qn.lower);
+            
+            for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
+                addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.PUSH, (n - i) * tlen + (n - i - 1) * OPSize.PUSH);
+                compileTree(qn.target);
+            }
+        } else if (!qn.greedy && qn.upper == 1 && qn.lower == 0) { /* '??' */
+            addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.PUSH, OPSize.JUMP);
+            addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.JUMP, tlen);
+            compileTree(qn.target);
+        } else {
+            compileRangeRepeatNode(qn, modTLen, emptyInfo);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int compileLengthOptionNode(EncloseNode node) {
+        int prev = regex.options;
+        regex.options = node.option;
+        int tlen = compileLengthTree(node.target);
+        regex.options = prev;
+        
+        if (isDynamic(prev ^ node.option)) {
+            return OPSize.SET_OPTION_PUSH + OPSize.SET_OPTION + OPSize.FAIL + tlen + OPSize.SET_OPTION;
+        } else {
+            return tlen;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileOptionNode(EncloseNode node) {
+        int prev = regex.options;
+        
+        if (isDynamic(prev ^ node.option)) {
+            addOpcodeOption(OPCode.SET_OPTION_PUSH, node.option);
+            addOpcodeOption(OPCode.SET_OPTION, prev);
+            addOpcode(OPCode.FAIL);
+        }
+        
+        regex.options = node.option;
+        compileTree(node.target);
+        regex.options = prev;
+        
+        if (isDynamic(prev ^ node.option)) {
+            addOpcodeOption(OPCode.SET_OPTION, prev);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int compileLengthEncloseNode(EncloseNode node) {
+        if (node.isOption()) {
+            return compileLengthOptionNode(node);
+        }
+        
+        int tlen;
+        if (node.target != null) {
+            tlen = compileLengthTree(node.target);
+        } else {
+            tlen = 0;
+        }
+        
+        int len;
+        switch (node.type) {
+        case EncloseType.MEMORY:
+            if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL && node.isCalled()) {
+                len = OPSize.MEMORY_START_PUSH + tlen + OPSize.CALL + OPSize.JUMP + OPSize.RETURN;
+                if (bsAt(regex.btMemEnd, node.regNum)) {
+                    len += node.isRecursion() ? OPSize.MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC : OPSize.MEMORY_END_PUSH;
+                } else {
+                    len += node.isRecursion() ? OPSize.MEMORY_END_REC : OPSize.MEMORY_END;
+                }
+            } else { // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+                if (bsAt(regex.btMemStart, node.regNum)) {
+                    len = OPSize.MEMORY_START_PUSH;
+                } else {
+                    len = OPSize.MEMORY_START;
+                }
+                len += tlen + (bsAt(regex.btMemEnd, node.regNum) ? OPSize.MEMORY_END_PUSH : OPSize.MEMORY_END);
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case EncloseType.STOP_BACKTRACK:
+            if (node.isStopBtSimpleRepeat()) {
+                QuantifierNode qn = (QuantifierNode)node.target;
+                tlen = compileLengthTree(qn.target);
+                len = tlen * qn.lower + OPSize.PUSH + tlen + OPSize.POP + OPSize.JUMP;
+            } else { 
+                len = OPSize.PUSH_STOP_BT + tlen + OPSize.POP_STOP_BT;
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        default:
+            newInternalException(ERR_PARSER_BUG);
+            return 0; // not reached
+        } // switch
+        return len;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileEncloseNode(EncloseNode node) {
+        int len;
+        switch (node.type) {
+        case EncloseType.MEMORY:
+            if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL) {
+                if (node.isCalled()) {
+                    addOpcode(OPCode.CALL);
+                    node.callAddr = regex.codeLength + OPSize.ABSADDR + OPSize.JUMP;
+                    node.setAddrFixed();
+                    addAbsAddr(node.callAddr);
+                    len = compileLengthTree(node.target);
+                    len += OPSize.MEMORY_START_PUSH + OPSize.RETURN;
+                    if (bsAt(regex.btMemEnd, node.regNum)) {
+                        len += node.isRecursion() ? OPSize.MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC : OPSize.MEMORY_END_PUSH;
+                    } else {
+                        len += node.isRecursion() ? OPSize.MEMORY_END_REC : OPSize.MEMORY_END;
+                    }
+                    addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.JUMP, len);
+                }
+            } // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+            
+            if (bsAt(regex.btMemStart, node.regNum)) {
+                addOpcode(OPCode.MEMORY_START_PUSH);
+            } else {
+                addOpcode(OPCode.MEMORY_START);
+            }
+            
+            addMemNum(node.regNum);
+            compileTree(node.target);
+            
+            if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL && node.isCalled()) {
+                if (bsAt(regex.btMemEnd, node.regNum)) {
+                    addOpcode(node.isRecursion() ? OPCode.MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC : OPCode.MEMORY_END_PUSH);
+                } else {
+                    addOpcode(node.isRecursion() ? OPCode.MEMORY_END_REC : OPCode.MEMORY_END);
+                }
+                addMemNum(node.regNum);
+                addOpcode(OPCode.RETURN);
+            } else { // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+                if (bsAt(regex.btMemEnd, node.regNum)) {
+                    addOpcode(OPCode.MEMORY_END_PUSH);
+                } else {
+                    addOpcode(OPCode.MEMORY_END);
+                }
+                addMemNum(node.regNum);
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case EncloseType.STOP_BACKTRACK:
+            if (node.isStopBtSimpleRepeat()) {
+                QuantifierNode qn = (QuantifierNode)node.target;
+                
+                compileTreeNTimes(qn.target, qn.lower);
+                
+                len = compileLengthTree(qn.target);                
+                addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.PUSH, len + OPSize.POP + OPSize.JUMP);
+                compileTree(qn.target);
+                addOpcode(OPCode.POP);
+                addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.JUMP, -(OPSize.PUSH + len + OPSize.POP + OPSize.JUMP));
+            } else {
+                addOpcode(OPCode.PUSH_STOP_BT);
+                compileTree(node.target);
+                addOpcode(OPCode.POP_STOP_BT);
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        default:
+            newInternalException(ERR_PARSER_BUG);
+            break;
+        } // switch
+    }
+    
+    private int compileLengthAnchorNode(AnchorNode node) {
+        int tlen;
+        if (node.target != null) {
+            tlen = compileLengthTree(node.target);
+        } else {
+            tlen = 0;
+        }
+        
+        int len;
+        switch (node.type) {
+        case AnchorType.PREC_READ:
+            len = OPSize.PUSH_POS + tlen + OPSize.POP_POS;
+            break;
+        
+        case AnchorType.PREC_READ_NOT:
+            len = OPSize.PUSH_POS_NOT + tlen + OPSize.FAIL_POS;
+            break;
+        
+        case AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND:
+            len = OPSize.LOOK_BEHIND + tlen;
+            break;
+        
+        case AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+            len = OPSize.PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT + tlen + OPSize.FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT;
+            break;
+            
+        default:
+            len = OPSize.OPCODE;
+            break;
+        } // switch
+        return len;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileAnchorNode(AnchorNode node) {
+        int len;
+        int n;
+        
+        switch (node.type) {
+        case AnchorType.BEGIN_BUF:          addOpcode(OPCode.BEGIN_BUF);            break;
+        case AnchorType.END_BUF:            addOpcode(OPCode.END_BUF);              break;
+        case AnchorType.BEGIN_LINE:         addOpcode(OPCode.BEGIN_LINE);           break;        
+        case AnchorType.END_LINE:           addOpcode(OPCode.END_LINE);             break;
+        case AnchorType.SEMI_END_BUF:       addOpcode(OPCode.SEMI_END_BUF);         break;
+        case AnchorType.BEGIN_POSITION:     addOpcode(OPCode.BEGIN_POSITION);       break;        
+
+        case AnchorType.WORD_BOUND:         
+            addOpcode(enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.WORD_BOUND_SB : OPCode.WORD_BOUND);
+            break;
+            
+        case AnchorType.NOT_WORD_BOUND:
+            addOpcode(enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.NOT_WORD_BOUND_SB : OPCode.NOT_WORD_BOUND);
+            break;
+        
+        case AnchorType.WORD_BEGIN:
+            if (Config.USE_WORD_BEGIN_END)
+                addOpcode(enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.WORD_BEGIN_SB : OPCode.WORD_BEGIN);
+            break;
+        
+        case AnchorType.WORD_END:
+            if (Config.USE_WORD_BEGIN_END)
+                addOpcode(enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.WORD_END_SB : OPCode.WORD_END);
+            break;        
+            
+        case AnchorType.PREC_READ:
+            addOpcode(OPCode.PUSH_POS);
+            compileTree(node.target);
+            addOpcode(OPCode.POP_POS);
+            break;
+
+        case AnchorType.PREC_READ_NOT:
+            len = compileLengthTree(node.target);
+            addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.PUSH_POS_NOT, len + OPSize.FAIL_POS);
+            compileTree(node.target);
+            addOpcode(OPCode.FAIL_POS);
+            break;
+            
+        case AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND:
+            addOpcode(enc.isSingleByte() ? OPCode.LOOK_BEHIND_SB : OPCode.LOOK_BEHIND);
+            if (node.charLength < 0) {
+                n = analyser.getCharLengthTree(node.target);
+                if (analyser.returnCode != 0) newSyntaxException(ERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN);
+            } else {
+                n = node.charLength;
+            }
+            addLength(n);
+            compileTree(node.target);
+            break;
+            
+        case AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+            len = compileLengthTree(node.target);
+            addOpcodeRelAddr(OPCode.PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT, len + OPSize.FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT);
+            if (node.charLength < 0) {
+                n = analyser.getCharLengthTree(node.target);
+                if (analyser.returnCode != 0) newSyntaxException(ERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN);
+            } else {
+                n = node.charLength;
+            }
+            addLength(n);
+            compileTree(node.target);
+            addOpcode(OPCode.FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT);
+            break;
+            
+        default:
+            newInternalException(ERR_PARSER_BUG);
+        } // switch
+    }
+
+    private int compileLengthTree(Node node) {
+        int len = 0;
+        
+        switch (node.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.LIST:
+            ConsAltNode lin = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                len += compileLengthTree(lin.car);
+            } while ((lin = lin.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ALT:
+            ConsAltNode aln = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            int n = 0;
+            do {
+                len += compileLengthTree(aln.car);
+                n++;
+            } while ((aln = aln.cdr) != null);
+            len += (OPSize.PUSH + OPSize.JUMP) * (n - 1);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.STR:
+            StringNode sn = (StringNode)node;
+            if (sn.isRaw()) {
+                len = compileLengthStringRawNode(sn);
+            } else {
+                len = compileLengthStringNode(sn);
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CCLASS:
+            len = compileLengthCClassNode((CClassNode)node);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CTYPE:
+        case NodeType.CANY:
+            len = OPSize.OPCODE;
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.BREF:
+            BackRefNode br = (BackRefNode)node;
+            
+            if (Config.USE_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL && br.isNestLevel()) {
+                len = OPSize.OPCODE + OPSize.OPTION + OPSize.LENGTH + 
+                      OPSize.LENGTH + (OPSize.MEMNUM * br.backNum);
+            } else { // USE_BACKREF_AT_LEVEL
+                if (br.backNum == 1) {
+                    len = ((!isIgnoreCase(regex.options) && br.back[0] <= 2)
+                            ? OPSize.OPCODE : (OPSize.OPCODE + OPSize.MEMNUM));
+                } else {
+                    len = OPSize.OPCODE + OPSize.LENGTH + (OPSize.MEMNUM * br.backNum);
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CALL:
+            if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL) {
+                len = OPSize.CALL;
+                break;
+            } // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.QTFR:
+            if (Config.USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK) {
+                len = compileCECLengthQuantifierNode((QuantifierNode)node);
+            } else {
+                len = compileNonCECLengthQuantifierNode((QuantifierNode)node);
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ENCLOSE:
+            len = compileLengthEncloseNode((EncloseNode)node);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ANCHOR:
+            len = compileLengthAnchorNode((AnchorNode)node);
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            newInternalException(ERR_PARSER_BUG);
+            
+        } //switch
+        return len;
+    }
+
+    private void ensure(int size) {
+        if (size >= regex.code.length) {
+            int length = regex.code.length << 1;
+            while (length <= size) length <<= 1;
+            int[]tmp = new int[length];
+            System.arraycopy(regex.code, 0, tmp, 0, regex.code.length);
+            regex.code = tmp;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void addInt(int i) {
+        if (regex.codeLength >= regex.code.length) {
+            int[]tmp = new int[regex.code.length << 1];
+            System.arraycopy(regex.code, 0, tmp, 0, regex.code.length);
+            regex.code = tmp;
+        }
+        regex.code[regex.codeLength++] = i;
+    }
+    
+    void setInt(int i, int offset) {
+        ensure(offset);
+        regex.code[offset] = i;
+    }
+    
+    private void addObject(Object o) {
+        if (regex.operands == null) {
+            regex.operands = new Object[4];
+        } else if (regex.operandLength >= regex.operands.length) {
+            Object[]tmp = new Object[regex.operands.length << 1];            
+            System.arraycopy(regex.operands, 0, tmp, 0, regex.operands.length);            
+            regex.operands = tmp;            
+        }
+        addInt(regex.operandLength);
+        regex.operands[regex.operandLength++] = o;
+    }
+    
+    private void addBytes(byte[]bytes, int p ,int length) {
+        ensure(regex.codeLength + length);
+        int end = p + length;
+        
+        while (p < end) regex.code[regex.codeLength++] = bytes[p++];
+    }
+    
+    private void addInts(int[]ints, int length) { 
+        ensure(regex.codeLength + length);
+        System.arraycopy(ints, 0, regex.code, regex.codeLength, length);
+        regex.codeLength += length;
+    }
+    
+    private void addOpcode(int opcode) {
+        addInt(opcode);
+        
+        switch(opcode) {
+        case OPCode.ANYCHAR_STAR:
+        case OPCode.ANYCHAR_STAR_SB:
+        case OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_STAR:
+        case OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_SB:
+        case OPCode.ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT:
+        case OPCode.ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT_SB:
+        case OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT:            
+        case OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT_SB:
+        case OPCode.STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_STAR:
+        case OPCode.STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_STAR_SB:
+        case OPCode.STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR:            
+        case OPCode.MEMORY_START_PUSH:
+        case OPCode.MEMORY_END_PUSH:
+        case OPCode.MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC:
+        case OPCode.MEMORY_END_REC:
+        case OPCode.NULL_CHECK_START:
+        case OPCode.NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST_PUSH:
+        case OPCode.PUSH:
+        case OPCode.STATE_CHECK_PUSH:
+        case OPCode.STATE_CHECK_PUSH_OR_JUMP:
+        case OPCode.STATE_CHECK:
+        case OPCode.PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1:
+        case OPCode.PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT:
+        case OPCode.REPEAT:
+        case OPCode.REPEAT_NG:
+        case OPCode.REPEAT_INC_SG:
+        case OPCode.REPEAT_INC_NG:
+        case OPCode.REPEAT_INC_NG_SG:
+        case OPCode.PUSH_POS:            
+        case OPCode.PUSH_POS_NOT:
+        case OPCode.PUSH_STOP_BT:
+        case OPCode.PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+        case OPCode.CALL:
+        case OPCode.RETURN: // it will appear only with CALL though
+            regex.stackNeeded = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void addStateCheckNum(int num) {
+        addInt(num);
+    }
+
+    private void addRelAddr(int addr) {
+        addInt(addr);
+    }
+
+    private void addAbsAddr(int addr) {
+        addInt(addr);
+    }
+
+    private void addLength(int length) {
+        addInt(length);
+    }
+
+    private void addMemNum(int num) {
+        addInt(num);
+    }
+
+    private void addPointer(Object o) {
+        addObject(o);
+    }
+
+    private void addOption(int option) {
+        addInt(option);
+    }
+
+    private void addOpcodeRelAddr(int opcode, int addr) {
+        addOpcode(opcode);
+        addRelAddr(addr);
+    }
+
+    private void addOpcodeOption(int opcode, int option) {
+        addOpcode(opcode);
+        addOption(option);
+    }    
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/AsmCompiler.java b/src/org/joni/AsmCompiler.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..433d324
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/AsmCompiler.java
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import org.joni.ast.AnchorNode;
+import org.joni.ast.BackRefNode;
+import org.joni.ast.CClassNode;
+import org.joni.ast.CTypeNode;
+import org.joni.ast.CallNode;
+import org.joni.ast.ConsAltNode;
+import org.joni.ast.EncloseNode;
+import org.joni.ast.QuantifierNode;
+
+final class AsmCompiler extends AsmCompilerSupport {
+
+    public AsmCompiler(Analyser analyser) {
+        super(analyser);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected void prepare() {
+        REG_NUM++;
+        prepareMachine();
+        prepareMachineInit();
+        prepareMachineMatch();
+
+        prepareFactory();
+        prepareFactoryInit();
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected void finish() {
+        setupFactoryInit();
+
+        setupMachineInit();
+        setupMachineMatch();
+
+        setupClasses();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileAltNode(ConsAltNode node) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void addCompileString(byte[]bytes, int p, int mbLength, int strLength, boolean ignoreCase) {
+        String template = installTemplate(bytes, p, strLength);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileCClassNode(CClassNode node) {
+        if (node.bs != null) {
+            String bitsetName = installBitSet(node.bs.bits);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileCTypeNode(CTypeNode node) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileAnyCharNode() {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileBackrefNode(BackRefNode node) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileCallNode(CallNode node) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileCECQuantifierNode(QuantifierNode node) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileNonCECQuantifierNode(QuantifierNode node) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileOptionNode(EncloseNode node) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileEncloseNode(EncloseNode node) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void compileAnchorNode(AnchorNode node) {
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/AsmCompilerSupport.java b/src/org/joni/AsmCompilerSupport.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..217aa8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/AsmCompilerSupport.java
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.joni.constants.AsmConstants;
+import org.objectweb.asm.ClassWriter;
+import org.objectweb.asm.MethodVisitor;
+import org.objectweb.asm.Opcodes;
+
+abstract class AsmCompilerSupport extends Compiler implements Opcodes, AsmConstants {
+    protected ClassWriter factory;      // matcher allocator, also bit set, code rage and string template container
+    protected MethodVisitor factoryInit;// factory constructor
+    protected String factoryName;
+
+    protected ClassWriter machine;      // matcher    
+    protected MethodVisitor machineInit;// matcher constructor
+    protected MethodVisitor match;      // actual matcher implementation (the matchAt method)
+    protected String machineName;
+
+    // we will? try to manage visitMaxs ourselves for efficiency
+    protected int maxStack = 1;
+    protected int maxVars = LAST_INDEX;
+    
+    // for field generation
+    protected int bitsets, ranges, templates;
+
+    // simple class name postfix scheme for now
+    static int REG_NUM = 0;
+
+    // dummy class loader for now
+    private static final class DummyClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
+        public Class<?> defineClass(String name, byte[] bytes) {
+            return super.defineClass(name, bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+        }
+    };
+
+    private static final DummyClassLoader loader = new DummyClassLoader(); 
+
+    AsmCompilerSupport(Analyser analyser) {
+        super(analyser);
+    }
+
+    protected final void prepareFactory() {
+        factory = new ClassWriter(ClassWriter.COMPUTE_MAXS);
+        factoryName = "org/joni/MatcherFactory" + REG_NUM;
+
+        factory.visit(V1_4, ACC_PUBLIC + ACC_FINAL, factoryName, null, "org/joni/MatcherFactory", null);
+
+        MethodVisitor create = factory.visitMethod(ACC_SYNTHETIC, "create", "(Lorg/joni/Regex;[BII)Lorg/joni/Matcher;", null, null);
+        create.visitTypeInsn(NEW, machineName);
+        create.visitInsn(DUP);          // instance
+        create.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 1);  // Regex
+        create.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 2);  // bytes[]
+        create.visitVarInsn(ILOAD, 3);  // p
+        create.visitVarInsn(ILOAD, 4);  // end
+        create.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, machineName, "<init>", "(Lorg/joni/Regex;[BII)V");
+        create.visitInsn(ARETURN);
+        create.visitMaxs(0, 0);
+        //create.visitMaxs(6, 5);
+        create.visitEnd();
+    }
+
+    protected final void prepareFactoryInit() {
+        factoryInit = factory.visitMethod(ACC_PUBLIC, "<init>", "()V", null, null);
+        factoryInit.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 0);
+        factoryInit.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, "org/joni/MatcherFactory", "<init>", "()V");
+    }
+
+    protected final void setupFactoryInit() {
+        factoryInit.visitInsn(RETURN);
+        factoryInit.visitMaxs(0, 0);
+        //init.visitMaxs(1, 1);
+        factoryInit.visitEnd();
+    }
+
+    protected final void prepareMachine() {
+        machine = new ClassWriter(ClassWriter.COMPUTE_MAXS);
+        machineName = "org/joni/NativeMachine" + REG_NUM;
+    }
+    
+    protected final void prepareMachineInit() {
+        machine.visit(V1_4, ACC_PUBLIC + ACC_FINAL, machineName, null, "org/joni/NativeMachine", null);
+        machineInit = machine.visitMethod(ACC_PROTECTED, "<init>", "(Lorg/joni/Regex;[BII)V", null, null);
+        machineInit.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, THIS);  // this
+        machineInit.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 1);     // Regex
+        machineInit.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 2);     // bytes[]
+        machineInit.visitVarInsn(ILOAD, 3);     // p
+        machineInit.visitVarInsn(ILOAD, 4);     // end
+        machineInit.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, "org/joni/NativeMachine", "<init>", "(Lorg/joni/Regex;[BII)V");
+    }
+    
+    protected final void setupMachineInit() {
+        if (bitsets + ranges + templates > 0) { // ok, some of these are in use, we'd like to cache the factory
+            machine.visitField(ACC_PRIVATE + ACC_FINAL, "factory", "L" + factoryName + ";", null, null);
+            machineInit.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, THIS);  // this
+            machineInit.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 1);     // this, Regex
+            machineInit.visitFieldInsn(GETFIELD, "org/joni/Regex", "factory", "Lorg/joni/MatcherFactory;"); // this, factory
+            machineInit.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, factoryName);
+            machineInit.visitFieldInsn(PUTFIELD, machineName, "factory", "L" + factoryName + ";"); // []
+        }
+
+        machineInit.visitInsn(RETURN);
+        machineInit.visitMaxs(0, 0);
+        //init.visitMaxs(5, 5);
+        machineInit.visitEnd();
+    }
+
+    protected final void prepareMachineMatch() {
+        match = machine.visitMethod(ACC_SYNTHETIC, "matchAt", "(III)I", null, null);
+        move(S, SSTART);        // s = sstart
+        load("bytes", "[B");    //
+        astore(BYTES);          // byte[]bytes = this.bytes 
+    }
+
+    protected final void setupMachineMatch() {
+        match.visitInsn(ICONST_M1);
+        match.visitInsn(IRETURN);
+
+        match.visitMaxs(maxStack, maxVars);
+        match.visitEnd();
+    }
+
+    protected final void setupClasses() {
+        byte[]factoryCode = factory.toByteArray();
+        byte[]machineCode = machine.toByteArray();
+
+        if (Config.DEBUG_ASM) {
+            try {
+                FileOutputStream fos;
+                fos = new FileOutputStream(factoryName.substring(factoryName.lastIndexOf('/') + 1) + ".class");
+                fos.write(factoryCode);
+                fos.close();
+                fos = new FileOutputStream(machineName.substring(machineName.lastIndexOf('/') + 1) + ".class");
+                fos.write(machineCode);
+                fos.close();
+            } catch (IOException ioe) {
+                ioe.printStackTrace(Config.err);
+            }
+        }
+
+        loader.defineClass(machineName.replace('/', '.'), machineCode);
+        Class<?> cls = loader.defineClass(factoryName.replace('/', '.'), factoryCode);
+        try {
+            regex.factory = (MatcherFactory)cls.newInstance();
+        } catch(Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace(Config.err);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected final void aload(int var) {
+        match.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, var);
+    }
+
+    protected final void astore(int var) {
+        match.visitVarInsn(ASTORE, var);
+    }
+
+    protected final void loadThis() {
+        match.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, THIS);
+    }
+
+    protected final void load(int var) {
+        match.visitVarInsn(ILOAD, var);
+    }
+
+    protected final void store(int var) {
+        match.visitVarInsn(ISTORE, var);
+    }
+
+    protected final void move(int to, int from) {
+        load(from);
+        store(to);
+    }
+
+    protected final void load(String field, String singature) {
+        loadThis();
+        match.visitFieldInsn(GETFIELD, machineName, field, singature);
+    }
+
+    protected final void load(String field) {
+        load(field, "I");
+    }
+
+    protected final void store(String field, String singature) {
+        loadThis();
+        match.visitFieldInsn(PUTFIELD, machineName, field, singature);
+    }
+
+    protected final void store(String field) {
+        store(field, "I");
+    }
+
+    protected final String installTemplate(byte[]arr, int p, int length) {
+        String templateName = TEMPLATE + ++templates;
+        installArray(templateName, arr, p, length);
+        return templateName;
+    }
+
+    protected final String installCodeRange(int[]arr) {
+        String coreRangeName = CODERANGE + ++ranges;
+        installArray(coreRangeName, arr);
+        return coreRangeName;
+    }
+
+    protected final String installBitSet(int[]arr) {
+        String bitsetName = BITSET + ++bitsets;
+        installArray(bitsetName, arr);
+        return bitsetName;
+    }
+
+    private void installArray(String name, int[]arr) {
+        factory.visitField(ACC_PRIVATE + ACC_FINAL, name, "[I", null, null);
+        factoryInit.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, THIS);          // this;
+        loadInt(factoryInit, arr.length);               // this, length
+        factoryInit.visitIntInsn(NEWARRAY, T_INT);      // this, arr        
+        for (int i=0;i < arr.length; i++) buildArray(i, arr[i], IASTORE);
+        factoryInit.visitFieldInsn(PUTFIELD, factoryName, name, "[I");
+    }
+
+    private void installArray(String name, byte[]arr, int p, int length) {
+        factory.visitField(ACC_PRIVATE + ACC_FINAL, name, "[B", null, null);
+        factoryInit.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, THIS);          // this;
+        loadInt(factoryInit, arr.length);               // this, length
+        factoryInit.visitIntInsn(NEWARRAY, T_BYTE);     // this, arr        
+        for (int i=p, j=0; i < p + length; i++, j++) buildArray(j, arr[i] & 0xff, BASTORE);
+        factoryInit.visitFieldInsn(PUTFIELD, factoryName, name, "[B");
+    }
+
+    private void buildArray(int index, int value, int type) {
+        factoryInit.visitInsn(DUP);     // ... arr, arr        
+        loadInt(factoryInit, index);    // ... arr, arr, index
+        loadInt(factoryInit, value);    // ... arr, arr, index, value
+        factoryInit.visitInsn(type);    // ... arr
+    }
+
+    private void loadInt(MethodVisitor mv, int value) {
+        if (value >= -1 && value <= 5) {
+            mv.visitInsn(value + ICONST_0); // ICONST_0 == 3 
+        } else if (value >= 6 && value <= 127 || value >= -128 && value <= -2) {
+            mv.visitIntInsn(BIPUSH, value);
+        } else if (value >= 128 && value <= 32767 || value >= -32768 && value <= -129) {
+            mv.visitIntInsn(SIPUSH, value);
+        } else {
+            mv.visitLdcInsn(new Integer(value));                
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/BitSet.java b/src/org/joni/BitSet.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d9cf99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/BitSet.java
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+public final class BitSet {
+    static final int BITS_PER_BYTE = 8;
+    public static final int SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE = (1 << BITS_PER_BYTE);
+    private static final int BITS_IN_ROOM = 4 * BITS_PER_BYTE;
+    static final int BITSET_SIZE = (SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE / BITS_IN_ROOM);
+    static final int ROOM_SHIFT = log2(BITS_IN_ROOM);
+    
+    final int[] bits = new int[BITSET_SIZE];
+
+    private static final int BITS_TO_STRING_WRAP = 4;
+    public String toString() {
+        StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
+        buffer.append("BitSet");
+        for (int i=0; i<SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+            if ((i % (SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE / BITS_TO_STRING_WRAP)) == 0) buffer.append("\n  ");
+            buffer.append(at(i) ? "1" : "0");
+        }
+        return buffer.toString();
+    }
+    
+    public boolean at(int pos) {
+        return (bits[pos >>> ROOM_SHIFT] & bit(pos)) != 0;
+    }
+
+    public void set(int pos) {
+        bits[pos >>> ROOM_SHIFT] |= bit(pos); 
+    }
+
+    public void clear(int pos) {
+        bits[pos >>> ROOM_SHIFT] &= ~bit(pos); 
+    }
+
+    public void invert(int pos) {
+        bits[pos >>> ROOM_SHIFT] ^= bit(pos);
+    }
+    
+    public void clear() {
+        for (int i=0; i<BITSET_SIZE; i++) bits[i]=0;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        for (int i=0; i<BITSET_SIZE; i++) {
+            if (bits[i] != 0) return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public void setRange(int from, int to) {
+        for (int i=from; i<=to && i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) set(i);
+    }
+    
+    public void setAll() {
+        for (int i=0; i<BITSET_SIZE; i++) bits[i] = ~0;
+    }
+    
+    public void invert() {
+        for (int i=0; i<BITSET_SIZE; i++) bits[i] = ~bits[i];
+    }
+
+    public void invertTo(BitSet to) {
+        for (int i=0; i<BITSET_SIZE; i++) to.bits[i] = ~bits[i];
+    }
+
+    public void and(BitSet other) {
+        for (int i=0; i<BITSET_SIZE; i++) bits[i] &= other.bits[i];
+    }
+
+    public void or(BitSet other) {
+        for (int i=0; i<BITSET_SIZE; i++) bits[i] |= other.bits[i];
+    }
+
+    public void copy(BitSet other) {
+        for (int i=0; i<BITSET_SIZE; i++) bits[i] = other.bits[i];
+    }
+
+    public int numOn() {
+        int num = 0;
+        for (int i=0; i<SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+            if (at(i)) num++;
+        }
+        return num;
+    }
+    
+    static int bit(int pos){
+        return 1 << (pos % SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE);
+    }
+    
+    private static int log2(int n){
+        int log = 0;
+        while ((n >>>= 1) != 0) log++;
+        return log;
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/BitStatus.java b/src/org/joni/BitStatus.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1440170
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/BitStatus.java
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+final class BitStatus {
+    public static final int BIT_STATUS_BITS_NUM = 4 * 8;
+    
+    public static int bsClear() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    public static int bsAll() {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    public static boolean bsAt(int stats, int n) {
+        return (n < BIT_STATUS_BITS_NUM ? stats & (1 << n) : (stats & 1)) != 0; 
+    }
+    public static int bsOnAt(int stats, int n) {    
+        if (n < BIT_STATUS_BITS_NUM) {
+            stats |= (1 << n);
+        } else {
+            stats |= 1;
+        }
+        return stats;
+    }
+    public static int bsOnAtSimple(int stats, int n) {
+        if (n < BIT_STATUS_BITS_NUM) stats |= (1 << n);
+        return stats;
+    }
+    
+    public static int bsOnOff(int v, int f, boolean negative) {
+        if (negative) {
+            v &= ~f;
+        } else {
+            v |= f;
+        }
+        return v;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/ByteCodeMachine.java b/src/org/joni/ByteCodeMachine.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bcaea73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/ByteCodeMachine.java
@@ -0,0 +1,1665 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import static org.joni.BitStatus.bsAt;
+import static org.joni.Option.isFindCondition;
+import static org.joni.Option.isFindLongest;
+import static org.joni.Option.isFindNotEmpty;
+import static org.joni.Option.isNotBol;
+import static org.joni.Option.isNotEol;
+import static org.joni.Option.isPosixRegion;
+
+import org.jcodings.CodeRange;
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+import org.jcodings.IntHolder;
+import org.joni.ast.CClassNode;
+import org.joni.constants.OPCode;
+import org.joni.constants.OPSize;
+import org.joni.exception.ErrorMessages;
+import org.joni.exception.InternalException;
+
+class ByteCodeMachine extends StackMachine {
+    private int bestLen;          // return value
+    private int s = 0;            // current char
+
+    private int range;            // right range    
+    private int sprev;
+    private int sstart;
+    private int sbegin;
+
+    private final int[]code;        // byte code
+    private int ip;                 // instruction pointer
+
+    ByteCodeMachine(Regex regex, byte[]bytes, int p, int end) {
+        super(regex, bytes, p, end);
+        this.code = regex.code;
+    }
+
+    protected int stkp; // a temporary
+    private boolean makeCaptureHistoryTree(CaptureTreeNode node) {
+        //CaptureTreeNode child;
+        int k = stkp;
+        //int k = kp;
+        
+        while (k < stk) {
+            StackEntry e = stack[k];
+            if (e.type == MEM_START) {
+                int n = e.getMemNum();
+                if (n <= Config.MAX_CAPTURE_HISTORY_GROUP && bsAt(regex.captureHistory, n)) {
+                    CaptureTreeNode child = new CaptureTreeNode();
+                    child.group = n;
+                    child.beg = e.getMemPStr() - str;
+                    node.addChild(child);
+                    stkp = k + 1;
+                    if (makeCaptureHistoryTree(child)) return true;
+                    
+                    k = stkp;
+                    child.end = e.getMemPStr() - str;
+                }
+            } else if (e.type == MEM_END) {
+                if (e.getMemNum() == node.group) {
+                    node.end = e.getMemPStr() - str;
+                    stkp = k;
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return true; /* 1: root node ending. */
+    }
+
+    private void checkCaptureHistory(Region region) {
+        CaptureTreeNode node;
+        if (region.historyRoot == null) {
+            node = region.historyRoot = new CaptureTreeNode();
+        } else {
+            node = region.historyRoot;
+            node.clear();
+        }
+        
+        // was clear ???
+        node.group = 0;
+        node.beg = sstart - str;
+        node.end = s      - str;
+        
+        stkp = 0;
+        makeCaptureHistoryTree(region.historyRoot);
+    }
+
+    private byte[]cfbuf;
+    private byte[]cfbuf2;
+
+    protected final byte[]cfbuf() {
+        return cfbuf == null ? cfbuf = new byte[Config.ENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD_MAXLEN] : cfbuf;
+    }
+
+    protected final byte[]cfbuf2() {
+        return cfbuf2 == null ? cfbuf2 = new byte[Config.ENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD_MAXLEN] : cfbuf2;
+    }
+    
+    private boolean stringCmpIC(int caseFlodFlag, int s1, IntHolder ps2, int mbLen, int textEnd) {
+        byte[]buf1 = cfbuf();
+        byte[]buf2 = cfbuf2();
+        
+        int s2 = ps2.value;
+        int end1 = s1 + mbLen;
+
+        while (s1 < end1) {
+            value = s1;
+            int len1 = enc.mbcCaseFold(caseFlodFlag, bytes, this, textEnd, buf1);
+            s1 = value;
+            value = s2;
+            int len2 = enc.mbcCaseFold(caseFlodFlag, bytes, this, textEnd, buf2);
+            s2 = value;
+            
+            if (len1 != len2) return false;
+            int p1 = 0;
+            int p2 = 0;
+            
+            while (len1-- > 0) {
+                if (buf1[p1] != buf2[p2]) return false;
+                p1++; p2++;
+            }
+        }
+        ps2.value = s2;
+        return true;
+    }
+    
+    private void debugMatchBegin() {
+        Config.log.println("match_at: " +
+                "str: " + str +
+                ", end: " + end +
+                ", start: " + this.sstart + 
+                ", sprev: " + this.sprev);
+        Config.log.println("size: " + (end - str) + ", start offset: " + (this.sstart - str));
+    }
+    
+    private void debugMatchLoop() {
+        if (Config.DEBUG_MATCH) {
+            Config.log.printf("%4d", (s - str)).print("> \"");
+            int q, i;
+            for (i=0, q=s; i<7 && q<end && s>=0; i++) {
+                int len = enc.length(bytes, q, end);
+                while (len-- > 0) if (q < end) Config.log.print(new String(new byte[]{bytes[q++]}));
+            }
+            String str = q < end ? "...\"" : "\"";
+            q += str.length();
+            Config.log.print(str);
+            for (i=0; i<20-(q-s);i++) Config.log.print(" ");
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            new ByteCodePrinter(regex).compiledByteCodeToString(sb, ip);
+            Config.log.println(sb.toString());
+        }        
+    }
+    
+    protected final int matchAt(int range, int sstart, int sprev) {
+        this.range = range;
+        this.sstart = sstart;
+        this.sprev = sprev;
+        
+        stk = 0;
+        ip = 0;
+        
+        if (Config.DEBUG_MATCH) debugMatchBegin();
+        
+        init();
+        
+        bestLen = -1;
+        s = sstart;
+
+        final int[]code = this.code;
+        while (true) {
+            if (Config.DEBUG_MATCH) debugMatchLoop();
+            
+            sbegin = s;
+            switch (code[ip++]) {
+                case OPCode.END:    if (opEnd()) return finish();                  break;
+                case OPCode.EXACT1:                     opExact1();                break;
+                case OPCode.EXACT2:                     opExact2();                continue;
+                case OPCode.EXACT3:                     opExact3();                continue;
+                case OPCode.EXACT4:                     opExact4();                continue;
+                case OPCode.EXACT5:                     opExact5();                continue;
+                case OPCode.EXACTN:                     opExactN();                continue;
+
+                case OPCode.EXACTMB2N1:                 opExactMB2N1();            break;
+                case OPCode.EXACTMB2N2:                 opExactMB2N2();            continue;
+                case OPCode.EXACTMB2N3:                 opExactMB2N3();            continue;
+                case OPCode.EXACTMB2N:                  opExactMB2N();             continue;
+                case OPCode.EXACTMB3N:                  opExactMB3N();             continue;
+                case OPCode.EXACTMBN:                   opExactMBN();              continue;
+
+                case OPCode.EXACT1_IC:                  opExact1IC();              break;
+                case OPCode.EXACTN_IC:                  opExactNIC();              continue;
+
+                case OPCode.CCLASS:                     opCClass();                break;
+                case OPCode.CCLASS_MB:                  opCClassMB();              break;
+                case OPCode.CCLASS_MIX:                 opCClassMIX();             break;
+                case OPCode.CCLASS_NOT:                 opCClassNot();             break;
+                case OPCode.CCLASS_MB_NOT:              opCClassMBNot();           break;
+                case OPCode.CCLASS_MIX_NOT:             opCClassMIXNot();          break;
+                case OPCode.CCLASS_NODE:                opCClassNode();            break;
+                
+                case OPCode.ANYCHAR:                    opAnyChar();               break;
+                case OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML:                 opAnyCharML();             break;
+                case OPCode.ANYCHAR_STAR:               opAnyCharStar();           break;
+                case OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_STAR:            opAnyCharMLStar();         break;
+                case OPCode.ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT:     opAnyCharStarPeekNext();   break;
+                case OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT:  opAnyCharMLStarPeekNext(); break;
+                case OPCode.STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_STAR:   opStateCheckAnyCharStar(); break;
+                case OPCode.STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR:opStateCheckAnyCharMLStar();break;
+                
+                case OPCode.WORD:                       opWord();                  break;
+                case OPCode.NOT_WORD:                   opNotWord();               break;
+                case OPCode.WORD_BOUND:                 opWordBound();             continue;
+                case OPCode.NOT_WORD_BOUND:             opNotWordBound();          continue;
+                case OPCode.WORD_BEGIN:                 opWordBegin();             continue;
+                case OPCode.WORD_END:                   opWordEnd();               continue;
+                
+                case OPCode.BEGIN_BUF:                  opBeginBuf();              continue;
+                case OPCode.END_BUF:                    opEndBuf();                continue;
+                case OPCode.BEGIN_LINE:                 opBeginLine();             continue;
+                case OPCode.END_LINE:                   opEndLine();               continue;
+                case OPCode.SEMI_END_BUF:               opSemiEndBuf();            continue;
+                case OPCode.BEGIN_POSITION:             opBeginPosition();         continue;
+                
+                case OPCode.MEMORY_START_PUSH:          opMemoryStartPush();       continue;
+                case OPCode.MEMORY_START:               opMemoryStart();           continue;
+                case OPCode.MEMORY_END_PUSH:            opMemoryEndPush();         continue;
+                case OPCode.MEMORY_END:                 opMemoryEnd();             continue;
+                case OPCode.MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC:        opMemoryEndPushRec();      continue;
+                case OPCode.MEMORY_END_REC:             opMemoryEndRec();          continue;
+                
+                case OPCode.BACKREF1:                   opBackRef1();              continue;
+                case OPCode.BACKREF2:                   opBackRef2();              continue;
+                case OPCode.BACKREFN:                   opBackRefN();              continue;
+                case OPCode.BACKREFN_IC:                opBackRefNIC();            continue;
+                case OPCode.BACKREF_MULTI:              opBackRefMulti();          continue;
+                case OPCode.BACKREF_MULTI_IC:           opBackRefMultiIC();        continue;
+                case OPCode.BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL:         opBackRefAtLevel();        continue;
+                
+                case OPCode.NULL_CHECK_START:           opNullCheckStart();        continue;
+                case OPCode.NULL_CHECK_END:             opNullCheckEnd();          continue;
+                case OPCode.NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST:       opNullCheckEndMemST();     continue;
+                case OPCode.NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST_PUSH:  opNullCheckEndMemSTPush(); continue;
+                    
+                case OPCode.JUMP:                       opJump();                  continue;
+                case OPCode.PUSH:                       opPush();                  continue;
+                
+                // CEC
+                case OPCode.STATE_CHECK_PUSH:           opStateCheckPush();        continue;
+                case OPCode.STATE_CHECK_PUSH_OR_JUMP:   opStateCheckPushOrJump();  continue;
+                case OPCode.STATE_CHECK:                opStateCheck();            continue;
+                    
+                case OPCode.POP:                        opPop();                   continue;
+                case OPCode.PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1:        opPushOrJumpExact1();      continue;
+                case OPCode.PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT:          opPushIfPeekNext();        continue;
+                
+                case OPCode.REPEAT:                     opRepeat();                continue;
+                case OPCode.REPEAT_NG:                  opRepeatNG();              continue;
+                case OPCode.REPEAT_INC:                 opRepeatInc();             continue;
+                case OPCode.REPEAT_INC_SG:              opRepeatIncSG();           continue;
+                case OPCode.REPEAT_INC_NG:              opRepeatIncNG();           continue;
+                case OPCode.REPEAT_INC_NG_SG:           opRepeatIncNGSG();         continue;
+                
+                case OPCode.PUSH_POS:                   opPushPos();               continue;
+                case OPCode.POP_POS:                    opPopPos();                continue;
+                case OPCode.PUSH_POS_NOT:               opPushPosNot();            continue;
+                case OPCode.FAIL_POS:                   opFailPos();               continue;
+                case OPCode.PUSH_STOP_BT:               opPushStopBT();            continue;
+                case OPCode.POP_STOP_BT:                opPopStopBT();             continue;
+                
+                case OPCode.LOOK_BEHIND:                opLookBehind();            continue;
+                case OPCode.PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:       opPushLookBehindNot();     continue;
+                case OPCode.FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:       opFailLookBehindNot();     continue;
+                
+                // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+                case OPCode.CALL:                       opCall();                  continue;
+                case OPCode.RETURN:                     opReturn();                continue;
+                
+                // single byte implementations
+                case OPCode.CCLASS_SB:                      opCClassSb();                break;
+                case OPCode.CCLASS_NOT_SB:                  opCClassNotSb();             break;                
+                
+                case OPCode.ANYCHAR_SB:                     opAnyCharSb();               break;
+                case OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_SB:                  opAnyCharMLSb();             break;
+                case OPCode.ANYCHAR_STAR_SB:                opAnyCharStarSb();           break;
+                case OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_SB:             opAnyCharMLStarSb();         break;
+                case OPCode.ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT_SB:      opAnyCharStarPeekNextSb();   break;
+                case OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT_SB:   opAnyCharMLStarPeekNextSb(); break;
+                case OPCode.STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_STAR_SB:    opStateCheckAnyCharStarSb(); break;
+                case OPCode.STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_SB: opStateCheckAnyCharMLStarSb();break;
+                
+                case OPCode.WORD_SB:                        opWordSb();                  break;
+                case OPCode.NOT_WORD_SB:                    opNotWordSb();               break;
+                case OPCode.WORD_BOUND_SB:                  opWordBoundSb();             continue;
+                case OPCode.NOT_WORD_BOUND_SB:              opNotWordBoundSb();          continue;
+                case OPCode.WORD_BEGIN_SB:                  opWordBeginSb();             continue;
+                case OPCode.WORD_END_SB:                    opWordEndSb();               continue;
+                    
+                case OPCode.LOOK_BEHIND_SB:                 opLookBehindSb();            continue;
+
+                case OPCode.EXACT1_IC_SB:                   opExact1ICSb();              break;
+                case OPCode.EXACTN_IC_SB:                   opExactNICSb();              continue;
+
+                case OPCode.FINISH:
+                    return finish();
+                
+                case OPCode.FAIL:                       opFail();                  continue;
+                    
+                default:
+                    throw new InternalException(ErrorMessages.ERR_UNDEFINED_BYTECODE);
+            
+            } // main switch
+        } // main while
+    }
+
+    private boolean opEnd() {
+        int n = s - sstart;
+        
+        if (n > bestLen) {
+            if (Config.USE_FIND_LONGEST_SEARCH_ALL_OF_RANGE) {
+                if (isFindLongest(regex.options)) {
+                    if (n > msaBestLen) {
+                        msaBestLen = n;
+                        msaBestS = sstart;
+                    } else {
+                        // goto end_best_len;
+                        return endBestLength();
+                    }
+                }
+            } // USE_FIND_LONGEST_SEARCH_ALL_OF_RANGE
+            
+            bestLen = n;
+            final Region region = msaRegion;
+            if (region != null) {
+                // USE_POSIX_REGION_OPTION ... else ...
+                region.beg[0] = msaBegin = sstart - str;
+                region.end[0] = msaEnd   = s      - str;
+                for (int i = 1; i <= regex.numMem; i++) {
+                    // opt!
+                    if (repeatStk[memEndStk + i] != INVALID_INDEX) {
+                        region.beg[i] = bsAt(regex.btMemStart, i) ?
+                                        stack[repeatStk[memStartStk + i]].getMemPStr() - str :
+                                        repeatStk[memStartStk + i] - str;    
+                        
+                        
+                        region.end[i] = bsAt(regex.btMemEnd, i) ?
+                                        stack[repeatStk[memEndStk + i]].getMemPStr() :
+                                        repeatStk[memEndStk + i] - str;
+                        
+                    } else {
+                        region.beg[i] = region.end[i] = Region.REGION_NOTPOS;
+                    }
+                    
+                }
+                
+                if (Config.USE_CAPTURE_HISTORY) {
+                    if (regex.captureHistory != 0) checkCaptureHistory(region);
+                }
+            } else {
+                msaBegin = sstart - str;
+                msaEnd   = s      - str; 
+            }
+        } else {
+            Region region = msaRegion;
+            if (Config.USE_POSIX_API_REGION_OPTION) {
+                if (!isPosixRegion(regex.options)) {
+                    if (region != null) {
+                        region.clear();
+                    } else {
+                        msaBegin = msaEnd = 0;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (region != null) {
+                    region.clear();
+                } else {
+                    msaBegin = msaEnd = 0;
+                }
+            } // USE_POSIX_REGION_OPTION            
+        }
+        // end_best_len:
+        /* default behavior: return first-matching result. */
+        return endBestLength();
+    }
+    
+    private boolean endBestLength() {
+        if (isFindCondition(regex.options)) {
+            if (isFindNotEmpty(regex.options) && s == sstart) {
+                bestLen = -1;
+                {opFail(); return false;} /* for retry */
+            }
+            if (isFindLongest(regex.options) && s < range) {
+                {opFail(); return false;} /* for retry */
+            }
+        }
+        // goto finish;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void opExact1() {
+        if (s >= range || code[ip] != bytes[s++]) {opFail(); return;}
+        //if (s > range) {opFail(); return;} 
+        ip++;
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opExact2() {
+        if (s + 2 > range) {opFail(); return;}
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        sprev = s;
+        ip++; s++;
+    }
+
+    private void opExact3() {
+        if (s + 3 > range) {opFail(); return;}
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        sprev = s;
+        ip++; s++;
+    }
+    
+    private void opExact4() {
+        if (s + 4 > range) {opFail(); return;}
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        sprev = s;
+        ip++; s++;
+    }
+    
+    private void opExact5() {
+        if (s + 5 > range) {opFail(); return;}
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        sprev = s;
+        ip++; s++;
+    }
+    
+    private void opExactN() {
+        int tlen = code[ip++];        
+        if (s + tlen > range) {opFail(); return;}
+        
+        while (tlen-- > 0) if (code[ip++] != bytes[s++]) {opFail(); return;}
+        sprev = s - 1;
+    }
+
+    private void opExactMB2N1() {
+        if (s + 2 > range) {opFail(); return;}
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opExactMB2N2() {
+        if (s + 4 > range) {opFail(); return;}
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        sprev = s;
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+   }
+    
+    private void opExactMB2N3() {
+        if (s + 6 > range) {opFail(); return;}
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        sprev = s;
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+        if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++; s++;
+    }
+    
+    private void opExactMB2N() { 
+        int tlen = code[ip++];
+        if (tlen * 2 > range) {opFail(); return;}
+        
+        while(tlen-- > 0) {
+            if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+            ip++; s++;
+            if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+            ip++; s++;
+        }
+        sprev = s - 2;
+    }
+    
+    private void opExactMB3N() {
+        int tlen = code[ip++];
+        if (tlen * 3 > range) {opFail(); return;}
+        
+        while (tlen-- > 0) {
+            if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+            ip++; s++;
+            if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+            ip++; s++;
+            if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+            ip++; s++;
+        }
+        sprev = s - 3;
+    }
+    
+    private void opExactMBN() {
+        int tlen = code[ip++];   /* mb-len */
+        int tlen2= code[ip++];   /* string len */
+        
+        tlen2 *= tlen;
+        if (s + tlen2 > range) {opFail(); return;}
+        
+        while(tlen2-- > 0) {
+            if (code[ip] != bytes[s]) {opFail(); return;}
+            ip++; s++;
+        }
+        sprev = s - tlen;
+    }
+    
+    private void opExact1IC() {
+        if (s >= range) {opFail(); return;}
+        
+        byte[]lowbuf = cfbuf();
+        
+        value = s;
+        int len = enc.mbcCaseFold(regex.caseFoldFlag, bytes, this, end, lowbuf);
+        s = value;
+        
+        if (s > range) {opFail(); return;}
+
+        int q = 0;
+        while (len-- > 0) {
+            if (code[ip] != lowbuf[q]) {opFail(); return;}
+            ip++; q++;
+        }
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opExact1ICSb() {
+        if (s >= range || code[ip] != enc.toLowerCaseTable()[bytes[s++] & 0xff]) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip++;
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+
+    private void opExactNIC() {
+        int tlen = code[ip++];
+        int endp = ip + tlen;
+        
+        byte[]lowbuf = cfbuf();
+        
+        while (ip < endp) {
+            sprev = s;
+            if (s >= range) {opFail(); return;}
+            
+            value = s;
+            int len = enc.mbcCaseFold(regex.caseFoldFlag, bytes, this, end, lowbuf);
+            s = value;
+            
+            if (s > range) {opFail(); return;}
+            int q = 0;
+            while (len-- > 0) { 
+                if (code[ip] != lowbuf[q]) {opFail(); return;}
+                ip++; q++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void opExactNICSb() {
+        int tlen = code[ip++];        
+        if (s + tlen > range) {opFail(); return;}
+        byte[]toLowerTable = enc.toLowerCaseTable();
+        while (tlen-- > 0) if (code[ip++] != toLowerTable[bytes[s++] & 0xff]) {opFail(); return;}
+        sprev = s - 1;
+    }    
+    
+    private boolean isInBitSet() {
+        int c = bytes[s] & 0xff;
+        return ((code[ip + (c >>> BitSet.ROOM_SHIFT)] & (1 << c)) != 0);
+    }
+    
+    private void opCClass() {
+        if (s >= range || !isInBitSet()) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip += BitSet.BITSET_SIZE;
+        s += enc.length(bytes, s, end); /* OP_CCLASS can match mb-code. \D, \S */
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opCClassSb() {
+        if (s >= range || !isInBitSet()) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip += BitSet.BITSET_SIZE;
+        s++;
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }    
+    
+    private boolean isInClassMB() {
+        int tlen = code[ip++];        
+        if (s >= range) return false;
+        int mbLen = enc.length(bytes, s, end);
+        if (s + mbLen > range) return false;
+        int ss = s;
+        s += mbLen;
+        int c = enc.mbcToCode(bytes, ss, s);
+        if (!CodeRange.isInCodeRange(code, ip, c)) return false;
+        ip += tlen;
+        return true;        
+    }
+    
+    private void opCClassMB() {
+        // beyond string check 
+        if (s >= range || !enc.isMbcHead(bytes, s, end)) {opFail(); return;}
+        if (!isInClassMB()) {opFail(); return;} // not!!!
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opCClassMIX() {
+        if (s >= range) {opFail(); return;}
+        if (enc.isMbcHead(bytes, s, end)) {
+            ip += BitSet.BITSET_SIZE;
+            if (!isInClassMB()) {opFail(); return;}
+        } else {
+            if (!isInBitSet()) {opFail(); return;}
+            ip += BitSet.BITSET_SIZE;
+            int tlen = code[ip++]; // by code range length
+            ip += tlen;
+            s++;
+        }
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opCClassNot() {
+        if (s >= range || isInBitSet()) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip += BitSet.BITSET_SIZE;
+        s += enc.length(bytes, s, end);
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opCClassNotSb() {
+        if (s >= range || isInBitSet()) {opFail(); return;}
+        ip += BitSet.BITSET_SIZE;
+        s++;
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }    
+    
+    private boolean isNotInClassMB() {
+        int tlen = code[ip++];
+        int mbLen = enc.length(bytes, s, end);
+        
+        if (!(s + mbLen <= range)) {
+            if (s >= range) return false;
+            s = end;
+            ip += tlen;
+            return true;
+        }
+        
+        int ss = s;
+        s += mbLen;
+        int c = enc.mbcToCode(bytes, ss, s);
+        
+        if (CodeRange.isInCodeRange(code, ip, c)) return false;
+        ip += tlen;
+        return true;
+    }    
+    
+    private void opCClassMBNot() {
+        if (s >= range) {opFail(); return;}
+        if (!enc.isMbcHead(bytes, s, end)) {
+            s++;
+            int tlen = code[ip++];
+            ip += tlen;
+            sprev = sbegin; // break;
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!isNotInClassMB()) {opFail(); return;}
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opCClassMIXNot() {
+        if (s >= range) {opFail(); return;}
+        if (enc.isMbcHead(bytes, s, end)) {
+            ip += BitSet.BITSET_SIZE;
+            if (!isNotInClassMB()) {opFail(); return;}
+        } else {
+            if (isInBitSet()) {opFail(); return;}
+            ip += BitSet.BITSET_SIZE;
+            int tlen = code[ip++];
+            ip += tlen;
+            s++;
+        }
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opCClassNode() {
+        if (s >= range) {opFail(); return;}
+        CClassNode cc = (CClassNode)regex.operands[code[ip++]];
+        int mbLen = enc.length(bytes, s, end);
+        int ss = s;
+        s += mbLen;
+        if (s > range) {opFail(); return;}
+        int c = enc.mbcToCode(bytes, ss, s);
+        if (!cc.isCodeInCCLength(mbLen, c)) {opFail(); return;}
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opAnyChar() {
+        if (s >= range) {opFail(); return;}
+        int n = enc.length(bytes, s, end);
+        if (s + n > range) {opFail(); return;}
+        if (enc.isNewLine(bytes, s, end)) {opFail(); return;}
+        s += n;
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opAnyCharSb() {
+        if (s >= range) {opFail(); return;}
+        if (bytes[s] == Encoding.NEW_LINE) {opFail(); return;}
+        s++;
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opAnyCharML() {
+        if (s >= range) {opFail(); return;}
+        int n = enc.length(bytes, s, end);
+        if (s + n > range) {opFail(); return;}
+        s += n;        
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;        
+    }
+
+    private void opAnyCharMLSb() {
+        if (s >= range) {opFail(); return;}
+        s++;
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;        
+    }
+    
+    private void opAnyCharStar() {
+        final byte[]bytes = this.bytes;
+        while (s < range) {
+            pushAlt(ip, s, sprev);
+            int n = enc.length(bytes, s, end);
+            if (s + n > range) {opFail(); return;}
+            if (enc.isNewLine(bytes, s, end)) {opFail(); return;}
+            sprev = s;
+            s += n;
+        }
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opAnyCharStarSb() {
+        final byte[]bytes = this.bytes;
+        while (s < range) {
+            pushAlt(ip, s, sprev);
+            if (bytes[s] == Encoding.NEW_LINE) {opFail(); return;}
+            sprev = s;
+            s++;
+        }
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opAnyCharMLStar() {
+        final byte[]bytes = this.bytes;
+        while (s < range) {
+            pushAlt(ip, s, sprev);
+            int n = enc.length(bytes, s, end);
+            if (s + n > range) {opFail(); return;}
+            sprev = s;
+            s += n;
+        }
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+
+    private void opAnyCharMLStarSb() {
+        while (s < range) {
+            pushAlt(ip, s, sprev);
+            sprev = s;
+            s++;
+        }
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opAnyCharStarPeekNext() {
+        final byte c = (byte)code[ip];
+        final byte[]bytes = this.bytes;
+        
+        while (s < range) {
+            if (c == bytes[s]) pushAlt(ip + 1, s, sprev);
+            int n = enc.length(bytes, s, end);
+            if (s + n > range || enc.isNewLine(bytes, s, end)) {opFail(); return;}
+            sprev = s;
+            s += n;
+        }
+        ip++;
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opAnyCharStarPeekNextSb() {
+        final byte c = (byte)code[ip];
+        final byte[]bytes = this.bytes;
+        
+        while (s < range) {
+            byte b = bytes[s];
+            if (c == b) pushAlt(ip + 1, s, sprev);
+            if (b == Encoding.NEW_LINE) {opFail(); return;}
+            sprev = s;
+            s++;
+        }
+        ip++;
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opAnyCharMLStarPeekNext() {
+        final byte c = (byte)code[ip];
+        final byte[]bytes = this.bytes;
+        
+        while (s < range) {
+            if (c == bytes[s]) pushAlt(ip + 1, s, sprev);
+            int n = enc.length(bytes, s, end);
+            if (s + n > range) {opFail(); return;}
+            sprev = s;
+            s += n;
+        }
+        ip++;
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opAnyCharMLStarPeekNextSb() {
+        final byte c = (byte)code[ip];
+        final byte[]bytes = this.bytes;
+
+        while (s < range) {
+            if (c == bytes[s]) pushAlt(ip + 1, s, sprev);
+            sprev = s;
+            s++;
+        }
+        ip++;
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    // CEC
+    private void opStateCheckAnyCharStar() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];
+        final byte[]bytes = this.bytes;
+        
+        while (s < range) {
+            if (stateCheckVal(s, mem)) {opFail(); return;}
+            pushAltWithStateCheck(ip, s, sprev, mem);
+            int n = enc.length(bytes, s, end);
+            if (s + n > range || enc.isNewLine(bytes, s, end)) {opFail(); return;}
+            sprev = s;
+            s += n;
+        }
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opStateCheckAnyCharStarSb() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];
+        final byte[]bytes = this.bytes;
+        
+        while (s < range) {
+            if (stateCheckVal(s, mem)) {opFail(); return;}
+            pushAltWithStateCheck(ip, s, sprev, mem);
+            if (bytes[s] == Encoding.NEW_LINE) {opFail(); return;}
+            sprev = s;
+            s++;
+        }
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    // CEC
+    private void opStateCheckAnyCharMLStar() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];
+        
+        final byte[]bytes = this.bytes;            
+        while (s < range) {
+            if (stateCheckVal(s, mem)) {opFail(); return;}
+            pushAltWithStateCheck(ip, s, sprev, mem);
+            int n = enc.length(bytes, s, end);
+            if (s + n > range) {opFail(); return;}
+            sprev = s;
+            s += n;
+        }
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opStateCheckAnyCharMLStarSb() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];
+        
+        while (s < range) {
+            if (stateCheckVal(s, mem)) {opFail(); return;}
+            pushAltWithStateCheck(ip, s, sprev, mem);
+            sprev = s;
+            s++;
+        }
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opWord() {
+        if (s >= range || !enc.isMbcWord(bytes, s, end)) {opFail(); return;}
+        s += enc.length(bytes, s, end);
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+
+    private void opWordSb() {
+        if (s >= range || !enc.isWord(bytes[s] & 0xff)) {opFail(); return;}
+        s++;        
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opNotWord() {
+        if (s >= range || enc.isMbcWord(bytes, s, end)) {opFail(); return;}
+        s += enc.length(bytes, s, end);
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opNotWordSb() {
+        if (s >= range || enc.isWord(bytes[s] & 0xff)) {opFail(); return;}
+        s++;
+        sprev = sbegin; // break;
+    }
+    
+    private void opWordBound() {
+        if (s == str) {
+            if (s >= range || !enc.isMbcWord(bytes, s, end)) {opFail(); return;}
+        } else if (s == end) {
+            if (!enc.isMbcWord(bytes, sprev, end)) {opFail(); return;}
+        } else {
+            if (enc.isMbcWord(bytes, s, end) == enc.isMbcWord(bytes, sprev, end)) {opFail(); return;}
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void opWordBoundSb() {
+        if (s == str) {
+            if (s >= range || !enc.isWord(bytes[s] & 0xff)) {opFail(); return;}
+        } else if (s == end) {
+            if (sprev >= end || !enc.isWord(bytes[sprev] & 0xff)) {opFail(); return;}
+        } else {
+            if (enc.isWord(bytes[s] & 0xff) == enc.isWord(bytes[sprev] & 0xff)) {opFail(); return;}
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void opNotWordBound() {
+        if (s == str) {
+            if (s < range && enc.isMbcWord(bytes, s, end)) {opFail(); return;}
+        } else if (s == end) {
+            if (enc.isMbcWord(bytes, sprev, end)) {opFail(); return;}
+        } else {
+            if (enc.isMbcWord(bytes, s, end) != enc.isMbcWord(bytes, sprev, end)) {opFail(); return;}
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void opNotWordBoundSb() {
+        if (s == str) {
+            if (s < range && enc.isWord(bytes[s] & 0xff)) {opFail(); return;}
+        } else if (s == end) {
+            if (sprev < end && enc.isWord(bytes[sprev] & 0xff)) {opFail(); return;}
+        } else {
+            if (enc.isWord(bytes[s] & 0xff) != enc.isWord(bytes[sprev] & 0xff)) {opFail(); return;}
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void opWordBegin() {
+        if (s < range && enc.isMbcWord(bytes, s, end)) {
+            if (s == str || !enc.isMbcWord(bytes, sprev, end)) return;
+        }
+        opFail();
+    }
+
+    private void opWordBeginSb() {
+        if (s < range && enc.isWord(bytes[s] & 0xff)) {
+            if (s == str || !enc.isWord(bytes[sprev] & 0xff)) return;
+        }
+        opFail();
+    }
+    
+    private void opWordEnd() {
+        if (s != str && enc.isMbcWord(bytes, sprev, end)) {
+            if (s == end || !enc.isMbcWord(bytes, s, end)) return;
+        }
+        opFail();
+    }
+
+    private void opWordEndSb() {
+        if (s != str && enc.isWord(bytes[sprev] & 0xff)) {
+            if (s == end || !enc.isWord(bytes[s] & 0xff)) return;
+        }
+        opFail();
+    }
+    
+    private void opBeginBuf() {
+        if (s != str) opFail();
+    }
+    
+    private void opEndBuf() {
+        if (s != end) opFail();
+    }
+    
+    private void opBeginLine() {
+        if (s == str) {
+            if (isNotBol(msaOptions)) opFail();
+            return;
+        } else if (enc.isNewLine(bytes, sprev, end) && s != end) {
+            return;
+        }
+        opFail();
+    }
+    
+    private void opEndLine()  {
+        if (s == end) {
+            if (Config.USE_NEWLINE_AT_END_OF_STRING_HAS_EMPTY_LINE) {
+                if (str == end || !enc.isNewLine(bytes, sprev, end)) {
+                    if (isNotEol(msaOptions)) opFail();
+                }
+                return;
+            } else {
+                if (isNotEol(msaOptions)) opFail();
+                return;
+            }
+        } else if (enc.isNewLine(bytes, s, end) || (Config.USE_CRNL_AS_LINE_TERMINATOR && enc.isMbcCrnl(bytes, s, end))) {
+            return;
+        }
+        opFail();
+    }
+    
+    private void opSemiEndBuf() {
+        if (s == end) {
+            if (Config.USE_NEWLINE_AT_END_OF_STRING_HAS_EMPTY_LINE) {
+                if (str == end || !enc.isNewLine(bytes, sprev, end)) {
+                    if (isNotEol(msaOptions)) opFail();
+                }
+                return;
+            } else {
+                if (isNotEol(msaOptions)) opFail();
+                return;
+            }
+        } else if (enc.isNewLine(bytes, s, end) && (s + enc.length(bytes, s, end)) == end) {
+            return;
+        } else if (Config.USE_CRNL_AS_LINE_TERMINATOR && enc.isMbcCrnl(bytes, s, end)) {
+            int ss = s + enc.length(bytes, s, end);
+            ss += enc.length(bytes, ss, end);
+            if (ss == end) return;
+        }
+        opFail();
+    }
+
+    private void opBeginPosition() {
+        if (s != msaStart) opFail();
+    }
+
+    private void opMemoryStartPush() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];
+        pushMemStart(mem, s);
+    }
+    
+    private void opMemoryStart() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];
+        repeatStk[memStartStk + mem] = s;
+    }
+    
+    private void opMemoryEndPush() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];
+        pushMemEnd(mem, s);
+    }
+    
+    private void opMemoryEnd() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];
+        repeatStk[memEndStk + mem] = s;
+    }
+    
+    private void opMemoryEndPushRec() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];
+        int stkp = getMemStart(mem); /* should be before push mem-end. */
+        pushMemEnd(mem, s);
+        repeatStk[memStartStk + mem] = stkp;
+    }
+    
+    private void opMemoryEndRec() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];
+        repeatStk[memEndStk + mem] = s;
+        int stkp = getMemStart(mem);
+        
+        if (BitStatus.bsAt(regex.btMemStart, mem)) {
+            repeatStk[memStartStk + mem] = stkp;
+        } else {
+            repeatStk[memStartStk + mem] = stack[stkp].getMemPStr();
+        }
+        
+        pushMemEndMark(mem);
+    }
+    
+    private boolean backrefInvalid(int mem) {
+        return repeatStk[memEndStk + mem] == INVALID_INDEX || repeatStk[memStartStk + mem] == INVALID_INDEX;
+    }
+    
+    private int backrefStart(int mem) {
+        return bsAt(regex.btMemStart, mem) ? stack[repeatStk[memStartStk + mem]].getMemPStr() : repeatStk[memStartStk + mem];
+    }
+    
+    private int backrefEnd(int mem) {
+        return bsAt(regex.btMemEnd, mem) ? stack[repeatStk[memEndStk + mem]].getMemPStr() : repeatStk[memEndStk + mem];
+    }
+    
+    private void backref(int mem) {
+        /* if you want to remove following line,
+        you should check in parse and compile time. (numMem) */
+        if (mem > regex.numMem || backrefInvalid(mem)) {opFail(); return;}
+        
+        int pstart = backrefStart(mem);
+        int pend = backrefEnd(mem);
+        
+        int n = pend - pstart;
+        if (s + n > range) {opFail(); return;}
+        sprev = s;
+        
+        // STRING_CMP
+        while(n-- > 0) if (bytes[pstart++] != bytes[s++]) {opFail(); return;}
+
+        int len;
+        
+        // beyond string check
+        if (sprev < range) {
+            while (sprev + (len = enc.length(bytes, sprev, end)) < s) sprev += len;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void opBackRef1() {
+        backref(1);
+    }
+    
+    private void opBackRef2() {
+        backref(2);
+    }
+    
+    private void opBackRefN() {
+        backref(code[ip++]);
+    }
+    
+    private void opBackRefNIC() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];
+        /* if you want to remove following line, 
+        you should check in parse and compile time. (numMem) */
+        if (mem > regex.numMem || backrefInvalid(mem)) {opFail(); return;}
+
+        int pstart = backrefStart(mem);
+        int pend = backrefEnd(mem);
+        
+        int n = pend - pstart;
+        if (s + n > range) {opFail(); return;}
+        sprev = s;
+        
+        value = s;        
+        if (!stringCmpIC(regex.caseFoldFlag, pstart, this, n, end)) {opFail(); return;}
+        s = value;
+        
+        int len;
+        // if (sprev < bytes.length)
+        while (sprev + (len = enc.length(bytes, sprev, end)) < s) sprev += len;
+    }
+    
+    private void opBackRefMulti() {
+        int tlen = code[ip++];
+        
+        int i;
+        loop:for (i=0; i<tlen; i++) {
+            int mem = code[ip++];
+            if (backrefInvalid(mem)) continue;
+            
+            int pstart = backrefStart(mem);
+            int pend = backrefEnd(mem);
+            
+            int n = pend - pstart;
+            if (s + n > range) {opFail(); return;}
+            
+            sprev = s;
+            int swork = s;
+            
+            while (n-- > 0) {
+                if (bytes[pstart++] != bytes[swork++]) continue loop;
+            }
+            
+            s = swork;
+            
+            int len;
+
+            // beyond string check
+            if (sprev < range) {
+                while (sprev + (len = enc.length(bytes, sprev, end)) < s) sprev += len;
+            }
+            
+            ip += tlen - i  - 1; // * SIZE_MEMNUM (1)
+            break; /* success */
+        }
+        if (i == tlen) {opFail(); return;}
+    }
+    
+    private void opBackRefMultiIC() {
+        int tlen = code[ip++];
+        
+        int i;
+        loop:for (i=0; i<tlen; i++) {
+            int mem = code[ip++];
+            if (backrefInvalid(mem)) continue;
+            
+            int pstart = backrefStart(mem);
+            int pend = backrefEnd(mem);
+            
+            int n = pend - pstart;
+            if (s + n > range) {opFail(); return;}
+            
+            sprev = s;
+
+            value = s;
+            if (!stringCmpIC(regex.caseFoldFlag, pstart, this, n, end)) continue loop; // STRING_CMP_VALUE_IC
+            s = value;
+
+            int len;
+            // if (sprev < bytes.length)
+            while (sprev + (len = enc.length(bytes, sprev, end)) < s) sprev += len;
+            
+            ip += tlen - i  - 1; // * SIZE_MEMNUM (1)
+            break;  /* success */
+        }
+        if (i == tlen) {opFail(); return;}
+    }
+    
+    private boolean memIsInMemp(int mem, int num, int memp) {
+        for (int i=0; i<num; i++) {
+            int m = code[memp++];
+            if (mem == m) return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    // USE_BACKREF_AT_LEVEL // (s) and (end) implicit
+    private boolean backrefMatchAtNestedLevel(boolean ignoreCase, int caseFoldFlag, 
+                                              int nest, int memNum, int memp) {
+        int pend = -1;
+        int level = 0;
+        int k = stk - 1;
+
+        while (k >= 0) {
+            StackEntry e = stack[k];
+            
+            if (e.type == CALL_FRAME) {
+                level--;
+            } else if (e.type == RETURN) {
+                level++;
+            } else if (level == nest) {
+                if (e.type == MEM_START) {
+                    if (memIsInMemp(e.getMemNum(), memNum, memp)) {
+                        int pstart = e.getMemPStr();
+                        if (pend != -1) {
+                            if (pend - pstart > end - s) return false; /* or goto next_mem; */
+                            int p = pstart;
+
+                            value = s;
+                            if (ignoreCase) {
+                                if (!stringCmpIC(caseFoldFlag, pstart, this, pend - pstart, end)) {
+                                    return false; /* or goto next_mem; */
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                while (p < pend) {
+                                    if (bytes[p++] != bytes[value++]) return false; /* or goto next_mem; */
+                                }
+                            }
+                            s = value;
+
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (e.type == MEM_END) {
+                    if (memIsInMemp(e.getMemNum(), memNum, memp)) {
+                        pend = e.getMemPStr();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            k--;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }    
+    
+    private void opBackRefAtLevel() {
+        int ic      = code[ip++];
+        int level   = code[ip++];
+        int tlen    = code[ip++];
+        
+        sprev = s;
+        if (backrefMatchAtNestedLevel(ic != 0, regex.caseFoldFlag, level, tlen, ip)) { // (s) and (end) implicit
+            int len;
+            while (sprev + (len = enc.length(bytes, sprev, end)) < s) sprev += len;
+            ip += tlen; // * SIZE_MEMNUM
+        } else {
+            {opFail(); return;}
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* no need: IS_DYNAMIC_OPTION() == 0 */
+    private void opSetOptionPush() {
+        // option = code[ip++]; // final for now
+        pushAlt(ip, s, sprev);
+        ip += OPSize.SET_OPTION + OPSize.FAIL;
+    }
+
+    private void opSetOption() {
+        // option = code[ip++]; // final for now
+    }
+
+    private void opNullCheckStart() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];
+        pushNullCheckStart(mem, s);
+    }
+    
+    private void nullCheckFound() {
+        // null_check_found:
+        /* empty loop founded, skip next instruction */
+        switch(code[ip++]) {
+        case OPCode.JUMP:
+        case OPCode.PUSH:
+            ip++;       // p += SIZE_RELADDR;
+            break;
+        case OPCode.REPEAT_INC:
+        case OPCode.REPEAT_INC_NG:
+        case OPCode.REPEAT_INC_SG:
+        case OPCode.REPEAT_INC_NG_SG:
+            ip++;        // p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
+            break;
+        default:
+            throw new InternalException(ErrorMessages.ERR_UNEXPECTED_BYTECODE);
+        } // switch        
+    }
+    
+    private void opNullCheckEnd() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];
+        int isNull = nullCheck(mem, s); /* mem: null check id */
+        
+        if (isNull != 0) {
+            if (Config.DEBUG_MATCH) {
+                Config.log.println("NULL_CHECK_END: skip  id:" + mem + ", s:" + s);
+            }
+            
+            nullCheckFound();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // USE_INFINITE_REPEAT_MONOMANIAC_MEM_STATUS_CHECK
+    private void opNullCheckEndMemST() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];   /* mem: null check id */
+        int isNull = nullCheckMemSt(mem, s);
+        
+        if (isNull != 0) {
+            if (Config.DEBUG_MATCH) {
+                Config.log.println("NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST: skip  id:" + mem + ", s:" + s);
+            }
+            
+            if (isNull == -1) {opFail(); return;}
+            nullCheckFound();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+    private void opNullCheckEndMemSTPush() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];   /* mem: null check id */
+        
+        int isNull;
+        if (Config.USE_MONOMANIAC_CHECK_CAPTURES_IN_ENDLESS_REPEAT) {
+            isNull = nullCheckMemStRec(mem, s);
+        } else {
+            isNull = nullCheckRec(mem, s);
+        }
+        
+        if (isNull != 0) {
+            if (Config.DEBUG_MATCH) {
+                Config.log.println("NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST_PUSH: skip  id:" + mem + ", s:" + s);
+            }            
+            
+            if (isNull == -1) {opFail(); return;}
+            nullCheckFound();
+        } else {
+            pushNullCheckEnd(mem);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void opJump() {
+        ip += code[ip] + 1;
+    }
+    
+    private void opPush() {
+        int addr = code[ip++];
+        pushAlt(ip + addr, s, sprev);
+    }
+    
+    // CEC
+    private void opStateCheckPush() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];
+        if (stateCheckVal(s, mem)) {opFail(); return;}
+        int addr = code[ip++];
+        pushAltWithStateCheck(ip + addr, s, sprev, mem);
+    }
+    
+    // CEC
+    private void opStateCheckPushOrJump() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];
+        int addr= code[ip++];
+        
+        if (stateCheckVal(s, mem)) {
+            ip += addr;
+        } else {
+            pushAltWithStateCheck(ip + addr, s, sprev, mem);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // CEC
+    private void opStateCheck() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];
+        if (stateCheckVal(s, mem)) {opFail(); return;}
+        pushStateCheck(s, mem);
+    }
+    
+    private void opPop() {
+        popOne();
+    }
+    
+    private void opPushOrJumpExact1() {
+        int addr = code[ip++];
+        if (code[ip] == bytes[s] && s < range) {
+            ip++;
+            pushAlt(ip + addr, s, sprev);
+            return;
+        }
+        ip += addr + 1;
+    }
+    
+    private void opPushIfPeekNext() {
+        int addr = code[ip++];
+        // beyond string check 
+        if (s < range && code[ip] == bytes[s]) {
+            ip++;
+            pushAlt(ip + addr, s, sprev);
+            return;
+        }
+        ip++;
+    }
+    
+    private void opRepeat() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];   /* mem: OP_REPEAT ID */
+        int addr= code[ip++];
+        
+        // ensure1();
+        repeatStk[mem] = stk;
+        pushRepeat(mem, ip);
+        
+        if (regex.repeatRangeLo[mem] == 0) { // lower
+            pushAlt(ip + addr, s, sprev);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void opRepeatNG() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];   /* mem: OP_REPEAT ID */
+        int addr= code[ip++];
+        
+        // ensure1();
+        repeatStk[mem] = stk;
+        pushRepeat(mem, ip);
+        
+        if (regex.repeatRangeLo[mem] == 0) {
+            pushAlt(ip, s, sprev);
+            ip += addr;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void repeatInc(int mem, int si) {
+        StackEntry e = stack[si];
+        
+        e.increaseRepeatCount();
+        
+        if (e.getRepeatCount() >= regex.repeatRangeHi[mem]) {
+            /* end of repeat. Nothing to do. */
+        } else if (e.getRepeatCount() >= regex.repeatRangeLo[mem]) {
+            pushAlt(ip, s, sprev);
+            ip = e.getRepeatPCode(); /* Don't use stkp after PUSH. */
+        } else {
+            ip = e.getRepeatPCode();
+        }
+        pushRepeatInc(si);
+    }
+    
+    private void opRepeatInc() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];   /* mem: OP_REPEAT ID */    
+        int si = repeatStk[mem];        
+        repeatInc(mem, si);
+    }
+    
+    private void opRepeatIncSG() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];   /* mem: OP_REPEAT ID */
+        int si = getRepeat(mem);
+        repeatInc(mem, si);
+    }
+    
+    private void repeatIncNG(int mem, int si) {
+        StackEntry e = stack[si];
+        
+        e.increaseRepeatCount();
+        
+        if (e.getRepeatCount() < regex.repeatRangeHi[mem]) {
+            if (e.getRepeatCount() >= regex.repeatRangeLo[mem]) {
+                int pcode = e.getRepeatPCode();
+                pushRepeatInc(si);
+                pushAlt(pcode, s, sprev);
+            } else {
+                ip = e.getRepeatPCode();
+                pushRepeatInc(si);
+            }
+        } else if (e.getRepeatCount() == regex.repeatRangeHi[mem]) {
+            pushRepeatInc(si);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void opRepeatIncNG() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];
+        int si = repeatStk[mem];
+        repeatIncNG(mem, si);
+    }
+    
+    private void opRepeatIncNGSG() {
+        int mem = code[ip++];
+        int si = getRepeat(mem);
+        repeatIncNG(mem, si);
+    }
+    
+    private void opPushPos() {
+        pushPos(s, sprev);
+    }
+    
+    private void opPopPos() {
+        StackEntry e = stack[posEnd()];
+        s    = e.getStatePStr();
+        sprev= e.getStatePStrPrev();  
+    }
+    
+    private void opPushPosNot() {
+        int addr = code[ip++];
+        pushPosNot(ip + addr, s, sprev);
+    }
+    
+    private void opFailPos() {
+        popTilPosNot();
+        opFail();
+    }
+    
+    private void opPushStopBT() {
+        pushStopBT();
+    }
+    
+    private void opPopStopBT() {
+        stopBtEnd();
+    }
+
+    private void opLookBehind() {
+        int tlen = code[ip++];
+        s = enc.stepBack(bytes, str, s, end, tlen);
+        if (s == -1) {opFail(); return;}
+        sprev = enc.prevCharHead(bytes, str, s, end);
+    }
+
+    private void opLookBehindSb() {
+        int tlen = code[ip++];
+        s -= tlen;
+        if (s < str) {opFail(); return;}
+        sprev = s == str ? -1 : s - 1; 
+    }
+    
+    private void opPushLookBehindNot() {
+        int addr = code[ip++];
+        int tlen = code[ip++];
+        int q = enc.stepBack(bytes, str, s, end, tlen);
+        if (q == -1) {
+            /* too short case -> success. ex. /(?<!XXX)a/.match("a")
+            If you want to change to fail, replace following line. */
+            ip += addr;
+            // return FAIL;
+        } else {
+            pushLookBehindNot(ip + addr, s, sprev);
+            s = q;
+            sprev = enc.prevCharHead(bytes, str, s, end);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void opFailLookBehindNot() {
+        popTilLookBehindNot();
+        opFail();
+    }
+    
+    private void opCall() {
+        int addr = code[ip++];
+        pushCallFrame(ip);
+        ip = addr; // absolute address
+    }
+    
+    private void opReturn() {
+        ip = sreturn();
+        pushReturn();
+    }
+    
+    private void opFail() {
+        if (stack == null) {
+            ip = regex.codeLength - 1;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        
+        StackEntry e = pop();
+        ip    = e.getStatePCode();
+        s     = e.getStatePStr();
+        sprev = e.getStatePStrPrev();
+
+        if (Config.USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK) {
+            if (e.getStateCheck() != 0) {
+                e.type = STATE_CHECK_MARK;
+                stk++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private int finish() {
+        return bestLen;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/org/joni/ByteCodePrinter.java b/src/org/joni/ByteCodePrinter.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5efb353
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/ByteCodePrinter.java
@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+import org.joni.ast.CClassNode;
+import org.joni.constants.Arguments;
+import org.joni.constants.OPCode;
+import org.joni.constants.OPSize;
+import org.joni.exception.InternalException;
+
+class ByteCodePrinter {
+    int[]code;
+    int codeLength;
+    
+    Object[]operands;
+    int operantCount;
+    Encoding enc;
+    WarnCallback warnings;
+    
+    public ByteCodePrinter(Regex regex) {
+        code = regex.code;
+        codeLength = regex.codeLength;
+        operands = regex.operands;
+        operantCount = regex.operandLength;
+        enc = regex.enc;        
+        warnings = regex.warnings;
+    }
+    
+    public String byteCodeListToString() {
+        return compiledByteCodeListToString();
+    }
+    
+    private void pString(StringBuilder sb, int len, int s) {
+        sb.append(":");
+        while (len-- > 0) sb.append(new String(new byte[]{(byte)code[s++]}));
+    }
+    
+    private void pLenString(StringBuilder sb, int len, int mbLen, int s) {
+        int x = len * mbLen;
+        sb.append(":" + len + ":");
+        while (x-- > 0) sb.append(new String(new byte[]{(byte)code[s++]}));
+    }
+    
+    public int compiledByteCodeToString(StringBuilder sb, int bp) {
+        int len, n, mem, addr, scn, cod;
+        BitSet bs;
+        CClassNode cc;
+
+        sb.append("[" + OPCode.OpCodeNames[code[bp]]);
+        int argType = OPCode.OpCodeArgTypes[code[bp]];
+        int ip = bp;
+        if (argType != Arguments.SPECIAL) {
+            bp++;
+            switch (argType) {
+            case Arguments.NON:
+                break;
+
+            case Arguments.RELADDR:
+                sb.append(":(" + code[bp] + ")");
+                bp += OPSize.RELADDR;
+                break;
+                
+            case Arguments.ABSADDR:
+                sb.append(":(" + code[bp] + ")");
+                bp += OPSize.ABSADDR;
+                break;
+                
+            case Arguments.LENGTH:
+                sb.append(":" + code[bp]);
+                bp += OPSize.LENGTH;
+                break;
+                
+            case Arguments.MEMNUM:
+                sb.append(":" + code[bp]);
+                bp += OPSize.MEMNUM;
+                break;
+            
+            case Arguments.OPTION:
+                sb.append(":" + code[bp]);
+                bp += OPSize.OPTION;
+                break;
+                
+            case Arguments.STATE_CHECK:
+                sb.append(":" + code[bp]);
+                bp += OPSize.STATE_CHECK;
+                break;
+            }
+        } else {
+            switch (code[bp++]) {
+            case OPCode.EXACT1:
+            case OPCode.ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT:
+            case OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT:
+            case OPCode.ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT_SB:            	
+            case OPCode.ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT_SB:
+            	pString(sb, 1, bp++);
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.EXACT2:
+                pString(sb, 2, bp);
+                bp += 2;
+                break;
+            
+            case OPCode.EXACT3:
+                pString(sb, 3, bp);
+                bp += 3;
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.EXACT4:
+                pString(sb, 4, bp);
+                bp += 4;
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.EXACT5:
+                pString(sb, 5, bp);                
+                bp += 5;
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.EXACTN:
+                len = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.LENGTH;
+                pLenString(sb, len, 1, bp);
+                bp += len;
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.EXACTMB2N1:
+                pString(sb, 2, bp);
+                bp += 2;
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.EXACTMB2N2:
+                pString(sb, 4, bp);
+                bp += 4;
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.EXACTMB2N3:
+                pString(sb, 6, bp);
+                bp += 6;
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.EXACTMB2N:
+                len = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.LENGTH;
+                pLenString(sb, len, 2, bp);
+                bp += len * 2;
+                break;
+
+            case OPCode.EXACTMB3N:
+                len = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.LENGTH;
+                pLenString(sb, len, 3, bp);
+                bp += len * 3;
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.EXACTMBN:
+                int mbLen = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.LENGTH;
+                len = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.LENGTH;
+                sb.append(":" + mbLen + ":" + len + ":");
+                n = len * mbLen;
+                while (n-- > 0) sb.append(new String(new byte[]{(byte)code[bp++]}));
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.EXACT1_IC:
+            case OPCode.EXACT1_IC_SB:
+                final int MAX_CHAR_LENGTH = 6;
+                byte[]bytes = new byte[MAX_CHAR_LENGTH];
+                for (int i = 0; bp + i < code.length && i < MAX_CHAR_LENGTH; i++) bytes[i] = (byte)code[bp + i]; 
+                len = enc.length(bytes, 0, MAX_CHAR_LENGTH);
+                pString(sb, len, bp);
+                bp += len;
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.EXACTN_IC:
+            case OPCode.EXACTN_IC_SB:
+                len = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.LENGTH;
+                pLenString(sb, len, 1, bp);
+                bp += len;
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.CCLASS:
+            case OPCode.CCLASS_SB:
+                bs = new BitSet();
+                System.arraycopy(code, bp, bs.bits, 0, BitSet.BITSET_SIZE);
+                n = bs.numOn();
+                bp += BitSet.BITSET_SIZE;
+                sb.append(":" + n);
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.CCLASS_NOT:
+            case OPCode.CCLASS_NOT_SB:
+                bs = new BitSet();
+                System.arraycopy(code, bp, bs.bits, 0, BitSet.BITSET_SIZE);
+                n = bs.numOn();
+                bp += BitSet.BITSET_SIZE;
+                sb.append(":" + n);
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.CCLASS_MB:
+            case OPCode.CCLASS_MB_NOT:                
+                len = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.LENGTH;
+                cod = code[bp];
+                //bp += OPSize.CODE_POINT;
+                bp += len;
+                sb.append(":" + cod + ":" + len); 
+                break;
+
+            case OPCode.CCLASS_MIX:
+            case OPCode.CCLASS_MIX_NOT:
+                bs = new BitSet();
+                System.arraycopy(code, bp, bs.bits, 0, BitSet.BITSET_SIZE);
+                n = bs.numOn();
+                bp += BitSet.BITSET_SIZE;
+                len = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.LENGTH;
+                cod = code[bp];
+                //bp += OPSize.CODE_POINT;
+                bp += len;
+                sb.append(":" + n + ":" + cod + ":" + len);
+                break;
+
+            case OPCode.CCLASS_NODE:
+                cc = (CClassNode)operands[code[bp]];
+                bp += OPSize.POINTER;
+                n = cc.bs.numOn();
+                sb.append(":" + cc + ":" + n);
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.BACKREFN_IC:
+                mem = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.MEMNUM;
+                sb.append(":" + mem);
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.BACKREF_MULTI_IC:
+            case OPCode.BACKREF_MULTI:
+                sb.append(" ");
+                len = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.LENGTH;
+                for (int i=0; i<len; i++) {
+                    mem = code[bp];
+                    bp += OPSize.MEMNUM;
+                    if (i > 0) sb.append(", ");
+                    sb.append(mem);
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL: {
+                int option = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.OPTION;
+                sb.append(":" + option);
+                int level = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.LENGTH;
+                sb.append(":" + level);
+                sb.append(" ");
+                len = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.LENGTH;
+                for (int i=0; i<len; i++) {
+                    mem = code[bp];
+                    bp += OPSize.MEMNUM;
+                    if (i > 0) sb.append(", ");
+                    sb.append(mem);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            
+            case OPCode.REPEAT:
+            case OPCode.REPEAT_NG:
+                mem = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.MEMNUM;
+                addr = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.RELADDR;
+                sb.append(":" + mem + ":" + addr);
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1:
+            case OPCode.PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT:
+                addr = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.RELADDR;
+                sb.append(":(" + addr + ")");
+                pString(sb, 1, bp);
+                bp++;
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.LOOK_BEHIND:
+            case OPCode.LOOK_BEHIND_SB:
+                len = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.LENGTH;
+                sb.append(":" + len);
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+                addr = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.RELADDR;
+                len = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.LENGTH;
+                sb.append(":" + len + ":(" + addr + ")");
+                break;
+                
+            case OPCode.STATE_CHECK_PUSH:
+            case OPCode.STATE_CHECK_PUSH_OR_JUMP:
+                scn = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.STATE_CHECK_NUM;
+                addr = code[bp];
+                bp += OPSize.RELADDR;
+                sb.append(":" + scn + ":(" + addr + ")");
+                break;
+                
+            default:
+                throw new InternalException("undefined code: " + code[--bp]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        sb.append("]");
+
+        // @opcode_address(opcode_size)
+        if (Config.DEBUG_COMPILE_BYTE_CODE_INFO) sb.append("@" + ip + "(" + (bp - ip) + ")");
+
+        return bp;
+    }
+
+    private String compiledByteCodeListToString() {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append("code length: " + codeLength + "\n");
+        
+        int ncode = 0;
+        int bp = 0;
+        int end = codeLength;
+        
+        while (bp < end) {
+            ncode++;
+            
+            if (bp > 0) sb.append(ncode % 5 == 0 ? "\n" : " ");
+
+            bp = compiledByteCodeToString(sb, bp);
+        }
+        sb.append("\n");
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/CaptureTreeNode.java b/src/org/joni/CaptureTreeNode.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd6549c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/CaptureTreeNode.java
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+public class CaptureTreeNode {
+
+    
+    int group;
+    int beg;
+    int end;
+    // int allocated;
+    int numChildren;
+    CaptureTreeNode[]children;
+
+    CaptureTreeNode() {
+        beg = Region.REGION_NOTPOS;
+        end = Region.REGION_NOTPOS;
+        group = -1;
+    }
+    
+    static final int HISTORY_TREE_INIT_ALLOC_SIZE = 8;
+    void addChild(CaptureTreeNode child) {
+        if (children == null) {
+            children = new CaptureTreeNode[HISTORY_TREE_INIT_ALLOC_SIZE];
+        } else if (numChildren >= children.length) {
+            CaptureTreeNode[]tmp = new CaptureTreeNode[children.length << 1];
+            System.arraycopy(children, 0, tmp, 0, children.length);
+            children = tmp;
+        }
+        
+        children[numChildren] = child;
+        numChildren++;
+    }
+    
+    void clear() {
+        for (int i=0; i<numChildren; i++) {
+            children[i] = null; // ???
+        }
+        numChildren = 0;
+        beg = end = Region.REGION_NOTPOS;
+        group = -1;
+    }
+    
+    CaptureTreeNode cloneTree() {
+        CaptureTreeNode clone = new CaptureTreeNode();
+        clone.beg = beg;
+        clone.end = end;
+
+        for (int i=0; i<numChildren; i++) {
+            CaptureTreeNode child = children[i].cloneTree();
+            clone.addChild(child);
+        }
+        return clone;
+    }
+    
+    
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/CodeRangeBuffer.java b/src/org/joni/CodeRangeBuffer.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51b77e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/CodeRangeBuffer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+import org.joni.exception.ErrorMessages;
+import org.joni.exception.ValueException;
+
+public final class CodeRangeBuffer {
+    private static final int INIT_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE_SIZE = 5;    
+    private static final int ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE = 0x7fffffff;
+    
+    int[]p; 
+    int used;
+    
+    public CodeRangeBuffer(int[]ranges) {
+        p = ranges;
+        used = ranges[0] + 1;
+    }
+    
+    public CodeRangeBuffer() {
+        p = new int[INIT_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE_SIZE];
+        writeCodePoint(0, 0);
+    }
+    
+    public int[]getCodeRange() {
+        return p;
+    }
+    
+    private CodeRangeBuffer(CodeRangeBuffer orig) {
+        p = new int[orig.p.length];
+        System.arraycopy(orig.p, 0, p, 0, p.length);
+        used = orig.used;
+    }
+    
+    public String toString() {
+        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
+        buf.append("CodeRange");
+        buf.append("\n  used: " + used);
+        buf.append("\n  code point: " + p[0]);
+        buf.append("\n  ranges: ");
+        
+        for (int i=0; i<p[0]; i++) {
+            buf.append("[" + rangeNumToString(p[i * 2 + 1]) + ".." + rangeNumToString(p[i * 2 + 2]) + "]");
+            if (i > 0 && i % 6 == 0) buf.append("\n          ");
+        }
+        
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+    
+    private static String rangeNumToString(int num){
+        return "0x" + Integer.toString(num, 16);
+    }
+    
+    public void expand(int low) {
+        int length = p.length;
+        do { length <<= 1; } while (length < low);
+        int[]tmp = new int[length];
+        System.arraycopy(p, 0, tmp, 0, used);
+        p = tmp;
+    }
+    
+    public void ensureSize(int size) {
+        int length = p.length;
+        while (length < size ) { length <<= 1; }
+        if (p.length != length) { 
+            int[]tmp = new int[length];
+            System.arraycopy(p, 0, tmp, 0, used);
+            p = tmp;            
+        }
+    }   
+    
+    private void moveRight(int from, int to, int n) {
+        if (to + n > p.length) expand(to + n);
+        System.arraycopy(p, from, p, to, n);
+        if (to + n > used) used = to + n;
+    }
+    
+    protected void moveLeft(int from, int to, int n) {
+        System.arraycopy(p, from, p, to, n);
+    }
+    
+    private void moveLeftAndReduce(int from, int to) {
+        System.arraycopy(p, from, p, to, used - from);
+        used -= from - to;
+    }
+
+    public void writeCodePoint(int pos, int b) {
+        int u = pos + 1;
+        if (p.length < u) expand(u);
+        p[pos] = b;
+        if (used < u) used = u;
+    }
+    
+    public CodeRangeBuffer clone() {
+        return new CodeRangeBuffer(this);
+    }
+    
+    // ugly part: these methods should be made OO
+    // add_code_range_to_buf
+    public static CodeRangeBuffer addCodeRangeToBuff(CodeRangeBuffer pbuf, int from, int to) {
+        if (from > to) {
+            int n = from;
+            from = to;
+            to = n;
+        }
+        
+        if (pbuf == null) pbuf = new CodeRangeBuffer(); // move to CClassNode
+        
+        int[]p = pbuf.p;
+        int n = p[0];
+        
+        int low = 0;
+        int bound = n;
+        
+        while (low < bound) {
+            int x = (low + bound) >>> 1;
+            if (from > p[x * 2 + 2]) {
+                low = x + 1;
+            } else {
+                bound = x;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        int high = low;
+        bound = n;
+        
+        while (high < bound) {
+            int x = (high + bound) >>> 1;
+            if (to >= p[x * 2 + 1] - 1) {
+                high = x + 1;
+            } else {
+                bound = x;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        int incN = low + 1 - high;
+
+        if (n + incN > Config.MAX_MULTI_BYTE_RANGES_NUM) throw new ValueException(ErrorMessages.ERR_TOO_MANY_MULTI_BYTE_RANGES);        
+        
+        if (incN != 1) {
+            if (from > p[low * 2 + 1]) from = p[low * 2 + 1];
+            if (to < p[(high - 1) * 2 + 2]) to = p[(high - 1) * 2 + 2];
+        }
+        
+        if (incN != 0 && high < n) {
+            int fromPos = 1 + high * 2;
+            int toPos = 1 + (low + 1) * 2;
+            int size = (n - high) * 2;
+            
+            if (incN > 0) {
+                pbuf.moveRight(fromPos, toPos, size);
+            } else {
+                pbuf.moveLeftAndReduce(fromPos, toPos);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        int pos = 1 + low * 2;
+        // pbuf.ensureSize(pos + 2);
+        pbuf.writeCodePoint(pos, from);
+        pbuf.writeCodePoint(pos + 1, to);
+        n += incN;
+        pbuf.writeCodePoint(0, n);
+        
+        return pbuf;
+    }
+    
+    // add_code_range, be aware of it returning null!
+    public static CodeRangeBuffer addCodeRange(CodeRangeBuffer pbuf, ScanEnvironment env, int from, int to) {
+        if (from >to) {
+            if (env.syntax.allowEmptyRangeInCC()) {
+                return pbuf;
+            } else {
+                throw new ValueException(ErrorMessages.ERR_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CHAR_CLASS);
+            }
+        }
+        return addCodeRangeToBuff(pbuf, from, to);
+    }
+
+    // SET_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE
+    protected static CodeRangeBuffer setAllMultiByteRange(Encoding enc, CodeRangeBuffer pbuf) {
+        return addCodeRangeToBuff(pbuf, enc.mbcodeStartPosition(), ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE);
+    }
+    
+    // ADD_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE
+    public static CodeRangeBuffer addAllMultiByteRange(Encoding enc, CodeRangeBuffer pbuf) {
+        if (!enc.isSingleByte()) return setAllMultiByteRange(enc, pbuf);
+        return pbuf;
+    }
+    
+    // not_code_range_buf
+    public static CodeRangeBuffer notCodeRangeBuff(Encoding enc, CodeRangeBuffer bbuf) {
+        CodeRangeBuffer pbuf = null;
+
+        if (bbuf == null) return setAllMultiByteRange(enc, pbuf);
+        
+        int[]p = bbuf.p;
+        int n = p[0];
+        
+        if (n <= 0) return setAllMultiByteRange(enc, pbuf);
+        
+        int pre = enc.mbcodeStartPosition();
+        
+        int from;
+        int to = 0;
+        for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
+            from = p[i * 2 + 1];
+            to = p[i * 2 + 2];
+            if (pre <= from - 1) {
+                pbuf = addCodeRangeToBuff(pbuf, pre, from - 1);
+            }
+            if (to == ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE) break;
+            pre = to + 1;
+        }
+        
+        if (to < ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE) pbuf = addCodeRangeToBuff(pbuf, to + 1, ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE);
+        return pbuf;
+    }
+    
+    // or_code_range_buf
+    public static CodeRangeBuffer orCodeRangeBuff(Encoding enc, CodeRangeBuffer bbuf1, boolean not1,
+                                                                CodeRangeBuffer bbuf2, boolean not2) {
+        CodeRangeBuffer pbuf = null;
+        
+        if (bbuf1 == null && bbuf2 == null) {
+            if (not1 || not2) {
+                return setAllMultiByteRange(enc, pbuf);
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (bbuf2 == null) {
+            CodeRangeBuffer tbuf;
+            boolean tnot;
+            // swap
+            tnot = not1; not1 = not2; not2 = tnot;
+            tbuf = bbuf1; bbuf1 = bbuf2; bbuf2 = tbuf; 
+        }
+        
+        if (bbuf1 == null) {
+            if (not1) {
+                return setAllMultiByteRange(enc, pbuf);
+            } else { 
+                if (!not2) {
+                    return bbuf2.clone();
+                } else {
+                    return notCodeRangeBuff(enc, bbuf2);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        if (not1) {
+            CodeRangeBuffer tbuf;
+            boolean tnot;
+            // swap
+            tnot = not1; not1 = not2; not2 = tnot;
+            tbuf = bbuf1; bbuf1 = bbuf2; bbuf2 = tbuf; 
+        }
+
+        if (!not2 && !not1) { /* 1 OR 2 */
+            pbuf = bbuf2.clone();
+        } else if (!not1) { /* 1 OR (not 2) */
+            pbuf = notCodeRangeBuff(enc, bbuf2);
+        }
+        
+        int[]p1 = bbuf1.p;
+        int n1 = p1[0];
+        
+        for (int i=0; i<n1; i++) {
+            int from = p1[i * 2 + 1];
+            int to = p1[i * 2 + 2];
+            pbuf = addCodeRangeToBuff(pbuf, from, to);
+        }
+        
+        return pbuf;
+    }
+    
+    // and_code_range1
+    public static CodeRangeBuffer andCodeRange1(CodeRangeBuffer pbuf, int from1, int to1, int[]data, int n) {
+        for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
+            int from2 = data[i * 2 + 1];
+            int to2 = data[i * 2 + 2];
+            if (from2 < from1) {
+                if (to2 < from1) {
+                    continue;
+                } else {
+                    from1 = to2 + 1;
+                }
+            } else if (from2 <= to1) {
+                if (to2 < to1) {
+                    if (from1 <= from2 - 1) {
+                        pbuf = addCodeRangeToBuff(pbuf, from1, from2 - 1);
+                    }
+                    from1 = to2 + 1;
+                } else {
+                    to1 = from2 - 1;
+                }
+            } else {
+                from1 = from2;
+            }
+            if (from1 > to1) break;
+        }
+        
+        if (from1 <= to1) {
+            pbuf = addCodeRangeToBuff(pbuf, from1, to1);
+        }
+        
+        return pbuf;
+    }
+    
+    // and_code_range_buf
+    public static CodeRangeBuffer andCodeRangeBuff(CodeRangeBuffer bbuf1, boolean not1,
+                                                   CodeRangeBuffer bbuf2, boolean not2) {
+        CodeRangeBuffer pbuf = null;
+        
+        if (bbuf1 == null) { 
+            if (not1 && bbuf2 != null) return bbuf2.clone(); /* not1 != 0 -> not2 == 0 */
+            return null; 
+        } else if (bbuf2 == null) {
+            if (not2) return bbuf1.clone();
+            return null;
+        }
+        
+        if (not1) {
+            CodeRangeBuffer tbuf;
+            boolean tnot;
+            // swap
+            tnot = not1; not1 = not2; not2 = tnot;
+            tbuf = bbuf1; bbuf1 = bbuf2; bbuf2 = tbuf;             
+        }
+        
+        int[]p1 = bbuf1.p;
+        int n1 = p1[0];
+        int[]p2 = bbuf2.p;
+        int n2 = p2[0];
+
+        if (!not2 && !not1) { /* 1 AND 2 */
+            for (int i=0; i<n1; i++) {
+                int from1 = p1[i * 2 + 1];
+                int to1 = p1[i * 2 + 2];
+
+                for (int j=0; j<n2; j++) {
+                    int from2 = p2[j * 2 + 1];
+                    int to2 = p2[j * 2 + 2];
+
+                    if (from2 > to1) break;
+                    if (to2 < from1) continue;
+                    int from = from1 > from2 ? from1 : from2;
+                    int to = to1 < to2 ? to1 : to2;
+                    pbuf = addCodeRangeToBuff(pbuf, from, to);
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (!not1) { /* 1 AND (not 2) */
+            for (int i=0; i<n1; i++) {
+                int from1 = p1[i * 2 + 1];
+                int to1 = p1[i * 2 + 2];
+                pbuf = andCodeRange1(pbuf, from1, to1, p2, n2);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return pbuf;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/Compiler.java b/src/org/joni/Compiler.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9ea261
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/Compiler.java
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+import org.joni.ast.AnchorNode;
+import org.joni.ast.BackRefNode;
+import org.joni.ast.CClassNode;
+import org.joni.ast.CTypeNode;
+import org.joni.ast.CallNode;
+import org.joni.ast.ConsAltNode;
+import org.joni.ast.EncloseNode;
+import org.joni.ast.Node;
+import org.joni.ast.QuantifierNode;
+import org.joni.ast.StringNode;
+import org.joni.constants.NodeType;
+import org.joni.exception.ErrorMessages;
+import org.joni.exception.InternalException;
+import org.joni.exception.SyntaxException;
+
+abstract class Compiler implements ErrorMessages {
+    protected final Analyser analyser;
+    protected final Encoding enc;
+    protected final Regex regex;
+    
+    protected Compiler(Analyser analyser) {
+        this.analyser = analyser;
+        this.regex = analyser.regex;
+        this.enc = regex.enc;
+    }
+    
+    final void compile() {
+        prepare();
+        compileTree(analyser.root);
+        finish();
+    }
+    
+    protected abstract void prepare();
+    protected abstract void finish();
+    
+    protected abstract void compileAltNode(ConsAltNode node);
+    
+    private void compileStringRawNode(StringNode sn) {
+        if (sn.length() <= 0) return;        
+        addCompileString(sn.bytes, sn.p, 1 /*sb*/, sn.length(), false);
+    }
+
+    private void compileStringNode(StringNode node) {
+        StringNode sn = node;
+        if (sn.length() <= 0) return;
+
+        boolean ambig = sn.isAmbig();
+
+        int p, prev;
+        p = prev = sn.p;
+        int end = sn.end;
+        byte[]bytes = sn.bytes;
+        int prevLen = enc.length(bytes, p, end);
+        p += prevLen;
+        int slen = 1;
+        
+        while (p < end) {            
+            int len = enc.length(bytes, p, end);
+            if (len == prevLen) {
+                slen++;
+            } else {
+                addCompileString(bytes, prev, prevLen, slen, ambig);
+                prev = p;
+                slen = 1;
+                prevLen = len;
+            }
+            p += len;
+        }
+        addCompileString(bytes, prev, prevLen, slen, ambig);        
+    }
+    
+    protected abstract void addCompileString(byte[]bytes, int p, int mbLength, int strLength, boolean ignoreCase);
+    
+    protected abstract void compileCClassNode(CClassNode node);
+    protected abstract void compileCTypeNode(CTypeNode node);
+    protected abstract void compileAnyCharNode();
+    protected abstract void compileCallNode(CallNode node);
+    protected abstract void compileBackrefNode(BackRefNode node);
+    protected abstract void compileCECQuantifierNode(QuantifierNode node);
+    protected abstract void compileNonCECQuantifierNode(QuantifierNode node);
+    protected abstract void compileOptionNode(EncloseNode node);
+    protected abstract void compileEncloseNode(EncloseNode node);
+    protected abstract void compileAnchorNode(AnchorNode node);
+    
+    protected final void compileTree(Node node) {
+        switch (node.getType()) {
+        case NodeType.LIST:
+            ConsAltNode lin = (ConsAltNode)node;
+            do {
+                compileTree(lin.car);
+            } while ((lin = lin.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ALT:
+            compileAltNode((ConsAltNode)node);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.STR:
+            StringNode sn = (StringNode)node;
+            if (sn.isRaw()) {
+                compileStringRawNode(sn);
+            } else {
+                compileStringNode(sn);
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CCLASS:
+            compileCClassNode((CClassNode)node);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CTYPE:
+            compileCTypeNode((CTypeNode)node);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CANY:
+            compileAnyCharNode();
+            break;
+
+        case NodeType.BREF:
+            compileBackrefNode((BackRefNode)node);
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.CALL:
+            if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL) {
+                compileCallNode((CallNode)node);
+                break;
+            } // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.QTFR:
+            if (Config.USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK) {
+                compileCECQuantifierNode((QuantifierNode)node);
+            } else {
+                compileNonCECQuantifierNode((QuantifierNode)node);
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case NodeType.ENCLOSE:
+            EncloseNode enode = (EncloseNode)node;
+            if (enode.isOption()) {
+                compileOptionNode(enode);
+            } else {
+                compileEncloseNode(enode);
+            }
+            break;            
+
+        case NodeType.ANCHOR:
+            compileAnchorNode((AnchorNode)node);
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            // undefined node type
+            newInternalException(ERR_PARSER_BUG);
+        } // switch
+    }
+    
+    protected final void compileTreeNTimes(Node node, int n) {
+        for (int i=0; i<n; i++) compileTree(node);
+    }
+
+    protected void newSyntaxException(String message) {
+        throw new SyntaxException(message);
+    }
+
+    protected void newInternalException(String message) {
+        throw new InternalException(message);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/Config.java b/src/org/joni/Config.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07762f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/Config.java
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+
+public interface Config extends org.jcodings.Config {
+    final int CHAR_TABLE_SIZE = 256;
+    
+    final boolean USE_NAMED_GROUP = true;
+    final boolean USE_SUBEXP_CALL = true;
+    final boolean USE_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL = true;                            /* \k<name+n>, \k<name-n> */
+    
+    final boolean USE_MONOMANIAC_CHECK_CAPTURES_IN_ENDLESS_REPEAT = true; /* /(?:()|())*\2/ */
+    final boolean USE_NEWLINE_AT_END_OF_STRING_HAS_EMPTY_LINE = true;     /* /\n$/ =~ "\n" */
+    final boolean USE_WARNING_REDUNDANT_NESTED_REPEAT_OPERATOR = false;
+
+    final boolean CASE_FOLD_IS_APPLIED_INSIDE_NEGATIVE_CCLASS = true;
+    
+    final boolean USE_MATCH_RANGE_MUST_BE_INSIDE_OF_SPECIFIED_RANGE = false;
+    final boolean USE_CAPTURE_HISTORY = false;
+    final boolean USE_VARIABLE_META_CHARS = true;
+    final boolean USE_WORD_BEGIN_END = true;                                /* "\<": word-begin, "\>": word-end */
+    final boolean USE_POSIX_API_REGION_OPTION = true;                           /* needed for POSIX API support */ 
+    final boolean USE_FIND_LONGEST_SEARCH_ALL_OF_RANGE = true;
+    final boolean USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK = false;
+    
+    final int NREGION                   = 10;
+    final int MAX_BACKREF_NUM           = 1000;
+    final int MAX_REPEAT_NUM            = 100000;
+    final int MAX_MULTI_BYTE_RANGES_NUM = 10000;
+
+
+    final boolean USE_WARN = true;
+
+    // internal config
+    final boolean USE_PARSE_TREE_NODE_RECYCLE       = true;
+    final boolean USE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT         = true;
+    final boolean USE_SHARED_CCLASS_TABLE			= false;    
+    final boolean USE_QTFR_PEEK_NEXT                = true; 
+
+    final int INIT_MATCH_STACK_SIZE                 = 64;
+    final int DEFAULT_MATCH_STACK_LIMIT_SIZE        = 0;        /* unlimited */
+    final int NUMBER_OF_POOLED_STACKS               = 4;
+
+    
+    
+    final boolean DONT_OPTIMIZE                     = false;
+    
+    
+    final int MAX_CAPTURE_HISTORY_GROUP             = 31;
+    
+
+    final int CHECK_STRING_THRESHOLD_LEN            = 7;
+    final int CHECK_BUFF_MAX_SIZE                   = 0x4000;
+    
+    
+    final PrintStream log = System.out;
+    final PrintStream err = System.err;
+
+    final boolean DEBUG_ALL                         = false;
+    final boolean DEBUG                             = DEBUG_ALL;    
+    final boolean DEBUG_PARSE_TREE                  = DEBUG_ALL;
+    final boolean DEBUG_COMPILE                     = DEBUG_ALL;
+    final boolean DEBUG_COMPILE_BYTE_CODE_INFO      = DEBUG_ALL;
+    final boolean DEBUG_SEARCH                      = DEBUG_ALL;    
+    final boolean DEBUG_MATCH                       = DEBUG_ALL;
+    final boolean DEBUG_ASM                         = true;
+    final boolean DEBUG_ASM_EXEC                    = true;
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/Lexer.java b/src/org/joni/Lexer.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..172132f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/Lexer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,1385 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import static org.joni.Option.isSingleline;
+import static org.joni.ast.QuantifierNode.isRepeatInfinite;
+
+import org.jcodings.constants.CharacterType;
+import org.jcodings.exception.CharacterPropertyException;
+import org.joni.ast.QuantifierNode;
+import org.joni.constants.AnchorType;
+import org.joni.constants.MetaChar;
+import org.joni.constants.TokenType;
+import org.joni.exception.ErrorMessages;
+
+class Lexer extends ScannerSupport {
+    protected final ScanEnvironment env; 
+    protected final Syntax syntax;              // fast access to syntax
+    protected final Token token = new Token();  // current token
+
+    protected Lexer(ScanEnvironment env, byte[]bytes, int p, int end) {
+        super(env.enc, bytes, p, end);
+        this.env = env;
+        this.syntax = env.syntax;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * @return 0: normal {n,m}, 2: fixed {n}
+     * !introduce returnCode here 
+     */
+    private int fetchRangeQuantifier() {
+        mark();
+        boolean synAllow = syntax.allowInvalidInterval();
+        
+        if (!left()) {
+            if (synAllow) { 
+                return 1; /* "....{" : OK! */
+            } else {
+                newSyntaxException(ERR_END_PATTERN_AT_LEFT_BRACE);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!synAllow) {
+            c = peek();
+            if (c == ')' || c == '(' || c == '|') {
+                newSyntaxException(ERR_END_PATTERN_AT_LEFT_BRACE);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        int low = scanUnsignedNumber();
+        if (low < 0) newSyntaxException(ErrorMessages.ERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER_FOR_REPEAT_RANGE);
+        if (low > Config.MAX_REPEAT_NUM) newSyntaxException(ErrorMessages.ERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER_FOR_REPEAT_RANGE);
+
+        boolean nonLow = false;
+        if (p == _p) { /* can't read low */
+            if (syntax.allowIntervalLowAbbrev()) {
+                low = 0;
+                nonLow = true;
+            } else {
+                return invalidRangeQuantifier(synAllow);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        if (!left()) return invalidRangeQuantifier(synAllow);
+        
+        fetch();
+        int up;
+        int ret = 0;
+        if (c == ',') {
+            int prev = p; // ??? last            
+            up = scanUnsignedNumber();
+            if (up < 0) newValueException(ERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER_FOR_REPEAT_RANGE);
+            if (up > Config.MAX_REPEAT_NUM) newValueException(ERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER_FOR_REPEAT_RANGE);
+            
+            if (p == prev) {
+                if (nonLow) return invalidRangeQuantifier(synAllow);
+                up = QuantifierNode.REPEAT_INFINITE; /* {n,} : {n,infinite} */
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (nonLow) return invalidRangeQuantifier(synAllow);
+            unfetch();
+            up = low; /* {n} : exact n times */
+            ret = 2; /* fixed */
+        }
+        
+        if (!left()) return invalidRangeQuantifier(synAllow);
+        fetch();
+        
+        if (syntax.opEscBraceInterval()) {
+            if (c != syntax.metaCharTable.esc) return invalidRangeQuantifier(synAllow);
+            fetch();
+        }
+        
+        if (c != '}') return invalidRangeQuantifier(synAllow);
+        
+        if (!isRepeatInfinite(up) && low > up) {
+            newValueException(ERR_UPPER_SMALLER_THAN_LOWER_IN_REPEAT_RANGE);
+        }
+        
+        token.type = TokenType.INTERVAL;
+        token.setRepeatLower(low);
+        token.setRepeatUpper(up);
+        
+        return ret; /* 0: normal {n,m}, 2: fixed {n} */
+    }
+    
+    private int invalidRangeQuantifier(boolean synAllow) {
+        if (synAllow) {
+            restore();
+            return 1;
+        } else {
+            newSyntaxException(ERR_INVALID_REPEAT_RANGE_PATTERN);
+            return 0; // not reached
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /* \M-, \C-, \c, or \... */
+    private int fetchEscapedValue() {
+        if (!left()) newSyntaxException(ERR_END_PATTERN_AT_ESCAPE);
+        fetch();
+
+        switch(c) {
+
+        case 'M':
+            if (syntax.op2EscCapitalMBarMeta()) {
+                if (!left()) newSyntaxException(ERR_END_PATTERN_AT_META);
+                fetch();
+                if (c != '-') newSyntaxException(ERR_META_CODE_SYNTAX);
+                if (!left()) newSyntaxException(ERR_END_PATTERN_AT_META);
+                fetch();
+                if (c == syntax.metaCharTable.esc) {
+                    c = fetchEscapedValue();
+                }
+                c = ((c & 0xff) | 0x80);
+            } else {
+                fetchEscapedValueBackSlash();
+            }
+            break;
+
+        case 'C':
+            if (syntax.op2EscCapitalCBarControl()) {
+                if (!left()) newSyntaxException(ERR_END_PATTERN_AT_CONTROL);
+                fetch();
+                if (c != '-') newSyntaxException(ERR_CONTROL_CODE_SYNTAX);
+                fetchEscapedValueControl();
+            } else {
+                fetchEscapedValueBackSlash();
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case 'c':
+            if (syntax.opEscCControl()) {
+                fetchEscapedValueControl();
+            }
+            /* fall through */
+            
+        default:
+            fetchEscapedValueBackSlash();
+        } // switch
+        
+        return c; // ???
+    }
+    
+    private void fetchEscapedValueBackSlash() {
+        c = env.convertBackslashValue(c);
+    }
+
+    private void fetchEscapedValueControl() {
+        if (!left()) newSyntaxException(ERR_END_PATTERN_AT_CONTROL);
+        fetch();
+        if (c == '?') {
+            c = 0177;
+        } else {
+            if (c == syntax.metaCharTable.esc) {
+                c = fetchEscapedValue();
+            }
+            c &= 0x9f;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private int nameEndCodePoint(int start) {
+        switch(start) {
+        case '<':
+            return '>';
+        case '\'':
+            return '\'';
+        default:
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // USE_NAMED_GROUP && USE_BACKREF_AT_LEVEL
+    /*
+        \k<name+n>, \k<name-n>
+        \k<num+n>,  \k<num-n>
+        \k<-num+n>, \k<-num-n>
+     */
+    
+    // value implicit (rnameEnd)
+    private boolean fetchNameWithLevel(int startCode, int[]rbackNum, int[]rlevel) {
+        int src = p;
+        boolean existLevel = false;
+        int isNum = 0;
+        int sign = 1;
+        
+        int endCode = nameEndCodePoint(startCode);
+        int pnumHead = p; 
+        int nameEnd = stop;
+
+        String err = null;
+        if (!left()) {
+            newValueException(ERR_EMPTY_GROUP_NAME);
+        } else {
+            fetch();
+            if (c == endCode) newValueException(ERR_EMPTY_GROUP_NAME);
+            if (enc.isDigit(c)) {
+                isNum = 1;
+            } else if (c == '-') { 
+                isNum = 2;
+                sign = -1;
+                pnumHead = p;
+            } else if (!enc.isWord(c)) { 
+                err = ERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        while (left()) {
+            nameEnd = p;
+            fetch();
+            if (c == endCode || c == ')' || c == '+' || c == '-') {
+                if (isNum == 2) err = ERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+                break;
+            }
+            
+            if (isNum != 0) {
+                if (enc.isDigit(c)) {
+                    isNum = 1;
+                } else {
+                    err = ERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+                    // isNum = 0;
+                }
+            } else if (!enc.isWord(c)) {
+                err = ERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME;
+            }
+        }
+
+        boolean isEndCode = false;
+        if (err == null && c != endCode) {
+            if (c == '+' || c == '-') {
+                int flag = c == '-' ? -1 : 1;
+
+                fetch();
+                if (!enc.isDigit(c)) newValueException(ERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME, src, stop);
+                unfetch();
+                int level = scanUnsignedNumber();
+                if (level < 0) newValueException(ERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER);
+                rlevel[0] = level * flag;
+                existLevel = true;
+                
+                fetch();
+                isEndCode = c == endCode;
+            }
+            
+            if (!isEndCode) {
+                err = ERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+                nameEnd = stop;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (err == null) {
+            if (isNum != 0) {
+                mark();
+                p = pnumHead;
+                int backNum = scanUnsignedNumber();
+                restore();
+                if (backNum < 0) {
+                    newValueException(ERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER);
+                } else if (backNum == 0) {
+                    newValueException(ERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME, src, stop);
+                }
+                rbackNum[0] = backNum * sign; 
+            }
+            value = nameEnd;
+            return existLevel;
+        } else {
+            newValueException(ERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME, src, nameEnd);
+            return false; // not reached
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // USE_NAMED_GROUP
+    // ref: 0 -> define name    (don't allow number name)
+    //      1 -> reference name (allow number name)
+    private int fetchNameForNamedGroup(int startCode, boolean ref) {
+        int src = p;
+        value = 0;
+        
+        int isNum = 0;
+        int sign = 1;
+
+        int endCode = nameEndCodePoint(startCode);
+        int pnumHead = p;
+        int nameEnd = stop;
+
+        String err = null;
+        if (!left()) {
+            newValueException(ERR_EMPTY_GROUP_NAME);
+        } else {
+            fetch();
+            if (c == endCode) newValueException(ERR_EMPTY_GROUP_NAME);
+            if (enc.isDigit(c)) {
+                if (ref) {
+                    isNum = 1;
+                } else {
+                    err = ERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+                    // isNum = 0;
+                }
+            } else if (c == '-') { 
+                if (ref) {
+                    isNum = 2;
+                    sign = -1;
+                    pnumHead = p;
+                } else {
+                    err = ERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+                    // isNum = 0;
+                }
+            } else if (!enc.isWord(c)) {
+                err = ERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME; 
+            }
+        }
+        
+        if (err == null) {
+            while (left()) {
+                nameEnd = p;
+                fetch();
+                if (c == endCode || c == ')') {
+                    if (isNum == 2) err = ERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+                    break;
+                }
+                
+                if (isNum != 0) {
+                    if (enc.isDigit(c)) {
+                        isNum = 1;
+                    } else {
+                        if (!enc.isWord(c)) {
+                            err = ERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME;
+                        } else {
+                            err = ERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+                        }
+                        // isNum = 0;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    if (!enc.isWord(c)) {
+                        err = ERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            
+            if (c != endCode) {
+                err = ERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+                nameEnd = stop;
+            }
+
+            int backNum = 0;
+            if (isNum != 0) {
+                mark();
+                p = pnumHead;
+                backNum = scanUnsignedNumber();
+                restore();
+                if (backNum < 0) {
+                    newValueException(ERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER);
+                } else if (backNum == 0) {
+                    newValueException(ERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME, src, nameEnd);
+                }
+                backNum *= sign;
+            }
+            value = nameEnd;
+            return backNum;
+        } else {
+            while (left()) {
+                nameEnd = p;
+                fetch();
+                if (c == endCode || c == ')') break;
+            }
+            if (!left()) nameEnd = stop;
+            newValueException(err, src, nameEnd);
+            return 0; // not reached
+        }
+    }
+
+    // #else USE_NAMED_GROUP
+    // make it return nameEnd!
+    private final int fetchNameForNoNamedGroup(int startCode, boolean ref) {
+        int src = p;
+        value = 0;
+        
+        int isNum = 0;
+        int sign = 1;
+        
+        int endCode = nameEndCodePoint(startCode);
+        int pnumHead = p; 
+        int nameEnd = stop;
+
+        String err = null;
+        if (!left()) {
+            newValueException(ERR_EMPTY_GROUP_NAME);
+        } else {
+            fetch();
+            if (c == endCode) newValueException(ERR_EMPTY_GROUP_NAME);
+            
+            if (enc.isDigit(c)) {
+                isNum = 1;
+            } else if (c == '-') {
+                isNum = 2;
+                sign = -1;
+                pnumHead = p;
+            } else {
+                err = ERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME;
+            }
+        }
+
+        while(left()) {
+            nameEnd = p;
+            
+            fetch();
+            if (c == endCode || c == ')') break;
+            if (!enc.isDigit(c)) err = ERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME;
+        }
+            
+        if (err == null && c != endCode) { 
+            err = ERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+            nameEnd = stop;
+        }
+        
+        if (err == null) {
+            mark();
+            p = pnumHead;
+            int backNum = scanUnsignedNumber();
+            restore();
+            if (backNum < 0) {
+                newValueException(ERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER);
+            } else if (backNum == 0){
+                newValueException(ERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME, src, nameEnd);
+            }
+            backNum *= sign;
+            
+            value = nameEnd;
+            return backNum;
+        } else {
+            newValueException(err, src, nameEnd);
+            return 0; // not reached
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected final int fetchName(int startCode, boolean ref) {
+        if (Config.USE_NAMED_GROUP) {
+            return fetchNameForNamedGroup(startCode, ref);
+        } else {
+            return fetchNameForNoNamedGroup(startCode, ref);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private boolean strExistCheckWithEsc(int[]s, int n, int bad) {
+        int p = this.p;
+        int to = this.stop;
+        
+        boolean inEsc = false;
+        int i=0;
+
+        while(p < to) {
+            if (inEsc) {
+                inEsc = false;
+                p += enc.length(bytes, p, to);
+            } else {
+                int x = enc.mbcToCode(bytes, p, to);
+                int q = p + enc.length(bytes, p, to);
+                if (x == s[0]) {
+                    for (i=1; i<n && q < to; i++) {
+                        x = enc.mbcToCode(bytes, q, to);
+                        if (x != s[i]) break;
+                        q += enc.length(bytes, q, to);
+                    }
+                    if (i >= n) return true;
+                    p += enc.length(bytes, p, to);
+                } else {
+                    x = enc.mbcToCode(bytes, p, to);
+                    if (x == bad) return false;
+                    else if (x == syntax.metaCharTable.esc) inEsc = true;
+                    p = q;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }    
+    
+    private static final int send[] = new int[]{':', ']'}; 
+    
+    protected final TokenType fetchTokenInCC() {
+        int last;
+        int c2;
+        
+        if (!left()) {
+            token.type = TokenType.EOT;
+            return token.type;
+        }
+
+        fetch();
+        token.type = TokenType.CHAR;
+        token.base = 0;
+        token.setC(c);
+        token.escaped = false;
+        
+        if (c == ']') {
+            token.type = TokenType.CC_CLOSE;
+        } else if (c == '-') {
+            token.type = TokenType.CC_RANGE;
+        } else if (c == syntax.metaCharTable.esc) {
+            if (!syntax.backSlashEscapeInCC()) return token.type;
+            if (!left()) newSyntaxException(ERR_END_PATTERN_AT_ESCAPE);
+            fetch();
+            token.escaped = true;
+            token.setC(c);
+
+            switch (c) {
+            
+            case 'w':
+                token.type = TokenType.CHAR_TYPE;
+                token.setPropCType(CharacterType.WORD);
+                token.setPropNot(false);
+                break;
+                
+            case 'W':
+                token.type = TokenType.CHAR_TYPE;
+                token.setPropCType(CharacterType.WORD);
+                token.setPropNot(true);
+                break;
+                
+            case 'd':
+                token.type = TokenType.CHAR_TYPE;
+                token.setPropCType(CharacterType.DIGIT);
+                token.setPropNot(false);
+                break;
+
+            case 'D':
+                token.type = TokenType.CHAR_TYPE;
+                token.setPropCType(CharacterType.DIGIT);
+                token.setPropNot(true);
+                break;
+
+            case 's':
+                token.type = TokenType.CHAR_TYPE;
+                token.setPropCType(CharacterType.SPACE);
+                token.setPropNot(false);
+                break;
+            
+            case 'S':
+                token.type = TokenType.CHAR_TYPE;
+                token.setPropCType(CharacterType.SPACE);
+                token.setPropNot(true);
+                break;
+
+            case 'h':
+                if (!syntax.op2EscHXDigit()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.CHAR_TYPE;
+                token.setPropCType(CharacterType.XDIGIT);
+                token.setPropNot(false);
+                break;
+
+            case 'H':
+                if (!syntax.op2EscHXDigit()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.CHAR_TYPE;
+                token.setPropCType(CharacterType.XDIGIT);
+                token.setPropNot(true);
+                break;
+            
+            case 'p':
+            case 'P':
+                c2 = peek(); // !!! migrate to peekIs 
+                if (c2 == '{' && syntax.op2EscPBraceCharProperty()) {
+                    inc();
+                    token.type = TokenType.CHAR_PROPERTY;
+                    token.setPropNot(c == 'P');
+                    
+                    if (syntax.op2EscPBraceCircumflexNot()) {
+                        c2 = fetchTo();
+                        if (c2 == '^') {
+                            token.setPropNot(!token.getPropNot()); 
+                        } else {
+                            unfetch();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            case 'x':
+                if (!left()) break;
+                last = p;
+                
+                if (peekIs('{') && syntax.opEscXBraceHex8()) {
+                    inc();
+                    int num = scanUnsignedHexadecimalNumber(8);
+                    if (num < 0) newValueException(ERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE);
+                    if (left()) {
+                        c2 = peek();
+                        if (enc.isXDigit(c2)) newValueException(ERR_TOO_LONG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE); 
+                    }
+                    
+                    if (p > last + enc.length(bytes, last, stop) && left() && peekIs('}')) {
+                        inc();                      
+                        token.type = TokenType.CODE_POINT;
+                        token.base = 16;
+                        token.setCode(num);
+                    } else {
+                        /* can't read nothing or invalid format */
+                        p = last;
+                    }
+                } else if (syntax.opEscXHex2()) {
+                    int num = scanUnsignedHexadecimalNumber(2);
+                    if (num < 0) newValueException(ERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER);
+                    if (p == last) { /* can't read nothing. */
+                        num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
+                    }
+                    token.type = TokenType.RAW_BYTE;
+                    token.base = 16;
+                    token.setC(num);
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            case 'u':
+                if (!left()) break;
+                last = p;
+                
+                if (syntax.op2EscUHex4()) {
+                    int num = scanUnsignedHexadecimalNumber(4);
+                    if (num < 0) newValueException(ERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER);
+                    if (p == last) {  /* can't read nothing. */
+                        num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
+                    }
+                    token.type = TokenType.CODE_POINT;
+                    token.base = 16;
+                    token.setCode(num);
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            case '0':
+            case '1':
+            case '2':
+            case '3':
+            case '4':
+            case '5':
+            case '6':
+            case '7':
+                if (syntax.opEscOctal3()) {
+                    unfetch();
+                    last = p;
+                    int num = scanUnsignedOctalNumber(3);
+                    if (num < 0) newValueException(ERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER);
+                    if (p == last) {  /* can't read nothing. */
+                        num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
+                    }
+                    token.type = TokenType.RAW_BYTE;
+                    token.base = 8;
+                    token.setC(num);
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            default:
+                unfetch();
+                int num = fetchEscapedValue();
+                if (token.getC() != num) {
+                    token.setCode(num);
+                    token.type = TokenType.CODE_POINT;
+                }
+                break;
+            } // switch
+            
+        } else if (c == '[') {
+            if (syntax.opPosixBracket() && peekIs(':')) {
+                token.backP = p; /* point at '[' is readed */
+                inc();
+                if (strExistCheckWithEsc(send, send.length, ']')) {
+                    token.type = TokenType.POSIX_BRACKET_OPEN;
+                } else {
+                    unfetch();
+                    // remove duplication, goto cc_in_cc;
+                    if (syntax.op2CClassSetOp()) {
+                        token.type = TokenType.CC_CC_OPEN;
+                    } else {
+                        env.ccEscWarn("[");
+                    }
+                }
+            } else { // cc_in_cc:
+                if (syntax.op2CClassSetOp()) {
+                    token.type = TokenType.CC_CC_OPEN;
+                } else {
+                    env.ccEscWarn("[");
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (c == '&') {
+            if (syntax.op2CClassSetOp() && left() && peekIs('&')) {
+                inc();
+                token.type = TokenType.CC_AND;
+            }
+        }
+        return token.type;
+    }
+    
+    protected final int backrefRelToAbs(int relNo) {
+        return env.numMem + 1 + relNo;
+    }
+    
+    protected final TokenType fetchToken() {
+        int last;
+        
+        // mark(); // out
+        
+        start:
+        while(true) {
+            
+        if (!left()) {
+            token.type = TokenType.EOT;
+            return token.type;
+        }
+        
+        token.type = TokenType.STRING;
+        token.base = 0;
+        token.backP = p;
+
+        fetch();
+
+        if (c == syntax.metaCharTable.esc && !syntax.op2IneffectiveEscape()) { // IS_MC_ESC_CODE(code, syn)
+            if (!left()) newSyntaxException(ERR_END_PATTERN_AT_ESCAPE);
+
+            token.backP = p;
+            fetch();
+
+            token.setC(c);
+            token.escaped = true;
+            switch(c) {
+
+            case '*':
+                if (!syntax.opEscAsteriskZeroInf()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.OP_REPEAT;
+                token.setRepeatLower(0);
+                token.setRepeatUpper(QuantifierNode.REPEAT_INFINITE);
+                greedyCheck();
+                break;
+
+            case '+':
+                if (!syntax.opEscPlusOneInf()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.OP_REPEAT;
+                token.setRepeatLower(1);
+                token.setRepeatUpper(QuantifierNode.REPEAT_INFINITE);
+                greedyCheck();
+                break;
+
+            case '?':
+                if (!syntax.opEscQMarkZeroOne()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.OP_REPEAT;
+                token.setRepeatLower(0);
+                token.setRepeatUpper(1);
+                greedyCheck();
+                break;
+
+            case '{':
+                if (!syntax.opEscBraceInterval()) break;
+                switch (fetchRangeQuantifier()) {
+                case 0:
+                    greedyCheck();
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    if (syntax.fixedIntervalIsGreedyOnly()) {
+                        possessiveCheck();
+                    } else {
+                        greedyCheck();
+                    }
+                    break;
+                default: /* 1 : normal char */
+                } // inner switch
+                break;
+
+            case '|':
+                if (!syntax.opEscVBarAlt()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.ALT;
+                break;
+
+            case '(':
+                if (!syntax.opEscLParenSubexp()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.SUBEXP_OPEN;
+                break;
+
+            case ')':
+                if (!syntax.opEscLParenSubexp()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.SUBEXP_CLOSE;
+                break;
+
+            case 'w':
+                if (!syntax.opEscWWord()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.CHAR_TYPE;
+                token.setPropCType(CharacterType.WORD);
+                token.setPropNot(false);
+                break;
+
+            case 'W':
+                if (!syntax.opEscWWord()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.CHAR_TYPE;
+                token.setPropCType(CharacterType.WORD);
+                token.setPropNot(true);
+                break;
+
+            case 'b':
+                if (!syntax.opEscBWordBound()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.ANCHOR;
+                token.setAnchor(AnchorType.WORD_BOUND);
+                break;
+
+            case 'B':
+                if (!syntax.opEscBWordBound()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.ANCHOR;
+                token.setAnchor(AnchorType.NOT_WORD_BOUND);
+                break;
+
+            case '<':
+                if (Config.USE_WORD_BEGIN_END) {
+                    if (!syntax.opEscLtGtWordBeginEnd()) break;
+                    token.type = TokenType.ANCHOR;
+                    token.setAnchor(AnchorType.WORD_BEGIN);
+                    break;
+                } // USE_WORD_BEGIN_END
+                break; // ?
+                
+            case '>':
+                if (Config.USE_WORD_BEGIN_END) {
+                    if (!syntax.opEscLtGtWordBeginEnd()) break;
+                    token.type = TokenType.ANCHOR;
+                    token.setAnchor(AnchorType.WORD_END);
+                    break;
+                } // USE_WORD_BEGIN_END
+                break; // ?
+
+            case 's':
+                if (!syntax.opEscSWhiteSpace()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.CHAR_TYPE;
+                token.setPropCType(CharacterType.SPACE);
+                token.setPropNot(false);
+                break;
+
+            case 'S':
+                if (!syntax.opEscSWhiteSpace()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.CHAR_TYPE;
+                token.setPropCType(CharacterType.SPACE);
+                token.setPropNot(true);
+                break;
+                
+            case 'd':
+                if (!syntax.opEscDDigit()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.CHAR_TYPE;
+                token.setPropCType(CharacterType.DIGIT);
+                token.setPropNot(false);
+                break;
+                
+            case 'D':
+                if (!syntax.opEscDDigit()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.CHAR_TYPE;
+                token.setPropCType(CharacterType.DIGIT);
+                token.setPropNot(true);
+                break;
+
+            case 'h':
+                if (!syntax.op2EscHXDigit()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.CHAR_TYPE;
+                token.setPropCType(CharacterType.XDIGIT);
+                token.setPropNot(false);
+                break;
+
+            case 'H':
+                if (!syntax.op2EscHXDigit()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.CHAR_TYPE;
+                token.setPropCType(CharacterType.XDIGIT);
+                token.setPropNot(true);
+                break;
+
+            case 'A':
+                if (!syntax.opEscAZBufAnchor()) break;
+                // begin_buf label
+                token.type = TokenType.ANCHOR;
+                token.setSubtype(AnchorType.BEGIN_BUF);
+                break;
+                
+            case 'Z':
+                if (!syntax.opEscAZBufAnchor()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.ANCHOR;
+                token.setSubtype(AnchorType.SEMI_END_BUF);
+                break;
+                
+            case 'z':
+                if (!syntax.opEscAZBufAnchor()) break;
+                // end_buf label                
+                token.type = TokenType.ANCHOR;                
+                token.setSubtype(AnchorType.END_BUF);
+                break;
+                
+            case 'G':
+                if (!syntax.opEscCapitalGBeginAnchor()) break;
+                token.type = TokenType.ANCHOR;
+                token.setSubtype(AnchorType.BEGIN_POSITION);
+                break;
+                
+            case '`':
+                if (!syntax.op2EscGnuBufAnchor()) break;
+                // goto begin_buf
+                token.type = TokenType.ANCHOR;
+                token.setSubtype(AnchorType.BEGIN_BUF);
+                break;
+
+            case '\'':
+                if (!syntax.op2EscGnuBufAnchor()) break;
+                // goto end_buf                
+                token.type = TokenType.ANCHOR;                
+                token.setSubtype(AnchorType.END_BUF);
+                break;
+
+            case 'x': // extract to helper for all 'x'
+                if (!left()) break;
+                last = p;
+                if (peekIs('{') && syntax.opEscXBraceHex8()) {
+                    inc();
+                    int num = scanUnsignedHexadecimalNumber(8);
+                    if (num < 0) newValueException(ERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE);
+                    if (left()) {
+                        if (enc.isXDigit(peek())) newValueException(ERR_TOO_LONG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE); 
+                    }
+                    
+                    if (p > last + enc.length(bytes, last, stop) && left() && peekIs('}')) {
+                        inc();
+                        token.type = TokenType.CODE_POINT;
+                        token.setCode(num);
+                    } else {
+                        /* can't read nothing or invalid format */
+                        p = last;
+                    }
+                } else if (syntax.opEscXHex2()) {
+                    int num = scanUnsignedHexadecimalNumber(2);
+                    if (num < 0) newValueException(ERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER);
+                    if (p == last) { /* can't read nothing. */
+                        num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
+                    }
+                    token.type = TokenType.RAW_BYTE;
+                    token.base = 16;
+                    token.setC(num);
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            case 'u': // extract to helper
+                if (!left()) break;
+                last = p;
+                
+                if (syntax.op2EscUHex4()) {
+                    int num = scanUnsignedHexadecimalNumber(4);
+                    if (num < 0) newValueException(ERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER);
+                    if (p == last) { /* can't read nothing. */
+                        num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
+                    }
+                    token.type = TokenType.CODE_POINT;
+                    token.base = 16;
+                    token.setCode(num);
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            case '1':
+            case '2':
+            case '3':
+            case '4':
+            case '5':
+            case '6':
+            case '7':
+            case '8':
+            case '9':               
+                unfetch();
+                last = p;
+                int num = scanUnsignedNumber();
+                if (num < 0 || num > Config.MAX_BACKREF_NUM) { 
+                    // goto skip_backref
+                } else if (syntax.opDecimalBackref() && (num <= env.numMem || num <= 9)) { /* This spec. from GNU regex */
+                    if (syntax.strictCheckBackref()) {
+                        if (num > env.numMem || env.memNodes == null || env.memNodes[num] == null) newValueException(ERR_INVALID_BACKREF);
+                    }
+                    token.type = TokenType.BACKREF;
+                    token.setBackrefNum(1);
+                    token.setBackrefRef1(num);
+                    token.setBackrefByName(false);
+                    if (Config.USE_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL) token.setBackrefExistLevel(false);
+                    break;
+                }
+                // skip_backref:
+                if (c == '8' || c == '9') {
+                    /* normal char */
+                    p = last;
+                    inc();
+                    break;
+                }
+                p = last;
+                /* fall through */
+                
+            case '0':
+                if (syntax.opEscOctal3()) {
+                    last = p;
+                    num = scanUnsignedOctalNumber(c == '0' ? 2 : 3);
+                    if (num < 0) newValueException(ERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER);
+                    if (p == last) { /* can't read nothing. */
+                        num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
+                    }
+                    token.type = TokenType.RAW_BYTE;
+                    token.base = 8;
+                    token.setC(num);
+                } else if (c != '0') {
+                    inc();
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            case 'k':
+                if (Config.USE_NAMED_GROUP) {
+                    if (syntax.op2EscKNamedBackref()) {
+                        fetch();
+                        if (c =='<' || c == '\'') {
+                            last = p;
+                            int backNum;
+                            if (Config.USE_BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL) {
+                                int[]rbackNum = new int[1];
+                                int[]rlevel = new int[1];
+                                token.setBackrefExistLevel(fetchNameWithLevel(c, rbackNum, rlevel));
+                                token.setBackrefLevel(rlevel[0]);
+                                backNum = rbackNum[0];
+                            } else {
+                                backNum = fetchName(c, true);
+                            } // USE_BACKREF_AT_LEVEL
+                            int nameEnd = value; // set by fetchNameWithLevel/fetchName
+                            
+                            if (backNum != 0) {
+                                if (backNum < 0) {
+                                    backNum = backrefRelToAbs(backNum);
+                                    if (backNum <= 0) newValueException(ERR_INVALID_BACKREF);
+                                }
+                                
+                                if (syntax.strictCheckBackref() && (backNum > env.numMem || env.memNodes == null)) {
+                                    newValueException(ERR_INVALID_BACKREF);
+                                }
+                                token.type = TokenType.BACKREF;
+                                token.setBackrefByName(false);
+                                token.setBackrefNum(1);
+                                token.setBackrefRef1(backNum);
+                            } else {
+                                NameEntry e = env.reg.nameToGroupNumbers(bytes, last, nameEnd);
+                                if (e == null) newValueException(ERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE, last, nameEnd);
+
+                                if (syntax.strictCheckBackref()) {
+                                    if (e.backNum == 1) {
+                                        if (e.backRef1 > env.numMem ||
+                                            env.memNodes == null ||
+                                            env.memNodes[e.backRef1] == null) newValueException(ERR_INVALID_BACKREF);
+                                    } else {
+                                        for (int i=0; i<e.backNum; i++) {
+                                            if (e.backRefs[i] > env.numMem ||
+                                                env.memNodes == null ||
+                                                env.memNodes[e.backRefs[i]] == null) newValueException(ERR_INVALID_BACKREF);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+
+                                token.type = TokenType.BACKREF;
+                                token.setBackrefByName(true);
+
+                                if (e.backNum == 1) {
+                                    token.setBackrefNum(1);
+                                    token.setBackrefRef1(e.backRef1);
+                                } else {
+                                    token.setBackrefNum(e.backNum);
+                                    token.setBackrefRefs(e.backRefs);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            unfetch();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    
+                    break;
+                } // USE_NAMED_GROUP
+                break;
+                
+            case 'g':
+                if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL) {
+                    if (syntax.op2EscGSubexpCall()) {
+                        fetch();
+                        if (c == '<' || c == '\'') {
+                            last = p;
+                            int gNum = fetchName(c, true);
+                            int nameEnd = value;
+                            token.type = TokenType.CALL;
+                            token.setCallNameP(last);
+                            token.setCallNameEnd(nameEnd);
+                            token.setCallGNum(gNum);
+                        } else {
+                            unfetch();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;                    
+                } // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+                break;
+                
+            case 'Q':
+                if (syntax.op2EscCapitalQQuote()) {
+                    token.type = TokenType.QUOTE_OPEN;
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            case 'p':
+            case 'P':
+                if (peekIs('{') && syntax.op2EscPBraceCharProperty()) {
+                    inc();
+                    token.type = TokenType.CHAR_PROPERTY;
+                    token.setPropNot(c == 'P');
+                    
+                    if (syntax.op2EscPBraceCircumflexNot()) {
+                        fetch();
+                        if (c == '^') {
+                            token.setPropNot(!token.getPropNot()); 
+                        } else {
+                            unfetch();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            default:
+                unfetch();
+                num = fetchEscapedValue();
+
+                /* set_raw: */
+                if (token.getC() != num) {
+                    token.type = TokenType.CODE_POINT;
+                    token.setCode(num);
+                } else { /* string */
+                    p = token.backP + enc.length(bytes, token.backP, stop);
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            } // switch (c)
+            
+        } else {
+            token.setC(c);
+            token.escaped = false;
+            
+            // remove code duplication
+            if (Config.USE_VARIABLE_META_CHARS) {
+                if (c != MetaChar.INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR && syntax.opVariableMetaCharacters()) {
+                    if (c == syntax.metaCharTable.anyChar) { // goto any_char
+                        token.type = TokenType.ANYCHAR;
+                        break;
+                    } else if (c == syntax.metaCharTable.anyTime) { // goto anytime
+                        token.type = TokenType.OP_REPEAT;
+                        token.setRepeatLower(0);
+                        token.setRepeatUpper(QuantifierNode.REPEAT_INFINITE);
+                        greedyCheck();
+                        break;
+                    }  else if (c == syntax.metaCharTable.zeroOrOneTime) { // goto zero_or_one_time
+                        token.type = TokenType.OP_REPEAT;
+                        token.setRepeatLower(0);
+                        token.setRepeatUpper(1);
+                        greedyCheck();
+                        break;
+                    } else if (c == syntax.metaCharTable.oneOrMoreTime) { // goto one_or_more_time
+                        token.type = TokenType.OP_REPEAT;
+                        token.setRepeatLower(1);
+                        token.setRepeatUpper(QuantifierNode.REPEAT_INFINITE);
+                        greedyCheck();
+                        break;
+                    } else if (c == syntax.metaCharTable.anyCharAnyTime) { // goto one_or_more_time
+                        token.type = TokenType.ANYCHAR_ANYTIME;
+                        break;
+                        // goto out
+                    }
+                }
+            } // USE_VARIABLE_META_CHARS
+            
+            { 
+                switch(c) {
+                
+                case '.':
+                    if (!syntax.opDotAnyChar()) break;
+                    // any_char:
+                    token.type = TokenType.ANYCHAR;
+                    break;
+                    
+                case '*':
+                    if (!syntax.opAsteriskZeroInf()) break;
+                    // anytime:
+                    token.type = TokenType.OP_REPEAT;
+                    token.setRepeatLower(0);
+                    token.setRepeatUpper(QuantifierNode.REPEAT_INFINITE);
+                    greedyCheck();
+                    break;
+
+                case '+':
+                    if (!syntax.opPlusOneInf()) break;
+                    // one_or_more_time:
+                    token.type = TokenType.OP_REPEAT;
+                    token.setRepeatLower(1);
+                    token.setRepeatUpper(QuantifierNode.REPEAT_INFINITE);
+                    greedyCheck();
+                    break;
+                    
+                case '?':                   
+                    if (!syntax.opQMarkZeroOne()) break;
+                    // zero_or_one_time:
+                    token.type = TokenType.OP_REPEAT;
+                    token.setRepeatLower(0);
+                    token.setRepeatUpper(1);
+                    greedyCheck();
+                    break;
+                    
+                case '{':
+                    if (!syntax.opBraceInterval()) break;
+                    switch(fetchRangeQuantifier()) {
+                    case 0:
+                        greedyCheck();
+                        break;
+                    case 2:
+                        if (syntax.fixedIntervalIsGreedyOnly()) {
+                            possessiveCheck();
+                        } else {
+                            greedyCheck();
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    default: /* 1 : normal char */
+                    } // inner switch
+                    break;
+                    
+                case '|':
+                    if (!syntax.opVBarAlt()) break;
+                    token.type = TokenType.ALT;
+                    break;
+                    
+                case '(':
+                    if (peekIs('?') && syntax.op2QMarkGroupEffect()) {
+                        inc();
+                        if (peekIs('#')) {
+                            fetch();
+                            while (true) {
+                                if (!left()) newSyntaxException(ERR_END_PATTERN_IN_GROUP);
+                                fetch();
+                                if (c == syntax.metaCharTable.esc) {
+                                    if (left()) fetch();
+                                } else {
+                                    if (c == ')') break;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            continue start; // goto start
+                        }
+                        unfetch();
+                    }
+                    
+                    if (!syntax.opLParenSubexp()) break;
+                    token.type = TokenType.SUBEXP_OPEN;
+                    break;
+                    
+                case ')':
+                    if (!syntax.opLParenSubexp()) break;
+                    token.type = TokenType.SUBEXP_CLOSE;                    
+                    break;
+                    
+                case '^':
+                    if (!syntax.opLineAnchor()) break;
+                    token.type = TokenType.ANCHOR;
+                    token.setSubtype(isSingleline(env.option) ? AnchorType.BEGIN_BUF : AnchorType.BEGIN_LINE);
+                    break;
+                    
+                case '$':
+                    if (!syntax.opLineAnchor()) break;
+                    token.type = TokenType.ANCHOR;
+                    token.setSubtype(isSingleline(env.option) ? AnchorType.SEMI_END_BUF : AnchorType.END_LINE);
+                    break;
+                    
+                case '[':
+                    if (!syntax.opBracketCC()) break;
+                    token.type = TokenType.CC_CC_OPEN;
+                    break;
+                    
+                case ']':
+                    //if (*src > env->pattern)   /* /].../ is allowed. */
+                    //CLOSE_BRACKET_WITHOUT_ESC_WARN(env, (UChar* )"]");
+                    break;
+                    
+                case '#':
+                    if (Option.isExtend(env.option)) {
+                        while (left()) {
+                            fetch();
+                            if (enc.isNewLine(c)) break;
+                        }
+                        continue start; // goto start 
+                        
+                    }
+                    break;
+                    
+                case ' ':
+                case '\t':
+                case '\n':
+                case '\r':
+                case '\f':
+                    if (Option.isExtend(env.option)) {
+                        continue start; // goto start
+                    }
+                    break;
+                    
+                default: // string
+                    break;
+                    
+                } // switch
+            }
+        }
+        
+        break;
+        } // while
+        return token.type;   
+    }
+    
+    private void greedyCheck() {
+        if (left() && peekIs('?') && syntax.opQMarkNonGreedy()) {
+            
+            fetch();
+
+            token.setRepeatGreedy(false);
+            token.setRepeatPossessive(false);
+        } else {
+            possessiveCheck();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void possessiveCheck() {
+        if (left() && peekIs('+') && 
+            (syntax.op2PlusPossessiveRepeat() && token.type != TokenType.INTERVAL ||
+             syntax.op2PlusPossessiveInterval() && token.type == TokenType.INTERVAL)) {
+            
+            fetch();
+            
+            token.setRepeatGreedy(true);
+            token.setRepeatPossessive(true);
+        } else {
+            token.setRepeatGreedy(true);
+            token.setRepeatPossessive(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected final int fetchCharPropertyToCType() {
+        mark();
+
+        while (left()) {
+            int last = p;
+            fetch();
+            if (c == '}') {
+                return enc.propertyNameToCType(bytes, _p, last);
+            } else if (c == '(' || c == ')' || c == '{' || c == '|') {
+                throw new CharacterPropertyException(ERR_INVALID_CHAR_PROPERTY_NAME, bytes, _p, last);
+            }
+        }
+        newInternalException(ERR_PARSER_BUG);
+        return 0; // not reached
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/Matcher.java b/src/org/joni/Matcher.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f0a1dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/Matcher.java
@@ -0,0 +1,574 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.joni;
+
+import static org.joni.Option.isFindLongest;
+
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+import org.jcodings.IntHolder;
+import org.joni.constants.AnchorType;
+
+public abstract class Matcher extends IntHolder {
+    protected final Regex regex;
+    protected final Encoding enc;
+
+    protected final byte[]bytes;
+    protected final int str;
+    protected final int end;
+
+    protected int msaStart;
+    protected int msaOptions;
+    protected final Region msaRegion;
+    protected int msaBestLen;
+    protected int msaBestS;
+
+    protected int msaBegin;
+    protected int msaEnd;
+
+    public Matcher(Regex regex, byte[]bytes) {
+        this(regex, bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+    }
+
+    public Matcher(Regex regex, byte[]bytes, int p, int end) {
+        this.regex = regex;
+        this.enc = regex.enc;
+
+        this.bytes = bytes;
+        this.str = p;
+        this.end = end;
+
+        this.msaRegion = regex.numMem == 0 ? null : new Region(regex.numMem + 1);
+    }
+
+    // main matching method
+    protected abstract int matchAt(int range, int sstart, int sprev);    
+
+    protected abstract void stateCheckBuffInit(int strLength, int offset, int stateNum);
+    protected abstract void stateCheckBuffClear();
+
+    public final Region getRegion() {
+        return msaRegion;
+    }
+    
+    public final Region getEagerRegion() {
+        return msaRegion != null ? msaRegion : new Region(msaBegin, msaEnd);
+    }
+    
+    public final int getBegin() {
+        return msaBegin;
+    }
+    
+    public final int getEnd() {
+        return msaEnd;
+    }
+
+    protected final void msaInit(int option, int start) {
+        msaOptions = option;
+        msaStart = start;
+        if (Config.USE_FIND_LONGEST_SEARCH_ALL_OF_RANGE) msaBestLen = -1;
+    }    
+
+    public final int match(int at, int range, int option) {
+        msaInit(option, at);
+        
+        if (Config.USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK) {
+            int offset = at = str;
+            stateCheckBuffInit(end - str, offset, regex.numCombExpCheck); // move it to construction?
+        } // USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK
+        
+        int prev = enc.prevCharHead(bytes, str, at, end);
+        
+        if (Config.USE_MATCH_RANGE_MUST_BE_INSIDE_OF_SPECIFIED_RANGE) {
+            return matchAt(end /*range*/, at, prev);
+        } else {
+            return matchAt(range /*range*/, at, prev);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    int low, high; // these are the return values
+    private boolean forwardSearchRange(byte[]bytes, int str, int end, int s, int range, IntHolder lowPrev) {
+        int pprev = -1;
+        int p = s;
+
+        if (Config.DEBUG_SEARCH) {
+            Config.log.println("forward_search_range: "+
+                                "str: " + str +
+                                ", end: " + end +
+                                ", s: " + s +
+                                ", range: " + range);
+        }        
+        
+        if (regex.dMin > 0) {
+            if (enc.isSingleByte()) {
+                p += regex.dMin;
+            } else {
+                int q = p + regex.dMin;
+                while (p < q) p += enc.length(bytes, p, end);
+            }
+        }
+
+        retry:while (true) {
+            p = regex.searchAlgorithm.search(regex, bytes, p, end, range);
+            
+            if (p != -1 && p < range) {
+                if (p - regex.dMin < s) {
+                    // retry_gate:
+                    pprev = p;
+                    p += enc.length(bytes, p, end);
+                    continue retry;
+                }
+                
+                if (regex.subAnchor != 0) {
+                    switch (regex.subAnchor) {
+                    case AnchorType.BEGIN_LINE:
+                        if (p != str) {
+                            int prev = enc.prevCharHead(bytes, (pprev != -1) ? pprev : str, p, end);
+                            if (!enc.isNewLine(bytes, prev, end)) {
+                                // goto retry_gate;
+                                pprev = p;
+                                p += enc.length(bytes, p, end);
+                                continue retry;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        break;
+                        
+                    case AnchorType.END_LINE:
+                        if (p == end) {
+                            if (!Config.USE_NEWLINE_AT_END_OF_STRING_HAS_EMPTY_LINE) {
+                                int prev = enc.prevCharHead(bytes, (pprev != -1) ? pprev : str, p, end);
+                                if (prev != -1 && enc.isNewLine(bytes, prev, end)) {
+                                    // goto retry_gate;
+                                    pprev = p;
+                                    p += enc.length(bytes, p, end);
+                                    continue retry;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else if (!enc.isNewLine(bytes, p, end) && (!Config.USE_CRNL_AS_LINE_TERMINATOR || !enc.isMbcCrnl(bytes, p, end))) {
+                            //if () break;
+                            // goto retry_gate;
+                            pprev = p;
+                            p += enc.length(bytes, p, end);
+                            continue retry;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    } // switch
+                }
+
+                if (regex.dMax == 0) {
+                    low = p;
+                    if (lowPrev != null) { // ??? // remove null checks
+                        if (low > s) {
+                            lowPrev.value = enc.prevCharHead(bytes, s, p, end);
+                        } else {
+                            lowPrev.value = enc.prevCharHead(bytes, (pprev != -1) ? pprev : str, p, end);
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    if (regex.dMax != MinMaxLen.INFINITE_DISTANCE) {
+                        low = p - regex.dMax;
+
+                        if (low > s) {
+                            low = enc.rightAdjustCharHeadWithPrev(bytes, s, low, end, lowPrev);
+                            if (lowPrev != null && lowPrev.value == -1) {
+                                lowPrev.value = enc.prevCharHead(bytes, (pprev != -1) ? pprev : s, low, end);
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            if (lowPrev != null) {
+                                lowPrev.value = enc.prevCharHead(bytes, (pprev != -1) ? pprev : str, low, end);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                /* no needs to adjust *high, *high is used as range check only */
+                high = p - regex.dMin;
+                
+                if (Config.DEBUG_SEARCH) {
+                    Config.log.println("forward_search_range success: "+
+                                        "low: " + (low - str) +
+                                        ", high: " + (high - str) +
+                                        ", dmin: " + regex.dMin +
+                                        ", dmax: " + regex.dMax);
+                } 
+                
+                return true;    /* success */
+            }
+
+            return false;   /* fail */
+        } //while            
+    }
+    
+    // low, high
+    private boolean backwardSearchRange(byte[]bytes, int str, int end, int s, int range, int adjrange) {
+        range += regex.dMin;
+        int p = s;
+        
+        retry:while (true) {
+            p = regex.searchAlgorithm.searchBackward(regex, bytes, range, adjrange, end, p, s, range);
+            
+            if (p != -1) {
+                if (regex.subAnchor != 0) {
+                    switch (regex.subAnchor) {
+                    case AnchorType.BEGIN_LINE:
+                        if (p != str) {
+                            int prev = enc.prevCharHead(bytes, str, p, end);
+                            if (!enc.isNewLine(bytes, prev, end)) {
+                                p = prev;
+                                continue retry;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        break;
+                        
+                    case AnchorType.END_LINE:
+                        if (p == end) {
+                            if (!Config.USE_NEWLINE_AT_END_OF_STRING_HAS_EMPTY_LINE) {
+                                int prev = enc.prevCharHead(bytes, adjrange, p, end);
+                                if (prev == -1) return false;
+                                if (enc.isNewLine(bytes, prev, end)) {
+                                    p = prev;
+                                    continue retry;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else if (!enc.isNewLine(bytes, p, end) && (!Config.USE_CRNL_AS_LINE_TERMINATOR || !enc.isMbcCrnl(bytes, p, end))) {
+                            p = enc.prevCharHead(bytes, adjrange, p, end);
+                            if (p == -1) return false;
+                            continue retry;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    } // switch
+                }
+                
+                /* no needs to adjust *high, *high is used as range check only */
+                if (regex.dMax != MinMaxLen.INFINITE_DISTANCE) {
+                    low = p - regex.dMax;
+                    high = p - regex.dMin;
+                    high = enc.rightAdjustCharHead(bytes, adjrange, high, end);
+                }
+                
+                if (Config.DEBUG_SEARCH) {
+                    Config.log.println("backward_search_range: "+
+                                        "low: " + (low - str) +
+                                        ", high: " + (high - str));
+                } 
+                
+                return true;
+            }
+            
+            if (Config.DEBUG_SEARCH) Config.log.println("backward_search_range: fail.");
+            return false;
+        } // while
+    }
+    
+    // MATCH_AND_RETURN_CHECK
+    private boolean matchCheck(int upperRange, int s, int prev) {
+        if (Config.USE_MATCH_RANGE_MUST_BE_INSIDE_OF_SPECIFIED_RANGE) {
+            if (Config.USE_FIND_LONGEST_SEARCH_ALL_OF_RANGE) {
+                //range = upperRange;
+                if (matchAt(upperRange, s, prev) != -1) {
+                    if (!isFindLongest(regex.options)) return true;
+                }
+            } else {
+                //range = upperRange;
+                if (matchAt(upperRange, s, prev) != -1) return true;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (Config.USE_FIND_LONGEST_SEARCH_ALL_OF_RANGE) {
+                if (matchAt(end, s, prev) != -1) {
+                    //range = upperRange;
+                    if (!isFindLongest(regex.options)) return true;
+                }
+            } else {
+                //range = upperRange;
+                if (matchAt(end, s, prev) != -1) return true;
+            }            
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    public final int search(int start, int range, int option) {
+        int s, prev;
+        int origStart = start;
+        int origRange = range;
+        
+        if (Config.DEBUG_SEARCH) {
+            Config.log.println("onig_search (entry point): "+
+            		"str: " + str + 
+                    ", end: " + (end - str) + 
+                    ", start: " + (start - str) + 
+                    ", range " + (range - str));
+        }
+        
+        if (start > end || start < str) return -1;
+        
+        /* anchor optimize: resume search range */
+        if (regex.anchor != 0 && str < end) {
+            int minSemiEnd, maxSemiEnd;
+            
+            if ((regex.anchor & AnchorType.BEGIN_POSITION) != 0) {
+                /* search start-position only */
+                // !begin_position:!
+                if (range > start) {
+                    range = start + 1;
+                } else {
+                    range = start;
+                }
+            } else if ((regex.anchor & AnchorType.BEGIN_BUF) != 0) {
+                /* search str-position only */
+                if (range > start) {
+                    if (start != str) return -1; // mismatch_no_msa;
+                    range = str + 1;
+                } else { 
+                    if (range <= str) {
+                        start = str;
+                        range = str;
+                    } else {
+                        return -1; // mismatch_no_msa;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if ((regex.anchor & AnchorType.END_BUF) != 0) {
+                minSemiEnd = maxSemiEnd = end;
+                // !end_buf:!
+                if (endBuf(start, range, minSemiEnd, maxSemiEnd)) return -1; // mismatch_no_msa;
+            } else if ((regex.anchor & AnchorType.SEMI_END_BUF) != 0) {
+                int preEnd = enc.stepBack(bytes, str, end, end, 1);
+                maxSemiEnd = end;
+                if (enc.isNewLine(bytes, preEnd, end)) {
+                    minSemiEnd = preEnd;
+                    if (Config.USE_CRNL_AS_LINE_TERMINATOR) {
+                        preEnd = enc.stepBack(bytes, str, preEnd, end, 1);
+                        if (preEnd != -1 && enc.isMbcCrnl(bytes, preEnd, end)) {
+                            minSemiEnd = preEnd;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (minSemiEnd > str && start <= minSemiEnd) {
+                        // !goto end_buf;!
+                        if (endBuf(start, range, minSemiEnd, maxSemiEnd)) return -1; // mismatch_no_msa;                        
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    minSemiEnd = end;
+                    // !goto end_buf;!
+                    if (endBuf(start, range, minSemiEnd, maxSemiEnd)) return -1; // mismatch_no_msa;                    
+                }
+            } else if ((regex.anchor & AnchorType.ANYCHAR_STAR_ML) != 0) {
+                // goto !begin_position;!
+                if (range > start) {
+                    range = start + 1;
+                } else {
+                    range = start;
+                }                
+            }
+            
+        } else if (str == end) { /* empty string */
+            // empty address ?
+            if (Config.DEBUG_SEARCH) {
+                Config.log.println("onig_search: empty string.");
+            }
+            
+            if (regex.thresholdLength == 0) {
+                s = start = str;
+                prev = -1;
+                msaInit(option, start);
+
+                if (Config.USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK) stateCheckBuffClear();
+
+                if (matchCheck(end, s, prev)) return match(s);
+                return mismatch();
+            }
+            return -1; // goto mismatch_no_msa;
+        }
+        
+        if (Config.DEBUG_SEARCH) {
+            Config.log.println("onig_search(apply anchor): " +
+                                "end: " + (end - str) +
+                                ", start " + (start - str) + 
+                                ", range " + (range - str));
+        }
+
+        msaInit(option, origStart);
+        if (Config.USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK) {
+            int offset = Math.min(start, range) - str;
+            stateCheckBuffInit(end - str, offset, regex.numCombExpCheck);
+        }
+        
+        s = start;
+        if (range > start) {    /* forward search */
+            if (s > str) {
+                prev = enc.prevCharHead(bytes, str, s, end);
+            } else {
+                prev = 0; // -1
+            }
+            
+            if (regex.searchAlgorithm != SearchAlgorithm.NONE) {
+                int schRange = range;
+                if (regex.dMax != 0) {
+                    if (regex.dMax == MinMaxLen.INFINITE_DISTANCE) {
+                        schRange = end;
+                    } else {
+                        schRange += regex.dMax;
+                        if (schRange > end) schRange = end;
+                    }
+                }
+                if ((end - start) < regex.thresholdLength) return mismatch();
+                
+                if (regex.dMax != MinMaxLen.INFINITE_DISTANCE) {
+                    do {
+                        if (!forwardSearchRange(bytes, str, end, s, schRange, this)) return mismatch(); // low, high, lowPrev
+                        if (s < low) {
+                            s = low;
+                            prev = value;
+                        }
+                        while (s <= high) {
+                            if (matchCheck(origRange, s, prev)) return match(s); // ???
+                            prev = s;
+                            s += enc.length(bytes, s, end);
+                        }
+                    } while (s < range);
+                    return mismatch();
+                    
+                } else { /* check only. */
+                    if (!forwardSearchRange(bytes, str, end, s, schRange, null)) return mismatch();
+                    
+                    if ((regex.anchor & AnchorType.ANYCHAR_STAR) != 0) {
+                        do {
+                            if (matchCheck(origRange, s, prev)) return match(s);
+                            prev = s;
+                            s += enc.length(bytes, s, end);
+                            
+                            while (!enc.isNewLine(bytes, prev, end) && s < range) {
+                                prev = s;
+                                s += enc.length(bytes, s, end);
+                            }
+                        } while (s < range);
+                        return mismatch();
+                    }
+                    
+                }
+            }
+            
+            do {
+                if (matchCheck(origRange, s, prev)) return match(s);
+                prev = s;
+                s += enc.length(bytes, s, end);
+            } while (s < range);
+            
+            if (s == range) { /* because empty match with /$/. */
+                if (matchCheck(origRange, s, prev)) return match(s);
+            }
+        } else { /* backward search */
+            if (Config.USE_MATCH_RANGE_MUST_BE_INSIDE_OF_SPECIFIED_RANGE) {            
+                if (origStart < end) {
+                    origStart += enc.length(bytes, origStart, end); // /* is upper range */ 
+                }
+            }
+            
+            if (regex.searchAlgorithm != SearchAlgorithm.NONE) {
+                int adjrange;
+                if (range < end) {
+                    adjrange = enc.leftAdjustCharHead(bytes, str, range, end);
+                } else {
+                    adjrange = end;
+                }
+                if (regex.dMax != MinMaxLen.INFINITE_DISTANCE && (end - range) >= regex.thresholdLength) {
+                    do {
+                        int schStart = s + regex.dMax;
+                        if (schStart > end) schStart = end;
+                        if (!backwardSearchRange(bytes, str, end, schStart, range, adjrange)) return mismatch(); // low, high
+                        if (s > high) s = high;
+                        while (s != -1 && s >= low) {
+                            prev = enc.prevCharHead(bytes, str, s, end);
+                            if (matchCheck(origStart, s, prev)) return match(s);
+                            s = prev;
+                        }
+                    } while (s >= range);
+                    return mismatch();
+                } else { /* check only. */
+                    if ((end - range) < regex.thresholdLength) return mismatch();
+                    
+                    int schStart = s;
+                    if (regex.dMax != 0) {
+                        if (regex.dMax == MinMaxLen.INFINITE_DISTANCE) {
+                            schStart = end;
+                        } else {
+                            schStart += regex.dMax;
+                            if (schStart > end) {
+                                schStart = end;
+                            } else {
+                                schStart = enc.leftAdjustCharHead(bytes, start, schStart, end);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (!backwardSearchRange(bytes, str, end, schStart, range, adjrange)) return mismatch();
+                }
+            }
+            
+            do {
+                prev = enc.prevCharHead(bytes, str, s, end);
+                if (matchCheck(origStart, s, prev)) return match(s);
+                s = prev;
+            } while (s >= range);
+            
+        }
+        return mismatch();
+    }
+    
+    private boolean endBuf(int start, int range, int minSemiEnd, int maxSemiEnd) {
+        if ((maxSemiEnd - str) < regex.anchorDmin) return true; // mismatch_no_msa;
+        
+        if (range > start) {
+            if ((minSemiEnd - start) > regex.anchorDmax) {
+                start = minSemiEnd - regex.anchorDmax;
+                if (start < end) {
+                    start = enc.rightAdjustCharHead(bytes, str, start, end);
+                } else { /* match with empty at end */
+                    start = enc.prevCharHead(bytes, str, end, end);
+                }
+            }
+            if ((maxSemiEnd - (range - 1)) < regex.anchorDmin) {
+                range = maxSemiEnd - regex.anchorDmin + 1;
+            }
+            if (start >= range) return true; // mismatch_no_msa;
+        } else {
+            if ((minSemiEnd - range) > regex.anchorDmax) {
+                range = minSemiEnd - regex.anchorDmax;
+            }
+            if ((maxSemiEnd - start) < regex.anchorDmin) {                    
+                start = maxSemiEnd - regex.anchorDmin;
+                start = enc.leftAdjustCharHead(bytes, str, start, end);
+            }
+            if (range > start) return true; // mismatch_no_msa;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    private int match(int s) {
+        return s - str; // sstart ???
+    }
+    
+    private int mismatch() {
+        if (Config.USE_FIND_LONGEST_SEARCH_ALL_OF_RANGE) {
+            if (msaBestLen >= 0) {
+                int s = msaBestS;
+                return match(s);
+            }
+        }
+        // falls through finish:
+        return -1;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/MatcherFactory.java b/src/org/joni/MatcherFactory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..729eeb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/MatcherFactory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+public abstract class MatcherFactory {
+    public abstract Matcher create(Regex regex, byte[]bytes, int p, int end);
+
+    static final MatcherFactory DEFAULT = new MatcherFactory() {
+        @Override
+        public Matcher create(Regex regex, byte[] bytes, int p, int end) {
+            return new ByteCodeMachine(regex, bytes, p, end);
+        }
+    };
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/MinMaxLen.java b/src/org/joni/MinMaxLen.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dca90e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/MinMaxLen.java
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+final class MinMaxLen {
+    int min; /* min byte length */
+    int max; /* max byte length */
+
+    MinMaxLen() {
+    }
+    
+    MinMaxLen(int min, int max) {
+        this.min = min;
+        this.max = max;
+    }
+    
+    /* 1000 / (min-max-dist + 1) */    
+    private static final short distValues[] = {     
+        1000,  500,  333,  250,  200,  167,  143,  125,  111,  100, 
+          91,   83,   77,   71,   67,   63,   59,   56,   53,   50, 
+          48,   45,   43,   42,   40,   38,   37,   36,   34,   33, 
+          32,   31,   30,   29,   29,   28,   27,   26,   26,   25, 
+          24,   24,   23,   23,   22,   22,   21,   21,   20,   20, 
+          20,   19,   19,   19,   18,   18,   18,   17,   17,   17, 
+          16,   16,   16,   16,   15,   15,   15,   15,   14,   14, 
+          14,   14,   14,   14,   13,   13,   13,   13,   13,   13, 
+          12,   12,   12,   12,   12,   12,   11,   11,   11,   11, 
+          11,   11,   11,   11,   11,   10,   10,   10,   10,   10
+    };
+    
+    int distanceValue() {
+        if (max == INFINITE_DISTANCE) return 0;
+        int d = max - min;
+        /* return dist_vals[d] * 16 / (mm->min + 12); */
+        return d < distValues.length ? distValues[d] : 1; 
+    }
+    
+    int compareDistanceValue(MinMaxLen other, int v1, int v2) {
+        if (v2 <= 0) return -1;
+        if (v1 <= 0) return 1;
+        
+        v1 *= distanceValue();
+        v2 *= other.distanceValue();
+        
+        if (v2 > v1) return 1;
+        if (v2 < v1) return -1;
+
+        if (other.min < min) return 1;
+        if (other.min > min) return -1;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    boolean equal(MinMaxLen other) {
+        return min == other.min && max == other.max;        
+    }
+
+    void set(int min, int max) {
+        this.min = min;
+        this.max = max;
+    }
+    
+    void clear() {
+        min = max = 0;
+    }
+    
+    void copy(MinMaxLen other) { 
+        min = other.min;
+        max = other.max;
+    }
+    
+    void add(MinMaxLen other) {
+        min = distanceAdd(min, other.min);
+        max = distanceAdd(max, other.max);
+    }
+    
+    void addLength(int len) {
+        min = distanceAdd(min, len);
+        max = distanceAdd(max, len);        
+    }
+
+    void altMerge(MinMaxLen other) {
+        if (min > other.min) min = other.min;
+        if (max < other.max) max = other.max;        
+    }
+    
+    static final int INFINITE_DISTANCE = 0x7FFFFFFF;
+    static int distanceAdd(int d1, int d2) {
+        if (d1 == INFINITE_DISTANCE || d2 == INFINITE_DISTANCE) {
+            return INFINITE_DISTANCE;
+        } else {
+            if (d1 <= INFINITE_DISTANCE - d2) return d1 + d2;
+            else return INFINITE_DISTANCE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static int distanceMultiply(int d, int m) {
+        if (m == 0) return 0;
+        if (d < INFINITE_DISTANCE / m) {
+            return d * m;
+        } else {
+            return INFINITE_DISTANCE;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    static String distanceRangeToString(int a, int b) {
+        String s = "";
+        if (a == INFINITE_DISTANCE) {
+            s += "inf";
+        } else {
+            s += "(" + a + ")";
+        }
+
+        s += "-";
+        
+        if (b == INFINITE_DISTANCE) {
+            s += "inf";
+        } else {
+            s += "(" + b + ")";
+        }
+        return s;        
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/NameEntry.java b/src/org/joni/NameEntry.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..794cf1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/NameEntry.java
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+public final class NameEntry {
+    static final int INIT_NAME_BACKREFS_ALLOC_NUM = 8;
+    
+    public final byte[]name;
+    public final int nameP;
+    public final int nameEnd;
+    
+    int backNum;
+    int backRef1;
+    int backRefs[];
+    
+    public NameEntry(byte[]bytes, int p, int end) {
+        name = bytes;
+        nameP = p;
+        nameEnd = end;
+    }
+
+    public int[] getBackRefs() {
+        switch (backNum) {
+        case 0:
+            return new int[]{};
+        case 1:
+            return new int[]{backRef1};
+        default:
+            int[]result = new int[backNum];
+            System.arraycopy(backRefs, 0, result, 0, backNum);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void alloc() {
+        backRefs = new int[INIT_NAME_BACKREFS_ALLOC_NUM];
+    }
+    
+    private void ensureSize() {
+        if (backNum > backRefs.length) {
+            int[]tmp = new int[backRefs.length << 1];           
+            System.arraycopy(backRefs, 0, tmp, 0, backRefs.length);
+            backRefs = tmp;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void addBackref(int backRef) {
+        backNum++;
+        
+        switch (backNum) {
+            case 1:
+                backRef1 = backRef;
+                break;
+            case 2:
+                alloc();
+                backRefs[0] = backRef1;
+                backRefs[1] = backRef;
+                break;
+            default:
+                ensureSize();
+                backRefs[backNum - 1] = backRef;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public String toString() {
+        StringBuilder buff = new StringBuilder(new String(name, nameP, nameEnd - nameP) + " ");
+        if (backNum == 0) {
+            buff.append("-");
+        } else if (backNum == 1){
+            buff.append(backRef1);
+        } else {
+            for (int i=0; i<backNum; i++){
+                if (i > 0) buff.append(", ");
+                buff.append(backRefs[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        return buff.toString();     
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/NativeMachine.java b/src/org/joni/NativeMachine.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fc5dbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/NativeMachine.java
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+public abstract class NativeMachine extends Matcher {
+
+    protected NativeMachine(Regex regex, byte[]bytes, int p, int end) {
+        super(regex, bytes, p, end);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/NodeOptInfo.java b/src/org/joni/NodeOptInfo.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20bc0bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/NodeOptInfo.java
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+
+public final class NodeOptInfo {
+    final MinMaxLen length = new  MinMaxLen();
+    final OptAnchorInfo anchor = new OptAnchorInfo();
+    final OptExactInfo exb = new OptExactInfo();            /* boundary */
+    final OptExactInfo exm = new OptExactInfo();            /* middle */
+    final OptExactInfo expr = new OptExactInfo();           /* prec read (?=...) */
+    final OptMapInfo map = new OptMapInfo();                /* boundary */
+    
+    public void setBoundNode(MinMaxLen mmd) {
+        exb.mmd.copy(mmd);
+        expr.mmd.copy(mmd);
+        map.mmd.copy(mmd);
+    }    
+    
+    public void clear() {
+        length.clear();
+        anchor.clear();
+        exb.clear();
+        exm.clear();
+        expr.clear();
+        map.clear();
+    }
+    
+    public void copy(NodeOptInfo other) {
+        length.copy(other.length);
+        anchor.copy(other.anchor);
+        exb.copy(other.exb);
+        exm.copy(other.exm);
+        expr.copy(other.expr);
+        map.copy(other.map);
+    }
+    
+    public void concatLeftNode(NodeOptInfo other, Encoding enc) {
+        OptAnchorInfo tanchor = new OptAnchorInfo(); // remove it somehow ?
+        tanchor.concat(anchor, other.anchor, length.max, other.length.max);
+        anchor.copy(tanchor);
+        
+        if (other.exb.length > 0 && length.max == 0) {
+            tanchor.concat(anchor, other.exb.anchor, length.max, other.length.max);
+            other.exb.anchor.copy(tanchor);
+        }
+        
+        if (other.map.value > 0 && length.max == 0) {
+            if (other.map.mmd.max == 0) {
+                other.map.anchor.leftAnchor |= anchor.leftAnchor;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        boolean exbReach = exb.reachEnd;
+        boolean exmReach = exm.reachEnd;
+        
+        if (other.length.max != 0) {
+            exb.reachEnd = exm.reachEnd = false;
+        }
+        
+        if (other.exb.length > 0) {
+            if (exbReach) {
+                exb.concat(other.exb, enc);
+                other.exb.clear();
+            } else if (exmReach) {            	
+            	exm.concat(other.exb, enc);            	
+            	other.exb.clear();            	
+            }
+        }
+        
+        exm.select(other.exb, enc);
+        exm.select(other.exm, enc);
+
+        if (expr.length > 0) {
+            if (other.length.max > 0) {
+                // TODO: make sure it is not an Oniguruma bug (casting unsigned int to int for arithmetic comparison)
+                int otherLengthMax = other.length.max;
+                if (otherLengthMax == MinMaxLen.INFINITE_DISTANCE) otherLengthMax = -1;
+                if (expr.length > otherLengthMax) expr.length = otherLengthMax;
+                if (expr.mmd.max == 0) {
+                    exb.select(expr, enc);
+                } else {
+                    exm.select(expr, enc);
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (other.expr.length > 0) {
+            expr.copy(other.expr);
+        }
+
+        map.select(other.map);
+        length.add(other.length);
+    }
+    
+    public void altMerge(NodeOptInfo other, OptEnvironment env) {
+        anchor.altMerge(other.anchor);
+        exb.altMerge(other.exb, env);
+        exm.altMerge(other.exm, env);
+        expr.altMerge(other.expr, env);
+        map.altMerge(other.map, env.enc);
+        length.altMerge(other.length);
+    }
+
+    public void setBound(MinMaxLen mmd) {
+        exb.mmd.copy(mmd);
+        expr.mmd.copy(mmd);
+        map.mmd.copy(mmd);
+    }
+    
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/OptAnchorInfo.java b/src/org/joni/OptAnchorInfo.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9084728
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/OptAnchorInfo.java
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import org.joni.constants.AnchorType;
+
+final class OptAnchorInfo implements AnchorType {
+    int leftAnchor;
+    int rightAnchor;
+    
+    void clear() {
+        leftAnchor = rightAnchor = 0;
+    }
+    
+    void copy(OptAnchorInfo other) {
+        leftAnchor = other.leftAnchor;
+        rightAnchor = other.rightAnchor;
+    }
+    
+    void concat(OptAnchorInfo left, OptAnchorInfo right, int leftLength, int rightLength) {
+        leftAnchor = left.leftAnchor;
+        if (leftLength == 0) leftAnchor |= right.leftAnchor;
+
+        rightAnchor = right.rightAnchor;
+        if (rightLength == 0) rightAnchor |= left.rightAnchor;
+    }
+    
+    boolean isSet(int anchor) {
+        if ((leftAnchor & anchor) != 0) return true;
+        return (rightAnchor & anchor) != 0; 
+    }
+    
+    void add(int anchor) {
+        if (isLeftAnchor(anchor)) {
+            leftAnchor |= anchor;
+        } else {
+            rightAnchor |= anchor;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    void remove(int anchor) {
+        if (isLeftAnchor(anchor)) {
+            leftAnchor &= ~anchor;
+        } else {
+            rightAnchor &= ~anchor;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    void altMerge(OptAnchorInfo other) {
+        leftAnchor &= other.leftAnchor;
+        rightAnchor &= other.rightAnchor;
+    }
+    
+    static boolean isLeftAnchor(int anchor) { // make a mask for it ?
+        return !(anchor == END_BUF || anchor == SEMI_END_BUF ||
+                 anchor == END_LINE || anchor == PREC_READ ||
+                 anchor == PREC_READ_NOT);
+    }
+    
+    static String anchorToString(int anchor) {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer("[");
+
+        if ((anchor & AnchorType.BEGIN_BUF) !=0 ) s.append("begin-buf ");
+        if ((anchor & AnchorType.BEGIN_LINE) !=0 ) s.append("begin-line ");
+        if ((anchor & AnchorType.BEGIN_POSITION) !=0 ) s.append("begin-pos ");
+        if ((anchor & AnchorType.END_BUF) !=0 ) s.append("end-buf ");
+        if ((anchor & AnchorType.SEMI_END_BUF) !=0 ) s.append("semi-end-buf ");
+        if ((anchor & AnchorType.END_LINE) !=0 ) s.append("end-line ");
+        if ((anchor & AnchorType.ANYCHAR_STAR) !=0 ) s.append("anychar-star ");
+        if ((anchor & AnchorType.ANYCHAR_STAR_ML) !=0 ) s.append("anychar-star-pl ");
+        s.append("]");
+
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/OptEnvironment.java b/src/org/joni/OptEnvironment.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b59c31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/OptEnvironment.java
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+
+// remove this one in future and pass mmd directly
+final class OptEnvironment {
+    final MinMaxLen mmd = new MinMaxLen();
+    Encoding enc;
+    int options;
+    int caseFoldFlag;
+    ScanEnvironment scanEnv;
+    
+    void copy(OptEnvironment other) {
+        mmd.copy(other.mmd);
+        enc = other.enc;
+        options = other.options;
+        caseFoldFlag = other.caseFoldFlag;
+        scanEnv = other.scanEnv;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/OptExactInfo.java b/src/org/joni/OptExactInfo.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45d94fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/OptExactInfo.java
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+
+final class OptExactInfo {
+    static final int OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN = 24;
+    
+    final MinMaxLen mmd = new MinMaxLen();
+    final OptAnchorInfo anchor = new OptAnchorInfo();
+    
+    boolean reachEnd;
+    boolean ignoreCase;
+    int length;
+
+    final byte s[] = new byte[OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN];
+    
+    boolean isFull() {
+        return length >= OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN; 
+    }
+    
+    void clear() {
+        mmd.clear();
+        anchor.clear();
+        
+        reachEnd = false;
+        ignoreCase = false;
+        length = 0;
+        s[0] = 0; // ???
+    }
+    
+    void copy(OptExactInfo other) {
+        mmd.copy(other.mmd);
+        anchor.copy(other.anchor);
+        reachEnd = other.reachEnd;
+        ignoreCase = other.ignoreCase;
+        length = other.length;
+        
+        System.arraycopy(other.s, 0, s, 0, OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN);
+    }
+    
+    void concat(OptExactInfo other, Encoding enc) {
+        if (!ignoreCase && other.ignoreCase) {
+            if (length >= other.length) return; /* avoid */
+            ignoreCase = true;            
+        }
+        
+        int p = 0; // add->s;
+        int end = p + other.length;
+        
+        int i;
+        for (i=length; p < end;) {
+            int len = enc.length(other.s, p, end);
+            if (i + len > OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN) break;
+            for (int j=0; j<len && p < end; j++) {
+                s[i++] = other.s[p++]; // arraycopy or even don't copy anything ??
+            }
+        }
+
+        length = i;
+        reachEnd = (p == end ? other.reachEnd : false);
+
+        OptAnchorInfo tmp = new OptAnchorInfo();
+        tmp.concat(anchor, other.anchor, 1, 1);
+        if (!other.reachEnd) tmp.rightAnchor = 0;
+        anchor.copy(tmp);
+    }
+    
+    // ?? raw is not used here
+    void concatStr(byte[]bytes, int p, int end, boolean raw, Encoding enc) {
+        int i;
+        for (i = length; p < end && i < OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN;) {
+            int len = enc.length(bytes, p, end);
+            if (i + len > OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN) break;
+            for (int j=0; j<len && p < end; j++) {
+                s[i++] = bytes[p++];
+            }
+        }
+        
+        length = i;
+    }
+
+    void altMerge(OptExactInfo other, OptEnvironment env) {
+        if (other.length == 0 || length == 0) {
+            clear();
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        if (!mmd.equal(other.mmd)) {
+            clear();
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        int i;
+        for (i=0; i<length && i<other.length;) {
+            if (s[i] != other.s[i]) break;
+            int len = env.enc.length(s, i, length);
+
+            int j;
+            for (j=1; j<len; j++) {
+                if (s[i+j] != other.s[i+j]) break;
+            }
+            
+            if (j < len) break;
+            i += len;
+        }
+        
+        if (!other.reachEnd || i<other.length || i<length) reachEnd = false;
+        
+        length = i;
+        ignoreCase |= other.ignoreCase;
+        
+        anchor.altMerge(other.anchor);
+        
+        if (!reachEnd) anchor.rightAnchor = 0;
+    }
+    
+    
+    void select(OptExactInfo alt, Encoding enc) {
+        int v1 = length;
+        int v2 = alt.length;
+        
+        if (v2 == 0) {
+            return;
+        } else if (v1 == 0) {
+            copy(alt);
+            return;
+        } else if (v1 <= 2 && v2 <= 2) {
+            /* ByteValTable[x] is big value --> low price */
+            v2 = OptMapInfo.positionValue(enc, s[0] & 0xff);
+            v1 = OptMapInfo.positionValue(enc, alt.s[0] & 0xff);
+            
+            if (length > 1) v1 += 5;
+            if (alt.length > 1) v2 += 5;
+        }
+        
+        if (!ignoreCase) v1 *= 2;
+        if (!alt.ignoreCase) v2 *= 2;
+        
+        if (mmd.compareDistanceValue(alt.mmd, v1, v2) > 0) copy(alt);
+    }
+    
+    // comp_opt_exact_or_map_info
+    private static final int COMP_EM_BASE   = 20;
+    int compare(OptMapInfo m) {
+        if (m.value <= 0) return -1;
+        
+        int ve = COMP_EM_BASE * length * (ignoreCase ? 1 : 2);
+        int vm = COMP_EM_BASE * 5 * 2 / m.value;
+        
+        return mmd.compareDistanceValue(m.mmd, ve, vm);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/OptMapInfo.java b/src/org/joni/OptMapInfo.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2763b53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/OptMapInfo.java
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import org.jcodings.CaseFoldCodeItem;
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+
+final class OptMapInfo {
+    
+    final MinMaxLen mmd = new MinMaxLen();          /* info position */
+    final OptAnchorInfo anchor = new OptAnchorInfo();
+    
+    int value;                                      /* weighted value */
+    final byte map[] = new byte[Config.CHAR_TABLE_SIZE];
+    
+    void clear() {
+        mmd.clear();
+        anchor.clear();
+        value = 0;
+        for (int i=0; i<map.length; i++) map[i] = 0;
+    }
+    
+    void copy(OptMapInfo other) {
+        mmd.copy(other.mmd);
+        anchor.copy(other.anchor);
+        value = other.value;
+        //for(int i=0; i<map.length; i++) map[i] = other.map[i];
+        System.arraycopy(other.map, 0, map, 0, other.map.length);
+    }
+    
+    void addChar(byte c, Encoding enc) {
+        int c_ = c & 0xff;
+        if (map[c_] == 0) {
+            map[c_] = 1;
+            value += positionValue(enc, c_);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    void addCharAmb(byte[]bytes, int p, int end, Encoding enc, int caseFoldFlag) {
+        addChar(bytes[p], enc);
+        
+        caseFoldFlag &= ~Config.INTERNAL_ENC_CASE_FOLD_MULTI_CHAR;
+        CaseFoldCodeItem[]items = enc.caseFoldCodesByString(caseFoldFlag, bytes, p, end);
+
+        byte[] buf = new byte[Config.ENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN];
+        for (int i=0; i<items.length; i++) {
+            enc.codeToMbc(items[i].code[0], buf, 0);
+            addChar(buf[0], enc);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // select_opt_map_info
+    private static final int z = 1<<15; /* 32768: something big value */
+    void select(OptMapInfo alt) {
+        if (alt.value == 0) return;
+        if (value == 0) {
+            copy(alt);
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        int v1 = z / value;
+        int v2 = z /alt.value;
+        
+        if (mmd.compareDistanceValue(alt.mmd, v1, v2) > 0) copy(alt);
+    }
+    
+    // alt_merge_opt_map_info
+    void altMerge(OptMapInfo other, Encoding enc) {
+        /* if (! is_equal_mml(&to->mmd, &add->mmd)) return ; */
+        if (value == 0) return;
+        if (other.value == 0 || mmd.max < other.mmd.max) {
+            clear();
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        mmd.altMerge(other.mmd);
+        
+        int val = 0;
+        for (int i=0; i<Config.CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++) {
+            if (other.map[i] != 0) map[i] = 1;
+            if (map[i] != 0) val += positionValue(enc, i);
+        }
+        
+        value = val;
+        anchor.altMerge(other.anchor);
+    }
+    
+    static final short ByteValTable[] = {
+        5,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1, 10, 10,  1,  1, 10,  1,  1,
+        1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,
+       12,  4,  7,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,
+        6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,
+        5,  6,  6,  6,  6,  7,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,
+        6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  5,  6,  5,  5,  5,
+        5,  6,  6,  6,  6,  7,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,
+        6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  5,  5,  5,  5,  1
+     };
+    
+    // map_position_value
+    static int positionValue(Encoding enc, int i) { 
+        if (i < ByteValTable.length) {
+            if (i == 0 && enc.minLength() > 1) {
+                return 20;
+            } else {
+                return ByteValTable[i];
+            }
+        } else {
+            return 4; /* Take it easy. */
+        }
+    }
+    
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/Option.java b/src/org/joni/Option.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..adee24f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/Option.java
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+public class Option {
+    
+    /* options */
+    public static final int NONE                 = 0;
+    public static final int IGNORECASE           = (1<<0); 
+    public static final int EXTEND               = (1<<1);
+    public static final int MULTILINE            = (1<<2);
+    public static final int SINGLELINE           = (1<<3); 
+    public static final int FIND_LONGEST         = (1<<4); 
+    public static final int FIND_NOT_EMPTY       = (1<<5);
+    public static final int NEGATE_SINGLELINE    = (1<<6);
+    public static final int DONT_CAPTURE_GROUP   = (1<<7);
+    public static final int CAPTURE_GROUP        = (1<<8);
+    
+    /* options (search time) */
+    public static final int NOTBOL               = (1<<9);
+    public static final int NOTEOL               = (1<<10);
+    public static final int POSIX_REGION         = (1<<11);    
+    public static final int MAXBIT               = (1<<12); /* limit */
+
+    public static final int DEFAULT              = NONE;
+
+    public static String toString(int option) {
+        String options = "";
+        if (isIgnoreCase(option)) options += "IGNORECASE ";
+        if (isExtend(option)) options += "EXTEND ";
+        if (isMultiline(option)) options += "MULTILINE ";
+        if (isSingleline(option)) options += "SINGLELINE ";
+        if (isFindLongest(option)) options += "FIND_LONGEST ";
+        if (isFindNotEmpty(option)) options += "FIND_NOT_EMPTY  ";
+        if (isNegateSingleline(option)) options += "NEGATE_SINGLELINE ";
+        if (isDontCaptureGroup(option)) options += "DONT_CAPTURE_GROUP ";
+        if (isCaptureGroup(option)) options += "CAPTURE_GROUP ";
+        
+        if (isNotBol(option)) options += "NOTBOL ";
+        if (isNotEol(option)) options += "NOTEOL ";
+        if (isPosixRegion(option)) options += "POSIX_REGION ";        
+        
+        return options;
+    }    
+    
+    public static boolean isIgnoreCase(int option) {
+        return (option & IGNORECASE) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public static boolean isExtend(int option) {
+        return (option & EXTEND) != 0;
+    }   
+
+    public static boolean isSingleline(int option) {
+        return (option & SINGLELINE) != 0;
+    }   
+
+    public static boolean isMultiline(int option) {
+        return (option & MULTILINE) != 0;
+    }   
+
+    public static boolean isFindLongest(int option) {
+        return (option & FIND_LONGEST) != 0;
+    }   
+
+    public static boolean isFindNotEmpty(int option) {
+        return (option & FIND_NOT_EMPTY) != 0;
+    }   
+
+    public static boolean isFindCondition(int option) {
+        return (option & (FIND_LONGEST | FIND_NOT_EMPTY)) != 0;
+    }   
+    
+    public static boolean isNegateSingleline(int option) {
+        return (option & NEGATE_SINGLELINE) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public static boolean isDontCaptureGroup(int option) {
+        return (option & DONT_CAPTURE_GROUP) != 0;
+    }   
+    
+    public static boolean isCaptureGroup(int option) {
+        return (option & CAPTURE_GROUP) != 0;
+    }   
+    
+    public static boolean isNotBol(int option) {
+        return (option & NOTBOL) != 0;
+    }   
+
+    public static boolean isNotEol(int option) {
+        return (option & NOTEOL) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public static boolean isPosixRegion(int option) {
+        return (option & POSIX_REGION) != 0;
+    }   
+ 
+    /* OP_SET_OPTION is required for these options.  ??? */    
+    //    public static boolean isDynamic(int option) {
+    //        return (option & (MULTILINE | IGNORECASE)) != 0;
+    //    }
+    public static boolean isDynamic(int option) {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/Parser.java b/src/org/joni/Parser.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a787d16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/Parser.java
@@ -0,0 +1,1028 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import static org.joni.BitStatus.bsOnAtSimple;
+import static org.joni.BitStatus.bsOnOff;
+import static org.joni.Option.isDontCaptureGroup;
+import static org.joni.Option.isIgnoreCase;
+
+import org.jcodings.constants.CharacterType;
+import org.jcodings.constants.PosixBracket;
+import org.joni.ast.AnchorNode;
+import org.joni.ast.AnyCharNode;
+import org.joni.ast.BackRefNode;
+import org.joni.ast.CClassNode;
+import org.joni.ast.CTypeNode;
+import org.joni.ast.CallNode;
+import org.joni.ast.ConsAltNode;
+import org.joni.ast.EncloseNode;
+import org.joni.ast.Node;
+import org.joni.ast.QuantifierNode;
+import org.joni.ast.StringNode;
+import org.joni.ast.CClassNode.CCStateArg;
+import org.joni.constants.AnchorType;
+import org.joni.constants.CCSTATE;
+import org.joni.constants.CCVALTYPE;
+import org.joni.constants.EncloseType;
+import org.joni.constants.NodeType;
+import org.joni.constants.TokenType;
+
+class Parser extends Lexer {
+
+    protected final Regex regex;
+    protected Node root;
+    
+    protected int returnCode; // return code used by parser methods (they itself return parsed nodes)
+                              // this approach will not affect recursive calls 
+    
+    protected Parser(ScanEnvironment env, byte[]bytes, int p, int end) {
+        super(env, bytes, p, end);
+        regex = env.reg;
+    }
+    
+    // onig_parse_make_tree
+    protected final Node parse() {
+        root = parseRegexp();
+        regex.numMem = env.numMem;
+        return root;
+    }
+    
+    private static final int POSIX_BRACKET_NAME_MIN_LEN            = 4;
+    private static final int POSIX_BRACKET_CHECK_LIMIT_LENGTH      = 20;
+    private static final byte BRACKET_END[]                        = ":]".getBytes();
+    private boolean parsePosixBracket(CClassNode cc) {
+        mark();
+        
+        boolean not;
+        if (peekIs('^')) {
+            inc();
+            not = true;
+        } else {
+            not = false;
+        }
+        if (enc.strLength(bytes, p, stop) >= POSIX_BRACKET_NAME_MIN_LEN + 3) { // else goto not_posix_bracket
+            byte[][] pbs= PosixBracket.PBSNamesLower;
+            for (int i=0; i<pbs.length; i++) {
+                byte[]name = pbs[i];
+                // hash lookup here ?
+                if (enc.strNCmp(bytes, p, stop, name, 0, name.length) == 0) {
+                    p = enc.step(bytes, p, stop, name.length);
+                    if (enc.strNCmp(bytes, p, stop, BRACKET_END, 0, BRACKET_END.length) != 0) {
+                        newSyntaxException(ERR_INVALID_POSIX_BRACKET_TYPE);
+                    }
+                    cc.addCType(PosixBracket.PBSValues[i], not, env, this);
+                    inc();
+                    inc();
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            
+        }
+
+        // not_posix_bracket:
+        c = 0;
+        int i= 0;
+        while(left() && ((c=peek()) != ':') && c != ']') {
+            inc();
+            if (++i > POSIX_BRACKET_CHECK_LIMIT_LENGTH) break;
+        }
+        
+        if (c == ':' && left()) {
+            inc();
+            if (left()) {
+                fetch();
+                if (c == ']') newSyntaxException(ERR_INVALID_POSIX_BRACKET_TYPE);
+            }
+        }
+        restore();
+        return true; /* 1: is not POSIX bracket, but no error. */
+    }
+    
+    private CClassNode parseCharProperty() {
+        int ctype = fetchCharPropertyToCType();
+        CClassNode n = new CClassNode();
+        n.addCType(ctype, false, env, this);
+        if (token.getPropNot()) n.setNot();
+        return n;
+    }
+    
+    private boolean codeExistCheck(int code, boolean ignoreEscaped) {
+        mark();
+        
+        boolean inEsc = false;
+        while(left()) {
+            if (ignoreEscaped && inEsc) { 
+                inEsc = false;
+            } else {
+                fetch();
+                if (c == code) {
+                    restore();
+                    return true; 
+                }
+                if (c == syntax.metaCharTable.esc) inEsc = true;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        restore();
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    private CClassNode parseCharClass() {
+        fetchTokenInCC();
+
+        boolean neg;
+        if (token.type == TokenType.CHAR && token.getC() == '^' && !token.escaped) {
+            neg = true;
+            fetchTokenInCC();
+        } else {
+            neg = false;
+        }
+        
+        if (token.type == TokenType.CC_CLOSE) {
+            if (!codeExistCheck(']', true)) newSyntaxException(ERR_EMPTY_CHAR_CLASS);
+            env.ccEscWarn("]");
+            token.type = TokenType.CHAR; /* allow []...] */
+        }
+        
+        CClassNode cc = new CClassNode();
+        CClassNode prevCC = null;
+        CClassNode workCC = null;
+
+        CCStateArg arg = new CCStateArg();
+        
+        boolean andStart = false;
+        arg.state = CCSTATE.START;
+
+        while(token.type != TokenType.CC_CLOSE) {
+            boolean fetched = false;
+            
+            switch (token.type) {
+            
+            case CHAR:
+                    int len = enc.codeToMbcLength(token.getC());
+                    if (len > 1) { 
+                        arg.inType = CCVALTYPE.CODE_POINT;
+                    } else {
+                        // !sb_char:!
+                        arg.inType = CCVALTYPE.SB;
+                    }
+                    arg.v = token.getC();
+                    arg.vIsRaw = false;
+                    // !goto val_entry2;!
+                    valEntry2(cc, arg);
+                break;
+
+            case RAW_BYTE:
+                /* tok->base != 0 : octal or hexadec. */
+                if (!enc.isSingleByte() && token.base != 0) {
+                    byte[]buf = new byte[Config.ENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD_MAXLEN];
+                    int psave = p;
+                    int base = token.base;
+                    buf[0] = (byte)token.getC();
+                    int i;
+                    for (i=1; i<enc.maxLength(); i++) {
+                        fetchTokenInCC();
+                        if (token.type != TokenType.RAW_BYTE || token.base != base) {
+                            fetched = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        buf[i] = (byte)token.getC();
+                    }
+                    if (i < enc.minLength()) newValueException(ERR_TOO_SHORT_MULTI_BYTE_STRING);
+                    
+                    len = enc.length(buf, 0, i);
+                    if (i < len) { 
+                        newValueException(ERR_TOO_SHORT_MULTI_BYTE_STRING);
+                    } else if (i > len) { /* fetch back */
+                        p = psave;
+                        for (i=1; i<len; i++) fetchTokenInCC();
+                        fetched = false;
+                    }
+                    if (i == 1) {
+                        arg.v = buf[0] & 0xff;
+                        // !goto raw_single!
+                        arg.inType = CCVALTYPE.SB;
+                    } else {
+                        arg.v = enc.mbcToCode(buf, 0, buf.length);
+                        arg.inType = CCVALTYPE.CODE_POINT;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    arg.v = token.getC();
+                    // !raw_single:!
+                    arg.inType = CCVALTYPE.SB;
+                }
+                arg.vIsRaw = true;
+                // !goto val_entry2;!
+                valEntry2(cc, arg);
+                break;
+                
+            case CODE_POINT:
+                arg.v = token.getCode();
+                arg.vIsRaw = true;
+                // !val_entry:!
+                // !val_entry2:!
+                valEntry(cc, arg);
+                break;
+                
+            case POSIX_BRACKET_OPEN:
+                if (parsePosixBracket(cc)) { /* true: is not POSIX bracket */
+                    env.ccEscWarn("[");
+                    p = token.backP;
+                    arg.v = token.getC();
+                    arg.vIsRaw = false;
+                    // !goto val_entry;!
+                    valEntry(cc, arg);
+                    break;
+                }
+                // !goto next_class;!
+                cc.nextStateClass(arg, env);
+                break;
+                
+            case CHAR_TYPE:
+                cc.addCType(token.getPropCType(), token.getPropNot(), env, this);
+                // !next_class:!
+                cc.nextStateClass(arg, env);
+                break;
+                
+            case CHAR_PROPERTY:
+                int ctype = fetchCharPropertyToCType();
+                cc.addCType(ctype, token.getPropNot(), env, this);
+                // !goto next_class;!
+                cc.nextStateClass(arg, env);
+                break;
+                
+            case CC_RANGE:
+                if (arg.state == CCSTATE.VALUE) {
+                    fetchTokenInCC();
+                    fetched = true;
+                    if (token.type == TokenType.CC_CLOSE) { /* allow [x-] */
+                        // !range_end_val:!
+                        // !goto val_entry;!
+                        rangeEndVal(cc, arg);
+                        break;
+                    } else if (token.type == TokenType.CC_AND) {
+                        env.ccEscWarn("-");
+                        // goto !range_end_val;!
+                        rangeEndVal(cc, arg);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    arg.state = CCSTATE.RANGE;
+                } else if (arg.state == CCSTATE.START) {
+                    /* [-xa] is allowed */
+                    arg.v = token.getC();
+                    arg.vIsRaw = false;
+                    fetchTokenInCC();
+                    fetched = true;
+                    /* [--x] or [a&&-x] is warned. */
+                    if (token.type == TokenType.CC_RANGE || andStart) env.ccEscWarn("-");
+                    // !goto val_entry;!
+                    valEntry(cc, arg);
+                    break;
+                } else if (arg.state == CCSTATE.RANGE) {
+                    env.ccEscWarn("-");
+                    /* [!--x] is allowed */
+                    // !goto sb_char;!
+                    sbChar(cc, arg);
+                    break;
+                } else { /* CCS_COMPLETE */
+                    fetchTokenInCC();
+                    fetched = true;
+                    if (token.type == TokenType.CC_CLOSE) { /* allow [a-b-] */
+                        // goto !range_end_val!
+                        rangeEndVal(cc, arg);
+                        break;
+                    } else if (token.type == TokenType.CC_AND) {
+                        env.ccEscWarn("-");
+                        // goto !range_end_val;!
+                        rangeEndVal(cc, arg);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    
+                    if (syntax.allowDoubleRangeOpInCC()) {
+                        env.ccEscWarn("-");
+                        /* [0-9-a] is allowed as [0-9\-a] */
+                        // !goto sb_char!
+                        sbChar(cc, arg);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    newSyntaxException(ERR_UNMATCHED_RANGE_SPECIFIER_IN_CHAR_CLASS);
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            case CC_CC_OPEN: /* [ */
+                CClassNode acc = parseCharClass();
+                cc.or(acc, enc);
+                break;
+                
+            case CC_AND:     /* && */
+                if (arg.state == CCSTATE.VALUE) {
+                    arg.v = 0; // ??? safe v ?
+                    arg.vIsRaw = false;
+                    cc.nextStateValue(arg, env);
+                }
+                /* initialize local variables */
+                andStart = true;
+                arg.state = CCSTATE.START;
+                if (prevCC != null) {
+                    prevCC.and(cc, enc);
+                } else {
+                    prevCC = cc;
+                    if (workCC == null) workCC = new CClassNode();
+                    cc = workCC;
+                }
+                // initialize_cclass(cc); // clear it ??
+                break;              
+                
+            case EOT:
+                newSyntaxException(ERR_PREMATURE_END_OF_CHAR_CLASS);
+                
+            default:                
+                newInternalException(ERR_PARSER_BUG);           
+            } // switch
+            
+            if (!fetched) fetchTokenInCC();
+            
+        } // while
+        
+        if (arg.state == CCSTATE.VALUE) {
+            arg.v = 0; // ??? safe v ?
+            arg.vIsRaw = false;
+            cc.nextStateValue(arg, env);
+        }
+        
+        if (prevCC != null) {
+            prevCC.and(cc, enc);
+            cc = prevCC;
+        }
+        
+        if (neg) {
+            cc.setNot();
+        } else {
+            cc.clearNot();
+        }
+        
+        if (cc.isNot() && syntax.notNewlineInNegativeCC()) {
+            if (!cc.isEmpty()) {
+                final int NEW_LINE = 0x0a;
+                if (enc.isNewLine(NEW_LINE)) {
+                    if (enc.codeToMbcLength(NEW_LINE) == 1) {
+                        cc.bs.set(NEW_LINE);
+                    } else {
+                        cc.addCodeRange(env, NEW_LINE, NEW_LINE);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        return cc;
+    }
+    
+    private void valEntry2(CClassNode cc, CCStateArg arg) {
+        cc.nextStateValue(arg, env);
+    }
+    
+    private void valEntry(CClassNode cc, CCStateArg arg) {
+        int len = enc.codeToMbcLength(arg.v);
+        arg.inType = len == 1 ? CCVALTYPE.SB : CCVALTYPE.CODE_POINT;
+        // !val_entry2:!
+        valEntry2(cc, arg);
+    }
+    
+    private void sbChar(CClassNode cc, CCStateArg arg) {
+        arg.inType = CCVALTYPE.SB;
+        arg.v = token.getC();
+        arg.vIsRaw = false;
+        // !goto val_entry2;!
+        valEntry2(cc, arg);
+    }
+
+    private void rangeEndVal(CClassNode cc, CCStateArg arg) {
+        arg.v = '-';
+        arg.vIsRaw = false;
+        // !goto val_entry;!
+        valEntry(cc, arg);
+    }
+    
+    private Node parseEnclose(TokenType term) {
+        Node node = null;
+        
+        if (!left()) newSyntaxException(ERR_END_PATTERN_WITH_UNMATCHED_PARENTHESIS);
+        
+        int option = env.option;
+        
+        if (peekIs('?') && syntax.op2QMarkGroupEffect()) { 
+            inc();
+            if (!left()) newSyntaxException(ERR_END_PATTERN_IN_GROUP);
+            
+            boolean listCapture = false;
+            
+            fetch();
+            switch(c) {
+            case ':':  /* (?:...) grouping only */
+                // !group:!
+                fetchToken();
+                node = parseSubExp(term);
+                returnCode = 1; /* group */
+                return node;
+                
+            case '=':
+                node = new AnchorNode(AnchorType.PREC_READ);
+                break;
+                
+            case '!':  /*         preceding read */
+                node = new AnchorNode(AnchorType.PREC_READ_NOT);
+                break;
+                
+            case '>':  /* (?>...) stop backtrack */
+                node = new EncloseNode(EncloseType.STOP_BACKTRACK); // node_new_enclose
+                break;
+                
+            case '\'':
+                if (Config.USE_NAMED_GROUP) {
+                    if (syntax.op2QMarkLtNamedGroup()) {
+                        // !goto named_group1!;
+                        listCapture = false;
+                        node = namedGroup2(listCapture);
+                        break;
+                    } else {
+                        newSyntaxException(ERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                } // USE_NAMED_GROUP
+                break;
+            case '<':  /* look behind (?<=...), (?<!...) */
+                fetch();
+                if (c == '=') {
+                    node = new AnchorNode(AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND);
+                } else if (c == '!') {
+                    node = new AnchorNode(AnchorType.LOOK_BEHIND_NOT);
+                } else {
+                    if (Config.USE_NAMED_GROUP) {
+                        if (syntax.op2QMarkLtNamedGroup()) {
+                            unfetch();
+                            c = '<';
+                            
+                            // !named_group1:!
+                            listCapture = false;
+                            // !named_group2:!
+                            node = namedGroup2(listCapture);
+                            break;
+                        } else {
+                            newSyntaxException(ERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION);
+                        }
+                        
+                    } else { // USE_NAMED_GROUP
+                        newSyntaxException(ERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION);
+                    } // USE_NAMED_GROUP
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            case '@':
+                if (syntax.op2AtMarkCaptureHistory()) {                 
+                    if (Config.USE_NAMED_GROUP) {
+                        if (syntax.op2QMarkLtNamedGroup()) {                        
+                            fetch();
+                            if (c == '<' || c == '\'') {
+                                listCapture = true;
+                                // /* (?@<name>...) */
+                                // goto !named_group2;!
+                                node = namedGroup2(listCapture);
+                            }
+                            unfetch();
+                        }
+                    } // USE_NAMED_GROUP
+                    EncloseNode en = new EncloseNode(env.option, false); // node_new_enclose_memory
+                    int num = env.addMemEntry();
+                    if (num >= BitStatus.BIT_STATUS_BITS_NUM) newValueException(ERR_GROUP_NUMBER_OVER_FOR_CAPTURE_HISTORY);
+                    en.regNum = num;
+                    node = en;
+                } else {
+                    newSyntaxException(ERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION);
+                }
+                break;
+                
+            // case 'p': #ifdef USE_POSIXLINE_OPTION
+            case '-':
+            case 'i':
+            case 'm':
+            case 's':
+            case 'x':
+                boolean neg = false;
+                while(true) {
+                    switch(c) {
+                    case ':':
+                    case ')':
+                        break;
+                        
+                    case '-':
+                        neg = true;
+                        break;
+                        
+                    case 'x':
+                        option = bsOnOff(option, Option.EXTEND, neg);
+                        break;
+                        
+                    case 'i':
+                        option = bsOnOff(option, Option.IGNORECASE, neg);
+                        break;
+                        
+                    case 's':
+                        if (syntax.op2OptionPerl()) {
+                            option = bsOnOff(option, Option.MULTILINE, neg);
+                        } else {
+                            newSyntaxException(ERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                        
+                    case 'm':
+                        if (syntax.op2OptionPerl()) {
+                            option = bsOnOff(option, Option.SINGLELINE, !neg);
+                        } else if (syntax.op2OptionRuby()) {
+                            option = bsOnOff(option, Option.MULTILINE, neg);
+                        } else {
+                            newSyntaxException(ERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                        
+                    // case 'p': #ifdef USE_POSIXLINE_OPTION // not defined
+                    // option = bsOnOff(option, Option.MULTILINE|Option.SINGLELINE, neg);
+                    // break;
+                    
+                    default:
+                        newSyntaxException(ERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION);
+                    } // switch
+                    
+                    if (c == ')') {
+                        EncloseNode en = new EncloseNode(option, 0); // node_new_option
+                        node = en;
+                        returnCode = 2; /* option only */
+                        return node;
+                    } else if (c == ':') {
+                        int prev = env.option;
+                        env.option = option;
+                        fetchToken();
+                        Node target = parseSubExp(term);
+                        env.option = prev;
+                        EncloseNode en = new EncloseNode(option, 0); // node_new_option
+                        en.setTarget(target);
+                        node = en;
+                        returnCode = 0;
+                        return node;
+                    }
+                    if (!left()) newSyntaxException(ERR_END_PATTERN_IN_GROUP);
+                    fetch();
+                } // while
+            
+            default:
+                newSyntaxException(ERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION);
+            } // switch
+            
+        } else {
+            if (isDontCaptureGroup(env.option)) {
+                // !goto group;!
+                fetchToken();
+                node = parseSubExp(term);
+                returnCode = 1; /* group */
+                return node;
+            }
+            EncloseNode en = new EncloseNode(env.option, false); // node_new_enclose_memory
+            int num = env.addMemEntry();
+            en.regNum = num;
+            node = en;
+        }
+        
+        fetchToken();
+        Node target = parseSubExp(term);
+
+        if (node.getType() == NodeType.ANCHOR) {
+            AnchorNode an = (AnchorNode) node;
+            an.setTarget(target);
+        } else {
+            EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)node;
+            en.setTarget(target);
+            if (en.type == EncloseType.MEMORY) {
+                /* Don't move this to previous of parse_subexp() */
+                env.setMemNode(en.regNum, node);
+            }
+        }
+        returnCode = 0;
+        return node; // ??
+    }
+    
+    private Node namedGroup2(boolean listCapture) {
+        int nm = p;
+        int num = fetchName(c, false);
+        int nameEnd = value;
+        num = env.addMemEntry();
+        if (listCapture && num >= BitStatus.BIT_STATUS_BITS_NUM) newValueException(ERR_GROUP_NUMBER_OVER_FOR_CAPTURE_HISTORY);
+        
+        regex.nameAdd(bytes, nm, nameEnd, num, syntax);
+        EncloseNode en = new EncloseNode(env.option, true); // node_new_enclose_memory
+        en.regNum = num;
+
+        Node node = en;
+        
+        if (listCapture) env.captureHistory = bsOnAtSimple(env.captureHistory, num);
+        env.numNamed++;
+        return node;
+    }
+    
+    private int nextChar; // hidden var
+    private int findStrPosition(int[]s, int n, int from, int to) {
+        int x;
+        int q;
+        int p = from;
+        int i = 0;
+        while(p < to) {
+            x = enc.mbcToCode(bytes, p, to);
+            q = p + enc.length(bytes, p, to);
+            if (x == s[0]) {
+                for (i=1; i<n && q<to; i++) {
+                    x = enc.mbcToCode(bytes, q, to);
+                    if (x != s[i]) break;
+                    q += enc.length(bytes, q, to);
+                }
+                if (i >= n) {
+                    if (bytes[nextChar] != 0) nextChar = q; // we may need zero term semantics... 
+                    return p;
+                }
+            }
+            p = q;
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+    
+    private Node parseExp(TokenType term) {
+        if (token.type == term) {
+            //!goto end_of_token;!
+            return new StringNode();
+        }
+        
+        Node node = null;
+        boolean group = false;
+
+        switch(token.type) {
+        case ALT:
+        case EOT:
+            // !end_of_token:!
+            return new StringNode(); // node_new_empty
+            
+        case SUBEXP_OPEN:
+            node = parseEnclose(TokenType.SUBEXP_CLOSE);
+            if (returnCode == 1) {
+                group = true;
+            } else if (returnCode == 2) { /* option only */
+                int prev = env.option;
+                EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)node;
+                env.option = en.option;
+                fetchToken();
+                Node target = parseSubExp(term);
+                env.option = prev;
+                en.setTarget(target);
+                return node;                
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case SUBEXP_CLOSE:
+            if (!syntax.allowUnmatchedCloseSubexp()) newSyntaxException(ERR_UNMATCHED_CLOSE_PARENTHESIS);
+            
+            if (token.escaped) {
+                // !goto tk_raw_byte;!
+                return parseExpTkRawByte(group);
+            } else {
+                // !goto tk_byte;!
+                return parseExpTkByte(group);
+            }
+            
+        case STRING:
+            // !tk_byte:!
+            return parseExpTkByte(group);
+            
+        case RAW_BYTE:
+            // !tk_raw_byte:!
+            return parseExpTkRawByte(group);
+            
+        case CODE_POINT:
+            byte[]buf = new byte[Config.ENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN];
+            int num = enc.codeToMbc(token.getCode(), buf, 0);
+            // #ifdef NUMBERED_CHAR_IS_NOT_CASE_AMBIG ... // setRaw() #else 
+            node = new StringNode(buf, 0, num);
+            break;
+            
+        case QUOTE_OPEN:
+            int[]endOp = new int[]{syntax.metaCharTable.esc, 'E'};
+            int qstart = p;
+            int qend = findStrPosition(endOp, endOp.length, qstart, stop); // will set nextChar!!!
+            if (qend == -1) {
+                nextChar = qend = stop;
+            }
+            node = new StringNode(bytes, qstart, qend);
+            p = nextChar;
+            break;
+
+        case CHAR_TYPE:
+            switch(token.getPropCType()) {
+            case CharacterType.WORD:
+                node = new CTypeNode(token.getPropCType(), token.getPropNot());
+                break;
+            
+            case CharacterType.SPACE:
+            case CharacterType.DIGIT:
+            case CharacterType.XDIGIT:
+                // #ifdef USE_SHARED_CCLASS_TABLE ... #endif
+                CClassNode ccn = new CClassNode();
+                ccn.addCType(token.getPropCType(), false, env, this);
+                if (token.getPropNot()) ccn.setNot();
+                node = ccn;
+                break;
+                
+            default:
+                newInternalException(ERR_PARSER_BUG);
+                
+            } // inner switch
+            break;
+            
+        case CHAR_PROPERTY:
+            node = parseCharProperty();
+            break;
+            
+        case CC_CC_OPEN:
+            CClassNode cc = parseCharClass();
+            node = cc;
+            if (isIgnoreCase(env.option)) {
+                ApplyCaseFoldArg arg = new ApplyCaseFoldArg(env, cc);
+                enc.applyAllCaseFold(env.caseFoldFlag, ApplyCaseFold.INSTANCE, arg);
+            
+                if (arg.altRoot != null) {
+                    node = ConsAltNode.newAltNode(node, arg.altRoot);
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case ANYCHAR:
+            node = new AnyCharNode();
+            break;
+            
+        case ANYCHAR_ANYTIME:
+            node = new AnyCharNode();
+            QuantifierNode qn = new QuantifierNode(0, QuantifierNode.REPEAT_INFINITE, false);
+            qn.setTarget(node);
+            node = qn;
+            break;
+            
+        case BACKREF:
+            int[]backRefs = token.getBackrefNum() > 1 ? token.getBackrefRefs() : new int[]{token.getBackrefRef1()};
+            node = new BackRefNode(token.getBackrefNum(),
+                            backRefs,
+                            token.getBackrefByName(),
+                            token.getBackrefExistLevel(), // #ifdef USE_BACKREF_AT_LEVEL
+                            token.getBackrefLevel(),      // ...
+                            env);
+            
+            break;
+            
+        case CALL:
+            if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL) {
+                int gNum = token.getCallGNum();
+
+                if (gNum < 0) {
+                    gNum = backrefRelToAbs(gNum);
+                    if (gNum <= 0) newValueException(ERR_INVALID_BACKREF);
+                }
+                node = new CallNode(bytes, token.getCallNameP(), token.getCallNameEnd(), gNum);
+                env.numCall++;
+                break;
+            } // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+            break;
+
+        case ANCHOR:
+            node = new AnchorNode(token.getAnchor()); // possible bug in oniguruma
+            break;
+            
+        case OP_REPEAT:
+        case INTERVAL:
+            if (syntax.contextIndepRepeatOps()) {
+                if (syntax.contextInvalidRepeatOps()) {
+                    newSyntaxException(ERR_TARGET_OF_REPEAT_OPERATOR_NOT_SPECIFIED);
+                } else {
+                    node = new StringNode(); // node_new_empty
+                }
+            } else {
+                // !goto tk_byte;!
+                return parseExpTkByte(group);
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        default:
+            newInternalException(ERR_PARSER_BUG);
+        } //switch
+        
+        //targetp = node;
+        
+        // !re_entry:!
+        fetchToken();
+        
+        // !repeat:!
+        return parseExpRepeat(node, group);
+    }
+    
+    private Node parseExpTkByte(boolean group) {
+        // !tk_byte:!
+        StringNode node = new StringNode(bytes, token.backP, p);
+        while (true) {
+            fetchToken();
+            if (token.type != TokenType.STRING) break;
+            
+            if (token.backP == node.end) {
+                node.end = p; // non escaped character, remain shared, just increase shared range
+            } else {
+                node.cat(bytes, token.backP, p); // non continuous string stream, need to COW 
+            }
+        }       
+        // !string_end:!
+        // targetp = node;
+        // !goto repeat;!
+        return parseExpRepeat(node, group);
+    }
+    
+    private Node parseExpTkRawByte(boolean group) {
+        // !tk_raw_byte:!
+
+        // important: we don't use 0xff mask here neither in the compiler
+        // (in the template string) so we won't have to mask target
+        // strings when comparing against them in the matcher 
+        StringNode node = new StringNode((byte)token.getC());
+        node.setRaw();
+
+        int len = 1;            
+        while (true) {
+            if (len >= enc.minLength()) {               
+                if (len == enc.length(node.bytes, node.p, node.end)) {                  
+                    fetchToken();
+                    node.clearRaw();
+                    // !goto string_end;!
+                    return parseExpRepeat(node, group);
+                }
+            }
+            
+            fetchToken();
+            if (token.type != TokenType.RAW_BYTE) {
+                /* Don't use this, it is wrong for little endian encodings. */
+                // USE_PAD_TO_SHORT_BYTE_CHAR ...
+                
+                newValueException(ERR_TOO_SHORT_MULTI_BYTE_STRING);
+            }
+
+            // important: we don't use 0xff mask here neither in the compiler
+            // (in the template string) so we won't have to mask target
+            // strings when comparing against them in the matcher 
+            node.cat((byte)token.getC());
+            len++;
+        } // while
+    }
+    
+    private Node parseExpRepeat(Node target, boolean group) {
+        // !repeat:!
+        while (token.type == TokenType.OP_REPEAT || token.type == TokenType.INTERVAL) {
+            if (target.isInvalidQuantifier()) newSyntaxException(ERR_TARGET_OF_REPEAT_OPERATOR_INVALID);
+
+            QuantifierNode qtfr = new QuantifierNode(token.getRepeatLower(),
+                                                     token.getRepeatUpper(),
+                                                     token.type == TokenType.INTERVAL);
+            
+            qtfr.greedy = token.getRepeatGreedy();
+            int ret = qtfr.setQuantifier(target, group, env, bytes, getBegin(), getEnd());
+            Node qn = qtfr;
+            
+            if (token.getRepeatPossessive()) {
+                EncloseNode en = new EncloseNode(EncloseType.STOP_BACKTRACK); // node_new_enclose
+                en.setTarget(qn);
+                qn = en;
+            }
+
+            if (ret == 0) {
+                target = qn;
+            } else if (ret == 2) { /* split case: /abc+/ */
+                target = ConsAltNode.newListNode(target, null);
+                ConsAltNode tmp = ((ConsAltNode)target).setCdr(ConsAltNode.newListNode(qn, null));
+                
+                fetchToken();
+                return parseExpRepeatForCar(target, tmp, group);
+            }
+            // !goto re_entry;!
+            fetchToken();
+        }
+        return target;
+    }
+
+    private Node parseExpRepeatForCar(Node top, ConsAltNode target, boolean group) {
+        // !repeat:!
+        while (token.type == TokenType.OP_REPEAT || token.type == TokenType.INTERVAL) {
+            if (target.car.isInvalidQuantifier()) newSyntaxException(ERR_TARGET_OF_REPEAT_OPERATOR_INVALID);
+
+            QuantifierNode qtfr = new QuantifierNode(token.getRepeatLower(),
+                                                     token.getRepeatUpper(),
+                                                     token.type == TokenType.INTERVAL);
+            
+            qtfr.greedy = token.getRepeatGreedy();
+            int ret = qtfr.setQuantifier(target.car, group, env, bytes, getBegin(), getEnd());
+            Node qn = qtfr;
+            
+            if (token.getRepeatPossessive()) {
+                EncloseNode en = new EncloseNode(EncloseType.STOP_BACKTRACK); // node_new_enclose
+                en.setTarget(qn);
+                qn = en;
+            }
+
+            if (ret == 0) {
+                target.setCar(qn);
+            } else if (ret == 2) { /* split case: /abc+/ */
+                assert false;
+            }
+            // !goto re_entry;!
+            fetchToken();
+        }
+        return top;
+    }   
+
+    private Node parseBranch(TokenType term) {
+        Node node = parseExp(term);
+
+        if (token.type == TokenType.EOT || token.type == term || token.type == TokenType.ALT) {
+            return node;
+        } else {
+            ConsAltNode top = ConsAltNode.newListNode(node, null);
+            ConsAltNode t = top;
+            
+            while (token.type != TokenType.EOT && token.type != term && token.type != TokenType.ALT) {
+                node = parseExp(term);
+                if (node.getType() == NodeType.LIST) {
+                    t.setCdr((ConsAltNode)node);
+                    while (((ConsAltNode)node).cdr != null ) node = ((ConsAltNode)node).cdr;
+                    
+                    t = ((ConsAltNode)node);
+                } else {
+                    t.setCdr(ConsAltNode.newListNode(node, null));
+                    t = t.cdr;
+                }
+            }
+            return top;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /* term_tok: TK_EOT or TK_SUBEXP_CLOSE */
+    private Node parseSubExp(TokenType term) {
+        Node node = parseBranch(term);
+
+        if (token.type == term) {
+            return node;
+        } else if (token.type == TokenType.ALT) {
+            ConsAltNode top = ConsAltNode.newAltNode(node, null);
+            ConsAltNode t = top;
+            while (token.type == TokenType.ALT) {
+                fetchToken();
+                node = parseBranch(term);
+                
+                t.setCdr(ConsAltNode.newAltNode(node, null));
+                t = t.cdr;
+            }
+            
+            if (token.type != term) parseSubExpError(term);
+            return top;
+        } else {
+            parseSubExpError(term);
+            return null; //not reached
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void parseSubExpError(TokenType term) {
+        if (term == TokenType.SUBEXP_CLOSE) {
+            newSyntaxException(ERR_END_PATTERN_WITH_UNMATCHED_PARENTHESIS);
+        } else {
+            newInternalException(ERR_PARSER_BUG);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private Node parseRegexp() {
+        fetchToken();
+        return parseSubExp(TokenType.EOT);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/Regex.java b/src/org/joni/Regex.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6308de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/Regex.java
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import static org.joni.BitStatus.bsAt;
+import static org.joni.Option.isCaptureGroup;
+import static org.joni.Option.isDontCaptureGroup;
+
+import java.util.IllegalFormatConversionException;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+import org.jcodings.util.BytesHash;
+import org.joni.constants.AnchorType;
+import org.joni.constants.RegexState;
+import org.joni.exception.ErrorMessages;
+import org.joni.exception.InternalException;
+import org.joni.exception.ValueException;
+
+public final class Regex implements RegexState {
+    
+    int[] code;             /* compiled pattern */
+    int codeLength;
+    boolean stackNeeded;
+    Object[]operands;       /* e.g. shared CClassNode */
+    int operandLength;
+
+    int state;              /* normal, searching, compiling */ // remove
+    int numMem;             /* used memory(...) num counted from 1 */
+    int numRepeat;          /* OP_REPEAT/OP_REPEAT_NG id-counter */
+    int numNullCheck;       /* OP_NULL_CHECK_START/END id counter */
+    int numCombExpCheck;    /* combination explosion check */
+    int numCall;            /* number of subexp call */
+    int captureHistory;     /* (?@...) flag (1-31) */
+    int btMemStart;         /* need backtrack flag */
+    int btMemEnd;           /* need backtrack flag */
+
+    int stackPopLevel;
+
+    int[]repeatRangeLo;
+    int[]repeatRangeHi;
+
+    public WarnCallback warnings;
+    public MatcherFactory factory;
+
+    final Encoding enc;
+    int options;
+    int userOptions;
+    Object userObject;
+    //final Syntax syntax;
+    final int caseFoldFlag;
+    
+    BytesHash<NameEntry> nameTable;        // named entries
+    
+    /* optimization info (string search, char-map and anchors) */
+    SearchAlgorithm searchAlgorithm;        /* optimize flag */
+    int thresholdLength;                    /* search str-length for apply optimize */
+    int anchor;                             /* BEGIN_BUF, BEGIN_POS, (SEMI_)END_BUF */
+    int anchorDmin;                         /* (SEMI_)END_BUF anchor distance */
+    int anchorDmax;                         /* (SEMI_)END_BUF anchor distance */
+    int subAnchor;                          /* start-anchor for exact or map */
+    
+    byte[]exact;
+    int exactP;
+    int exactEnd;
+    
+    byte[]map;                              /* used as BM skip or char-map */
+    int[]intMap;                            /* BM skip for exact_len > 255 */
+    int[]intMapBackward;                    /* BM skip for backward search */
+    int dMin;                               /* min-distance of exact or map */
+    int dMax;                               /* max-distance of exact or map */
+
+    public Regex(byte[]bytes, int p, int end, int option, Encoding enc) {
+        this(bytes, p, end, option, enc, Syntax.RUBY, WarnCallback.DEFAULT);
+    }
+    
+    // onig_new
+    public Regex(byte[]bytes, int p, int end, int option, Encoding enc, Syntax syntax) {
+        this(bytes, p, end, option, Config.ENC_CASE_FOLD_DEFAULT, enc, syntax, WarnCallback.DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    public Regex(byte[]bytes, int p, int end, int option, Encoding enc, WarnCallback warnings) {
+        this(bytes, p, end, option, enc, Syntax.RUBY, warnings);
+    }
+    
+    // onig_new
+    public Regex(byte[]bytes, int p, int end, int option, Encoding enc, Syntax syntax, WarnCallback warnings) {
+        this(bytes, p, end, option, Config.ENC_CASE_FOLD_DEFAULT, enc, syntax, warnings);
+    }
+
+    // onig_alloc_init
+    public Regex(byte[]bytes, int p, int end, int option, int caseFoldFlag, Encoding enc, Syntax syntax, WarnCallback warnings) {
+        
+        if ((option & (Option.DONT_CAPTURE_GROUP | Option.CAPTURE_GROUP)) ==
+            (Option.DONT_CAPTURE_GROUP | Option.CAPTURE_GROUP)) {
+            throw new ValueException(ErrorMessages.ERR_INVALID_COMBINATION_OF_OPTIONS);
+        }
+        
+        if ((option & Option.NEGATE_SINGLELINE) != 0) {
+            option |= syntax.options;
+            option &= ~Option.SINGLELINE;
+        } else {
+            option |= syntax.options;
+        }
+        
+        this.enc = enc;
+        this.options = option;
+        this.caseFoldFlag = caseFoldFlag;
+        this.warnings = warnings;
+
+        new Analyser(new ScanEnvironment(this, syntax), bytes, p, end).compile();
+
+        this.warnings = null;
+    }
+    
+    public Matcher matcher(byte[]bytes) {
+        return matcher(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+    }
+    
+    public Matcher matcher(byte[]bytes, int p, int end) {
+        return factory.create(this, bytes, p, end);
+    }
+    
+    public int numberOfCaptures() {
+        return numMem;
+    }
+    
+    public int numberOfCaptureHistories() {
+        if (Config.USE_CAPTURE_HISTORY) {
+            int n = 0;
+            for (int i=0; i<=Config.MAX_CAPTURE_HISTORY_GROUP; i++) {
+                if (bsAt(captureHistory, i)) n++;
+            }
+            return n;
+        } else {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    String nameTableToString() {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        
+        if (nameTable != null) {
+            sb.append("name table\n");
+            for (NameEntry ne : nameTable) {
+                sb.append("  " + ne + "\n");
+            }
+            sb.append("\n");
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+    
+    NameEntry nameFind(byte[]name, int nameP, int nameEnd) {
+        if (nameTable != null) return nameTable.get(name, nameP, nameEnd);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    void renumberNameTable(int[]map) {
+        if (nameTable != null) {
+            for (NameEntry e : nameTable) {
+                if (e.backNum > 1) {
+                    for (int i=0; i<e.backNum; i++) {
+                        e.backRefs[i] = map[e.backRefs[i]];
+                    }
+                } else if (e.backNum == 1) {
+                    e.backRef1 = map[e.backRef1];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }    
+
+    public int numberOfNames() {
+        return nameTable == null ? 0 : nameTable.size();
+    }
+
+    void nameAdd(byte[]name, int nameP, int nameEnd, int backRef, Syntax syntax) {
+        if (nameEnd - nameP <= 0) throw new ValueException(ErrorMessages.ERR_EMPTY_GROUP_NAME);
+
+        NameEntry e = null;
+        if (nameTable == null) {
+            nameTable = new BytesHash<NameEntry>(); // 13, oni defaults to 5
+        } else {
+            e = nameFind(name, nameP, nameEnd);
+        }
+        
+        if (e == null) {
+            // dup the name here as oni does ?, what for ? (it has to manage it, we don't)
+            e = new NameEntry(name, nameP, nameEnd);
+            nameTable.putDirect(name, nameP, nameEnd, e);
+        } else if (e.backNum >= 1 && !syntax.allowMultiplexDefinitionName()) {
+            throw new ValueException(ErrorMessages.ERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINED_NAME, new String(name, nameP, nameEnd - nameP));
+        }
+
+        e.addBackref(backRef);
+    }
+
+    NameEntry nameToGroupNumbers(byte[]name, int nameP, int nameEnd) {
+        return nameFind(name, nameP, nameEnd);
+    }
+
+    public int nameToBackrefNumber(byte[]name, int nameP, int nameEnd, Region region) {
+        NameEntry e = nameToGroupNumbers(name, nameP, nameEnd);
+        if (e == null) throw new ValueException(ErrorMessages.ERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE,
+                                                new String(name, nameP, nameEnd - nameP));
+
+        switch(e.backNum) {
+        case 0:
+            throw new InternalException(ErrorMessages.ERR_PARSER_BUG);
+        case 1:
+            return e.backRef1;
+        default:
+            if (region != null) {
+                for (int i = e.backNum - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                    if (region.beg[e.backRefs[i]] != Region.REGION_NOTPOS) return e.backRefs[i];
+                }
+            } 
+            return e.backRefs[e.backNum - 1];
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Iterator<NameEntry> namedBackrefIterator() {
+        return nameTable.iterator();
+    }
+
+    public boolean noNameGroupIsActive(Syntax syntax) {
+        if (isDontCaptureGroup(options)) return false;
+        
+        if (Config.USE_NAMED_GROUP) {
+            if (numberOfNames() > 0 && syntax.captureOnlyNamedGroup() && !isCaptureGroup(options)) return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /* set skip map for Boyer-Moor search */
+    void setupBMSkipMap() {
+        byte[]bytes = exact;
+        int p = exactP;
+        int end = exactEnd;
+        int len = end - p;
+
+        if (len < Config.CHAR_TABLE_SIZE) {
+            // map/skip
+            if (map == null) map = new byte[Config.CHAR_TABLE_SIZE];
+
+            for (int i=0; i<Config.CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++) map[i] = (byte)len;
+            for (int i=0; i<len-1; i++) map[bytes[p + i] & 0xff] = (byte)(len - 1 -i); // oxff ??
+        } else {
+            if (intMap == null) intMap = new int[Config.CHAR_TABLE_SIZE];
+            
+            for (int i=0; i<len-1; i++) intMap[bytes[p + i] & 0xff] = len - 1 - i; // oxff ??
+        }
+    }
+
+    void setExactInfo(OptExactInfo e) {
+        if (e.length == 0) return;
+
+        // shall we copy that ?
+        exact = e.s;
+        exactP = 0;
+        exactEnd = e.length;
+
+        if (e.ignoreCase) {
+            // encodings won't return toLowerTable for case insensitive search if it's not safe to use it directly
+            searchAlgorithm = enc.toLowerCaseTable() != null ? SearchAlgorithm.SLOW_IC_SB : new SearchAlgorithm.SLOW_IC(this);
+        } else {
+            boolean allowReverse = enc.isReverseMatchAllowed(exact, exactP, exactEnd);
+            
+            if (e.length >= 3 || (e.length >= 2 && allowReverse)) {
+                setupBMSkipMap();
+                if (allowReverse) {
+                    searchAlgorithm = SearchAlgorithm.BM;
+                } else {
+                    searchAlgorithm = SearchAlgorithm.BM_NOT_REV;                    
+                }
+            } else {
+                searchAlgorithm = enc.isSingleByte() ? SearchAlgorithm.SLOW_SB : SearchAlgorithm.SLOW;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        dMin = e.mmd.min;
+        dMax = e.mmd.max;
+        
+        if (dMin != MinMaxLen.INFINITE_DISTANCE) {
+            thresholdLength = dMin + (exactEnd - exactP);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void setOptimizeMapInfo(OptMapInfo m) {
+        /*
+        for (int i=0; i<Config.CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++) {
+            map[i] = m.map[i]; // do we really have to copy that ???
+        }
+        */
+        map = m.map;
+        
+        searchAlgorithm = enc.isSingleByte() ? SearchAlgorithm.MAP_SB : SearchAlgorithm.MAP;
+        dMin = m.mmd.min;
+        dMax = m.mmd.max;
+        
+        if (dMin != MinMaxLen.INFINITE_DISTANCE) {
+            thresholdLength = dMin + 1;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    void setSubAnchor(OptAnchorInfo anc) {
+        subAnchor |= anc.leftAnchor & AnchorType.BEGIN_LINE;
+        subAnchor |= anc.rightAnchor & AnchorType.END_LINE;
+    }
+
+    void clearOptimizeInfo() {
+        searchAlgorithm = SearchAlgorithm.NONE;
+        anchor = 0;
+        anchorDmax = 0;
+        anchorDmin = 0;
+        subAnchor = 0;
+        
+        exact = null;
+        exactP = exactEnd = 0;
+    }
+    
+    public String encStringToString(byte[]bytes, int p, int end) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("\nPATTERN: /");
+        
+        if (enc.minLength() > 1) {
+            int p_ = p;
+            while (p_ < end) {
+                int code = enc.mbcToCode(bytes, p_, end);
+                if (code >= 0x80) {
+                    try {
+                        sb.append(String.format(" 0x%04x ", code));
+                    } catch (IllegalFormatConversionException ifce) {
+                        sb.append(code);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    sb.append((char)code);
+                }
+                p_ += enc.length(bytes, p_, end);
+            }
+        } else {
+            while (p < end) {
+                sb.append(new String(new byte[]{bytes[p]}));
+                p++;
+            }
+        }
+        return sb.append("/").toString();
+    }
+    
+    public String optimizeInfoToString() {
+        String s = "";
+        s += "optimize: " + searchAlgorithm.getName() + "\n";
+        s += "  anchor:     " + OptAnchorInfo.anchorToString(anchor);
+        
+        if ((anchor & AnchorType.END_BUF_MASK) != 0) {
+            s += MinMaxLen.distanceRangeToString(anchorDmin, anchorDmax);
+        }
+
+        s += "\n";
+
+        if (searchAlgorithm != SearchAlgorithm.NONE) {
+            s += "  sub anchor: " + OptAnchorInfo.anchorToString(subAnchor) + "\n";
+        }
+
+        s += "dmin: " + dMin + " dmax: " + dMax + "\n";
+        s += "threshold length: " + thresholdLength + "\n";
+
+        if (exact != null) {
+            s += "exact: [" + new String(exact, exactP, exactEnd - exactP) + "]: length: " + (exactEnd - exactP) + "\n"; 
+        } else if (searchAlgorithm == SearchAlgorithm.MAP || searchAlgorithm == SearchAlgorithm.MAP_SB) {
+            int n=0;
+            for (int i=0; i<Config.CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++) if (map[i] != 0) n++;
+            
+            s += "map: n = " + n + "\n";
+            if (n > 0) {
+                int c=0;
+                s += "[";
+                for (int i=0; i<Config.CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++) {
+                    if (map[i] != 0) {
+                        if (c > 0) s += ", ";
+                        c++;
+                        if (enc.maxLength() == 1 && enc.isPrint(i)) s += ((char)i);
+                        else s += i;
+                    }
+                }
+                s += "]\n";
+            }
+        }
+        return s;
+    }
+
+    public Encoding getEncoding() {
+        return enc;
+    }
+
+    public int getOptions() {
+        return options;
+    }
+
+    public void setUserOptions(int options) {
+        this.userOptions = options;
+    }
+
+    public int getUserOptions() {
+        return userOptions;
+    }
+
+    public void setUserObject(Object object) {
+        this.userObject = object;
+    }
+
+    public Object getUserObject() {
+        return userObject;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/Region.java b/src/org/joni/Region.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..08b90f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/Region.java
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+public final class Region {
+    static final int REGION_NOTPOS = -1;
+    
+    public final int numRegs;
+    public final int[]beg;
+    public final int[]end;
+    public CaptureTreeNode historyRoot;
+    
+    public Region(int num) {
+        this.numRegs = num;
+        this.beg = new int[num];
+        this.end = new int[num];
+    }
+    
+    public Region(int begin, int end) {
+        this.numRegs = 1;
+        this.beg = new int[]{begin};
+        this.end = new int[]{end};
+    }
+    
+    public Region clone() {
+        Region region = new Region(numRegs);
+        System.arraycopy(beg, 0, region.beg, 0, beg.length);
+        System.arraycopy(end, 0, region.end, 0, end.length);
+        if (historyRoot != null) region.historyRoot = historyRoot.cloneTree();
+        return region;
+    }
+    
+    public String toString() {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append("Region: \n");
+        for (int i=0; i<beg.length; i++) sb.append(" " + i + ": (" + beg[i] + "-" + end[i] + ")");
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+    
+    CaptureTreeNode getCaptureTree() {
+        return historyRoot;
+    }
+    
+    void clear() {
+        for (int i=0; i<beg.length; i++) {
+            beg[i] = end[i] = REGION_NOTPOS;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/ScanEnvironment.java b/src/org/joni/ScanEnvironment.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95dd90a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/ScanEnvironment.java
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import static org.joni.BitStatus.bsClear;
+
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+import org.joni.ast.Node;
+import org.joni.exception.ErrorMessages;
+import org.joni.exception.InternalException;
+
+public final class ScanEnvironment {
+    
+    private static final int SCANENV_MEMNODES_SIZE = 8;
+    
+    int option;
+    final int caseFoldFlag;
+    final public Encoding enc;
+    final public Syntax syntax;
+    int captureHistory;
+    int btMemStart;
+    int btMemEnd;
+    int backrefedMem;
+    
+    final public Regex reg;
+    
+    int numCall;
+    UnsetAddrList unsetAddrList; // USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+    public int numMem;
+
+    int numNamed; // USE_NAMED_GROUP
+    
+    public Node memNodes[];
+    
+    // USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK
+    int numCombExpCheck;
+    int combExpMaxRegNum;
+    int currMaxRegNum;
+    boolean hasRecursion;
+    
+    public ScanEnvironment(Regex regex, Syntax syntax) {
+        this.reg = regex;
+        option = regex.options;
+        caseFoldFlag = regex.caseFoldFlag;
+        enc = regex.enc;
+        this.syntax = syntax;
+    }
+
+    public void clear() {
+        captureHistory = bsClear();
+        btMemStart = bsClear();
+        btMemEnd = bsClear();
+        backrefedMem = bsClear();
+
+        numCall = 0;
+        numMem = 0;
+
+        numNamed = 0;
+
+        memNodes = null;
+
+        numCombExpCheck = 0;
+        combExpMaxRegNum = 0;
+        currMaxRegNum = 0;
+        hasRecursion = false;
+    }
+    
+    public int addMemEntry() {
+        if (numMem++ == 0) {
+            memNodes = new Node[SCANENV_MEMNODES_SIZE];
+        } else if (numMem >= memNodes.length) {
+            Node[]tmp = new Node[memNodes.length << 1];
+            System.arraycopy(memNodes, 0, tmp, 0, memNodes.length);
+            memNodes = tmp;
+        }
+
+        return numMem;
+    }
+    
+    public void setMemNode(int num, Node node) {
+        if (numMem >= num) {
+            memNodes[num] = node;
+        } else {
+            throw new InternalException(ErrorMessages.ERR_PARSER_BUG);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public int convertBackslashValue(int c) {
+        if (syntax.opEscControlChars()) {
+            switch (c) {
+            case 'n': return '\n';
+            case 't': return '\t';
+            case 'r': return '\r';
+            case 'f': return '\f';
+            case 'a': return '\007';
+            case 'b': return '\010';
+            case 'e': return '\033';
+            case 'v':
+                if (syntax.op2EscVVtab()) return 11; // ???
+                break;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return c;
+    }
+    
+    void ccEscWarn(String s) {
+        if (Config.USE_WARN) {
+            if (syntax.warnCCOpNotEscaped() && syntax.backSlashEscapeInCC()) {
+                reg.warnings.warn("character class has '" + s + "' without escape");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    void closeBracketWithoutEscapeWarn(String s) {
+        if (Config.USE_WARN) {
+            if (syntax.warnCCOpNotEscaped()) {
+                reg.warnings.warn("regular expression has '" + s + "' without escape");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/ScannerSupport.java b/src/org/joni/ScannerSupport.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..370d338
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/ScannerSupport.java
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+import org.jcodings.IntHolder;
+import org.joni.exception.ErrorMessages;
+import org.joni.exception.InternalException;
+import org.joni.exception.SyntaxException;
+import org.joni.exception.ValueException;
+
+abstract class ScannerSupport extends IntHolder implements ErrorMessages {
+    protected final Encoding enc;       // fast access to encoding
+    
+    protected final byte[]bytes;        // pattern
+    protected int p;                    // current scanner position
+    protected int stop;                 // pattern end (mutable)
+    private int lastFetched;            // last fetched value for unfetch support
+    protected int c;                    // current code point
+
+    private final int begin;            // pattern begin position for reset() support
+    private final int end;              // pattern end position for reset() support
+    protected int _p;                   // used by mark()/restore() to mark positions
+    
+    protected ScannerSupport(Encoding enc, byte[]bytes, int p, int end) {
+        this.enc = enc;
+        
+        this.bytes = bytes;
+        this.begin = p;
+        this.end = end;
+        
+        reset();
+    }
+    
+    protected int getBegin() {
+        return begin;
+    }
+    
+    protected int getEnd() {
+        return end;
+    }
+    
+    private final int INT_SIGN_BIT = 1 << 31;
+    
+    protected final int scanUnsignedNumber() {
+        int num = 0; // long ???
+        while(left()) {
+            fetch();
+            if (enc.isDigit(c)) {
+                int onum = num;
+                num = num * 10 + Encoding.digitVal(c);
+                if (((onum ^ num) & INT_SIGN_BIT) != 0) return -1;
+            } else {
+                unfetch();              
+                break;
+            }
+        }       
+        return num;     
+    }
+    
+    protected final int scanUnsignedHexadecimalNumber(int maxLength) {
+        int num = 0;
+        while(left() && maxLength-- != 0) {
+            fetch();
+            if (enc.isXDigit(c)) {
+                int onum = num;
+                int val = enc.xdigitVal(c);
+                num = (num << 4) + val;
+                if (((onum ^ num) & INT_SIGN_BIT) != 0) return -1;
+            } else {
+                unfetch();
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return num;
+    }
+    
+    protected final int scanUnsignedOctalNumber(int maxLength) {
+        int num = 0;
+        while(left() && maxLength-- != 0) {
+            fetch();
+            if (enc.isDigit(c) && c < '8') {                
+                int onum = num;             
+                int val = Encoding.odigitVal(c);
+                num = (num << 3) + val;
+                if (((onum ^ num) & INT_SIGN_BIT) != 0) return -1;
+            } else {
+                unfetch();
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return num;     
+    }
+    
+    protected final void reset() {
+        p = begin;
+        stop = end;
+    }
+    
+    protected final void mark() {
+        _p = p;
+    }
+    
+    protected final void restore() {
+        p = _p;
+    }
+    
+    protected final void inc() {
+        lastFetched = p;
+        p += enc.length(bytes, p, stop);
+    }
+    
+    protected final void fetch() {
+        c = enc.mbcToCode(bytes, p, stop);
+        lastFetched = p;
+        p += enc.length(bytes, p, stop);
+    }
+    
+    protected int fetchTo() {
+        int to = enc.mbcToCode(bytes, p, stop);
+        lastFetched = p;
+        p += enc.length(bytes, p, stop);
+        return to;
+    }
+    
+    protected final void unfetch() {
+        p = lastFetched;
+    }
+    
+    protected final int peek() {
+        return p < stop ? enc.mbcToCode(bytes, p, stop) : 0; 
+    }
+    
+    protected final boolean peekIs(int c) {
+        return peek() == c;
+    }
+    
+    protected final boolean left() {
+        return p < stop;
+    }
+    
+    protected void newSyntaxException(String message) {
+        throw new SyntaxException(message);
+    }
+
+    protected void newValueException(String message) {
+        throw new ValueException(message);
+    }
+    
+    protected void newValueException(String message, String str) {
+        throw new ValueException(message, str);
+    }
+
+    protected void newValueException(String message, int p, int end) {
+        throw new ValueException(message, new String(bytes, p, end - p));
+    }
+
+    protected void newInternalException(String message) {
+        throw new InternalException(message);
+    }
+    
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/SearchAlgorithm.java b/src/org/joni/SearchAlgorithm.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36bf877
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/SearchAlgorithm.java
@@ -0,0 +1,528 @@
+package org.joni;
+
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+import org.jcodings.IntHolder;
+
+public abstract class SearchAlgorithm {
+
+    public abstract String getName();
+    public abstract int search(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int textEnd, int textRange);
+    public abstract int searchBackward(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int adjustText, int textEnd, int textStart, int s_, int range_);
+    
+
+    public static final SearchAlgorithm NONE = new SearchAlgorithm() {
+
+        public final String getName() {
+            return "NONE";
+        }
+        
+        public final int search(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int textEnd, int textRange) {
+            return textP;
+        }
+        
+        public final int searchBackward(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int adjustText, int textEnd, int textStart, int s_, int range_) {
+            return textP;
+        }
+        
+    };
+    
+    public static final SearchAlgorithm SLOW = new SearchAlgorithm() {
+        
+        public final String getName() {
+            return "EXACT";
+        }
+        
+        public final int search(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int textEnd, int textRange) {
+            Encoding enc = regex.enc;
+            byte[]target = regex.exact;
+            int targetP = regex.exactP;
+            int targetEnd = regex.exactEnd;
+            
+            
+            int end = textEnd;
+            end -= targetEnd - targetP - 1;
+            
+            if (end > textRange) end = textRange;
+            
+            int s = textP;
+            
+            while (s < end) {
+                if (text[s] == target[targetP]) {
+                    int p = s + 1;
+                    int t = targetP + 1;
+                    while (t < targetEnd) {
+                        if (target[t] != text[p++]) break;
+                        t++;
+                    }
+                    
+                    if (t == targetEnd) return s;
+                }
+                s += enc.length(text, s, textEnd);
+            }
+            
+            return -1;            
+        }
+        
+        public final int searchBackward(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int adjustText, int textEnd, int textStart, int s_, int range_) {
+            Encoding enc = regex.enc;
+            byte[]target = regex.exact;
+            int targetP = regex.exactP;
+            int targetEnd = regex.exactEnd;            
+            
+            int s = textEnd;
+            s -= targetEnd - targetP;
+            
+            if (s > textStart) {
+                s = textStart;
+            } else {
+                s = enc.leftAdjustCharHead(text, adjustText, s, textEnd);
+            }
+            
+            while (s >= textP) {
+                if (text[s] == target[targetP]) {
+                    int p = s + 1;
+                    int t = targetP + 1;
+                    while (t < targetEnd) {
+                        if (target[t] != text[p++]) break;
+                        t++;
+                    }
+                    if (t == targetEnd) return s;
+                }
+                s = enc.prevCharHead(text, adjustText, s, textEnd);
+            }
+            return -1;            
+        }
+    };
+
+    public static final SearchAlgorithm SLOW_SB = new SearchAlgorithm() {
+        
+        public final String getName() {
+            return "EXACT_SB";
+        }
+        
+        public final int search(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int textEnd, int textRange) {
+            byte[]target = regex.exact;
+            int targetP = regex.exactP;
+            int targetEnd = regex.exactEnd;
+            
+            int end = textEnd;
+            end -= targetEnd - targetP - 1;
+            
+            if (end > textRange) end = textRange;
+            
+            int s = textP;
+            
+            while (s < end) {
+                if (text[s] == target[targetP]) {
+                    int p = s + 1;
+                    int t = targetP + 1;
+                    while (t < targetEnd) {
+                        if (target[t] != text[p++]) break;
+                        t++;
+                    }
+                    
+                    if (t == targetEnd) return s;
+                }
+                s++;
+            }
+            
+            return -1;            
+        }
+        
+        public final int searchBackward(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int adjustText, int textEnd, int textStart, int s_, int range_) {
+            byte[]target = regex.exact;
+            int targetP = regex.exactP;
+            int targetEnd = regex.exactEnd;            
+            
+            int s = textEnd;
+            s -= targetEnd - targetP;
+            
+            if (s > textStart) s = textStart;
+            
+            while (s >= textP) {
+                if (text[s] == target[targetP]) {
+                    int p = s + 1;
+                    int t = targetP + 1;
+                    while (t < targetEnd) {
+                        if (target[t] != text[p++]) break;
+                        t++;
+                    }
+                    if (t == targetEnd) return s;
+                }
+                //s = s <= adjustText ? -1 : s - 1;
+                s--;
+            }
+            return -1;            
+        }
+    };
+    
+    
+    public static final class SLOW_IC extends SearchAlgorithm {
+        private final byte[]buf = new byte[Config.ENC_MBC_CASE_FOLD_MAXLEN];
+        private final IntHolder holder = new IntHolder();
+        private final int caseFoldFlag;
+        private final Encoding enc;
+
+        public SLOW_IC(Regex regex) {
+            this.caseFoldFlag = regex.caseFoldFlag;
+            this.enc = regex.enc;
+        }
+        
+        public final String getName() {
+            return "EXACT_IC";
+        }        
+        
+        public final int search(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int textEnd, int textRange) {
+            byte[]target = regex.exact;
+            int targetP = regex.exactP;
+            int targetEnd = regex.exactEnd;
+            
+            int end = textEnd;
+            end -= targetEnd - targetP - 1;
+            
+            if (end > textRange) end = textRange;
+            int s = textP;
+            
+            while (s < end) {
+                if (lowerCaseMatch(target, targetP, targetEnd, text, s, textEnd)) return s;
+                s += enc.length(text, s, textEnd);
+            }
+            return -1;
+        }
+        
+        public final int searchBackward(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int adjustText, int textEnd, int textStart, int s_, int range_) {
+            byte[]target = regex.exact;
+            int targetP = regex.exactP;
+            int targetEnd = regex.exactEnd;
+            
+            int s = textEnd;
+            s -= targetEnd - targetP;
+            
+            if (s > textStart) {
+                s = textStart;
+            } else {
+                s = enc.leftAdjustCharHead(text, adjustText, s, textEnd);
+            }
+            
+            while (s >= textP) {
+                if (lowerCaseMatch(target, targetP, targetEnd, text, s, textEnd)) return s;
+                s = enc.prevCharHead(text, adjustText, s, textEnd);
+            }
+            return -1;            
+        }
+        
+        private boolean lowerCaseMatch(byte[]t, int tP, int tEnd,
+                                       byte[]bytes, int p, int end) {
+
+            holder.value = p;
+            while (tP < tEnd) {
+                int lowlen = enc.mbcCaseFold(caseFoldFlag, bytes, holder, end, buf);
+                if (lowlen == 1) {
+                    if (t[tP++] != buf[0]) return false;
+                } else {
+                    int q = 0;
+                    while (lowlen > 0) {
+                        if (t[tP++] != buf[q++]) return false; 
+                        lowlen--;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+    };
+
+    public static final SearchAlgorithm SLOW_IC_SB = new SearchAlgorithm() {
+
+        public final String getName() {
+            return "EXACT_IC_SB";
+        }        
+        
+        public final int search(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int textEnd, int textRange) {            
+            final byte[]toLowerTable = regex.enc.toLowerCaseTable();
+            byte[]target = regex.exact;
+            int targetP = regex.exactP;
+            int targetEnd = regex.exactEnd;
+            
+            int end = textEnd;
+            end -= targetEnd - targetP - 1;
+            
+            if (end > textRange) end = textRange;
+            int s = textP;
+            
+            while (s < end) {
+                if (target[targetP] == toLowerTable[text[s] & 0xff]) {
+                    int p = s + 1;
+                    int t = targetP + 1;
+                    while (t < targetEnd) {
+                        if (target[t] != toLowerTable[text[p++] & 0xff]) break;
+                        t++;
+                    }
+                    
+                    if (t == targetEnd) return s;
+                }
+                s++;                
+            }
+            return -1;
+        }
+        
+        public final int searchBackward(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int adjustText, int textEnd, int textStart, int s_, int range_) {
+            final byte[]toLowerTable = regex.enc.toLowerCaseTable();
+            byte[]target = regex.exact;
+            int targetP = regex.exactP;
+            int targetEnd = regex.exactEnd;
+            
+            int s = textEnd;
+            s -= targetEnd - targetP;
+            
+            if (s > textStart) s = textStart;
+            
+            while (s >= textP) {
+                if (target[targetP] == toLowerTable[text[s] & 0xff]) {
+                    int p = s + 1;
+                    int t = targetP + 1;
+                    while (t < targetEnd) {
+                        if (target[t] != toLowerTable[text[p++] & 0xff]) break;
+                        t++;
+                    }
+                    if (t == targetEnd) return s;
+                }
+                //s = s <= adjustText ? -1 : s - 1;
+                s--;
+            }
+            return -1;            
+        }
+
+    };    
+    
+    public static final SearchAlgorithm BM = new SearchAlgorithm() {
+        
+        public final String getName() {
+            return "EXACT_BM";
+        }        
+        
+        public final int search(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int textEnd, int textRange) {
+            byte[]target = regex.exact;
+            int targetP = regex.exactP;
+            int targetEnd = regex.exactEnd;            
+            
+            int end = textRange + (targetEnd - targetP) - 1;
+            if (end > textEnd) end = textEnd;
+            
+            int tail = targetEnd - 1;
+            int s = textP + (targetEnd - targetP) - 1;
+            
+            if (regex.intMap == null) {
+                while (s < end) {
+                    int p = s;
+                    int t = tail;
+                    while (t >= targetP && text[p] == target[t]) {
+                        p--; t--;
+                    }
+                    if (t < targetP) return p + 1;
+                    s += regex.map[text[s] & 0xff];
+                }
+            } else { /* see int_map[] */
+                while (s < end) {
+                    int p = s;
+                    int t = tail;
+                    while (t >= targetP && text[p] == target[t]) {
+                        p--; t--;
+                    }
+                    if (t < targetP) return p + 1;
+                    s += regex.intMap[text[s] & 0xff];
+                }
+            }
+            return -1;            
+        }
+        
+        private static final int BM_BACKWARD_SEARCH_LENGTH_THRESHOLD = 100;
+        
+        public final int searchBackward(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int adjustText, int textEnd, int textStart, int s_, int range_) {
+            Encoding enc = regex.enc;
+            byte[]target = regex.exact;
+            int targetP = regex.exactP;
+            int targetEnd = regex.exactEnd;
+            
+            if (regex.intMapBackward == null) {
+                if (s_ - range_ < BM_BACKWARD_SEARCH_LENGTH_THRESHOLD) {
+                    // goto exact_method;
+                    return SLOW.searchBackward(regex, text, textP, adjustText, textEnd, textStart, s_, range_);
+                }
+                setBmBackwardSkip(regex, target, targetP, targetEnd);                    
+            }
+            
+            int s = textEnd - (targetEnd - targetP);
+            
+            if (textStart < s) {
+                s = textStart;
+            } else {
+                s = enc.leftAdjustCharHead(text, adjustText, s, textEnd);
+            }
+            
+            while (s >= textP) {
+                int p = s;
+                int t = targetP;
+                while (t < targetEnd && text[p] == target[t]) {
+                    p++; t++;
+                }
+                if (t == targetEnd) return s;
+                
+                s -= regex.intMapBackward[text[s] & 0xff];
+                s = enc.leftAdjustCharHead(text, adjustText, s, textEnd);
+            }
+            return -1;            
+        }
+        
+        
+        private void setBmBackwardSkip(Regex regex, byte[]bytes, int p, int end) {
+            int[] skip;
+            if (regex.intMapBackward == null) {
+                skip = new int[Config.CHAR_TABLE_SIZE];
+                regex.intMapBackward = skip;
+            } else {
+                skip = regex.intMapBackward;
+            }
+            
+            int len = end - p;
+            
+            for (int i=0; i<Config.CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++) skip[i] = len;
+            for (int i=len-1; i>0; i--) skip[bytes[i] & 0xff] = i;
+        }        
+    };
+    
+    public static final SearchAlgorithm BM_NOT_REV = new SearchAlgorithm() {
+        
+        public final String getName() {
+            return "EXACT_BM_NOT_REV";
+        }        
+        
+        public final int search(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int textEnd, int textRange) {
+            Encoding enc = regex.enc;
+            byte[]target = regex.exact;
+            int targetP = regex.exactP;
+            int targetEnd = regex.exactEnd;              
+            
+            int tail = targetEnd - 1;
+            int tlen1 = tail - targetP;
+            int end = textRange;
+            
+            if (Config.DEBUG_SEARCH) {
+                Config.log.println("bm_search_notrev: "+
+                                    "text: " + textP +
+                                    ", text_end: " + textEnd +
+                                    ", text_range: " + textRange);
+            }
+            
+            if (end + tlen1 > textEnd) end = textEnd - tlen1;
+            
+            int s = textP;
+            
+            if (regex.intMap == null) {
+                while (s < end) {
+                    int p, se;
+                    p = se = s + tlen1;
+                    int t = tail;
+                    while (t >= targetP && text[p] == target[t]) {
+                        p--; t--;
+                    }
+                    
+                    if (t < targetP) return s;
+                    
+                    int skip = regex.map[text[se] & 0xff];
+                    t = s;
+                    do {
+                        s += enc.length(text, s, textEnd);
+                    } while ((s - t) < skip && s < end);
+                }
+            } else {
+                while (s < end) {
+                    int p, se;
+                    p = se = s + tlen1;
+                    int t = tail;
+                    while (t >= targetP && text[p] == target[t]) {
+                        p--; t--;
+                    }
+                    
+                    if (t < targetP) return s;
+                    
+                    int skip = regex.intMap[text[se] & 0xff];
+                    t = s;
+                    do {
+                        s += enc.length(text, s, textEnd);
+                    } while ((s - t) < skip && s < end);
+                    
+                }
+            }
+            return -1;            
+        }
+        
+        public final int searchBackward(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int adjustText, int textEnd, int textStart, int s_, int range_) {
+            return BM.searchBackward(regex, text, textP, adjustText, textEnd, textStart, s_, range_);
+        }
+    };
+    
+    
+    public static final SearchAlgorithm MAP = new SearchAlgorithm() {
+
+        public final String getName() {
+            return "MAP";
+        }        
+        
+        // TODO: check 1.9 inconsistent calls to map_search
+        public final int search(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int textEnd, int textRange) {
+            Encoding enc = regex.enc;
+            byte[]map = regex.map;
+            int s = textP;
+
+            while (s < textRange) {
+                if (map[text[s] & 0xff] != 0) return s;
+                s += enc.length(text, s, textEnd);
+            }
+            return -1;
+        }
+        
+        public final int searchBackward(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int adjustText, int textEnd, int textStart, int s_, int range_) {
+            Encoding enc = regex.enc;
+            byte[]map = regex.map;
+            int s = textStart;
+
+            if (s >= textEnd) s = textEnd - 1; // multibyte safe ? 
+            while (s >= textP) {
+                if (map[text[s] & 0xff] != 0) return s;
+                s = enc.prevCharHead(text, adjustText, s, textEnd);
+            }
+            return -1;
+        }
+    };
+
+    public static final SearchAlgorithm MAP_SB = new SearchAlgorithm() {
+
+        public final String getName() {
+            return "MAP_SB";
+        }        
+        
+        public final int search(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int textEnd, int textRange) {
+            byte[]map = regex.map;
+            int s = textP;
+            
+            while (s < textRange) {
+                if (map[text[s] & 0xff] != 0) return s;
+                s++;
+            }
+            return -1;
+        }
+        
+        public final int searchBackward(Regex regex, byte[]text, int textP, int adjustText, int textEnd, int textStart, int s_, int range_) {
+            byte[]map = regex.map;
+            int s = textStart;
+
+            if (s >= textEnd) s = textEnd - 1; 
+            while (s >= textP) {
+                if (map[text[s] & 0xff] != 0) return s;
+                s--;
+            }
+            return -1;
+        }
+    };   
+    
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/StackEntry.java b/src/org/joni/StackEntry.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..001c98d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/StackEntry.java
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+final class StackEntry {
+    int type;
+    private int E1, E2, E3, E4;
+    
+    // first union member
+    /* byte code position */
+    void setStatePCode(int pcode) {
+        E1 = pcode;
+    }
+    int getStatePCode() {
+        return E1;
+    }
+    /* string position */
+    void setStatePStr(int pstr) {
+        E2 = pstr;
+    }
+    int getStatePStr() {
+        return E2;
+    }
+    /* previous char position of pstr */
+    void setStatePStrPrev(int pstrPrev) {
+        E3 = pstrPrev;
+    }
+    int getStatePStrPrev() {
+        return E3;
+    }
+
+    void setStateCheck(int check) {
+        E4 = check;
+    }
+    int getStateCheck() {
+        return E4;
+    }
+    
+    // second union member
+    /* for OP_REPEAT_INC, OP_REPEAT_INC_NG */
+    void setRepeatCount(int count) {
+        E1 = count;
+    }
+    int getRepeatCount() {
+        return E1;
+    }
+    void decreaseRepeatCount() {
+        E1--;
+    }    
+    void increaseRepeatCount() {
+        E1++;
+    }
+    /* byte code position (head of repeated target) */
+    void setRepeatPCode(int pcode) {
+        E2 = pcode;
+    }
+    int getRepeatPCode() {
+        return E2;
+    }
+    /* repeat id */
+    void setRepeatNum(int num) {
+        E3 = num;
+    }
+    int getRepeatNum() {
+        return E3;
+    }
+    
+    // third union member
+    /* index of stack */ /*int repeat_inc struct*/
+    void setSi(int si) {
+        E1 = si;
+    }
+    int getSi() {
+        return E1;
+    }
+    
+    // fourth union member
+    /* memory num */
+    void setMemNum(int num) {
+        E1 = num;
+    }
+    int getMemNum() {
+        return E1;
+    }
+    /* start/end position */
+    void setMemPstr(int pstr) {
+        E2 = pstr;
+    }
+    int getMemPStr() {
+        return E2;
+    }
+    
+    /* Following information is set, if this stack type is MEM-START */
+    /* prev. info (for backtrack  "(...)*" ) */
+    void setMemStart(int start) {
+        E3 = start;
+    }
+    int getMemStart() {
+        return E3;
+    }
+    /* prev. info (for backtrack  "(...)*" ) */
+    void setMemEnd(int end) {
+        E4 = end;
+    }
+    int getMemEnd() {
+        return E4;
+    }
+    
+    // fifth union member
+    /* null check id */
+    void setNullCheckNum(int num) {
+        E1 = num;
+    }
+    int getNullCheckNum() {
+        return E1;
+    }
+    /* start position */
+    void setNullCheckPStr(int pstr) {
+        E2 = pstr;
+    }
+    int getNullCheckPStr() {
+        return E2;
+    } 
+    
+    // sixth union member
+    /* byte code position */
+    void setCallFrameRetAddr(int addr) {
+        E1 = addr;
+    }
+    int getCallFrameRetAddr() {
+        return E1;
+    }
+    /* null check id */
+    void setCallFrameNum(int num) {
+        E2 = num;
+    }
+    int getCallFrameNum() {
+        return E2;
+    }
+    /* string position */
+    void setCallFramePStr(int pstr) {
+        E3 = pstr;
+    }
+    int getCallFramePStr() {        
+        return E3;        
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/StackMachine.java b/src/org/joni/StackMachine.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fe60a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/StackMachine.java
@@ -0,0 +1,621 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import static org.joni.BitStatus.bsAt;
+
+import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import org.joni.constants.StackPopLevel;
+import org.joni.constants.StackType;
+
+abstract class StackMachine extends Matcher implements StackType {
+    protected static final int INVALID_INDEX = -1;
+    
+    protected StackEntry[]stack;
+    protected int stk;  // stkEnd
+
+    protected final int[]repeatStk;
+    protected final int memStartStk, memEndStk;
+
+    // CEC
+    protected byte[] stateCheckBuff; // move to int[] ?
+    int stateCheckBuffSize;    
+
+    protected StackMachine(Regex regex, byte[]bytes, int p , int end) {
+        super(regex, bytes, p, end);
+
+        this.stack = regex.stackNeeded ? fetchStack() : null;
+        int n = regex.numRepeat + (regex.numMem << 1);
+        this.repeatStk = n > 0 ? new int[n] : null;
+        
+        memStartStk = regex.numRepeat - 1;
+        memEndStk   = memStartStk + regex.numMem;
+        /* for index start from 1, mem_start_stk[1]..mem_start_stk[num_mem] */
+        /* for index start from 1, mem_end_stk[1]..mem_end_stk[num_mem] */
+    }
+
+    private static StackEntry[] allocateStack() {
+        StackEntry[]stack = new StackEntry[Config.INIT_MATCH_STACK_SIZE];
+        stack[0] = new StackEntry();
+        return stack;
+    }
+    
+    private void doubleStack() {
+        StackEntry[] newStack = new StackEntry[stack.length << 1];
+        System.arraycopy(stack, 0, newStack, 0, stack.length);
+        stack = newStack;
+    }    
+    
+    static final ThreadLocal<WeakReference<StackEntry[]>> stacks
+            = new ThreadLocal<WeakReference<StackEntry[]>>() {
+        @Override
+        protected WeakReference<StackEntry[]> initialValue() {
+            return new WeakReference<StackEntry[]>(allocateStack());
+        }
+    };
+
+    private static StackEntry[] fetchStack() {
+        WeakReference<StackEntry[]> ref = stacks.get();
+        StackEntry[] stack = ref.get();
+        if (stack == null) {
+            ref = new WeakReference<StackEntry[]>(stack = allocateStack());
+            stacks.set(ref);
+        }
+        return stack;
+    }
+
+    protected final void init() {
+        if (stack != null) pushEnsured(ALT, regex.codeLength - 1); /* bottom stack */
+        if (repeatStk != null) {
+            for (int i=1; i<=regex.numMem; i++) { 
+                repeatStk[i + memStartStk] = repeatStk[i + memEndStk] = INVALID_INDEX;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected final StackEntry ensure1() {
+        if (stk >= stack.length) doubleStack();
+        StackEntry e = stack[stk];
+        if (e == null) stack[stk] = e = new StackEntry();
+        return e;
+    }
+    
+    protected final void pushType(int type) {
+        ensure1().type = type;
+        stk++;
+    }
+
+    // CEC
+
+    // STATE_CHECK_POS
+    private int stateCheckPos(int s, int snum) {
+        return (s - str) * regex.numCombExpCheck + (snum - 1);
+    }
+
+    // STATE_CHECK_VAL
+    protected final boolean stateCheckVal(int s, int snum) {
+        if (stateCheckBuff != null) {
+            int x = stateCheckPos(s, snum);
+            return (stateCheckBuff[x / 8] & (1 << (x % 8))) != 0;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // ELSE_IF_STATE_CHECK_MARK
+    private void stateCheckMark() {
+        StackEntry e = stack[stk];
+        int x = stateCheckPos(e.getStatePStr(), e.getStateCheck());
+        stateCheckBuff[x / 8] |= (1 << (x % 8)); 
+    }
+
+    // STATE_CHECK_BUFF_INIT
+    private static final int STATE_CHECK_BUFF_MALLOC_THRESHOLD_SIZE = 16;
+    protected final void stateCheckBuffInit(int strLength, int offset, int stateNum) {
+        if (stateNum > 0 && strLength >= Config.CHECK_STRING_THRESHOLD_LEN) {
+            int size = ((strLength + 1) * stateNum + 7) >>> 3;
+            offset = (offset * stateNum) >>> 3;
+            
+            if (size > 0 && offset < size && size < Config.CHECK_BUFF_MAX_SIZE) {
+                if (size >= STATE_CHECK_BUFF_MALLOC_THRESHOLD_SIZE) {
+                    stateCheckBuff = new byte[size]; 
+                } else {
+                    // same impl, reduce...
+                    stateCheckBuff = new byte[size];
+                }
+                Arrays.fill(stateCheckBuff, offset, (size - offset), (byte)0);
+                stateCheckBuffSize = size;                
+            } else {
+                stateCheckBuff = null; // reduce
+                stateCheckBuffSize = 0;
+            }
+        } else {
+            stateCheckBuff = null; // reduce
+            stateCheckBuffSize = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected final void stateCheckBuffClear() {
+        stateCheckBuff = null;
+        stateCheckBuffSize = 0;
+    }
+
+    private void push(int type, int pat, int s, int prev) {
+        StackEntry e = ensure1();
+        e.type = type;
+        e.setStatePCode(pat);
+        e.setStatePStr(s);
+        e.setStatePStrPrev(prev);
+        if (Config.USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK) e.setStateCheck(0);
+        stk++;
+    }
+
+    protected final void pushEnsured(int type, int pat) {
+        StackEntry e = stack[stk];
+        e.type = type;
+        e.setStatePCode(pat);
+        if (Config.USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK) e.setStateCheck(0);
+        stk++;
+    }
+    
+    protected final void pushAltWithStateCheck(int pat, int s, int sprev, int snum) {
+        StackEntry e = ensure1();
+        e.type = ALT;
+        e.setStatePCode(pat);
+        e.setStatePStr(s);
+        e.setStatePStrPrev(sprev);        
+        if (Config.USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK) e.setStateCheck(stateCheckBuff != null ? snum : 0);        
+        stk++;
+    }
+    
+    protected final void pushStateCheck(int s, int snum) {
+        if (stateCheckBuff != null) {
+            StackEntry e = ensure1();
+            e.type = STATE_CHECK_MARK;
+            e.setStatePStr(s);
+            e.setStateCheck(snum);
+            stk++;
+        }        
+    }
+
+    protected final void pushAlt(int pat, int s, int prev) {
+        push(ALT, pat, s, prev);
+    }
+    
+    protected final void pushPos(int s, int prev) {
+        push(POS, -1 /*NULL_UCHARP*/, s, prev);
+    }
+    
+    protected final void pushPosNot(int pat, int s, int prev) {
+        push(POS_NOT, pat, s, prev);
+    }
+    
+    protected final void pushStopBT() { 
+        pushType(STOP_BT);
+    }
+    
+    protected final void pushLookBehindNot(int pat, int s, int sprev) {
+        push(LOOK_BEHIND_NOT, pat, s, sprev);
+    }
+    
+    protected final void pushRepeat(int id, int pat) {        
+        StackEntry e = ensure1();
+        e.type = REPEAT;
+        e.setRepeatNum(id);
+        e.setRepeatPCode(pat);
+        e.setRepeatCount(0);
+        stk++;
+    }
+    
+    protected final void pushRepeatInc(int sindex) {
+        StackEntry e = ensure1();
+        e.type = REPEAT_INC;
+        e.setSi(sindex);
+        stk++;
+    }
+    
+    protected final void pushMemStart(int mnum, int s) {
+        StackEntry e = ensure1();
+        e.type = MEM_START;
+        e.setMemNum(mnum);
+        e.setMemPstr(s);
+        e.setMemStart(repeatStk[memStartStk + mnum]);
+        e.setMemEnd(repeatStk[memEndStk + mnum]);
+        repeatStk[memStartStk + mnum] = stk; 
+        repeatStk[memEndStk + mnum] = INVALID_INDEX;
+        stk++;
+    }
+
+    protected final void pushMemEnd(int mnum, int s) {
+        StackEntry e = ensure1();
+        e.type = MEM_END;
+        e.setMemNum(mnum);        
+        e.setMemPstr(s);
+        e.setMemStart(repeatStk[memStartStk + mnum]);
+        e.setMemEnd(repeatStk[memEndStk + mnum]);
+        repeatStk[memEndStk + mnum] = stk;
+        stk++;
+    }    
+    
+    protected final void pushMemEndMark(int mnum) {
+        StackEntry e = ensure1();
+        e.type = MEM_END_MARK;
+        e.setMemNum(mnum);
+        stk++;
+    }
+    
+    protected final int getMemStart(int mnum) {
+        int level = 0;
+        int stkp = stk;
+        
+        while (stkp > 0) {
+            stkp--;
+            StackEntry e = stack[stkp];
+            if ((e.type & MASK_MEM_END_OR_MARK) != 0 && e.getMemNum() == mnum) {
+                level++;
+            } else if (e.type == MEM_START && e.getMemNum() == mnum) {
+                if (level == 0) break;
+                level--;
+            }
+        }
+        return stkp;
+    }
+    
+    protected final void pushNullCheckStart(int cnum, int s) {
+        StackEntry e = ensure1();
+        e.type = NULL_CHECK_START;
+        e.setNullCheckNum(cnum);
+        e.setNullCheckPStr(s);
+        stk++;
+    }
+    
+    protected final void pushNullCheckEnd(int cnum) {
+        StackEntry e = ensure1();
+        e.type = NULL_CHECK_END;
+        e.setNullCheckNum(cnum);
+        stk++;
+    }
+    
+    protected final void pushCallFrame(int pat) {
+        StackEntry e = ensure1();
+        e.type = CALL_FRAME;
+        e.setCallFrameRetAddr(pat);
+        stk++;
+    }
+    
+    protected final void pushReturn() {
+        StackEntry e = ensure1();
+        e.type = RETURN;
+        stk++;
+    }
+    
+    // stack debug routines here
+    // ...
+    
+    protected final void popOne() {
+        stk--;
+    }
+
+    protected final StackEntry pop() {
+        switch (regex.stackPopLevel) {
+        case StackPopLevel.FREE:
+            return popFree();
+        case StackPopLevel.MEM_START:
+            return popMemStart();
+        default:
+            return popDefault();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private StackEntry popFree() {
+        while (true) {
+            StackEntry e = stack[--stk];
+            
+            if ((e.type & MASK_POP_USED) != 0) {
+                return e;
+            } else if (Config.USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK) {
+                if (e.type == STATE_CHECK_MARK) stateCheckMark();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private StackEntry popMemStart() {
+        while (true) {
+            StackEntry e = stack[--stk];
+            
+            if ((e.type & MASK_POP_USED) != 0) { 
+                return e;
+            } else if (e.type == MEM_START) {
+                repeatStk[memStartStk + e.getMemNum()] = e.getMemStart();
+                repeatStk[memEndStk + e.getMemNum()] = e.getMemEnd();
+            } else if (Config.USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK) {
+                if (e.type == STATE_CHECK_MARK) stateCheckMark();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private StackEntry popDefault() {
+        while (true) {
+            StackEntry e = stack[--stk];
+
+            if ((e.type & MASK_POP_USED) != 0) {
+                return e;
+            } else if (e.type == MEM_START) {
+                repeatStk[memStartStk + e.getMemNum()] = e.getMemStart();
+                repeatStk[memEndStk + e.getMemNum()] = e.getMemEnd();
+            } else if (e.type == REPEAT_INC) {
+                //int si = stack[stk + IREPEAT_INC_SI];
+                //stack[si + IREPEAT_COUNT]--;
+                stack[e.getSi()].decreaseRepeatCount();
+            } else if (e.type == MEM_END) {
+                repeatStk[memStartStk + e.getMemNum()] = e.getMemStart();
+                repeatStk[memEndStk + e.getMemNum()] = e.getMemEnd();                
+            } else if (Config.USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK) {                    
+                if (e.type == STATE_CHECK_MARK) stateCheckMark();                    
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected final void popTilPosNot() {
+        while (true) {
+            stk--;
+            StackEntry e = stack[stk];
+            
+            if (e.type == POS_NOT) {
+                break;
+            } else if (e.type == MEM_START) {
+                repeatStk[memStartStk + e.getMemNum()] = e.getMemStart();
+                repeatStk[memEndStk + e.getMemNum()] = e.getMemStart();
+            } else if (e.type == REPEAT_INC) {
+                //int si = stack[stk + IREPEAT_INC_SI];
+                //stack[si + IREPEAT_COUNT]--;
+                stack[e.getSi()].decreaseRepeatCount();
+            } else if (e.type == MEM_END){
+                repeatStk[memStartStk + e.getMemNum()] = e.getMemStart();
+                repeatStk[memEndStk + e.getMemNum()] = e.getMemStart();
+            } else if (Config.USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK) {
+                if (e.type == STATE_CHECK_MARK) stateCheckMark();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected final void popTilLookBehindNot() {
+        while (true) {
+            stk--;
+            StackEntry e = stack[stk];
+            
+            if (e.type == LOOK_BEHIND_NOT) {
+                break;
+            } else if (e.type == MEM_START) {
+                repeatStk[memStartStk + e.getMemNum()] = e.getMemStart();
+                repeatStk[memEndStk + e.getMemNum()] = e.getMemEnd();
+            } else if (e.type == REPEAT_INC) {
+                //int si = stack[stk + IREPEAT_INC_SI];
+                //stack[si + IREPEAT_COUNT]--;
+                stack[e.getSi()].decreaseRepeatCount();
+            } else if (e.type == MEM_END) {
+                repeatStk[memStartStk + e.getMemNum()] = e.getMemStart();
+                repeatStk[memEndStk + e.getMemNum()] = e.getMemEnd();
+            } else if (Config.USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK) {
+                if (e.type == STATE_CHECK_MARK) stateCheckMark();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected final int posEnd() {
+        int k = stk;
+        while (true) {
+            k--;
+            StackEntry e = stack[k];
+            if ((e.type & MASK_TO_VOID_TARGET) != 0) {
+                e.type = VOID;
+            } else if (e.type == POS) {
+                e.type = VOID;
+                break;                
+            }
+        }
+        return k;
+    }
+    
+    protected final void stopBtEnd() {
+        int k = stk;
+        while (true) {
+            k--;
+            StackEntry e = stack[k];
+
+            if ((e.type & MASK_TO_VOID_TARGET) != 0) {
+                e.type = VOID;
+            } else if (e.type == STOP_BT) {
+                e.type = VOID;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // int for consistency with other null check routines
+    protected final int nullCheck(int id, int s) {
+        int k = stk;
+        while (true) {
+            k--;
+            StackEntry e = stack[k];
+            
+            if (e.type == NULL_CHECK_START) {
+                if (e.getNullCheckNum() == id) {
+                    return e.getNullCheckPStr() == s ? 1 : 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected final int nullCheckRec(int id, int s) {
+        int level = 0;
+        int k = stk;
+        while (true) {
+            k--;
+            StackEntry e = stack[k];
+            
+            if (e.type == NULL_CHECK_START) {
+                if (e.getNullCheckNum() == id) {
+                    if (level == 0) {
+                        return e.getNullCheckPStr() == s ? 1 : 0;
+                    } else {
+                        level--;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (e.type == NULL_CHECK_END) {
+                level++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected final int nullCheckMemSt(int id, int s) {
+        int k = stk;
+        int isNull;
+        while (true) {
+            k--;
+            StackEntry e = stack[k];
+            
+            if (e.type == NULL_CHECK_START) {
+                if (e.getNullCheckNum() == id) {
+                    if (e.getNullCheckPStr() != s) {
+                        isNull = 0;
+                        break;
+                    } else {
+                        int endp;
+                        isNull = 1;
+                        while (k < stk) {
+                            if (e.type == MEM_START) {
+                                if (e.getMemEnd() == INVALID_INDEX) {
+                                    isNull = 0;
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                                if (bsAt(regex.btMemEnd, e.getMemNum())) {
+                                    endp = stack[e.getMemEnd()].getMemPStr();
+                                } else {
+                                    endp = e.getMemEnd();
+                                }
+                                if (stack[e.getMemStart()].getMemPStr() != endp) {
+                                    isNull = 0;
+                                    break;
+                                } else if (endp != s) {
+                                    isNull = -1; /* empty, but position changed */
+                                }
+                            }
+                            k++;
+                            e = stack[k]; // !!
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return isNull;
+    }
+    
+    protected final int nullCheckMemStRec(int id, int s) {
+        int level = 0;
+        int k = stk;
+        int isNull;
+        while (true) {
+            k--;
+            StackEntry e = stack[k];
+
+            if (e.type == NULL_CHECK_START) {
+                if (e.getNullCheckNum() == id) {
+                    if (level == 0) {
+                        if (e.getNullCheckPStr() != s) {
+                            isNull = 0;
+                            break;
+                        } else {
+                            int endp;
+                            isNull = 1;
+                            while (k < stk) {
+                                if (e.type == MEM_START) {
+                                    if (e.getMemEnd() == INVALID_INDEX) {
+                                        isNull = 0;
+                                        break;
+                                    }
+                                    if (bsAt(regex.btMemEnd, e.getMemNum())) {
+                                        endp = stack[e.getMemEnd()].getMemPStr();
+                                    } else {
+                                        endp = e.getMemEnd();
+                                    }
+                                    if (stack[e.getMemStart()].getMemPStr() != endp) {
+                                        isNull = 0;
+                                        break;
+                                    } else if (endp != s) {
+                                        isNull = -1;; /* empty, but position changed */
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                k++;
+                                e = stack[k];
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        level--;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (e.type == NULL_CHECK_END) {
+                if (e.getNullCheckNum() == id) level++;
+            }
+        }
+        return isNull;
+    }
+    
+    protected final int getRepeat(int id) {
+        int level = 0;
+        int k = stk;
+        while (true) {
+            k--;
+            StackEntry e = stack[k];
+            
+            if (e.type == REPEAT) {
+                if (level == 0) {
+                    if (e.getRepeatNum() == id) return k;
+                }
+            } else if (e.type == CALL_FRAME) {
+                level--;
+            } else if (e.type == RETURN) {
+                level++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected final int sreturn() {
+        int level = 0;
+        int k = stk;
+        while (true) {
+            k--;
+            StackEntry e = stack[k];
+            
+            if (e.type == CALL_FRAME) {            
+                if (level == 0) {
+                    return e.getCallFrameRetAddr();
+                } else {
+                    level--;
+                }
+            } else if (e.type == RETURN) {
+                level++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/Syntax.java b/src/org/joni/Syntax.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b89abe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/Syntax.java
@@ -0,0 +1,606 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import static org.joni.constants.MetaChar.INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR;
+
+import org.joni.constants.SyntaxProperties;
+
+public final class Syntax implements SyntaxProperties{
+    private final int op;   
+    private final int op2;
+    private final int behavior;
+    public final int options;
+    public final MetaCharTable metaCharTable;
+
+    public Syntax(int op, int op2, int behavior, int options, MetaCharTable metaCharTable) {
+        this.op = op;
+        this.op2 = op2;
+        this.behavior = behavior;
+        this.options = options;
+        this.metaCharTable = metaCharTable;
+    }
+
+    public static class MetaCharTable {
+        public final int esc;   
+        public final int anyChar;
+        public final int anyTime;
+        public final int zeroOrOneTime;
+        public final int oneOrMoreTime;
+        public final int anyCharAnyTime;
+        
+        public MetaCharTable(int esc, int anyChar, int anyTime, 
+                             int zeroOrOneTime, int oneOrMoreTime, int anyCharAnyTime) {
+            this.esc = esc;
+            this.anyChar = anyChar;
+            this.anyTime = anyTime;
+            this.zeroOrOneTime = zeroOrOneTime;
+            this.oneOrMoreTime = oneOrMoreTime;  
+            this.anyCharAnyTime = anyCharAnyTime;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * OP
+     * 
+     */
+    protected boolean isOp(int opm) {
+        return (op & opm) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean opVariableMetaCharacters() { 
+        return isOp(OP_VARIABLE_META_CHARACTERS);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean opDotAnyChar() { 
+        return isOp(OP_DOT_ANYCHAR);
+    }
+
+    public boolean opAsteriskZeroInf() { 
+        return isOp(OP_ASTERISK_ZERO_INF);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean opEscAsteriskZeroInf() { 
+        return isOp(OP_ESC_ASTERISK_ZERO_INF);
+    }
+
+    public boolean opPlusOneInf() { 
+        return isOp(OP_PLUS_ONE_INF);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean opEscPlusOneInf() { 
+        return isOp(OP_ESC_PLUS_ONE_INF);
+    }
+
+    public boolean opQMarkZeroOne() { 
+        return isOp(OP_QMARK_ZERO_ONE);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean opEscQMarkZeroOne() { 
+        return isOp(OP_ESC_QMARK_ZERO_ONE);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean opBraceInterval() { 
+        return isOp(OP_BRACE_INTERVAL);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean opEscBraceInterval() { 
+        return isOp(OP_ESC_BRACE_INTERVAL);
+    }
+
+    public boolean opVBarAlt() { 
+        return isOp(OP_VBAR_ALT);
+    }
+
+    public boolean opEscVBarAlt() { 
+        return isOp(OP_ESC_VBAR_ALT);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean opLParenSubexp() { 
+        return isOp(OP_LPAREN_SUBEXP);
+    }
+
+    public boolean opEscLParenSubexp() { 
+        return isOp(OP_ESC_LPAREN_SUBEXP);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean opEscAZBufAnchor() { 
+        return isOp(OP_ESC_AZ_BUF_ANCHOR);
+    }
+
+    public boolean opEscCapitalGBeginAnchor() { 
+        return isOp(OP_ESC_CAPITAL_G_BEGIN_ANCHOR);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean opDecimalBackref() { 
+        return isOp(OP_DECIMAL_BACKREF);
+    }
+
+    public boolean opBracketCC() { 
+        return isOp(OP_BRACKET_CC);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean opEscWWord() { 
+        return isOp(OP_ESC_W_WORD);
+    }
+
+    public boolean opEscLtGtWordBeginEnd() { 
+        return isOp(OP_ESC_LTGT_WORD_BEGIN_END);
+    }
+
+    public boolean opEscBWordBound() {
+        return isOp(OP_ESC_B_WORD_BOUND);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean opEscSWhiteSpace() {
+        return isOp(OP_ESC_S_WHITE_SPACE);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean opEscDDigit() { 
+        return isOp(OP_ESC_D_DIGIT);
+    }
+
+    public boolean opLineAnchor() { 
+        return isOp(OP_LINE_ANCHOR);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean opPosixBracket() { 
+        return isOp(OP_POSIX_BRACKET);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean opQMarkNonGreedy() { 
+        return isOp(OP_QMARK_NON_GREEDY);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean opEscControlChars() { 
+        return isOp(OP_ESC_CONTROL_CHARS);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean opEscCControl() { 
+        return isOp(OP_ESC_C_CONTROL);
+    }
+
+    public boolean opEscOctal3() { 
+        return isOp(OP_ESC_OCTAL3);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean opEscXHex2() { 
+        return isOp(OP_ESC_X_HEX2);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean opEscXBraceHex8() { 
+        return isOp(OP_ESC_X_BRACE_HEX8);
+    }
+    
+
+    /**
+     * OP
+     * 
+     */
+    protected boolean isOp2(int opm) {
+        return (op2 & opm) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean op2EscCapitalQQuote() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_Q_QUOTE);
+    }   
+    
+    public boolean op2QMarkGroupEffect() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_QMARK_GROUP_EFFECT);
+    }   
+
+    public boolean op2OptionPerl() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_OPTION_PERL);
+    }   
+
+    public boolean op2OptionRuby() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_OPTION_RUBY);
+    }   
+    
+    public boolean op2PlusPossessiveRepeat() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_PLUS_POSSESSIVE_REPEAT);
+    }   
+
+    public boolean op2PlusPossessiveInterval() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_PLUS_POSSESSIVE_INTERVAL);
+    }   
+    
+    public boolean op2CClassSetOp() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_CCLASS_SET_OP);
+    }   
+
+    public boolean op2QMarkLtNamedGroup() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_QMARK_LT_NAMED_GROUP);
+    }   
+
+    public boolean op2EscKNamedBackref() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_ESC_K_NAMED_BACKREF);
+    }   
+    
+    public boolean op2EscGSubexpCall() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_ESC_G_SUBEXP_CALL);
+    }   
+
+    public boolean op2AtMarkCaptureHistory() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_ATMARK_CAPTURE_HISTORY);
+    }   
+    
+    public boolean op2EscCapitalCBarControl() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_C_BAR_CONTROL);
+    }   
+
+    public boolean op2EscCapitalMBarMeta() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_M_BAR_META);
+    }   
+    
+    public boolean op2EscVVtab() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_ESC_V_VTAB);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean op2EscUHex4() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_ESC_U_HEX4);
+    }   
+    
+    public boolean op2EscGnuBufAnchor() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_ESC_GNU_BUF_ANCHOR);
+    }   
+    
+    public boolean op2EscPBraceCharProperty() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_ESC_P_BRACE_CHAR_PROPERTY);
+    }   
+
+    public boolean op2EscPBraceCircumflexNot() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_ESC_P_BRACE_CIRCUMFLEX_NOT);
+    }   
+
+    public boolean op2EscHXDigit() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_ESC_H_XDIGIT);
+    }   
+    
+    public boolean op2IneffectiveEscape() { 
+        return isOp2(OP2_INEFFECTIVE_ESCAPE);
+    }   
+    
+    /**
+     * BEHAVIOR
+     * 
+     */
+    protected boolean isBehavior(int bvm) {
+        return (behavior & bvm) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean contextIndepRepeatOps() {
+        return isBehavior(CONTEXT_INDEP_REPEAT_OPS); 
+    }
+    
+    public boolean contextInvalidRepeatOps() {
+        return isBehavior(CONTEXT_INVALID_REPEAT_OPS); 
+    }
+    
+    public boolean allowUnmatchedCloseSubexp() {
+        return isBehavior(ALLOW_UNMATCHED_CLOSE_SUBEXP); 
+    }
+    
+    public boolean allowInvalidInterval() {
+        return isBehavior(ALLOW_INVALID_INTERVAL); 
+    }
+
+    public boolean allowIntervalLowAbbrev() {
+        return isBehavior(ALLOW_INTERVAL_LOW_ABBREV); 
+    }
+    
+    public boolean strictCheckBackref() {
+        return isBehavior(STRICT_CHECK_BACKREF);
+    }
+
+    public boolean differentLengthAltLookBehind() {
+        return isBehavior(DIFFERENT_LEN_ALT_LOOK_BEHIND);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean captureOnlyNamedGroup() {
+        return isBehavior(CAPTURE_ONLY_NAMED_GROUP);
+    }
+
+    public boolean allowMultiplexDefinitionName() {
+        return isBehavior(ALLOW_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME);
+    }
+
+    public boolean fixedIntervalIsGreedyOnly() {
+        return isBehavior(FIXED_INTERVAL_IS_GREEDY_ONLY);
+    }
+    
+    
+    public boolean notNewlineInNegativeCC() {
+        return isBehavior(NOT_NEWLINE_IN_NEGATIVE_CC);
+    }
+
+    public boolean backSlashEscapeInCC() {
+        return isBehavior(BACKSLASH_ESCAPE_IN_CC);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean allowEmptyRangeInCC() {
+        return isBehavior(ALLOW_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CC);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean allowDoubleRangeOpInCC() {
+        return isBehavior(ALLOW_DOUBLE_RANGE_OP_IN_CC);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean warnCCOpNotEscaped() {
+        return isBehavior(WARN_CC_OP_NOT_ESCAPED);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean warnReduntantNestedRepeat() {
+        return isBehavior(WARN_REDUNDANT_NESTED_REPEAT);
+    }
+    
+    public static final Syntax RUBY = new Syntax(
+        (( GNU_REGEX_OP | OP_QMARK_NON_GREEDY |
+        OP_ESC_OCTAL3 | OP_ESC_X_HEX2 |
+        OP_ESC_X_BRACE_HEX8 | OP_ESC_CONTROL_CHARS |
+        OP_ESC_C_CONTROL )
+        & ~OP_ESC_LTGT_WORD_BEGIN_END ),
+        
+        ( OP2_QMARK_GROUP_EFFECT |
+        OP2_OPTION_RUBY |
+        OP2_QMARK_LT_NAMED_GROUP | OP2_ESC_K_NAMED_BACKREF |
+        OP2_ESC_G_SUBEXP_CALL |
+        OP2_ESC_P_BRACE_CHAR_PROPERTY  |
+        OP2_ESC_P_BRACE_CIRCUMFLEX_NOT |
+        OP2_PLUS_POSSESSIVE_REPEAT |
+        OP2_CCLASS_SET_OP | OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_C_BAR_CONTROL |
+        OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_M_BAR_META | OP2_ESC_V_VTAB |
+        OP2_ESC_H_XDIGIT ),
+        
+        ( GNU_REGEX_BV | 
+        ALLOW_INTERVAL_LOW_ABBREV |
+        DIFFERENT_LEN_ALT_LOOK_BEHIND |
+        CAPTURE_ONLY_NAMED_GROUP |
+        ALLOW_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME |
+        FIXED_INTERVAL_IS_GREEDY_ONLY |
+        WARN_CC_OP_NOT_ESCAPED |
+        WARN_REDUNDANT_NESTED_REPEAT ),
+        
+        Option.NONE,
+        
+        new MetaCharTable(
+            '\\',                           /* esc */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,          /* anychar '.' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,          /* anytime '*' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,          /* zero or one time '?' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,          /* one or more time '+' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR           /* anychar anytime */
+        )
+    );
+    
+    public static final Syntax DEFAULT = RUBY;
+    
+    public static final Syntax ASIS = new Syntax(
+        0,
+
+        OP2_INEFFECTIVE_ESCAPE,
+        
+        0,
+
+        Option.NONE,
+
+        new MetaCharTable(
+            '\\',                          /* esc */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* anychar '.' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* anytime '*' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* zero or one time '?' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* one or more time '+' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR          /* anychar anytime */
+        )
+    );
+    
+    public static final Syntax PosixBasic = new Syntax(
+        (POSIX_COMMON_OP | OP_ESC_LPAREN_SUBEXP |
+        OP_ESC_BRACE_INTERVAL ),
+        
+        0,
+        
+        0,
+ 
+        ( Option.SINGLELINE | Option.MULTILINE ),
+         
+        new MetaCharTable(
+            '\\',                          /* esc */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* anychar '.' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* anytime '*' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* zero or one time '?' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* one or more time '+' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR          /* anychar anytime */
+        )         
+    );
+    
+    public static final Syntax PosixExtended = new Syntax(
+        ( POSIX_COMMON_OP | OP_LPAREN_SUBEXP |
+        OP_BRACE_INTERVAL |
+        OP_PLUS_ONE_INF | OP_QMARK_ZERO_ONE |OP_VBAR_ALT ),
+        
+        0,
+        
+        ( CONTEXT_INDEP_ANCHORS | 
+        CONTEXT_INDEP_REPEAT_OPS | CONTEXT_INVALID_REPEAT_OPS | 
+        ALLOW_UNMATCHED_CLOSE_SUBEXP |
+        ALLOW_DOUBLE_RANGE_OP_IN_CC ),
+        
+        ( Option.SINGLELINE | Option.MULTILINE ),            
+            
+        new MetaCharTable(
+            '\\',                          /* esc */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* anychar '.' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* anytime '*' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* zero or one time '?' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* one or more time '+' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR          /* anychar anytime */
+        )            
+    );
+    
+    public static final Syntax Emacs = new Syntax(
+        ( OP_DOT_ANYCHAR | OP_BRACKET_CC |
+        OP_ESC_BRACE_INTERVAL |
+        OP_ESC_LPAREN_SUBEXP | OP_ESC_VBAR_ALT |
+        OP_ASTERISK_ZERO_INF | OP_PLUS_ONE_INF |
+        OP_QMARK_ZERO_ONE | OP_DECIMAL_BACKREF |
+        OP_LINE_ANCHOR | OP_ESC_CONTROL_CHARS ),
+        
+        OP2_ESC_GNU_BUF_ANCHOR,
+        
+        ALLOW_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CC,
+
+        Option.NONE,
+        
+        new MetaCharTable(
+            '\\',                          /* esc */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* anychar '.' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* anytime '*' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* zero or one time '?' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* one or more time '+' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR          /* anychar anytime */
+        )        
+    );
+    
+    public static final Syntax Grep = new Syntax(
+        ( OP_DOT_ANYCHAR | OP_BRACKET_CC | OP_POSIX_BRACKET |
+        OP_ESC_BRACE_INTERVAL | OP_ESC_LPAREN_SUBEXP |
+        OP_ESC_VBAR_ALT |
+        OP_ASTERISK_ZERO_INF | OP_ESC_PLUS_ONE_INF |
+        OP_ESC_QMARK_ZERO_ONE | OP_LINE_ANCHOR |
+        OP_ESC_W_WORD | OP_ESC_B_WORD_BOUND |
+        OP_ESC_LTGT_WORD_BEGIN_END | OP_DECIMAL_BACKREF ),
+        
+        0,
+        
+        ( ALLOW_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CC | NOT_NEWLINE_IN_NEGATIVE_CC ),
+
+        Option.NONE,
+        
+        new MetaCharTable(
+            '\\',                          /* esc */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* anychar '.' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* anytime '*' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* zero or one time '?' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* one or more time '+' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR          /* anychar anytime */
+        )          
+    );
+    
+    public static final Syntax GnuRegex = new Syntax(
+        GNU_REGEX_OP,
+        0,
+        GNU_REGEX_BV,
+        
+        Option.NONE,
+
+        new MetaCharTable(
+            '\\',                          /* esc */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* anychar '.' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* anytime '*' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* zero or one time '?' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* one or more time '+' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR          /* anychar anytime */
+        )
+    );
+    
+    public static final Syntax Java = new Syntax(
+        (( GNU_REGEX_OP | OP_QMARK_NON_GREEDY |
+        OP_ESC_CONTROL_CHARS | OP_ESC_C_CONTROL |
+        OP_ESC_OCTAL3 | OP_ESC_X_HEX2 )
+        & ~OP_ESC_LTGT_WORD_BEGIN_END ),
+        
+        ( OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_Q_QUOTE | OP2_QMARK_GROUP_EFFECT |
+        OP2_OPTION_PERL | OP2_PLUS_POSSESSIVE_REPEAT |
+        OP2_PLUS_POSSESSIVE_INTERVAL | OP2_CCLASS_SET_OP |
+        OP2_ESC_V_VTAB | OP2_ESC_U_HEX4 |
+        OP2_ESC_P_BRACE_CHAR_PROPERTY ),
+        
+        ( GNU_REGEX_BV | DIFFERENT_LEN_ALT_LOOK_BEHIND ),
+        
+        Option.SINGLELINE,
+                 
+        new MetaCharTable(
+            '\\',                          /* esc */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* anychar '.' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* anytime '*' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* zero or one time '?' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* one or more time '+' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR          /* anychar anytime */
+        )                 
+    );
+    
+    public static final Syntax Perl = new Syntax(
+        (( GNU_REGEX_OP | OP_QMARK_NON_GREEDY |
+        OP_ESC_OCTAL3 | OP_ESC_X_HEX2 |
+        OP_ESC_X_BRACE_HEX8 | OP_ESC_CONTROL_CHARS |
+        OP_ESC_C_CONTROL )
+        & ~OP_ESC_LTGT_WORD_BEGIN_END ),
+
+        ( OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_Q_QUOTE |
+        OP2_QMARK_GROUP_EFFECT | OP2_OPTION_PERL |
+        OP2_ESC_P_BRACE_CHAR_PROPERTY |
+        OP2_ESC_P_BRACE_CIRCUMFLEX_NOT ),
+        
+        GNU_REGEX_BV,
+        
+        Option.SINGLELINE,
+        
+        new MetaCharTable(
+            '\\',                          /* esc */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* anychar '.' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* anytime '*' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* zero or one time '?' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* one or more time '+' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR          /* anychar anytime */
+        )        
+    );
+    
+    public static final Syntax PerlNG = new Syntax(
+        (( GNU_REGEX_OP | OP_QMARK_NON_GREEDY |
+        OP_ESC_OCTAL3 | OP_ESC_X_HEX2 |
+        OP_ESC_X_BRACE_HEX8 | OP_ESC_CONTROL_CHARS |
+        OP_ESC_C_CONTROL )
+        & ~OP_ESC_LTGT_WORD_BEGIN_END ),
+        
+        ( OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_Q_QUOTE |
+        OP2_QMARK_GROUP_EFFECT | OP2_OPTION_PERL |
+        OP2_ESC_P_BRACE_CHAR_PROPERTY  |
+        OP2_ESC_P_BRACE_CIRCUMFLEX_NOT |
+        OP2_QMARK_LT_NAMED_GROUP       |
+        OP2_ESC_K_NAMED_BACKREF        |
+        OP2_ESC_G_SUBEXP_CALL ),
+        
+        ( GNU_REGEX_BV |
+        CAPTURE_ONLY_NAMED_GROUP |
+        ALLOW_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME ),
+        
+        Option.SINGLELINE,
+        
+        new MetaCharTable(
+            '\\',                          /* esc */            
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* anychar '.' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* anytime '*' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* zero or one time '?' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR,         /* one or more time '+' */
+            INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR          /* anychar anytime */
+        )         
+    );
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/Token.java b/src/org/joni/Token.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16e2b1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/Token.java
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import org.joni.constants.TokenType;
+
+final class Token {
+    TokenType type;
+    boolean escaped;
+    int base;               /* is number: 8, 16 (used in [....]) */
+    int backP;
+
+    // union fields
+    private int INT1, INT2, INT3, INT4, INT5;
+    private int []INTA1;
+
+    // union accessors
+    int getC() {
+        return INT1;
+    }
+    void setC(int c) {
+        INT1 = c;
+    }
+
+    int getCode() {
+        return INT1;
+    }
+    void setCode(int code) {
+        INT1 = code;
+    }
+
+    int getAnchor() {
+        return INT1;
+    }
+    void setAnchor(int anchor) {
+        INT1 = anchor;
+    }
+
+    int getSubtype() {
+        return INT1;
+    }
+    void setSubtype(int subtype) {
+        INT1 = subtype;
+    }
+
+    // repeat union member
+    int getRepeatLower() {
+        return INT1;
+    }
+    void setRepeatLower(int lower) {
+        INT1 = lower;
+    }
+
+    int getRepeatUpper() {
+        return INT2;
+    }
+    void setRepeatUpper(int upper) {
+        INT2 = upper;
+    }
+
+    boolean getRepeatGreedy() {
+        return INT3 != 0;
+    }
+    void setRepeatGreedy(boolean greedy) {
+        INT3 = greedy ? 1 : 0;
+    }
+
+    boolean getRepeatPossessive() {
+        return INT4 != 0;
+    }
+    void setRepeatPossessive(boolean possessive) {
+        INT4 = possessive ? 1 : 0;
+    }
+
+    // backref union member
+    int getBackrefNum() {
+        return INT1;
+    }
+    void setBackrefNum(int num) {
+        INT1 = num;
+    }
+
+    int getBackrefRef1() {
+        return INT2;
+    }
+    void setBackrefRef1(int ref1) {
+        INT2 = ref1;
+    }
+
+    int[]getBackrefRefs() {
+        return INTA1;
+    }
+    void setBackrefRefs(int[]refs) {
+        INTA1 = refs;
+    }
+
+    boolean getBackrefByName() {
+        return INT3 != 0;
+    }
+    void setBackrefByName(boolean byName) {
+        INT3 = byName ? 1 : 0;
+    }
+
+    // USE_BACKREF_AT_LEVEL
+    boolean getBackrefExistLevel() {
+        return INT4 != 0;
+    }
+    void setBackrefExistLevel(boolean existLevel) {
+        INT4 = existLevel ? 1 : 0;
+    }
+
+    int getBackrefLevel() {
+        return INT5;
+    }
+    void setBackrefLevel(int level) {
+        INT5 = level;
+    }
+
+    // call union member
+    int getCallNameP() {
+        return INT1;
+    }
+    void setCallNameP(int nameP) {
+        INT1 = nameP;
+    }
+
+    int getCallNameEnd() {
+        return INT2;
+    }
+    void setCallNameEnd(int nameEnd) {
+        INT2 = nameEnd;
+    }
+
+    int getCallGNum() {
+        return INT3;
+    }
+    void setCallGNum(int gnum) {
+        INT3 = gnum;
+    }    
+
+    // prop union member
+    int getPropCType() {
+        return INT1;
+    }
+    void setPropCType(int ctype) {
+        INT1 = ctype;
+    }
+
+    boolean getPropNot() {
+        return INT2 != 0;
+    }
+    void setPropNot(boolean not) {
+        INT2 = not ? 1 : 0;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/UnsetAddrList.java b/src/org/joni/UnsetAddrList.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8787972
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/UnsetAddrList.java
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+import org.joni.ast.EncloseNode;
+import org.joni.ast.Node;
+import org.joni.exception.ErrorMessages;
+import org.joni.exception.InternalException;
+
+public final class UnsetAddrList {
+    int num;
+    Node[]targets;
+    int[]offsets;
+    
+    public UnsetAddrList(int size) {
+        targets = new Node[size];
+        offsets = new int[size];
+    }
+    
+    public void add(int offset, Node node) {
+        if (num >= offsets.length) {            
+            Node []ttmp = new Node[targets.length << 1];
+            System.arraycopy(targets, 0, ttmp, 0, num);
+            targets = ttmp;
+            int[]otmp = new int[offsets.length << 1];
+            System.arraycopy(offsets, 0, otmp, 0, num);
+            offsets = otmp;
+        }
+        targets[num] = node;
+        offsets[num] = offset;
+        
+        num++;
+    }
+    
+    public void fix(Regex regex) {
+        for (int i=0; i<num; i++) {
+            EncloseNode en = (EncloseNode)targets[i];
+            if (!en.isAddrFixed()) new InternalException(ErrorMessages.ERR_PARSER_BUG);
+            regex.code[offsets[i]] = en.callAddr; // is this safe ?
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public String toString() {
+        StringBuilder value = new StringBuilder();
+        if (num > 0) {
+            for (int i=0; i<num; i++) {
+                value.append("offset + " + offsets[i] + " target: " + targets[i].getAddressName());
+            }
+        }
+        return value.toString();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/WarnCallback.java b/src/org/joni/WarnCallback.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..351146b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/WarnCallback.java
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni;
+
+/**
+ * @author <a href="mailto:ola.bini at gmail.com">Ola Bini</a>
+ */
+public interface WarnCallback {
+    WarnCallback DEFAULT = new WarnCallback(){
+            public void warn(String message) {
+                System.err.println(message);
+            }
+        };
+    void warn(String message);
+}// WarnCallback
diff --git a/src/org/joni/ast/AnchorNode.java b/src/org/joni/ast/AnchorNode.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cccbc49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/ast/AnchorNode.java
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.ast;
+
+import org.joni.constants.AnchorType;
+
+public final class AnchorNode extends Node implements AnchorType {
+    public int type;
+    public Node target;
+    public int charLength;
+
+    public AnchorNode(int type) {
+        this.type = type;
+        charLength = -1;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public int getType() {
+        return ANCHOR;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected void setChild(Node newChild) {
+        target = newChild;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected Node getChild() {
+        return target;
+    }    
+    
+    public void setTarget(Node tgt) {
+        target = tgt;
+        tgt.parent = this; 
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return "Anchor";
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String toString(int level) {
+        StringBuilder value = new StringBuilder();
+        value.append("\n  type: " + typeToString());
+        value.append("\n  target: " + pad(target, level + 1));
+        return value.toString();
+    }
+    
+    public String typeToString() {
+        StringBuilder type = new StringBuilder();
+        if (isType(BEGIN_BUF)) type.append("BEGIN_BUF ");
+        if (isType(BEGIN_LINE)) type.append("BEGIN_LINE ");
+        if (isType(BEGIN_POSITION)) type.append("BEGIN_POSITION ");
+        if (isType(END_BUF)) type.append("END_BUF ");
+        if (isType(SEMI_END_BUF)) type.append("SEMI_END_BUF ");
+        if (isType(END_LINE)) type.append("END_LINE ");
+        if (isType(WORD_BOUND)) type.append("WORD_BOUND ");
+        if (isType(NOT_WORD_BOUND)) type.append("NOT_WORD_BOUND ");
+        if (isType(WORD_BEGIN)) type.append("WORD_BEGIN ");
+        if (isType(WORD_END)) type.append("WORD_END ");
+        if (isType(PREC_READ)) type.append("PREC_READ ");
+        if (isType(PREC_READ_NOT)) type.append("PREC_READ_NOT ");
+        if (isType(LOOK_BEHIND)) type.append("LOOK_BEHIND ");
+        if (isType(LOOK_BEHIND_NOT)) type.append("LOOK_BEHIND_NOT ");
+        if (isType(ANYCHAR_STAR)) type.append("ANYCHAR_STAR ");
+        if (isType(ANYCHAR_STAR_ML)) type.append("ANYCHAR_STAR_ML ");
+        return type.toString();        
+    }
+
+    private boolean isType(int type) {
+        return (this.type & type) != 0; 
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/ast/AnyCharNode.java b/src/org/joni/ast/AnyCharNode.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d349d8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/ast/AnyCharNode.java
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.ast;
+
+public final class AnyCharNode extends Node {
+    public AnyCharNode(){}
+    
+    @Override
+    public int getType() {
+        return CANY;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return "Any Char";
+    }   
+    
+    @Override
+    public String toString(int level) {
+        String value = "";
+        return value;
+    }   
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/ast/BackRefNode.java b/src/org/joni/ast/BackRefNode.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..040fb81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/ast/BackRefNode.java
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.ast;
+
+import org.joni.ScanEnvironment;
+import org.joni.exception.ErrorMessages;
+import org.joni.exception.ValueException;
+
+public final class BackRefNode extends StateNode {
+    //private static int NODE_BACKREFS_SIZE = 6; 
+    
+    //int state;
+    public int backNum;
+    public int back[];
+    
+    public int nestLevel;
+    
+    public BackRefNode(int backNum, int[]backRefs, boolean byName, ScanEnvironment env) {
+        this.backNum = backNum;
+        if (byName) setNameRef();
+        
+        for (int i=0; i<backNum; i++) {
+            if (backRefs[i] <= env.numMem && env.memNodes[backRefs[i]] == null) {
+                setRecursion(); /* /...(\1).../ */
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        back = new int[backNum];
+        System.arraycopy(backRefs, 0, back, 0, backNum); // shall we really dup it ???
+    }
+    
+    // #ifdef USE_BACKREF_AT_LEVEL
+    public BackRefNode(int backNum, int[]backRefs, boolean byName, boolean existLevel, int nestLevel, ScanEnvironment env) {
+        this(backNum, backRefs, byName, env);
+        
+        if (existLevel) {
+            //state |= NST_NEST_LEVEL;
+            setNestLevel();
+            this.nestLevel = nestLevel;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public int getType() {
+        return BREF;
+    }   
+    
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return "Back Ref";
+    }   
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString(int level) {
+        StringBuilder value = new StringBuilder(super.toString(level));
+        value.append("\n  backNum: " + backNum);
+        String backs = "";
+        for (int i=0; i<back.length; i++) backs += back[i] + ", ";
+        value.append("\n  back: " + backs);
+        value.append("\n  nextLevel: " + nestLevel);
+        return value.toString();
+    }
+    
+    public void renumber(int[]map) {
+        if (!isNameRef()) throw new ValueException(ErrorMessages.ERR_NUMBERED_BACKREF_OR_CALL_NOT_ALLOWED);
+        
+        int oldNum = backNum;
+        
+        int pos = 0;
+        for (int i=0; i<oldNum; i++) {
+            int n = map[back[i]];
+            if (n > 0) {
+                back[pos] = n;
+                pos++;
+            }
+        }
+        backNum = pos;
+    }
+    
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/ast/CClassNode.java b/src/org/joni/ast/CClassNode.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40c7c90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/ast/CClassNode.java
@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.ast;
+
+import org.jcodings.CodeRange;
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+import org.jcodings.IntHolder;
+import org.jcodings.constants.CharacterType;
+import org.jcodings.exception.EncodingException;
+import org.joni.BitSet;
+import org.joni.CodeRangeBuffer;
+import org.joni.Config;
+import org.joni.ScanEnvironment;
+import org.joni.constants.CCSTATE;
+import org.joni.constants.CCVALTYPE;
+import org.joni.exception.ErrorMessages;
+import org.joni.exception.InternalException;
+import org.joni.exception.SyntaxException;
+import org.joni.exception.ValueException;
+
+public final class CClassNode extends Node {
+    private static final int FLAG_NCCLASS_NOT = 1<<0;
+    private static final int FLAG_NCCLASS_SHARE = 1<<1;
+    
+    int flags;
+    public final BitSet bs = new BitSet();  // conditional creation ?
+    public CodeRangeBuffer mbuf;            /* multi-byte info or NULL */
+    
+    private int ctype;                      // for hashing purposes
+    private Encoding enc;                   // ... 
+
+
+    // node_new_cclass
+    public CClassNode() {}
+    
+    public CClassNode(int ctype, Encoding enc, boolean not, int sbOut, int[]ranges) {
+        this(not, sbOut, ranges);
+        this.ctype = ctype;
+        this.enc = enc;
+    }
+    
+    // node_new_cclass_by_codepoint_range, only used by shared Char Classes
+    public CClassNode(boolean not, int sbOut, int[]ranges) {
+        if (not) setNot();
+        // bs.clear();
+        
+        if (sbOut > 0 && ranges != null) {
+            int n = ranges[0];
+            for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
+                int from = ranges[i * 2 + 1];
+                int to = ranges[i * 2 + 2];
+                for (int j=from; j<=to; j++) {
+                    if (j >= sbOut) {
+                        setupBuffer(ranges);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    bs.set(j);                  
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        setupBuffer(ranges);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public int getType() {
+        return CCLASS;      
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return "Character Class";
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        if (!(other instanceof CClassNode)) return false;
+        CClassNode cc = (CClassNode)other;
+        return ctype == cc.ctype && isNot() == cc.isNot() && enc == cc.enc;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        if (Config.USE_SHARED_CCLASS_TABLE) {
+            int hash = 0;
+            hash += ctype;
+            hash += enc.hashCode();
+            if (isNot()) hash++;
+            return hash + (hash >> 5);
+        } else {
+            return super.hashCode();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String toString(int level) {
+        StringBuilder value = new StringBuilder();
+        value.append("\n  flags: " + flagsToString());
+        value.append("\n  bs: " + pad(bs, level + 1));
+        value.append("\n  mbuf: " + pad(mbuf, level + 1));
+        
+        return value.toString();
+    }   
+    
+    public String flagsToString() {
+        StringBuilder flags = new StringBuilder();
+        if (isNot()) flags.append("NOT ");
+        if (isShare()) flags.append("SHARE ");
+        return flags.toString();
+    }
+    
+    private void setupBuffer(int[]ranges) { 
+        if (ranges != null) {
+            if (ranges[0] == 0) return;
+            mbuf = new CodeRangeBuffer(ranges);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return mbuf == null && bs.isEmpty();
+    }
+    
+    public void addCodeRangeToBuf(int from, int to) {
+        mbuf = CodeRangeBuffer.addCodeRangeToBuff(mbuf, from, to);
+    }
+    
+    public void addCodeRange(ScanEnvironment env, int from, int to) {
+        mbuf = CodeRangeBuffer.addCodeRange(mbuf, env, from, to);
+    }
+    
+    public void addAllMultiByteRange(Encoding enc) {
+        mbuf = CodeRangeBuffer.addAllMultiByteRange(enc, mbuf);
+    }
+    
+    public void clearNotFlag(Encoding enc) {
+        if (isNot()) {
+            bs.invert();
+            
+            if (!enc.isSingleByte()) {
+                mbuf = CodeRangeBuffer.notCodeRangeBuff(enc, mbuf);
+            }
+            clearNot();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // and_cclass
+    public void and(CClassNode other, Encoding enc) {
+        boolean not1 = isNot();
+        BitSet bsr1 = bs;
+        CodeRangeBuffer buf1 = mbuf;
+        boolean not2 = other.isNot();
+        BitSet bsr2 = other.bs;
+        CodeRangeBuffer buf2 = other.mbuf;
+
+        if (not1) {
+            BitSet bs1 = new BitSet();
+            bsr1.invertTo(bs1);
+            bsr1 = bs1;
+        }
+        
+        if (not2) {
+            BitSet bs2 = new BitSet();
+            bsr2.invertTo(bs2);
+            bsr2 = bs2;
+        }
+        
+        bsr1.and(bsr2);
+        
+        if (bsr1 != bs) {
+            bs.copy(bsr1);
+            bsr1 = bs;
+        }
+        
+        if (not1) {
+            bs.invert();
+        }
+        
+        CodeRangeBuffer pbuf = null;
+        
+        if (!enc.isSingleByte()) {
+            if (not1 && not2) {            
+                pbuf = CodeRangeBuffer.orCodeRangeBuff(enc, buf1, false, buf2, false);
+            } else {
+                pbuf = CodeRangeBuffer.andCodeRangeBuff(buf1, not1, buf2, not2);
+                
+                if (not1) {
+                    pbuf = CodeRangeBuffer.notCodeRangeBuff(enc, pbuf);
+                }
+            }
+            mbuf = pbuf;
+        }
+        
+    }
+    
+    // or_cclass
+    public void or(CClassNode other, Encoding enc) {
+        boolean not1 = isNot();
+        BitSet bsr1 = bs;
+        CodeRangeBuffer buf1 = mbuf;
+        boolean not2 = other.isNot();
+        BitSet bsr2 = other.bs;
+        CodeRangeBuffer buf2 = other.mbuf;
+        
+        if (not1) {
+            BitSet bs1 = new BitSet();
+            bsr1.invertTo(bs1);
+            bsr1 = bs1;
+        }
+        
+        if (not2) {
+            BitSet bs2 = new BitSet();
+            bsr2.invertTo(bs2);
+            bsr2 = bs2;
+        }
+        
+        bsr1.or(bsr2);
+        
+        if (bsr1 != bs) {
+            bs.copy(bsr1);
+            bsr1 = bs;
+        }
+        
+        if (not1) {
+            bs.invert();
+        }
+        
+        if (!enc.isSingleByte()) {
+            CodeRangeBuffer pbuf = null;
+            if (not1 && not2) {
+                pbuf = CodeRangeBuffer.andCodeRangeBuff(buf1, false, buf2, false);
+            } else {
+                pbuf = CodeRangeBuffer.orCodeRangeBuff(enc, buf1, not1, buf2, not2);
+                if (not1) {
+                    pbuf = CodeRangeBuffer.notCodeRangeBuff(enc, pbuf); 
+                }
+            }
+            mbuf = pbuf;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // add_ctype_to_cc_by_range // Encoding out!
+    public void addCTypeByRange(int ctype, boolean not, Encoding enc, int sbOut, int mbr[]) {
+        int n = mbr[0];
+
+        if (!not) {
+            for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
+                for (int j=mbr[i * 2 + 1]; j<=mbr[i * 2 + 2]; j++) {
+                    if (j >= sbOut) {
+                        if (j == mbr[i * 2 + 2]) {
+                            i++;
+                        } else if (j > mbr[i * 2 + 1]) { 
+                            addCodeRangeToBuf(j, mbr[i * 2 + 2]);
+                            i++;
+                        }
+                        // !goto sb_end!, remove duplication!
+                        for (; i<n; i++) {           
+                            addCodeRangeToBuf(mbr[2 * i + 1], mbr[2 * i + 2]);
+                        }
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    bs.set(j);
+                }
+            }
+            // !sb_end:!
+            for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {           
+                addCodeRangeToBuf(mbr[2 * i + 1], mbr[2 * i + 2]);
+            }
+            
+        } else {
+            int prev = 0;
+            
+            for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
+                for (int j=prev; j < mbr[2 * i + 1]; j++) {
+                    if (j >= sbOut) {
+                        // !goto sb_end2!, remove duplication
+                        prev = sbOut;
+                        for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+                            if (prev < mbr[2 * i + 1]) addCodeRangeToBuf(prev, mbr[i * 2 + 1] - 1);
+                            prev = mbr[i * 2 + 2] + 1;
+                        }
+                        if (prev < 0x7fffffff/*!!!*/) addCodeRangeToBuf(prev, 0x7fffffff);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    bs.set(j);
+                }
+                prev = mbr[2 * i + 2] + 1;
+            }
+
+            for (int j=prev; j<sbOut; j++) {
+                bs.set(j);
+            }
+            
+            // !sb_end2:!
+            prev = sbOut;
+            for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
+                if (prev < mbr[2 * i + 1]) addCodeRangeToBuf(prev, mbr[i * 2 + 1] - 1);
+                prev = mbr[i * 2 + 2] + 1;
+            }
+            if (prev < 0x7fffffff/*!!!*/) addCodeRangeToBuf(prev, 0x7fffffff);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void addCType(int ctype, boolean not, ScanEnvironment env, IntHolder sbOut) {
+        Encoding enc = env.enc;
+
+        int[]ranges = enc.ctypeCodeRange(ctype, sbOut);
+
+        if (ranges != null) {
+            addCTypeByRange(ctype, not, enc, sbOut.value, ranges);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        switch(ctype) {
+        case CharacterType.ALPHA:
+        case CharacterType.BLANK:
+        case CharacterType.CNTRL:
+        case CharacterType.DIGIT:
+        case CharacterType.LOWER:
+        case CharacterType.PUNCT:
+        case CharacterType.SPACE:
+        case CharacterType.UPPER:
+        case CharacterType.XDIGIT:
+        case CharacterType.ASCII:
+        case CharacterType.ALNUM:
+            if (not) {
+                for (int c=0; c<BitSet.SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; c++) {
+                    if (!enc.isCodeCType(c, ctype)) bs.set(c);
+                }
+                addAllMultiByteRange(enc);
+            } else {
+                for (int c=0; c<BitSet.SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; c++) {
+                    if (enc.isCodeCType(c, ctype)) bs.set(c);
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+        
+        case CharacterType.GRAPH:
+        case CharacterType.PRINT:
+            if (not) {
+                for (int c=0; c<BitSet.SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; c++) {
+                    if (!enc.isCodeCType(c, ctype)) bs.set(c);
+                }
+            } else {
+                for (int c=0; c<BitSet.SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; c++) {
+                    if (enc.isCodeCType(c, ctype)) bs.set(c);
+                }
+                addAllMultiByteRange(enc);
+            }
+            break;
+        
+        case CharacterType.WORD:
+            if (!not) {
+                for (int c=0; c<BitSet.SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; c++) {
+                    if (enc.isSbWord(c)) bs.set(c);
+                }
+
+                addAllMultiByteRange(enc);
+            } else {
+                for (int c=0; c<BitSet.SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; c++) {
+                    try {
+                        if (enc.codeToMbcLength(c) > 0 && /* check invalid code point */
+                                !enc.isWord(c)) bs.set(c);    
+                    } catch (EncodingException ve) {};
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+        
+        default:
+            throw new InternalException(ErrorMessages.ERR_PARSER_BUG);
+        } // switch
+    }
+    
+    public static final class CCStateArg {
+        public int v;
+        public int vs;
+        public boolean vsIsRaw;
+        public boolean vIsRaw;
+        public CCVALTYPE inType;
+        public CCVALTYPE type;
+        public CCSTATE state;
+    }
+    
+    public void nextStateClass(CCStateArg arg, ScanEnvironment env) {
+        if (arg.state == CCSTATE.RANGE) throw new SyntaxException(ErrorMessages.ERR_CHAR_CLASS_VALUE_AT_END_OF_RANGE);
+        
+        if (arg.state == CCSTATE.VALUE && arg.type != CCVALTYPE.CLASS) {
+            if (arg.type == CCVALTYPE.SB) { 
+                bs.set(arg.vs);
+            } else if (arg.type == CCVALTYPE.CODE_POINT) {
+                addCodeRange(env, arg.vs, arg.vs);
+            }
+        }
+        arg.state = CCSTATE.VALUE;
+        arg.type = CCVALTYPE.CLASS;
+    }
+    
+    public void nextStateValue(CCStateArg arg, ScanEnvironment env) {
+
+        switch(arg.state) {
+        case VALUE:
+            if (arg.type == CCVALTYPE.SB) {
+                if (arg.vs > 0xff) throw new ValueException(ErrorMessages.ERR_INVALID_CODE_POINT_VALUE);
+                bs.set(arg.vs);             
+            } else if (arg.type == CCVALTYPE.CODE_POINT) {
+                addCodeRange(env, arg.vs, arg.vs);
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case RANGE:
+            if (arg.inType == arg.type) {
+                if (arg.inType == CCVALTYPE.SB) {
+                    if (arg.vs > 0xff || arg.v > 0xff) throw new ValueException(ErrorMessages.ERR_INVALID_CODE_POINT_VALUE);
+                    
+                    if (arg.vs > arg.v) {
+                        if (env.syntax.allowEmptyRangeInCC()) {
+                            // goto ccs_range_end
+                            arg.state = CCSTATE.COMPLETE;
+                            break;
+                        } else {
+                            throw new ValueException(ErrorMessages.ERR_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CHAR_CLASS);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    bs.setRange(arg.vs, arg.v);
+                } else {
+                    addCodeRange(env, arg.vs, arg.v);
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (arg.vs > arg.v) {
+                    if (env.syntax.allowEmptyRangeInCC()) {
+                        // goto ccs_range_end
+                        arg.state = CCSTATE.COMPLETE;
+                        break;
+                    } else {
+                        throw new ValueException(ErrorMessages.ERR_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CHAR_CLASS);
+                    }                   
+                }
+                bs.setRange(arg.vs, arg.v < 0xff ? arg.v : 0xff);
+                addCodeRange(env, arg.vs, arg.v);
+            }
+            // ccs_range_end:
+            arg.state = CCSTATE.COMPLETE;
+            break;
+            
+        case COMPLETE:
+        case START:
+            arg.state = CCSTATE.VALUE;
+            break;
+            
+        default:
+            break;
+
+        } // switch
+            
+        arg.vsIsRaw = arg.vIsRaw;
+        arg.vs = arg.v;
+        arg.type = arg.inType;
+    }
+    
+    // onig_is_code_in_cc_len
+    public boolean isCodeInCCLength(int encLength, int code) {
+        boolean found;
+        
+        if (encLength > 1 || code >= BitSet.SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE) {
+            if (mbuf == null) {
+                found = false;
+            } else {
+                found = CodeRange.isInCodeRange(mbuf.getCodeRange(), code);
+            }
+        } else {
+            found = bs.at(code);
+        }
+        
+        if (isNot()) {
+            return !found;
+        } else {
+            return found;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // onig_is_code_in_cc   
+    public boolean isCodeInCC(Encoding enc, int code) {
+        int len;
+        if (enc.minLength() > 1) {
+            len = 2;
+        } else {
+            len = enc.codeToMbcLength(code);
+        }
+        return isCodeInCCLength(len, code); 
+    }
+    
+    public void setNot() {
+        flags |= FLAG_NCCLASS_NOT;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearNot() {
+        flags &= ~FLAG_NCCLASS_NOT;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isNot() {
+        return (flags & FLAG_NCCLASS_NOT) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void setShare() {
+        flags |= FLAG_NCCLASS_SHARE;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearShare() {
+        flags &= ~FLAG_NCCLASS_SHARE;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isShare() {
+        return (flags & FLAG_NCCLASS_SHARE) != 0;
+    }
+    
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/ast/CTypeNode.java b/src/org/joni/ast/CTypeNode.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..093216a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/ast/CTypeNode.java
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.ast;
+
+public final class CTypeNode extends Node {
+    public int ctype;
+    public boolean not;
+    
+    public CTypeNode(int type, boolean not) {
+        this.ctype= type;
+        this.not = not;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public int getType() {
+        return CTYPE;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return "Character Type";
+    }   
+    
+    @Override
+    public String toString(int level) {
+        StringBuilder value = new StringBuilder();
+        value.append("\n  ctype: " + ctype);
+        value.append("\n  not: " + not);
+        
+        return value.toString();
+    }
+    
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/ast/CallNode.java b/src/org/joni/ast/CallNode.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8261f75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/ast/CallNode.java
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.ast;
+
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.joni.UnsetAddrList;
+import org.joni.WarnCallback;
+
+public final class CallNode extends StateNode {
+    public byte[]name;
+    public int nameP;
+    public int nameEnd;
+
+    public int groupNum;
+    public Node target;             // is it an EncloseNode always ?
+    public UnsetAddrList unsetAddrList;
+    
+    public CallNode(byte[]name, int nameP, int nameEnd, int gnum) {
+        this.name = name;
+        this.nameP = nameP;
+        this.nameEnd = nameEnd;
+        this.groupNum = gnum; /* call by number if gnum != 0 */
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public int getType() {
+        return CALL;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected void setChild(Node newChild) {
+        target = newChild;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected Node getChild() {
+        return target;
+    }
+
+    public void setTarget(Node tgt) {
+        target = tgt;
+        tgt.parent = this; 
+    }    
+
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return "Call";
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void verifyTree(Set<Node> set, WarnCallback warnings) {
+        if (target == null || target.parent == this)
+            warnings.warn(this.getAddressName() + " doesn't point to a target or the target has been stolen");
+        // do not recurse here
+    }    
+    
+    @Override
+    public String toString(int level) {
+        StringBuilder value = new StringBuilder(super.toString(level));
+        value.append("\n  name: " + new String(name, nameP, nameEnd - nameP));
+        value.append("\n  groupNum: " + groupNum);
+        value.append("\n  target: " + pad(target.getAddressName(), level + 1));
+        value.append("\n  unsetAddrList: " + pad(unsetAddrList, level + 1));
+        
+        return value.toString();
+    }   
+    
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/ast/ConsAltNode.java b/src/org/joni/ast/ConsAltNode.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d7f784
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/ast/ConsAltNode.java
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.ast;
+
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.joni.Config;
+import org.joni.WarnCallback;
+import org.joni.exception.ErrorMessages;
+import org.joni.exception.InternalException;
+
+public final class ConsAltNode extends Node {
+    public Node car;
+    public ConsAltNode cdr;
+    private int type;           // List or Alt
+    
+    private ConsAltNode(Node car, ConsAltNode cdr, int type) {
+        this.car = car;
+        if (car != null) car.parent = this;
+        this.cdr = cdr;
+        if (cdr != null) cdr.parent = this;
+        
+        this.type = type;
+    }
+    
+    public static ConsAltNode newAltNode(Node left, ConsAltNode right) {
+        return new ConsAltNode(left, right, ALT);
+    }
+    
+    public static ConsAltNode newListNode(Node left, ConsAltNode right) {
+        return new ConsAltNode(left, right, LIST);
+    }
+    
+    public static ConsAltNode listAdd(ConsAltNode list, Node x) {
+        ConsAltNode n = newListNode(x, null);
+        
+        if (list != null) {
+            while (list.cdr != null) {
+                list = list.cdr;
+            }
+            list.setCdr(n);
+        }
+        return n;
+    }
+    
+    public void toListNode() {
+        type = LIST;
+    }
+    
+    public void toAltNode() {
+        type = ALT;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public int getType() {      
+        return type;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected void setChild(Node newChild) {
+        car = newChild;
+    }    
+    
+    @Override
+    protected Node getChild() {
+        return car;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void swap(Node with) {
+        if (cdr != null) {
+            cdr.parent = with;
+            if (with instanceof ConsAltNode) {
+                ConsAltNode withCan = (ConsAltNode)with;
+                withCan.cdr.parent = this;
+                ConsAltNode tmp = cdr;
+                cdr = withCan.cdr;
+                withCan.cdr = tmp;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        super.swap(with);
+    } 
+    
+    @Override
+    public void verifyTree(Set<Node> set, WarnCallback warnings) {
+        if (!set.contains(this)) {
+            set.add(this);
+            if (car != null) {
+                if (car.parent != this) {
+                    warnings.warn("broken list car: " + this.getAddressName() + " -> " +  car.getAddressName());
+                }
+                car.verifyTree(set,warnings);
+            }
+            if (cdr != null) {
+                if (cdr.parent != this) {
+                    warnings.warn("broken list cdr: " + this.getAddressName() + " -> " +  cdr.getAddressName());
+                }
+                cdr.verifyTree(set,warnings);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Node setCar(Node ca) {
+        car = ca;
+        ca.parent = this;
+        return car;
+    }
+    
+    public ConsAltNode setCdr(ConsAltNode cd) {
+        cdr = cd;
+        cd.parent = this;
+        return cdr;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        switch (type) {
+        case ALT:
+            return "Alt";
+        case LIST:
+            return "List";
+        default:
+            throw new InternalException(ErrorMessages.ERR_PARSER_BUG);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString(int level) {
+        StringBuilder value = new StringBuilder();
+        value.append("\n  left: " + pad(car, level + 1));
+        value.append("\n  right: " + (cdr == null ? "NULL" : cdr.toString()));
+        
+        return value.toString();
+    }   
+
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/ast/EncloseNode.java b/src/org/joni/ast/EncloseNode.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02b2391
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/ast/EncloseNode.java
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.ast;
+
+import org.joni.Config;
+import org.joni.Option;
+import org.joni.constants.EncloseType;
+
+public final class EncloseNode extends StateNode implements EncloseType {
+    
+    public int type;                // enclose type
+    public int regNum;
+    public int option;
+    public Node target;             /* EncloseNode : ENCLOSE_MEMORY */
+    public int callAddr;            // AbsAddrType
+    public int minLength;           // OnigDistance
+    public int maxLength;           // OnigDistance
+    public int charLength;
+    public int optCount;            // referenced count in optimize_node_left()
+    
+    // node_new_enclose / onig_node_new_enclose
+    public EncloseNode(int type) {
+        this.type = type;
+        callAddr = -1;
+    }
+    
+    // node_new_enclose_memory
+    public EncloseNode(int option, boolean isNamed) {
+        this(MEMORY);
+        if (isNamed) setNamedGroup();
+        if (Config.USE_SUBEXP_CALL) this.option = option;
+    }
+    
+    // node_new_option
+    public EncloseNode(int option, int _) {
+        this(OPTION);
+        this.option = option;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getType() {
+        return ENCLOSE;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected void setChild(Node newChild) {
+        target = newChild;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected Node getChild() {
+        return target;
+    }
+
+    public void setTarget(Node tgt) {
+        target = tgt;
+        tgt.parent = this; 
+    }     
+    
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return "Enclose";
+    }   
+    
+    @Override
+    public String toString(int level) {
+        StringBuilder value = new StringBuilder(super.toString(level));
+        value.append("\n  type: " + typeToString());
+        value.append("\n  regNum: " + regNum);
+        value.append("\n  option: " + Option.toString(option));
+        value.append("\n  target: " + pad(target, level + 1));
+        value.append("\n  callAddr: " + callAddr);
+        value.append("\n  minLength: " + minLength);
+        value.append("\n  maxLength: " + maxLength);
+        value.append("\n  charLength: " + charLength);
+        value.append("\n  optCount: " + optCount);
+        
+        return value.toString();
+    }
+    
+    public String typeToString() {
+        StringBuilder types = new StringBuilder();
+        if (isStopBacktrack()) types.append("STOP_BACKTRACK ");
+        if (isMemory()) types.append("MEMORY ");
+        if (isOption()) types.append("OPTION ");
+        
+        return types.toString();
+    }
+    
+    public void setEncloseStatus(int flag) {
+        state |= flag;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearEncloseStatus(int flag) {
+        state &= ~flag;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearMemory() {
+        type &= ~MEMORY;
+    }
+    
+    public void setMemory() {
+        type |= MEMORY;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isMemory() {
+        return (type & MEMORY) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearOption() {
+        type &= ~OPTION;
+    }
+    
+    public void setOption() {
+        type |= OPTION;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isOption() {
+        return (type & OPTION) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearStopBacktrack() {
+        type &= ~STOP_BACKTRACK;
+    }
+    
+    public void setStopBacktrack() {
+        type |= STOP_BACKTRACK;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isStopBacktrack() {
+        return (type & STOP_BACKTRACK) != 0;
+    }   
+    
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/ast/Node.java b/src/org/joni/ast/Node.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eef7790
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/ast/Node.java
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.ast;
+
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.joni.Config;
+import org.joni.WarnCallback;
+import org.joni.constants.NodeType;
+
+public abstract class Node implements NodeType {
+    public Node parent;
+    
+    public abstract int getType();
+
+    public final int getType2Bit() {
+        return 1 << getType(); 
+    }    
+    
+    protected void setChild(Node tgt){}         // default definition
+    protected Node getChild(){return null;};    // default definition
+
+    public void swap(Node with) {
+        Node tmp;
+
+        //if (getChild() != null) getChild().parent = with;
+        //if (with.getChild() != null) with.getChild().parent = this;
+        
+        //tmp = getChild();
+        //setChild(with.getChild());
+        //with.setChild(tmp);
+        
+        if (parent != null) parent.setChild(with);
+        
+        if (with.parent != null) with.parent.setChild(this);
+
+        tmp = parent;
+        parent = with.parent;
+        with.parent = tmp;
+    }
+    
+    // overridden by ConsAltNode and CallNode
+    public void verifyTree(Set<Node> set, WarnCallback warnings) {
+        if (!set.contains(this) && getChild() != null) {
+            set.add(this);
+            if (getChild().parent != this) {
+                warnings.warn("broken link to child: " + this.getAddressName() + " -> " + getChild().getAddressName());
+            }
+            getChild().verifyTree(set, warnings);
+        }
+    }     
+    
+    public abstract String getName();
+    protected abstract String toString(int level);
+    
+    public String getAddressName() {
+        return getName() + ":0x" + Integer.toHexString(System.identityHashCode(this));
+    }
+    
+    public final String toString() {
+        StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
+        s.append("<" + getAddressName() + ">");
+        s.append("\n  parent: " + (parent == null ? "NULL" : parent.getAddressName())); 
+        return s + toString(0);
+    }
+    
+    protected static String pad(Object value, int level) {
+        if (value == null) return "NULL";
+        
+        StringBuilder pad = new StringBuilder("  ");
+        for (int i=0; i<level; i++) pad.append(pad);
+        
+        return value.toString().replace("\n",  "\n" + pad);
+    }
+    
+    public final boolean isInvalidQuantifier() {
+        if (!Config.VANILLA) return false;
+
+        ConsAltNode node;
+
+        switch(getType()) {
+
+        case ANCHOR:
+            return true;
+            
+        case ENCLOSE:
+            /* allow enclosed elements */
+            /* return is_invalid_quantifier_target(NENCLOSE(node)->target); */
+            break;
+            
+        case LIST:
+            node = (ConsAltNode)this;
+            do {
+                if (!node.car.isInvalidQuantifier()) return false;
+            } while ((node = node.cdr) != null);
+            return false;
+            
+        case ALT:
+            node = (ConsAltNode)this;
+            do {
+                if (node.car.isInvalidQuantifier()) return true;
+            } while ((node = node.cdr) != null);
+            break;
+            
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+        
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    public final boolean isAllowedInLookBehind() {
+        return (getType2Bit() & ALLOWED_IN_LB) != 0; 
+    }
+    
+    public final boolean isSimple() {
+        return (getType2Bit() & SIMPLE) != 0;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/ast/QuantifierNode.java b/src/org/joni/ast/QuantifierNode.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..280f9bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/ast/QuantifierNode.java
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.ast;
+
+import org.joni.Config;
+import org.joni.ScanEnvironment;
+import org.joni.constants.Reduce;
+import org.joni.constants.TargetInfo;
+
+public final class QuantifierNode extends StateNode {
+
+    public Node target;
+    public int lower;
+    public int upper;
+    public boolean greedy;
+    
+    public int targetEmptyInfo;
+    
+    public Node headExact;
+    public Node nextHeadExact;
+    public boolean isRefered;           /* include called node. don't eliminate even if {0} */
+    
+    // USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK
+    public int  combExpCheckNum;        /* 1,2,3...: check,  0: no check  */ 
+    
+    public QuantifierNode(int lower, int upper, boolean byNumber) {
+        this.lower = lower;
+        this.upper = upper;
+        greedy = true;
+        targetEmptyInfo = TargetInfo.ISNOT_EMPTY;
+        
+        if (byNumber) setByNumber(); 
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getType() {
+        return QTFR;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected void setChild(Node newChild) {
+        target = newChild;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected Node getChild() {
+        return target;
+    }
+    
+    public void setTarget(Node tgt) {
+        target = tgt;
+        tgt.parent = this; 
+    }
+    
+    public StringNode convertToString() {
+        StringNode sn = new StringNode();
+        sn.flag = ((StringNode)target).flag;
+        sn.swap(this);
+        return sn;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return "Quantifier";
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString(int level) {
+        StringBuilder value = new StringBuilder(super.toString(level));
+        value.append("\n  target: " + pad(target, level + 1));
+        value.append("\n  lower: " + lower);
+        value.append("\n  upper: " + upper);
+        value.append("\n  greedy: " + greedy);
+        value.append("\n  targetEmptyInfo: " + targetEmptyInfo);
+        value.append("\n  headExact: " + pad(headExact, level + 1));
+        value.append("\n  nextHeadExact: " + pad(nextHeadExact, level + 1));
+        value.append("\n  isRefered: " + isRefered);
+        value.append("\n  combExpCheckNum: " + combExpCheckNum);
+        
+        return value.toString();
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isAnyCharStar() {
+        return greedy && isRepeatInfinite(upper) && target.getType() == CANY;
+    }
+    
+    /* ?:0, *:1, +:2, ??:3, *?:4, +?:5 */
+    protected int popularNum() {
+        if (greedy) {
+            if (lower == 0) {
+                if (upper == 1) return 0;
+                else if (isRepeatInfinite(upper)) return 1;
+            } else if (lower == 1) {
+                if (isRepeatInfinite(upper)) return 2;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (lower == 0) {
+                if (upper == 1) return 3;
+                else if (isRepeatInfinite(upper)) return 4;
+            } else if (lower == 1) {
+                if (isRepeatInfinite(upper)) return 5;
+            }
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+    
+    protected void set(QuantifierNode other) {
+        setTarget(other.target);
+        other.target = null;
+        lower = other.lower;
+        upper = other.upper;
+        greedy = other.greedy;
+        targetEmptyInfo = other.targetEmptyInfo;
+        
+        //setHeadExact(other.headExact);
+        //setNextHeadExact(other.nextHeadExact);
+        headExact = other.headExact;
+        nextHeadExact = other.nextHeadExact;
+        isRefered = other.isRefered;
+        combExpCheckNum = other.combExpCheckNum;
+    }
+    
+    public void reduceNestedQuantifier(QuantifierNode other) {
+        int pnum = popularNum();
+        int cnum = other.popularNum();
+        
+        if (pnum < 0 || cnum < 0) return;
+        
+        switch(Reduce.REDUCE_TABLE[cnum][pnum]) {
+        case DEL:
+            // no need to set the parent here... 
+            // swap ?
+            set(other); // *pnode = *cnode; ???
+            break;
+            
+        case A:
+            setTarget(other.target);
+            lower = 0;
+            upper = REPEAT_INFINITE;
+            greedy = true;
+            break;
+            
+        case AQ:
+            setTarget(other.target);
+            lower = 0;
+            upper = REPEAT_INFINITE;
+            greedy = false;
+            break;
+            
+        case QQ:
+            setTarget(other.target);
+            lower = 0;
+            upper = 1;
+            greedy = false;
+            break;
+            
+        case P_QQ:
+            setTarget(other);
+            lower = 0;
+            upper = 1;
+            greedy = false;
+            other.lower = 1;
+            other.upper = REPEAT_INFINITE;
+            other.greedy = true;
+            return;
+            
+        case PQ_Q:
+            setTarget(other);
+            lower = 0;
+            upper = 1;
+            greedy = true;
+            other.lower = 1;
+            other.upper = REPEAT_INFINITE;
+            other.greedy = false;
+            return;
+            
+        case ASIS:
+            setTarget(other);
+            return;
+        }
+        // ??? remove the parent from target ???
+        other.target = null; // remove target from reduced quantifier
+    }
+    
+    public int setQuantifier(Node tgt, boolean group, ScanEnvironment env, byte[]bytes, int p, int end) {
+        if (lower == 1 && upper == 1) return 1;
+        
+        switch(tgt.getType()) {
+        
+        case STR:
+            if (!group) {
+                StringNode sn = (StringNode)tgt;
+                if (sn.canBeSplit(env.enc)) {
+                    StringNode n = sn.splitLastChar(env.enc);
+                    if (n != null) {
+                        setTarget(n);
+                        return 2;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+            
+        case QTFR:
+            /* check redundant double repeat. */
+            /* verbose warn (?:.?)? etc... but not warn (.?)? etc... */
+            QuantifierNode qnt = (QuantifierNode)tgt;
+            int nestQNum = popularNum();
+            int targetQNum = qnt.popularNum();
+            
+            if (Config.USE_WARNING_REDUNDANT_NESTED_REPEAT_OPERATOR) {
+                if (!isByNumber() && !qnt.isByNumber() && env.syntax.warnReduntantNestedRepeat()) {
+                    switch(Reduce.REDUCE_TABLE[targetQNum][nestQNum]) {
+                    case ASIS:
+                        break;
+                        
+                    case DEL:
+                        env.reg.warnings.warn(new String(bytes, p, end) + 
+                                " redundant nested repeat operator");
+                        break;
+                        
+                    default:
+                        env.reg.warnings.warn(new String(bytes, p, end) +
+                                " nested repeat operator " + Reduce.PopularQStr[targetQNum] +
+                                " and " + Reduce.PopularQStr[nestQNum] + " was replaced with '" +
+                                Reduce.ReduceQStr[Reduce.REDUCE_TABLE[targetQNum][nestQNum].ordinal()] + "'");
+                    }
+                }
+            } // USE_WARNING_REDUNDANT_NESTED_REPEAT_OPERATOR
+            
+            if (targetQNum >= 0) {
+                if (nestQNum >= 0) {
+                    reduceNestedQuantifier(qnt);
+                    return 0;
+                } else if (targetQNum == 1 || targetQNum == 2) { /* * or + */
+                    /* (?:a*){n,m}, (?:a+){n,m} => (?:a*){n,n}, (?:a+){n,n} */
+                    if (!isRepeatInfinite(upper) && upper > 1 && greedy) {
+                        upper = lower == 0 ? 1 : lower;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+        
+        setTarget(tgt);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    public static final int REPEAT_INFINITE         = -1;
+    public static boolean isRepeatInfinite(int n) {
+        return n == REPEAT_INFINITE;
+    }
+    
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/ast/StateNode.java b/src/org/joni/ast/StateNode.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..117d3df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/ast/StateNode.java
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.ast;
+
+import org.joni.constants.NodeStatus;
+
+public abstract class StateNode extends Node implements NodeStatus {
+    protected int state;
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString(int level) {
+        return "\n  state: " + stateToString();
+    }
+    
+    public String stateToString() {
+        StringBuilder states = new StringBuilder();
+        if (isMinFixed()) states.append("MIN_FIXED ");
+        if (isMaxFixed()) states.append("MAX_FIXED ");
+        if (isMark1()) states.append("MARK1 ");
+        if (isMark2()) states.append("MARK2 ");
+        if (isMemBackrefed()) states.append("MEM_BACKREFED ");
+        if (isStopBtSimpleRepeat()) states.append("STOP_BT_SIMPLE_REPEAT ");
+        if (isRecursion()) states.append("RECURSION ");
+        if (isCalled()) states.append("CALLED ");
+        if (isAddrFixed()) states.append("ADDR_FIXED ");
+        if (isNamedGroup()) states.append("NAMED_GROUP ");
+        if (isNameRef()) states.append("NAME_REF ");
+        if (isInRepeat()) states.append("IN_REPEAT ");
+        if (isNestLevel()) states.append("NEST_LEVEL ");
+        if (isByNumber()) states.append("BY_NUMBER ");
+
+        return states.toString();
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isMinFixed() {
+        return (state & NST_MIN_FIXED) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void setMinFixed() {
+        state |= NST_MIN_FIXED;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearMinFixed() {
+        state &= ~NST_MIN_FIXED;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isMaxFixed() {
+        return (state & NST_MAX_FIXED) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void setMaxFixed() {
+        state |= NST_MAX_FIXED;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearMaxFixed() {
+        state &= ~NST_MAX_FIXED;        
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isCLenFixed() {
+        return (state & NST_CLEN_FIXED) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void setCLenFixed() {
+        state |= NST_CLEN_FIXED;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearCLenFixed() {
+        state &= ~NST_CLEN_FIXED;       
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isMark1() {
+        return (state & NST_MARK1) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void setMark1() {
+        state |= NST_MARK1;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearMark1() {
+        state &= ~NST_MARK1;        
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isMark2() {
+        return (state & NST_MARK2) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void setMark2() {
+        state |= NST_MARK2;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearMark2() {
+        state &= ~NST_MARK2;        
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isMemBackrefed() {
+        return (state & NST_MEM_BACKREFED) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void setMemBackrefed() {
+        state |= NST_MEM_BACKREFED;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearMemBackrefed() {
+        state &= ~NST_MEM_BACKREFED;        
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isStopBtSimpleRepeat() {
+        return (state & NST_STOP_BT_SIMPLE_REPEAT) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void setStopBtSimpleRepeat() {
+        state |= NST_STOP_BT_SIMPLE_REPEAT;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearStopBtSimpleRepeat() {
+        state &= ~NST_STOP_BT_SIMPLE_REPEAT;        
+    }
+
+    public boolean isRecursion() {
+        return (state & NST_RECURSION) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void setRecursion() {
+        state |= NST_RECURSION;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearRecursion() {
+        state &= ~NST_RECURSION;        
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isCalled() {
+        return (state & NST_CALLED) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void setCalled() {
+        state |= NST_CALLED;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearCAlled() {     
+        state &= ~NST_CALLED;       
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isAddrFixed() {
+        return (state & NST_ADDR_FIXED) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void setAddrFixed() {
+        state |= NST_ADDR_FIXED;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearAddrFixed() {      
+        state &= ~NST_ADDR_FIXED;       
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isNamedGroup() {
+        return (state & NST_NAMED_GROUP) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void setNamedGroup() {
+        state |= NST_NAMED_GROUP;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearNamedGroup() {     
+        state &= ~NST_NAMED_GROUP;      
+    }
+
+    public boolean isNameRef() {
+        return (state & NST_NAME_REF) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void setNameRef() {
+        state |= NST_NAME_REF;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearNameRef() {        
+        state &= ~NST_NAME_REF;     
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isInRepeat() {
+        return (state & NST_IN_REPEAT) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void setInRepeat() {
+        state |= NST_IN_REPEAT;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearInRepeat() {       
+        state &= ~NST_IN_REPEAT;        
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isNestLevel() {
+        return (state & NST_NEST_LEVEL) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void setNestLevel() {
+        state |= NST_NEST_LEVEL;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearNestLevel() {      
+        state &= ~NST_NEST_LEVEL;       
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isByNumber() {
+        return (state & NST_BY_NUMBER) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void setByNumber() {
+        state |= NST_BY_NUMBER;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearByNumber() {       
+        state &= ~NST_BY_NUMBER;        
+    }
+    
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/ast/StringNode.java b/src/org/joni/ast/StringNode.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf8217e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/ast/StringNode.java
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.ast;
+
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+import org.joni.constants.StringType;
+
+public final class StringNode extends Node implements StringType {
+    
+    private static final int NODE_STR_MARGIN = 16;
+    private static final int NODE_STR_BUF_SIZE = 24;
+    
+    public byte[]bytes;
+    public int p;
+    public int end;
+    
+    int flag;
+    
+    public StringNode() {
+        this.bytes = new byte[NODE_STR_BUF_SIZE];
+    }
+
+    public StringNode(byte[]bytes, int p, int end) {
+        this.bytes = bytes;
+        this.p = p;
+        this.end = end;
+        setShared();
+    }
+    
+    public StringNode(byte c) {
+        this();
+        bytes[end++] = c;
+    }
+
+    /* Ensure there is ahead bytes available in node's buffer
+     * (assumes that the node is not shared)
+     */
+    public void ensure(int ahead) {
+        int len = (end - p) + ahead;
+        if (len >= bytes.length) {
+            byte[]tmp = new byte[len + NODE_STR_MARGIN];
+            System.arraycopy(bytes, p, tmp, 0, end - p);
+            bytes = tmp;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /* COW and/or ensure there is ahead bytes available in node's buffer
+     */
+    private void modifyEnsure(int ahead) {
+        int len = (end - p) + ahead;
+        if (isShared()) {
+            byte[]tmp = new byte[len + NODE_STR_MARGIN];
+            System.arraycopy(bytes, p, tmp, 0, end - p);
+            bytes = tmp;
+            end = end - p;
+            p = 0;
+            clearShared();
+        } else {
+            if (len >= bytes.length) {
+                byte[]tmp = new byte[len + NODE_STR_MARGIN];
+                System.arraycopy(bytes, p, tmp, 0, end - p);
+                bytes = tmp;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public int getType() {
+        return STR;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return "String";
+    }   
+    
+    @Override
+    public String toString(int level) {
+        StringBuilder value = new StringBuilder();
+        value.append("\n  bytes: ");
+        for (int i=p; i<end; i++) {
+            if ((bytes[i] & 0xff) >= 0x20 && (bytes[i] & 0xff) < 0x7f) {
+                value.append((char)bytes[i]);
+            } else {
+                value.append(String.format(" 0x%02x", bytes[i]));
+            }
+        }
+        return value.toString();
+    }
+
+    public int length() {
+        return end - p;
+    }
+    
+    public int length(Encoding enc) {
+        return enc.strLength(bytes, p, end);
+    }
+    
+    public StringNode splitLastChar(Encoding enc) {
+        StringNode n = null;
+
+        if (end > p) {
+            int prev = enc.prevCharHead(bytes, p, end, end);
+            if (prev != -1 && prev > p) { /* can be splitted. */
+                n = new StringNode(bytes, prev, end);
+                if (isRaw()) n.setRaw();
+                end = prev;
+            }
+        }
+        return n;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean canBeSplit(Encoding enc) {
+        if (end > p) {
+            return enc.length(bytes, p, end) < (end - p);
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public void set(byte[]bytes, int p, int end) {
+        this.bytes = bytes;
+        this.p = p;
+        this.end = end;
+        setShared();
+    }
+    
+    public void cat(byte[]cat, int catP, int catEnd) {
+        int len = catEnd - catP;
+        modifyEnsure(len);
+        System.arraycopy(cat, catP, bytes, end, len);
+        end += len;
+    }
+    
+    public void cat(byte c) {
+        modifyEnsure(1);
+        bytes[end++] = c;
+    }
+    
+    public void clear() {
+        if (bytes.length > NODE_STR_BUF_SIZE) bytes = new byte[NODE_STR_BUF_SIZE];
+        flag = 0;
+        p = end = 0;
+    }
+
+    public void setRaw() {
+        flag |= NSTR_RAW;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearRaw() {
+        flag &= ~NSTR_RAW;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isRaw() {
+        return (flag & NSTR_RAW) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void setAmbig() {
+        flag |= NSTR_AMBIG;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearAmbig() {
+        flag &= ~NSTR_AMBIG;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isAmbig() {
+        return (flag & NSTR_AMBIG) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void setDontGetOptInfo() {
+        flag |= NSTR_DONT_GET_OPT_INFO;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearDontGetOptInfo() {
+        flag &= ~NSTR_DONT_GET_OPT_INFO;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isDontGetOptInfo() {
+        return (flag & NSTR_DONT_GET_OPT_INFO) != 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void setShared() {
+        flag |= NSTR_SHARED;
+    }
+    
+    public void clearShared() {
+        flag &= ~NSTR_SHARED;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isShared() {
+        return (flag & NSTR_SHARED) != 0;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/bench/AbstractBench.java b/src/org/joni/bench/AbstractBench.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e058f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/bench/AbstractBench.java
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package org.joni.bench;
+
+import org.jcodings.specific.ASCIIEncoding;
+import org.joni.Option;
+import org.joni.Regex;
+import org.joni.Syntax;
+
+public abstract class AbstractBench {
+    protected void bench(String _reg, String _str, int warmup, int times) throws Exception {
+        byte[] reg = _reg.getBytes();
+        byte[] str = _str.getBytes();
+        
+        Regex p = new Regex(reg,0,reg.length,Option.DEFAULT,ASCIIEncoding.INSTANCE,Syntax.DEFAULT);
+
+        System.err.println("::: /" + _reg + "/ =~ \"" + _str + "\", " + warmup + " * " + times + " times");
+
+        for(int j=0;j<warmup;j++) {
+            long before = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            for(int i = 0; i < times; i++) {
+                p.matcher(str, 0, str.length).search(0, str.length, Option.NONE);
+            }
+            long time = System.currentTimeMillis() - before;
+            System.err.println(":  " + time + "ms");
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void benchBestOf(String _reg, String _str, int warmup, int times) throws Exception {
+        byte[] reg = _reg.getBytes();
+        byte[] str = _str.getBytes();
+        
+        Regex p = new Regex(reg,0,reg.length,Option.DEFAULT,ASCIIEncoding.INSTANCE,Syntax.DEFAULT);
+
+        System.err.println("::: /" + _reg + "/ =~ \"" + _str + "\", " + warmup + " * " + times + " times");
+
+        long best = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+
+        for(int j=0;j<warmup;j++) {
+            long before = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            for(int i = 0; i < times; i++) {
+                p.matcher(str, 0, str.length).search(0, str.length, Option.NONE);
+            }
+            long time = System.currentTimeMillis() - before;
+            if(time < best) {
+                best = time;
+            }
+            System.err.print(".");
+        }
+        System.err.println(":  " + best + "ms");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/bench/BenchGreedyBacktrack.java b/src/org/joni/bench/BenchGreedyBacktrack.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dcda986
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/bench/BenchGreedyBacktrack.java
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package org.joni.bench;
+
+public class BenchGreedyBacktrack extends AbstractBench {
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+        new BenchGreedyBacktrack().bench(".*_p","_petstore_session_id=1b341ffe23b5298676d535fcabd3d0d7; path=/",10,1000000);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/bench/BenchRailsRegs.java b/src/org/joni/bench/BenchRailsRegs.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c11d208
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/bench/BenchRailsRegs.java
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package org.joni.bench;
+
+public class BenchRailsRegs extends AbstractBench {
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+        final String[][] regexps = {{"a.*?[b-z]{2,4}aaaaaa","afdgdsgderaabxxaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"},
+                                    {"://","/shop/viewCategory.shtml?category=DOGS"},
+                                    {"^\\w+\\://[^/]+(/.*|$)$","/shop/viewCategory.shtml?category=DOGS"},
+                                    {"\\A/?\\Z","/shop/viewCategory.shtml"},
+                                    {"\\A/shop/signonForm\\.shtml/?\\Z","/shop/viewCategory.shtml"},
+                                    {"\\A/shop/newAccountForm\\.shtml/?\\Z","/shop/viewCategory.shtml"},
+                                    {"\\A/shop/newAccount\\.shtml/?\\Z","/shop/viewCategory.shtml"},
+                                    {"\\A/shop/viewCart\\.shtml/?\\Z","/shop/viewCategory.shtml"},
+                                    {"\\A/shop/index\\.shtml/?\\Z","/shop/viewCategory.shtml"},
+                                    {"\\A/shop/viewCategory\\.shtml/?\\Z","/shop/viewCategory.shtml"},
+                                    {"\\A(?:::)?([A-Z]\\w*(?:::[A-Z]\\w*)*)\\z","CategoriesController"},
+                                    {"\\Ainsert","SELECT * FROM sessions WHERE (session_id = '1b341ffe23b5298676d535fcabd3d0d7')  LIMIT 1"},
+                                    {"\\A\\(?\\s*(select|show)","SELECT * FROM sessions WHERE (session_id = '1b341ffe23b5298676d535fcabd3d0d7')  LIMIT 1"},
+                                    {".*?\n","1b341ffe23b5298676d535fcabd3d0d7"},
+                                    {"^find_(all_by|by)_([_a-zA-Z]\\w*)$","find_by_string_id"},
+                                    {"\\.rjs$","categories/show.rhtml"},
+                                    {"^[-a-z]+://","petstore.css"},
+                                    {"^get$",""},
+                                    {"^post$",""},
+                                    {"^[^:]+","www.example.com"},
+                                    {"(=|\\?|_before_type_cast)$", "updated_on"},
+                                    {"^(.*?)=(.*?);","_petstore_session_id=1b341ffe23b5298676d535fcabd3d0d7; path=/"}};
+        for(String[] reg : regexps) {
+            new BenchRailsRegs().benchBestOf(reg[0],reg[1],10,1000000);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/bench/BenchSeveralRegexps.java b/src/org/joni/bench/BenchSeveralRegexps.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d393feb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/bench/BenchSeveralRegexps.java
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package org.joni.bench;
+
+public class BenchSeveralRegexps extends AbstractBench {
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+        int BASE = 1000000;
+
+        new BenchSeveralRegexps().benchBestOf("a"," a",10,4*BASE);
+
+        new BenchSeveralRegexps().benchBestOf(".*?=","_petstore_session_id=1b341ffe23b5298676d535fcabd3d0d7; path=/",10,BASE);
+
+        new BenchSeveralRegexps().benchBestOf("^(.*?)=(.*?);","_petstore_session_id=1b341ffe23b5298676d535fcabd3d0d7; path=/",10,BASE);
+
+        new BenchSeveralRegexps().benchBestOf(".*_p","_petstore_session_id=1b341ffe23b5298676d535fcabd3d0d7; path=/",10,4*BASE);
+
+        new BenchSeveralRegexps().benchBestOf(".*=","_petstore_session_id=1b341ffe23b5298676d535fcabd3d0d7; path=/",10,4*BASE);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/AnchorType.java b/src/org/joni/constants/AnchorType.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..144dd1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/AnchorType.java
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+
+public interface AnchorType {
+    final int BEGIN_BUF         = (1<<0);
+    final int BEGIN_LINE        = (1<<1);
+    final int BEGIN_POSITION    = (1<<2);
+    final int END_BUF           = (1<<3);
+    final int SEMI_END_BUF      = (1<<4);
+    final int END_LINE          = (1<<5);
+
+    final int WORD_BOUND        = (1<<6);
+    final int NOT_WORD_BOUND    = (1<<7);
+    final int WORD_BEGIN        = (1<<8);
+    final int WORD_END          = (1<<9);
+    final int PREC_READ         = (1<<10);
+    final int PREC_READ_NOT     = (1<<11);
+    final int LOOK_BEHIND       = (1<<12);
+    final int LOOK_BEHIND_NOT   = (1<<13);
+
+    final int ANYCHAR_STAR      = (1<<14);   /* ".*" optimize info */
+    final int ANYCHAR_STAR_ML   = (1<<15);   /* ".*" optimize info (multi-line) */
+    
+    final int ANYCHAR_STAR_MASK = (ANYCHAR_STAR | ANYCHAR_STAR_ML);
+    final int END_BUF_MASK      = (END_BUF | SEMI_END_BUF);
+    
+    final int ALLOWED_IN_LB =     ( LOOK_BEHIND |
+                                    BEGIN_LINE |
+                                    END_LINE |
+                                    BEGIN_BUF |
+                                    BEGIN_POSITION );
+    
+    final int ALLOWED_IN_LB_NOT = ( LOOK_BEHIND |
+                                    LOOK_BEHIND_NOT |
+                                    BEGIN_LINE |
+                                    END_LINE |
+                                    BEGIN_BUF |
+                                    BEGIN_POSITION ); 
+        
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/Arguments.java b/src/org/joni/constants/Arguments.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1aacfdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/Arguments.java
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+
+public interface Arguments {
+    final int SPECIAL       = -1;   
+    final int NON           = 0;    
+    final int RELADDR       = 1;
+    final int ABSADDR       = 2;
+    final int LENGTH        = 3;
+    final int MEMNUM        = 4;
+    final int OPTION        = 5;
+    final int STATE_CHECK   = 6;
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/AsmConstants.java b/src/org/joni/constants/AsmConstants.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6329780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/AsmConstants.java
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+
+public interface AsmConstants {
+    final int THIS = 0;
+
+    // argument indexes
+    final int RANGE             = 1;
+    final int SSTART            = 2;
+    final int SPREV             = 3;
+
+    // local var indexes
+    final int S                 = 4;            // current index
+    final int BYTES             = 5;            // string
+    final int LAST_INDEX        = BYTES + 1;
+
+    // frequently used field names (all ints)
+    final String STR            = "str";
+    final String END            = "end";
+    final String MSA_START      = "msaStart";
+    final String MSA_OPTONS     = "msaOptions";
+    final String MSA_BEST_LEN   = "msaBestLen";
+    final String MSA_BEST_S     = "msaBestS";
+    final String MSA_BEGIN      = "msaBegin";
+    final String MSA_END        = "msaEnd";
+
+    // generated field names
+    final String BITSET         = "bitset";
+    final String CODERANGE      = "range";
+    final String TEMPLATE       = "template";
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/CCSTATE.java b/src/org/joni/constants/CCSTATE.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23baa87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/CCSTATE.java
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+
+public enum CCSTATE {
+    VALUE,
+    RANGE,
+    COMPLETE,
+    START
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/CCVALTYPE.java b/src/org/joni/constants/CCVALTYPE.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b531e30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/CCVALTYPE.java
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+
+public enum CCVALTYPE {
+    SB,
+    CODE_POINT,
+    CLASS
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/EncloseType.java b/src/org/joni/constants/EncloseType.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..553b5dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/EncloseType.java
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+
+public interface EncloseType {
+    final int MEMORY                = 1<<0;
+    final int OPTION                = 1<<1;
+    final int STOP_BACKTRACK        = 1<<2;
+    
+    final int ALLOWED_IN_LB         = MEMORY;
+    final int ALLOWED_IN_LB_NOT     = 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/MetaChar.java b/src/org/joni/constants/MetaChar.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3589aff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/MetaChar.java
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+
+public interface MetaChar {
+    final int ESCAPE            = 0;
+    final int ANYCHAR           = 1;
+    final int ANYTIME           = 2;
+    final int ZERO_OR_ONE_TIME  = 3;    
+    final int ONE_OR_MORE_TIME  = 4;
+    final int ANYCHAR_ANYTIME   = 5;
+    
+    final int INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR = 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/NodeStatus.java b/src/org/joni/constants/NodeStatus.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..901d47d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/NodeStatus.java
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+
+public interface NodeStatus {
+    /* status bits */
+    final int NST_MIN_FIXED            = (1<<0);
+    final int NST_MAX_FIXED            = (1<<1);
+    final int NST_CLEN_FIXED           = (1<<2);
+    final int NST_MARK1                = (1<<3);
+    final int NST_MARK2                = (1<<4);
+    final int NST_MEM_BACKREFED        = (1<<5);
+    final int NST_STOP_BT_SIMPLE_REPEAT= (1<<6);
+    final int NST_RECURSION            = (1<<7);
+    final int NST_CALLED               = (1<<8);
+    final int NST_ADDR_FIXED           = (1<<9);
+    final int NST_NAMED_GROUP          = (1<<10);
+    final int NST_NAME_REF             = (1<<11);
+    final int NST_IN_REPEAT            = (1<<12);   /* STK_REPEAT is nested in stack. */
+    final int NST_NEST_LEVEL           = (1<<13);
+    final int NST_BY_NUMBER            = (1<<14);   /* {n,m} */
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/NodeType.java b/src/org/joni/constants/NodeType.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dccece2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/NodeType.java
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+
+public interface NodeType {
+    /* node type */
+    final int  STR        = 0;
+    final int  CCLASS     = 1;
+    final int  CTYPE      = 2;
+    final int  CANY       = 3;
+    final int  BREF       = 4;
+    final int  QTFR       = 5;
+    final int  ENCLOSE    = 6;
+    final int  ANCHOR     = 7;
+    final int  LIST       = 8;
+    final int  ALT        = 9;
+    final int  CALL       = 10;
+    
+    final int BIT_STR        = 1 << STR;
+    final int BIT_CCLASS     = 1 << CCLASS;
+    final int BIT_CTYPE      = 1 << CTYPE;
+    final int BIT_CANY       = 1 << CANY;
+    final int BIT_BREF       = 1 << BREF;
+    final int BIT_QTFR       = 1 << QTFR;
+    final int BIT_ENCLOSE    = 1 << ENCLOSE;
+    final int BIT_ANCHOR     = 1 << ANCHOR;
+    final int BIT_LIST       = 1 << LIST;
+    final int BIT_ALT        = 1 << ALT;
+    final int BIT_CALL       = 1 << CALL;
+    
+    /* allowed node types in look-behind */
+    final int ALLOWED_IN_LB = ( BIT_LIST | 
+                                BIT_ALT |
+                                BIT_STR |
+                                BIT_CCLASS |
+                                BIT_CTYPE |
+                                BIT_CANY |
+                                BIT_ANCHOR |
+                                BIT_ENCLOSE |
+                                BIT_QTFR |
+                                BIT_CALL );
+    
+    final int SIMPLE =        ( BIT_STR |
+                                BIT_CCLASS |
+                                BIT_CTYPE |
+                                BIT_CANY |
+                                BIT_BREF);
+    
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/OPCode.java b/src/org/joni/constants/OPCode.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e06f88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/OPCode.java
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+
+import org.joni.Config;
+
+public interface OPCode {
+    final int FINISH                        = 0;            /* matching process terminator (no more alternative) */
+    final int END                           = 1;            /* pattern code terminator (success end) */
+
+    final int EXACT1                        = 2;            /* single byte, N = 1 */
+    final int EXACT2                        = 3;            /* single byte, N = 2 */
+    final int EXACT3                        = 4;            /* single byte, N = 3 */
+    final int EXACT4                        = 5;            /* single byte, N = 4 */
+    final int EXACT5                        = 6;            /* single byte, N = 5 */
+    final int EXACTN                        = 7;            /* single byte */
+    final int EXACTMB2N1                    = 8;            /* mb-length = 2 N = 1 */
+    final int EXACTMB2N2                    = 9;            /* mb-length = 2 N = 2 */
+    final int EXACTMB2N3                    = 10;           /* mb-length = 2 N = 3 */
+    final int EXACTMB2N                     = 11;           /* mb-length = 2 */
+    final int EXACTMB3N                     = 12;           /* mb-length = 3 */
+    final int EXACTMBN                      = 13;           /* other length */
+
+    final int EXACT1_IC                     = 14;           /* single byte, N = 1, ignore case */
+    final int EXACTN_IC                     = 15;           /* single byte,        ignore case */
+
+    final int CCLASS                        = 16;
+    final int CCLASS_MB                     = 17;
+    final int CCLASS_MIX                    = 18;                    
+    final int CCLASS_NOT                    = 19;
+    final int CCLASS_MB_NOT                 = 20;
+    final int CCLASS_MIX_NOT                = 21;
+    final int CCLASS_NODE                   = 22;           /* pointer to CClassNode node */
+
+    final int ANYCHAR                       = 23;           /* "."  */
+    final int ANYCHAR_ML                    = 24;           /* "."  multi-line */
+    final int ANYCHAR_STAR                  = 25;           /* ".*" */
+    final int ANYCHAR_ML_STAR               = 26;           /* ".*" multi-line */
+    final int ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT        = 27;
+    final int ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT     = 28;
+
+    final int WORD                          = 29;
+    final int NOT_WORD                      = 30;
+    final int WORD_BOUND                    = 31;
+    final int NOT_WORD_BOUND                = 32;
+    final int WORD_BEGIN                    = 33;
+    final int WORD_END                      = 34;
+
+    final int BEGIN_BUF                     = 35;
+    final int END_BUF                       = 36;
+    final int BEGIN_LINE                    = 37;
+    final int END_LINE                      = 38;
+    final int SEMI_END_BUF                  = 39;
+    final int BEGIN_POSITION                = 40;
+
+    final int BACKREF1                      = 41;
+    final int BACKREF2                      = 42;
+    final int BACKREFN                      = 43;
+    final int BACKREFN_IC                   = 44;
+    final int BACKREF_MULTI                 = 45;
+    final int BACKREF_MULTI_IC              = 46;
+    final int BACKREF_WITH_LEVEL            = 47;           /* \k<xxx+n>, \k<xxx-n> */
+
+    final int MEMORY_START                  = 48;
+    final int MEMORY_START_PUSH             = 49;           /* push back-tracker to stack */
+    final int MEMORY_END_PUSH               = 50;           /* push back-tracker to stack */
+    final int MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC           = 51;           /* push back-tracker to stack */
+    final int MEMORY_END                    = 52;
+    final int MEMORY_END_REC                = 53;           /* push marker to stack */
+
+    final int FAIL                          = 54;           /* pop stack and move */
+    final int JUMP                          = 55;
+    final int PUSH                          = 56;
+    final int POP                           = 57;
+    final int PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1           = 58;           /* if match exact then push, else jump. */
+    final int PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT             = 59;           /* if match exact then push, else none. */
+    
+    final int REPEAT                        = 60;           /* {n,m} */
+    final int REPEAT_NG                     = 61;           /* {n,m}? (non greedy) */
+    final int REPEAT_INC                    = 62;
+    final int REPEAT_INC_NG                 = 63;           /* non greedy */
+    final int REPEAT_INC_SG                 = 64;           /* search and get in stack */
+    final int REPEAT_INC_NG_SG              = 65;           /* search and get in stack (non greedy) */
+    
+    final int NULL_CHECK_START              = 66;           /* null loop checker start */
+    final int NULL_CHECK_END                = 67;           /* null loop checker end   */
+    final int NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST          = 68;           /* null loop checker end (with capture status) */
+    final int NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST_PUSH     = 69;           /* with capture status and push check-end */
+
+    final int PUSH_POS                      = 70;           /* (?=...)  start */
+    final int POP_POS                       = 71;           /* (?=...)  end   */
+    final int PUSH_POS_NOT                  = 72;           /* (?!...)  start */
+    final int FAIL_POS                      = 73;           /* (?!...)  end   */
+    final int PUSH_STOP_BT                  = 74;           /* (?>...)  start */
+    final int POP_STOP_BT                   = 75;           /* (?>...)  end   */
+    final int LOOK_BEHIND                   = 76;           /* (?<=...) start (no needs end opcode) */
+    final int PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT          = 77;           /* (?<!...) start */
+    final int FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT          = 78;           /* (?<!...) end   */
+
+    final int CALL                          = 79;           /* \g<name> */
+    final int RETURN                        = 80;
+
+    final int STATE_CHECK_PUSH              = 81;           /* combination explosion check and push */
+    final int STATE_CHECK_PUSH_OR_JUMP      = 82;           /* check ok -> push, else jump  */
+    final int STATE_CHECK                   = 83;           /* check only */
+    final int STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_STAR      = 84;
+    final int STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR   = 85;
+
+      /* no need: IS_DYNAMIC_OPTION() == 0 */
+    final int SET_OPTION_PUSH               = 86;           /* set option and push recover option */
+    final int SET_OPTION                    = 87;           /* set option */
+    
+    // single byte versions
+    final int ANYCHAR_SB                    = 88;           /* "."  */
+    final int ANYCHAR_ML_SB                 = 89;           /* "."  multi-line */
+    final int ANYCHAR_STAR_SB               = 90;           /* ".*" */
+    final int ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_SB            = 91;           /* ".*" multi-line */
+    final int ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT_SB     = 92;
+    final int ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT_SB  = 93;
+    final int STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_STAR_SB   = 94;
+    final int STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_SB= 95;
+
+    final int CCLASS_SB                     = 96;
+    final int CCLASS_NOT_SB                 = 97;
+    final int WORD_SB                       = 98;
+    final int NOT_WORD_SB                   = 99;
+    final int WORD_BOUND_SB                 = 100;
+    final int NOT_WORD_BOUND_SB             = 101;
+    final int WORD_BEGIN_SB                 = 102;
+    final int WORD_END_SB                   = 103;
+    
+    final int LOOK_BEHIND_SB                = 104;
+    
+    final int EXACT1_IC_SB                  = 105;           /* single byte, N = 1, ignore case */
+    final int EXACTN_IC_SB                  = 106;           /* single byte,        ignore case */
+    
+
+    public final String OpCodeNames[] = Config.DEBUG_COMPILE ? new String[] {
+        "finish", /*OP_FINISH*/
+        "end", /*OP_END*/
+        "exact1", /*OP_EXACT1*/
+        "exact2", /*OP_EXACT2*/
+        "exact3", /*OP_EXACT3*/
+        "exact4", /*OP_EXACT4*/
+        "exact5", /*OP_EXACT5*/
+        "exactn", /*OP_EXACTN*/
+        "exactmb2-n1", /*OP_EXACTMB2N1*/
+        "exactmb2-n2", /*OP_EXACTMB2N2*/
+        "exactmb2-n3", /*OP_EXACTMB2N3*/
+        "exactmb2-n", /*OP_EXACTMB2N*/
+        "exactmb3n", /*OP_EXACTMB3N*/
+        "exactmbn", /*OP_EXACTMBN*/
+        "exact1-ic", /*OP_EXACT1_IC*/
+        "exactn-ic", /*OP_EXACTN_IC*/
+        "cclass", /*OP_CCLASS*/
+        "cclass-mb", /*OP_CCLASS_MB*/
+        "cclass-mix", /*OP_CCLASS_MIX*/
+        "cclass-not", /*OP_CCLASS_NOT*/
+        "cclass-mb-not", /*OP_CCLASS_MB_NOT*/
+        "cclass-mix-not", /*OP_CCLASS_MIX_NOT*/
+        "cclass-node", /*OP_CCLASS_NODE*/
+        "anychar", /*OP_ANYCHAR*/
+        "anychar-ml", /*OP_ANYCHAR_ML*/
+        "anychar*", /*OP_ANYCHAR_STAR*/
+        "anychar-ml*", /*OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR*/
+        "anychar*-peek-next", /*OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT*/
+        "anychar-ml*-peek-next", /*OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT*/
+        "word", /*OP_WORD*/
+        "not-word", /*OP_NOT_WORD*/
+        "word-bound", /*OP_WORD_BOUND*/
+        "not-word-bound", /*OP_NOT_WORD_BOUND*/
+        "word-begin", /*OP_WORD_BEGIN*/
+        "word-end", /*OP_WORD_END*/
+        "begin-buf", /*OP_BEGIN_BUF*/
+        "end-buf", /*OP_END_BUF*/
+        "begin-line", /*OP_BEGIN_LINE*/
+        "end-line", /*OP_END_LINE*/
+        "semi-end-buf", /*OP_SEMI_END_BUF*/
+        "begin-position", /*OP_BEGIN_POSITION*/
+        "backref1", /*OP_BACKREF1*/
+        "backref2", /*OP_BACKREF2*/
+        "backrefn", /*OP_BACKREFN*/
+        "backrefn-ic", /*OP_BACKREFN_IC*/
+        "backref_multi", /*OP_BACKREF_MULTI*/
+        "backref_multi-ic", /*OP_BACKREF_MULTI_IC*/
+        "backref_at_level", /*OP_BACKREF_AT_LEVEL*/
+        "mem-start", /*OP_MEMORY_START*/
+        "mem-start-push", /*OP_MEMORY_START_PUSH*/
+        "mem-end-push", /*OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH*/
+        "mem-end-push-rec", /*OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC*/
+        "mem-end", /*OP_MEMORY_END*/
+        "mem-end-rec", /*OP_MEMORY_END_REC*/
+        "fail", /*OP_FAIL*/
+        "jump", /*OP_JUMP*/
+        "push", /*OP_PUSH*/
+        "pop", /*OP_POP*/
+        "push-or-jump-e1", /*OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1*/
+        "push-if-peek-next", /*OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT*/
+        "repeat", /*OP_REPEAT*/
+        "repeat-ng", /*OP_REPEAT_NG*/
+        "repeat-inc", /*OP_REPEAT_INC*/
+        "repeat-inc-ng", /*OP_REPEAT_INC_NG*/
+        "repeat-inc-sg", /*OP_REPEAT_INC_SG*/
+        "repeat-inc-ng-sg", /*OP_REPEAT_INC_NG_SG*/
+        "null-check-start", /*OP_NULL_CHECK_START*/
+        "null-check-end", /*OP_NULL_CHECK_END*/
+        "null-check-end-memst", /*OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST*/
+        "null-check-end-memst-push", /*OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST_PUSH*/
+        "push-pos", /*OP_PUSH_POS*/
+        "pop-pos", /*OP_POP_POS*/
+        "push-pos-not", /*OP_PUSH_POS_NOT*/
+        "fail-pos", /*OP_FAIL_POS*/
+        "push-stop-bt", /*OP_PUSH_STOP_BT*/
+        "pop-stop-bt", /*OP_POP_STOP_BT*/
+        "look-behind", /*OP_LOOK_BEHIND*/
+        "push-look-behind-not", /*OP_PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT*/
+        "fail-look-behind-not", /*OP_FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT*/
+        "call", /*OP_CALL*/
+        "return", /*OP_RETURN*/
+        "state-check-push", /*OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH*/
+        "state-check-push-or-jump", /*OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH_OR_JUMP*/
+        "state-check", /*OP_STATE_CHECK*/
+        "state-check-anychar*", /*OP_STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_STAR*/
+        "state-check-anychar-ml*", /*OP_STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR*/
+        "set-option-push", /*OP_SET_OPTION_PUSH*/
+        "set-option", /*OP_SET_OPTION*/
+        
+        // single byte versions
+        "anychar-sb", /*OP_ANYCHAR*/
+        "anychar-ml-sb", /*OP_ANYCHAR_ML*/
+        "anychar*-sb", /*OP_ANYCHAR_STAR*/
+        "anychar-ml*-sb", /*OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR*/
+        "anychar*-peek-next-sb", /*OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT*/
+        "anychar-ml*-peek-next-sb", /*OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT*/
+        "state-check-anychar*-sb", /*OP_STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_STAR*/
+        "state-check-anychar-ml*-sb", /*OP_STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR*/
+
+        "cclass-sb", /*OP_CCLASS*/
+        "cclass-not-sb", /*OP_CCLASS_NOT*/
+        
+        "word-sb", /*OP_WORD*/
+        "not-word-sb", /*OP_NOT_WORD*/
+        "word-bound-sb", /*OP_WORD_BOUND*/
+        "not-word-bound-sb", /*OP_NOT_WORD_BOUND*/
+        "word-begin-sb", /*OP_WORD_BEGIN*/
+        "word-end-sb", /*OP_WORD_END*/
+        
+        "look-behind-sb", /*OP_LOOK_BEHIND*/
+        
+        "exact1-ic-sb", /*OP_EXACT1_IC*/
+        "exactn-ic-sb", /*OP_EXACTN_IC*/
+
+    } : null;
+    
+    public final int OpCodeArgTypes[] = Config.DEBUG_COMPILE ? new int[] {
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_FINISH*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_END*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_EXACT1*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_EXACT2*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_EXACT3*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_EXACT4*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_EXACT5*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_EXACTN*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_EXACTMB2N1*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_EXACTMB2N2*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_EXACTMB2N3*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_EXACTMB2N*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_EXACTMB3N*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_EXACTMBN*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_EXACT1_IC*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_EXACTN_IC*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_CCLASS*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_CCLASS_MB*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_CCLASS_MIX*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_CCLASS_NOT*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_CCLASS_MB_NOT*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_CCLASS_MIX_NOT*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_CCLASS_NODE*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_ANYCHAR*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_ANYCHAR_ML*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_ANYCHAR_STAR*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_WORD*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_NOT_WORD*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_WORD_BOUND*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_NOT_WORD_BOUND*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_WORD_BEGIN*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_WORD_END*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_BEGIN_BUF*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_END_BUF*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_BEGIN_LINE*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_END_LINE*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_SEMI_END_BUF*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_BEGIN_POSITION*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_BACKREF1*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_BACKREF2*/
+        Arguments.MEMNUM, /*OP_BACKREFN*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_BACKREFN_IC*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_BACKREF_MULTI*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_BACKREF_MULTI_IC*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_BACKREF_AT_LEVEL*/
+        Arguments.MEMNUM, /*OP_MEMORY_START*/
+        Arguments.MEMNUM, /*OP_MEMORY_START_PUSH*/
+        Arguments.MEMNUM, /*OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH*/
+        Arguments.MEMNUM, /*OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC*/
+        Arguments.MEMNUM, /*OP_MEMORY_END*/
+        Arguments.MEMNUM, /*OP_MEMORY_END_REC*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_FAIL*/
+        Arguments.RELADDR, /*OP_JUMP*/
+        Arguments.RELADDR, /*OP_PUSH*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_POP*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_REPEAT*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_REPEAT_NG*/
+        Arguments.MEMNUM, /*OP_REPEAT_INC*/
+        Arguments.MEMNUM, /*OP_REPEAT_INC_NG*/
+        Arguments.MEMNUM, /*OP_REPEAT_INC_SG*/
+        Arguments.MEMNUM, /*OP_REPEAT_INC_NG_SG*/
+        Arguments.MEMNUM, /*OP_NULL_CHECK_START*/
+        Arguments.MEMNUM, /*OP_NULL_CHECK_END*/
+        Arguments.MEMNUM, /*OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST*/
+        Arguments.MEMNUM, /*OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST_PUSH*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_PUSH_POS*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_POP_POS*/
+        Arguments.RELADDR, /*OP_PUSH_POS_NOT*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_FAIL_POS*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_PUSH_STOP_BT*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_POP_STOP_BT*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_LOOK_BEHIND*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT*/
+        Arguments.ABSADDR, /*OP_CALL*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_RETURN*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_STATE_CHECK_PUSH_OR_JUMP*/
+        Arguments.STATE_CHECK, /*OP_STATE_CHECK*/
+        Arguments.STATE_CHECK, /*OP_STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_STAR*/
+        Arguments.STATE_CHECK, /*OP_STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR*/
+        Arguments.OPTION, /*OP_SET_OPTION_PUSH*/
+        Arguments.OPTION, /*OP_SET_OPTION*/
+        
+        // single byte versions
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_ANYCHAR*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_ANYCHAR_ML*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_ANYCHAR_STAR*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT*/
+        Arguments.STATE_CHECK, /*OP_STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_STAR*/
+        Arguments.STATE_CHECK, /*OP_STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR*/
+
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_CCLASS*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_CCLASS_NOT*/
+
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_WORD*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_NOT_WORD*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_WORD_BOUND*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_NOT_WORD_BOUND*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_WORD_BEGIN*/
+        Arguments.NON, /*OP_WORD_END*/
+
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_LOOK_BEHIND*/
+        
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_EXACT1_IC*/
+        Arguments.SPECIAL, /*OP_EXACTN_IC*/
+    } : null;
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/OPSize.java b/src/org/joni/constants/OPSize.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dcd419b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/OPSize.java
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+
+public interface OPSize {
+    
+    // this might be helpful for potential byte[] migration
+    final int OPCODE                = 1;
+    final int RELADDR               = 1;
+    final int ABSADDR               = 1;
+    final int LENGTH                = 1;
+    final int MEMNUM                = 1;
+    final int STATE_CHECK_NUM       = 1;
+    final int REPEATNUM             = 1;
+    final int OPTION                = 1;
+    final int CODE_POINT            = 1;
+    final int POINTER               = 1;
+    
+    /* op-code + arg size */
+    
+    final int ANYCHAR_STAR                  = OPCODE;
+    final int ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT        = (OPCODE + 1);
+    final int JUMP                          = (OPCODE + RELADDR);
+    final int PUSH                          = (OPCODE + RELADDR);
+    final int POP                           = OPCODE;
+    final int PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1           = (OPCODE + RELADDR + 1);
+    final int PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT             = (OPCODE + RELADDR + 1);
+    final int REPEAT_INC                    = (OPCODE + MEMNUM);
+    final int REPEAT_INC_NG                 = (OPCODE + MEMNUM);
+    final int PUSH_POS                      = OPCODE;
+    final int PUSH_POS_NOT                  = (OPCODE + RELADDR);
+    final int POP_POS                       = OPCODE;
+    final int FAIL_POS                      = OPCODE;
+    final int SET_OPTION                    = (OPCODE + OPTION);
+    final int SET_OPTION_PUSH               = (OPCODE + OPTION);
+    final int FAIL                          = OPCODE;
+    final int MEMORY_START                  = (OPCODE + MEMNUM);
+    final int MEMORY_START_PUSH             = (OPCODE + MEMNUM);
+    final int MEMORY_END_PUSH               = (OPCODE + MEMNUM);
+    final int MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC           = (OPCODE + MEMNUM);
+    final int MEMORY_END                    = (OPCODE + MEMNUM);
+    final int MEMORY_END_REC                = (OPCODE + MEMNUM);
+    final int PUSH_STOP_BT                  = OPCODE;
+    final int POP_STOP_BT                   = OPCODE;
+    final int NULL_CHECK_START              = (OPCODE + MEMNUM);
+    final int NULL_CHECK_END                = (OPCODE + MEMNUM);
+    final int LOOK_BEHIND                   = (OPCODE + LENGTH);
+    final int PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT          = (OPCODE + RELADDR + LENGTH);
+    final int FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT          = OPCODE;
+    final int CALL                          = (OPCODE + ABSADDR);
+    final int RETURN                        = OPCODE;
+
+    // #ifdef USE_COMBINATION_EXPLOSION_CHECK
+    final int STATE_CHECK                   = (OPCODE + STATE_CHECK_NUM);
+    final int STATE_CHECK_PUSH              = (OPCODE + STATE_CHECK_NUM + RELADDR);
+    final int STATE_CHECK_PUSH_OR_JUMP      = (OPCODE + STATE_CHECK_NUM + RELADDR);
+    final int STATE_CHECK_ANYCHAR_STAR      = (OPCODE + STATE_CHECK_NUM);
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/Reduce.java b/src/org/joni/constants/Reduce.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e62de7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/Reduce.java
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+import static org.joni.constants.Reduce.ReduceType.A;
+import static org.joni.constants.Reduce.ReduceType.AQ;
+import static org.joni.constants.Reduce.ReduceType.ASIS;
+import static org.joni.constants.Reduce.ReduceType.DEL;
+import static org.joni.constants.Reduce.ReduceType.PQ_Q;
+import static org.joni.constants.Reduce.ReduceType.P_QQ;
+import static org.joni.constants.Reduce.ReduceType.QQ;
+
+public interface Reduce {
+    
+    enum ReduceType {
+        ASIS,       /* as is */
+        DEL,        /* delete parent */
+        A,          /* to '*'    */
+        AQ,         /* to '*?'   */
+        QQ,         /* to '??'   */
+        P_QQ,       /* to '+)??' */
+        PQ_Q,       /* to '+?)?' */
+    }
+
+    final ReduceType[][]REDUCE_TABLE = {
+      {DEL,     A,      A,      QQ,     AQ,     ASIS}, /* '?'  */
+      {DEL,     DEL,    DEL,    P_QQ,   P_QQ,   DEL},  /* '*'  */
+      {A,       A,      DEL,    ASIS,   P_QQ,   DEL},  /* '+'  */
+      {DEL,     AQ,     AQ,     DEL,    AQ,     AQ},   /* '??' */
+      {DEL,     DEL,    DEL,    DEL,    DEL,    DEL},  /* '*?' */
+      {ASIS,    PQ_Q,   DEL,    AQ,     AQ,     DEL}   /* '+?' */     
+    };
+    
+    
+    final String PopularQStr[] = new String[] {
+        "?", "*", "+", "??", "*?", "+?"
+    };
+    
+    String ReduceQStr[]= new String[] {
+        "", "", "*", "*?", "??", "+ and ??", "+? and ?"
+    };    
+    
+}
+
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/RegexState.java b/src/org/joni/constants/RegexState.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..acc6d84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/RegexState.java
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+
+// we dont need this ATM
+public interface RegexState {
+    final int NORMAL          = 0;
+    final int SEARCHING       = 1;
+    final int COMPILING       = -1;
+    final int MODIFY          = -2;
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/StackPopLevel.java b/src/org/joni/constants/StackPopLevel.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1f93bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/StackPopLevel.java
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+
+public interface StackPopLevel {
+    final int FREE      = 0;
+    final int MEM_START = 1;
+    final int ALL       = 2;
+
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/StackType.java b/src/org/joni/constants/StackType.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34ea41f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/StackType.java
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+
+public interface StackType {
+    /** stack **/
+    final int INVALID_STACK_INDEX           = -1;
+
+    /* stack type */
+    /* used by normal-POP */
+    final int ALT                           = 0x0001;
+    final int LOOK_BEHIND_NOT               = 0x0002;
+    final int POS_NOT                       = 0x0003;
+    /* handled by normal-POP */
+    final int MEM_START                     = 0x0100;
+    final int MEM_END                       = 0x8200;
+    final int REPEAT_INC                    = 0x0300;
+    final int STATE_CHECK_MARK              = 0x1000;
+    /* avoided by normal-POP */
+    final int NULL_CHECK_START              = 0x3000;
+    final int NULL_CHECK_END                = 0x5000;  /* for recursive call */
+    final int MEM_END_MARK                  = 0x8400;
+    final int POS                           = 0x0500;  /* used when POP-POS */
+    final int STOP_BT                       = 0x0600;  /* mark for "(?>...)" */
+    final int REPEAT                        = 0x0700;
+    final int CALL_FRAME                    = 0x0800;
+    final int RETURN                        = 0x0900;
+    final int VOID                          = 0x0a00;  /* for fill a blank */
+
+    /* stack type check mask */
+    final int MASK_POP_USED                 = 0x00ff;
+    final int MASK_TO_VOID_TARGET           = 0x10ff;
+    final int MASK_MEM_END_OR_MARK          = 0x8000;  /* MEM_END or MEM_END_MARK */
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/StringType.java b/src/org/joni/constants/StringType.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46972e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/StringType.java
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+
+public interface StringType {
+    final int NSTR_RAW               = 1<<0;
+    final int NSTR_AMBIG             = 1<<1;
+    final int NSTR_DONT_GET_OPT_INFO = 1<<2;
+    final int NSTR_SHARED            = 1<<3;
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/SyntaxProperties.java b/src/org/joni/constants/SyntaxProperties.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fd5b4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/SyntaxProperties.java
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+
+public interface SyntaxProperties {
+    /* syntax (operators); */
+    final int OP_VARIABLE_META_CHARACTERS    = (1<<0);
+    final int OP_DOT_ANYCHAR                 = (1<<1);   /* . */
+    final int OP_ASTERISK_ZERO_INF           = (1<<2);   /* * */
+    final int OP_ESC_ASTERISK_ZERO_INF       = (1<<3);
+    final int OP_PLUS_ONE_INF                = (1<<4);   /* + */
+    final int OP_ESC_PLUS_ONE_INF            = (1<<5);
+    final int OP_QMARK_ZERO_ONE              = (1<<6);   /* ? */
+    final int OP_ESC_QMARK_ZERO_ONE          = (1<<7);
+    final int OP_BRACE_INTERVAL              = (1<<8);   /* {lower,upper} */
+    final int OP_ESC_BRACE_INTERVAL          = (1<<9);   /* \{lower,upper\} */
+    final int OP_VBAR_ALT                    = (1<<10);   /* | */
+    final int OP_ESC_VBAR_ALT                = (1<<11);  /* \| */
+    final int OP_LPAREN_SUBEXP               = (1<<12);  /* (...);   */
+    final int OP_ESC_LPAREN_SUBEXP           = (1<<13);  /* \(...\); */
+    final int OP_ESC_AZ_BUF_ANCHOR           = (1<<14);  /* \A, \Z, \z */
+    final int OP_ESC_CAPITAL_G_BEGIN_ANCHOR  = (1<<15);  /* \G     */
+    final int OP_DECIMAL_BACKREF             = (1<<16);  /* \num   */
+    final int OP_BRACKET_CC                  = (1<<17);  /* [...]  */
+    final int OP_ESC_W_WORD                  = (1<<18);  /* \w, \W */
+    final int OP_ESC_LTGT_WORD_BEGIN_END     = (1<<19);  /* \<. \> */
+    final int OP_ESC_B_WORD_BOUND            = (1<<20);  /* \b, \B */
+    final int OP_ESC_S_WHITE_SPACE           = (1<<21);  /* \s, \S */
+    final int OP_ESC_D_DIGIT                 = (1<<22);  /* \d, \D */
+    final int OP_LINE_ANCHOR                 = (1<<23);  /* ^, $   */
+    final int OP_POSIX_BRACKET               = (1<<24);  /* [:xxxx:] */
+    final int OP_QMARK_NON_GREEDY            = (1<<25);  /* ??,*?,+?,{n,m}? */
+    final int OP_ESC_CONTROL_CHARS           = (1<<26);  /* \n,\r,\t,\a ... */
+    final int OP_ESC_C_CONTROL               = (1<<27);  /* \cx  */
+    final int OP_ESC_OCTAL3                  = (1<<28);  /* \OOO */
+    final int OP_ESC_X_HEX2                  = (1<<29);  /* \xHH */
+    final int OP_ESC_X_BRACE_HEX8            = (1<<30);  /* \x{7HHHHHHH} */
+
+    final int OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_Q_QUOTE        = (1<<0);  /* \Q...\E */
+    final int OP2_QMARK_GROUP_EFFECT         = (1<<1);  /* (?...); */
+    final int OP2_OPTION_PERL                = (1<<2);  /* (?imsx);,(?-imsx); */
+    final int OP2_OPTION_RUBY                = (1<<3);  /* (?imx);, (?-imx);  */
+    final int OP2_PLUS_POSSESSIVE_REPEAT     = (1<<4);  /* ?+,*+,++ */
+    final int OP2_PLUS_POSSESSIVE_INTERVAL   = (1<<5);  /* {n,m}+   */
+    final int OP2_CCLASS_SET_OP              = (1<<6);  /* [...&&..[..]..] */
+    final int OP2_QMARK_LT_NAMED_GROUP       = (1<<7);  /* (?<name>...); */
+    final int OP2_ESC_K_NAMED_BACKREF        = (1<<8);  /* \k<name> */
+    final int OP2_ESC_G_SUBEXP_CALL          = (1<<9);  /* \g<name>, \g<n> */
+    final int OP2_ATMARK_CAPTURE_HISTORY     = (1<<10); /* (?@..);,(?@<x>..); */
+    final int OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_C_BAR_CONTROL  = (1<<11); /* \C-x */
+    final int OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_M_BAR_META     = (1<<12); /* \M-x */
+    final int OP2_ESC_V_VTAB                 = (1<<13); /* \v as VTAB */
+    final int OP2_ESC_U_HEX4                 = (1<<14); /* \\uHHHH */
+    final int OP2_ESC_GNU_BUF_ANCHOR         = (1<<15); /* \`, \' */
+    final int OP2_ESC_P_BRACE_CHAR_PROPERTY  = (1<<16); /* \p{...}, \P{...} */
+    final int OP2_ESC_P_BRACE_CIRCUMFLEX_NOT = (1<<17); /* \p{^..}, \P{^..} */
+    /* final int OP2_CHAR_PROPERTY_PREFIX_IS = (1<<18); */
+    final int OP2_ESC_H_XDIGIT               = (1<<19); /* \h, \H */
+    final int OP2_INEFFECTIVE_ESCAPE         = (1<<20); /* \ */
+
+    /* syntax (behavior); */
+    final int CONTEXT_INDEP_ANCHORS           = (1<<31); /* not implemented */
+    final int CONTEXT_INDEP_REPEAT_OPS        = (1<<0);  /* ?, *, +, {n,m} */
+    final int CONTEXT_INVALID_REPEAT_OPS      = (1<<1);  /* error or ignore */
+    final int ALLOW_UNMATCHED_CLOSE_SUBEXP    = (1<<2);  /* ...);... */
+    final int ALLOW_INVALID_INTERVAL          = (1<<3);  /* {??? */
+    final int ALLOW_INTERVAL_LOW_ABBREV       = (1<<4);  /* {,n} => {0,n} */
+    final int STRICT_CHECK_BACKREF            = (1<<5);  /* /(\1);/,/\1();/ ..*/
+    final int DIFFERENT_LEN_ALT_LOOK_BEHIND   = (1<<6);  /* (?<=a|bc); */
+    final int CAPTURE_ONLY_NAMED_GROUP        = (1<<7);  /* see doc/RE */
+    final int ALLOW_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME = (1<<8);  /* (?<x>);(?<x>); */
+    final int FIXED_INTERVAL_IS_GREEDY_ONLY   = (1<<9);  /* a{n}?=(?:a{n});? */
+
+    /* syntax (behavior); in char class [...] */
+    final int NOT_NEWLINE_IN_NEGATIVE_CC      = (1<<20); /* [^...] */
+    final int BACKSLASH_ESCAPE_IN_CC          = (1<<21); /* [..\w..] etc.. */
+    final int ALLOW_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CC         = (1<<22);
+    final int ALLOW_DOUBLE_RANGE_OP_IN_CC     = (1<<23); /* [0-9-a]=[0-9\-a] */
+    /* syntax (behavior); warning */
+    final int WARN_CC_OP_NOT_ESCAPED          = (1<<24); /* [,-,] */
+    final int WARN_REDUNDANT_NESTED_REPEAT    = (1<<25); /* (?:a*);+ */
+    
+    final int POSIX_COMMON_OP =
+                            OP_DOT_ANYCHAR | OP_POSIX_BRACKET |
+                            OP_DECIMAL_BACKREF |
+                            OP_BRACKET_CC | OP_ASTERISK_ZERO_INF |
+                            OP_LINE_ANCHOR |
+                            OP_ESC_CONTROL_CHARS;
+    
+    final int GNU_REGEX_OP =
+                            OP_DOT_ANYCHAR | OP_BRACKET_CC |
+                            OP_POSIX_BRACKET | OP_DECIMAL_BACKREF |
+                            OP_BRACE_INTERVAL | OP_LPAREN_SUBEXP |
+                            OP_VBAR_ALT |
+                            OP_ASTERISK_ZERO_INF | OP_PLUS_ONE_INF |
+                            OP_QMARK_ZERO_ONE |
+                            OP_ESC_AZ_BUF_ANCHOR | OP_ESC_CAPITAL_G_BEGIN_ANCHOR |
+                            OP_ESC_W_WORD |
+                            OP_ESC_B_WORD_BOUND | OP_ESC_LTGT_WORD_BEGIN_END |
+                            OP_ESC_S_WHITE_SPACE | OP_ESC_D_DIGIT |
+                            OP_LINE_ANCHOR;
+    
+    final int GNU_REGEX_BV =
+                            CONTEXT_INDEP_ANCHORS | CONTEXT_INDEP_REPEAT_OPS |
+                            CONTEXT_INVALID_REPEAT_OPS | ALLOW_INVALID_INTERVAL |
+                            BACKSLASH_ESCAPE_IN_CC | ALLOW_DOUBLE_RANGE_OP_IN_CC;
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/TargetInfo.java b/src/org/joni/constants/TargetInfo.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fdbe5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/TargetInfo.java
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+
+public interface TargetInfo {
+    final int ISNOT_EMPTY   = 0;
+    final int IS_EMPTY      = 1;
+    final int IS_EMPTY_MEM  = 2;
+    final int IS_EMPTY_REC  = 3;
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/TokenType.java b/src/org/joni/constants/TokenType.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ea159d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/TokenType.java
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+
+public enum TokenType {
+      EOT,            /* end of token */
+      RAW_BYTE,
+      CHAR,
+      STRING,
+      CODE_POINT,
+      ANYCHAR,
+      CHAR_TYPE,
+      BACKREF,
+      CALL,
+      ANCHOR,
+      OP_REPEAT,
+      INTERVAL,
+      ANYCHAR_ANYTIME,  /* SQL '%' == .* */
+      ALT,
+      SUBEXP_OPEN,
+      SUBEXP_CLOSE,
+      CC_OPEN,
+      QUOTE_OPEN,
+      CHAR_PROPERTY,    /* \p{...}, \P{...} */
+      /* in cc */
+      CC_CLOSE,
+      CC_RANGE,
+      POSIX_BRACKET_OPEN,
+      CC_AND,             /* && */
+      CC_CC_OPEN          /* [ */
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/constants/Traverse.java b/src/org/joni/constants/Traverse.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c08ea5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/constants/Traverse.java
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.constants;
+
+public interface Traverse {
+    final int TRAVERSE_CALLBACK_AT_FIRST = 1;
+    final int TRAVERSE_CALLBACK_AT_LAST = 2;
+    final int TRAVERSE_CALLBACK_AT_BOTH = TRAVERSE_CALLBACK_AT_FIRST | TRAVERSE_CALLBACK_AT_LAST;
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/exception/ErrorMessages.java b/src/org/joni/exception/ErrorMessages.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1c1279
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/exception/ErrorMessages.java
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.exception;
+
+import org.joni.Config;
+
+public interface ErrorMessages extends org.jcodings.exception.ErrorMessages {
+    final String MISMATCH = "mismatch";
+    final String NO_SUPPORT_CONFIG = "no support in this configuration";
+    
+    /* internal error */
+    final String ERR_MEMORY = "fail to memory allocation";
+    final String ERR_MATCH_STACK_LIMIT_OVER = "match-stack limit over"; 
+    final String ERR_TYPE_BUG = "undefined type (bug)";
+    final String ERR_PARSER_BUG = "internal parser error (bug)";
+    final String ERR_STACK_BUG = "stack error (bug)";
+    final String ERR_UNDEFINED_BYTECODE = "undefined bytecode (bug)";
+    final String ERR_UNEXPECTED_BYTECODE = "unexpected bytecode (bug)";
+    final String ERR_DEFAULT_ENCODING_IS_NOT_SETTED = "default multibyte-encoding is not setted";
+    final String ERR_SPECIFIED_ENCODING_CANT_CONVERT_TO_WIDE_CHAR = "can't convert to wide-char on specified multibyte-encoding";
+
+    /* general error */
+    final String ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT = "invalid argument";
+    
+    /* syntax error */
+    final String ERR_END_PATTERN_AT_LEFT_BRACE = "end pattern at left brace";
+    final String ERR_END_PATTERN_AT_LEFT_BRACKET = "end pattern at left bracket";
+    final String ERR_EMPTY_CHAR_CLASS = "empty char-class";
+    final String ERR_PREMATURE_END_OF_CHAR_CLASS = "premature end of char-class";
+    final String ERR_END_PATTERN_AT_ESCAPE = "end pattern at escape";
+    final String ERR_END_PATTERN_AT_META = "end pattern at meta";
+    final String ERR_END_PATTERN_AT_CONTROL = "end pattern at control";
+    final String ERR_META_CODE_SYNTAX = "invalid meta-code syntax";
+    final String ERR_CONTROL_CODE_SYNTAX = "invalid control-code syntax";
+    final String ERR_CHAR_CLASS_VALUE_AT_END_OF_RANGE = "char-class value at end of range";
+    final String ERR_CHAR_CLASS_VALUE_AT_START_OF_RANGE = "char-class value at start of range";
+    final String ERR_UNMATCHED_RANGE_SPECIFIER_IN_CHAR_CLASS = "unmatched range specifier in char-class";
+    final String ERR_TARGET_OF_REPEAT_OPERATOR_NOT_SPECIFIED = "target of repeat operator is not specified";
+    final String ERR_TARGET_OF_REPEAT_OPERATOR_INVALID = "target of repeat operator is invalid";
+    final String ERR_NESTED_REPEAT_OPERATOR = "nested repeat operator";
+    final String ERR_UNMATCHED_CLOSE_PARENTHESIS = "unmatched close parenthesis";
+    final String ERR_END_PATTERN_WITH_UNMATCHED_PARENTHESIS = "end pattern with unmatched parenthesis";
+    final String ERR_END_PATTERN_IN_GROUP = "end pattern in group";
+    final String ERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION = "undefined group option";
+    final String ERR_INVALID_POSIX_BRACKET_TYPE = "invalid POSIX bracket type";
+    final String ERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN = "invalid pattern in look-behind";
+    final String ERR_INVALID_REPEAT_RANGE_PATTERN = "invalid repeat range {lower,upper}";
+    
+    /* values error (syntax error) */
+    final String ERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER = "too big number";
+    final String ERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER_FOR_REPEAT_RANGE = "too big number for repeat range";
+    final String ERR_UPPER_SMALLER_THAN_LOWER_IN_REPEAT_RANGE = "upper is smaller than lower in repeat range";
+    final String ERR_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CHAR_CLASS = "empty range in char class";
+    final String ERR_MISMATCH_CODE_LENGTH_IN_CLASS_RANGE = "mismatch multibyte code length in char-class range";
+    final String ERR_TOO_MANY_MULTI_BYTE_RANGES = "too many multibyte code ranges are specified";
+    final String ERR_TOO_SHORT_MULTI_BYTE_STRING = "too short multibyte code string";
+    final String ERR_TOO_BIG_BACKREF_NUMBER = "too big backref number";
+    final String ERR_INVALID_BACKREF = Config.USE_NAMED_GROUP ? "invalid backref number/name" : "invalid backref number";
+    final String ERR_NUMBERED_BACKREF_OR_CALL_NOT_ALLOWED = "numbered backref/call is not allowed. (use name)";
+    final String ERR_INVALID_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE = "invalid wide-char value";
+    final String ERR_EMPTY_GROUP_NAME = "group name is empty";
+    final String ERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME = "invalid group name <%n>";
+    final String ERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME = Config.USE_NAMED_GROUP ? "invalid char in group name <%n>" : "invalid char in group number <%n>";
+    final String ERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE = "undefined name <%n> reference";
+    final String ERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_REFERENCE = "undefined group <%n> reference";
+    final String ERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINED_NAME = "multiplex defined name <%n>";
+    final String ERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME_CALL = "multiplex definition name <%n> call";
+    final String ERR_NEVER_ENDING_RECURSION = "never ending recursion";
+    final String ERR_GROUP_NUMBER_OVER_FOR_CAPTURE_HISTORY = "group number is too big for capture history";
+    final String ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED_ENCODING_COMBINATION = "not supported encoding combination";
+    final String ERR_INVALID_COMBINATION_OF_OPTIONS = "invalid combination of options";
+    final String ERR_OVER_THREAD_PASS_LIMIT_COUNT = "over thread pass limit count";
+    final String ERR_TOO_BIG_SB_CHAR_VALUE = "too big singlebyte char value";
+
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/exception/InternalException.java b/src/org/joni/exception/InternalException.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..959f44f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/exception/InternalException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.exception;
+
+public class InternalException extends JOniException{
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = -3871816465397927992L;
+    
+    public InternalException(String message) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/exception/JOniException.java b/src/org/joni/exception/JOniException.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5d728c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/exception/JOniException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.exception;
+
+public class JOniException extends RuntimeException{
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = -6027192180014164667L;
+
+    public JOniException(String message) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/exception/SyntaxException.java b/src/org/joni/exception/SyntaxException.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b00d1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/exception/SyntaxException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.exception;
+
+public class SyntaxException extends JOniException{
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 7862720128961874288L;
+
+    public SyntaxException(String message) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/org/joni/exception/ValueException.java b/src/org/joni/exception/ValueException.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b07ac42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/org/joni/exception/ValueException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.exception;
+
+public class ValueException extends SyntaxException{
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = -196013852479929134L;
+    
+    public ValueException(String message) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+    
+    public ValueException(String message, String str) {
+        super(message.replaceAll("%n", str));
+    }
+    
+    public ValueException(String message, byte[]bytes, int p, int end) {
+        this(message, new String(bytes, p, end - p));
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/test/org/joni/test/Test.java b/test/org/joni/test/Test.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a9cec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/org/joni/test/Test.java
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.test;
+
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+
+import org.joni.Config;
+import org.joni.Matcher;
+import org.joni.Option;
+import org.joni.Regex;
+import org.joni.Region;
+import org.joni.Syntax;
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+import org.joni.exception.JOniException;
+
+public abstract class Test {
+
+    int nsucc;
+    int nerror;
+    int nfail;
+    
+    public abstract int option();
+    public abstract Encoding encoding();
+    public abstract String testEncoding();
+    public abstract Syntax syntax();
+    
+    protected String repr(byte[]bytes) {
+        return new String(bytes);
+    }
+    
+    protected int length(byte[]bytes) {
+        return bytes.length;
+    }
+    
+    public void xx(byte[]pattern, byte[]str, int from, int to, int mem, boolean not) {
+        xx(pattern, str, from, to, mem, not, option());
+    }
+    
+    public void xx(byte[]pattern, byte[]str, int from, int to, int mem, boolean not, int option) {
+        Regex reg;
+        
+        try {
+            reg = new Regex(pattern, 0, length(pattern), option, encoding(), syntax());
+        } catch (JOniException je) {
+            Config.err.println("Pattern: " + repr(pattern) + " Str: " + repr(str));
+            je.printStackTrace(Config.err);
+            Config.err.println("ERROR: " + je.getMessage());
+            nerror++;
+            return;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Config.err.println("Pattern: " + repr(pattern) + " Str: " + repr(str));
+            e.printStackTrace(Config.err);
+            Config.err.println("SEVERE ERROR: " + e.getMessage());
+            nerror++;
+            return;            
+        }
+        
+        Matcher m = reg.matcher(str, 0, length(str));
+        Region region;
+
+        int r = 0;
+        try {
+            r = m.search(0, length(str), Option.NONE);
+            region = m.getEagerRegion();
+        } catch (JOniException je) {
+            Config.err.println("Pattern: " + repr(pattern) + " Str: " + repr(str));
+            je.printStackTrace(Config.err);
+            Config.err.println("ERROR: " + je.getMessage());
+            nerror++;
+            return;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Config.err.println("Pattern: " + repr(pattern) + " Str: " + repr(str));
+            e.printStackTrace(Config.err);
+            Config.err.println("SEVERE ERROR: " + e.getMessage());
+            nerror++;
+            return;            
+        }
+        
+        if (r == -1) {
+            if (not) {
+                Config.log.println("OK(N): /" + repr(pattern) + "/ '" + repr(str) + "'");
+                nsucc++;
+            } else {
+                Config.log.println("FAIL: /" + repr(pattern) + "/ '" + repr(str) + "'");
+                nfail++;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (not) {
+                Config.log.println("FAIL(N): /" + repr(pattern) + "/ '" + repr(str) + "'");
+                nfail++;
+            } else {
+                if (region.beg[mem] == from && region.end[mem] == to) {
+                    Config.log.println("OK: /" + repr(pattern) + "/ '" +repr(str) + "'");
+                    nsucc++;
+                } else {
+                    Config.log.println("FAIL: /" + repr(pattern) + "/ '" + repr(str) + "' " +
+                            from + "-" + to + " : " + region.beg[mem] + "-" + region.end[mem]
+                            );
+                    nfail++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected void x2(byte[]pattern, byte[]str, int from, int to) {
+        xx(pattern, str, from, to, 0, false);
+    }
+    
+    protected void x3(byte[]pattern, byte[]str, int from, int to, int mem) {
+        xx(pattern, str, from, to, mem, false);
+    }
+    
+    protected void n(byte[]pattern, byte[]str) {
+        xx(pattern, str, 0, 0, 0, true);
+    }
+
+    public void xxs(String pattern, String str, int from, int to, int mem, boolean not) {
+        xxs(pattern, str, from, to, mem, not, option());
+    }
+    
+    public void xxs(String pattern, String str, int from, int to, int mem, boolean not, int option) {
+        try{
+            xx(pattern.getBytes(testEncoding()), str.getBytes(testEncoding()), from, to, mem, not, option);
+        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException uee) {
+            uee.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void x2s(String pattern, String str, int from, int to) {
+        x2s(pattern, str, from, to, option());
+    }
+    
+    public void x2s(String pattern, String str, int from, int to, int option) {
+        try{
+        xx(pattern.getBytes(testEncoding()), str.getBytes(testEncoding()), from, to, 0, false, option);
+        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException uee) {
+            uee.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void x3s(String pattern, String str, int from, int to, int mem) {
+        x3s(pattern, str, from, to, mem, option());
+    }
+    
+    public void x3s(String pattern, String str, int from, int to, int mem, int option) {
+        try{        
+            xx(pattern.getBytes(testEncoding()), str.getBytes(testEncoding()), from, to, mem, false, option);
+        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException uee) {
+            uee.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void ns(String pattern, String str) {
+        ns(pattern, str, option());
+    }
+    
+    public void ns(String pattern, String str, int option) {
+        try{        
+            xx(pattern.getBytes(testEncoding()), str.getBytes(testEncoding()), 0, 0, 0, true, option);
+        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException uee) {
+            uee.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void printResults() {
+        Config.log.println("\nRESULT   SUCC: " + nsucc + ",  FAIL: " + nfail + ",  ERROR: " + nerror +
+                "   (by JONI)");
+    }
+    
+    public abstract void test();
+    
+    public final void run() {
+        test();
+        printResults();
+    }
+    
+}
diff --git a/test/org/joni/test/TestA.java b/test/org/joni/test/TestA.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc3ebf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/org/joni/test/TestA.java
@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.test;
+
+import org.joni.Option;
+import org.joni.Syntax;
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+import org.jcodings.specific.ASCIIEncoding;
+
+public class TestA extends Test {
+
+    public int option() {
+        return Option.DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    public Encoding encoding() {
+        return ASCIIEncoding.INSTANCE;
+    }
+    
+    public String testEncoding() {
+        return "iso-8859-2";
+    }
+
+    public Syntax syntax() {
+        return Syntax.DEFAULT;
+    }   
+
+    public void test() {
+        x2s("", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("^", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("$", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\\G", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\\A", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\\Z", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\\z", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("^$", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\\ca", "\001", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\C-b", "\002", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\c\\\\", "\034", 0, 1);
+        x2s("q[\\c\\\\]", "q\034", 0, 2);
+        x2s("", "a", 0, 0);
+        x2s("a", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\x61", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("aa", "aa", 0, 2);
+        x2s("aaa", "aaa", 0, 3);
+        x2s("aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa", 0, 35);
+        x2s("ab", "ab", 0, 2);
+        x2s("b", "ab", 1, 2);
+        x2s("bc", "abc", 1, 3);
+        x2s("(?i:#RET#)", "#INS##RET#", 5, 10);
+        x2s("\\17", "\017", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\x1f", "\u001f", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\xED\\xF2", "\u00ed\u0148", 0, 2);
+        x2s("a(?#....\\\\JJJJ)b", "ab", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(?x)  G (o O(?-x)oO) g L", "GoOoOgLe", 0, 7);
+        x2s(".", "a", 0, 1);
+        ns(".", "");
+        x2s("..", "ab", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\\w", "e", 0, 1);
+        ns("\\W", "e");
+        x2s("\\s", " ", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\S", "b", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\d", "4", 0, 1);
+        ns("\\D", "4");
+        x2s("\\b", "z ", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\\b", " z", 1, 1);
+        x2s("\\B", "zz ", 1, 1);
+        x2s("\\B", "z ", 2, 2);
+        x2s("\\B", " z", 0, 0);
+        x2s("[ab]", "b", 0, 1);
+        ns("[ab]", "c");
+        x2s("[a-z]", "t", 0, 1);
+        ns("[^a]", "a");
+        x2s("[^a]", "\n", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[]]", "]", 0, 1);
+        ns("[^]]", "]");
+        x2s("[\\^]+", "0^^1", 1, 3);
+        x2s("[b-]", "b", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[b-]", "-", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[\\w]", "z", 0, 1);
+        ns("[\\w]", " ");
+        x2s("[\\W]", "b$", 1, 2);
+        x2s("[\\d]", "5", 0, 1);
+        ns("[\\d]", "e");
+        x2s("[\\D]", "t", 0, 1);
+        ns("[\\D]", "3");
+        x2s("[\\s]", " ", 0, 1);
+        ns("[\\s]", "a");
+        x2s("[\\S]", "b", 0, 1);
+        ns("[\\S]", " ");
+        x2s("[\\w\\d]", "2", 0, 1);
+        ns("[\\w\\d]", " ");
+        x2s("[[:upper:]]", "B", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[*[:xdigit:]+]", "+", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[*[:xdigit:]+]", "GHIKK-9+*", 6, 7);
+        x2s("[*[:xdigit:]+]", "-@^+", 3, 4);
+        ns("[[:upper]]", "A");
+        x2s("[[:upper]]", ":", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[\\044-\\047]", "\046", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[\\x5a-\\x5c]", "\u005b", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[\\x6A-\\x6D]", "\u006c", 0, 1);
+        ns("[\\x6A-\\x6D]", "\u006e");
+        ns("^[0-9A-F]+ 0+ UNDEF ", "75F 00000000 SECT14A notype ()    External    | _rb_apply");
+        x2s("[\\[]", "[", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[\\]]", "]", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[&]", "&", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[[ab]]", "b", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[[ab]c]", "c", 0, 1);
+        ns("[[^a]]", "a");
+        ns("[^[a]]", "a");
+        x2s("[[ab]&&bc]", "b", 0, 1);
+        ns("[[ab]&&bc]", "a");
+        ns("[[ab]&&bc]", "c");
+        x2s("[a-z&&b-y&&c-x]", "w", 0, 1);
+        ns("[^a-z&&b-y&&c-x]", "w");
+        x2s("[[^a&&a]&&a-z]", "b", 0, 1);
+        ns("[[^a&&a]&&a-z]", "a");
+        x2s("[[^a-z&&bcdef]&&[^c-g]]", "h", 0, 1);
+        ns("[[^a-z&&bcdef]&&[^c-g]]", "c");
+        x2s("[^[^abc]&&[^cde]]", "c", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[^[^abc]&&[^cde]]", "e", 0, 1);
+        ns("[^[^abc]&&[^cde]]", "f");
+        x2s("[a-&&-a]", "-", 0, 1);
+        ns("[a\\-&&\\-a]", "&");
+        ns("\\wabc", " abc");
+        x2s("a\\Wbc", "a bc", 0, 4);
+        x2s("a.b.c", "aabbc", 0, 5);
+        x2s(".\\wb\\W..c", "abb bcc", 0, 7);
+        x2s("\\s\\wzzz", " zzzz", 0, 5);
+        x2s("aa.b", "aabb", 0, 4);
+        ns(".a", "ab");
+        x2s(".a", "aa", 0, 2);
+        x2s("^a", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("^a$", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("^\\w$", "a", 0, 1);
+        ns("^\\w$", " ");
+        x2s("^\\wab$", "zab", 0, 3);
+        x2s("^\\wabcdef$", "zabcdef", 0, 7);
+        x2s("^\\w...def$", "zabcdef", 0, 7);
+        x2s("\\w\\w\\s\\Waaa\\d", "aa  aaa4", 0, 8);
+        x2s("\\A\\Z", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\\Axyz", "xyz", 0, 3);
+        x2s("xyz\\Z", "xyz", 0, 3);
+        x2s("xyz\\z", "xyz", 0, 3);
+        x2s("a\\Z", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\Gaz", "az", 0, 2);
+        ns("\\Gz", "bza");
+        ns("az\\G", "az");
+        ns("az\\A", "az");
+        ns("a\\Az", "az");
+        x2s("\\^\\$", "^$", 0, 2);
+        x2s("^x?y", "xy", 0, 2);
+        x2s("^(x?y)", "xy", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\\w", "_", 0, 1);
+        ns("\\W", "_");
+        x2s("(?=z)z", "z", 0, 1);
+        ns("(?=z).", "a");
+        x2s("(?!z)a", "a", 0, 1);
+        ns("(?!z)a", "z");
+        x2s("(?i:a)", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:a)", "A", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:A)", "a", 0, 1);
+        ns("(?i:A)", "b");
+        x2s("(?i:[A-Z])", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:[f-m])", "H", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:[f-m])", "h", 0, 1);
+        ns("(?i:[f-m])", "e");
+        x2s("(?i:[A-c])", "D", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:[!-k])", "Z", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:[!-k])", "7", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:[T-}])", "b", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:[T-}])", "{", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:\\?a)", "?A", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(?i:\\*A)", "*a", 0, 2);
+        ns(".", "\n");
+        x2s("(?m:.)", "\n", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?m:a.)", "a\n", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(?m:.b)", "a\nb", 1, 3);
+        x2s(".*abc", "dddabdd\nddabc", 8, 13);
+        x2s("(?m:.*abc)", "dddabddabc", 0, 10);
+        ns("(?i)(?-i)a", "A");
+        ns("(?i)(?-i:a)", "A");
+        x2s("a?", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("a?", "b", 0, 0);
+        x2s("a?", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a*", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("a*", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a*", "aaa", 0, 3);
+        x2s("a*", "baaaa", 0, 0);
+        ns("a+", "");
+        x2s("a+", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a+", "aaaa", 0, 4);
+        x2s("a+", "aabbb", 0, 2);
+        x2s("a+", "baaaa", 1, 5);
+        x2s(".?", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s(".?", "f", 0, 1);
+        x2s(".?", "\n", 0, 0);
+        x2s(".*", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s(".*", "abcde", 0, 5);
+        x2s(".+", "z", 0, 1);
+        x2s(".+", "zdswer\n", 0, 6);
+        x2s("(.*)a\\1f", "babfbac", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(.*)a\\1f", "bacbabf", 3, 7);
+        x2s("((.*)a\\2f)", "bacbabf", 3, 7);
+        x2s("(.*)a\\1f", "baczzzzzz\nbazz\nzzzzbabf", 19, 23);
+        x2s("a|b", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a|b", "b", 0, 1);
+        x2s("|a", "a", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(|a)", "a", 0, 0);
+        x2s("ab|bc", "ab", 0, 2);
+        x2s("ab|bc", "bc", 0, 2);
+        x2s("z(?:ab|bc)", "zbc", 0, 3);
+        x2s("a(?:ab|bc)c", "aabc", 0, 4);
+        x2s("ab|(?:ac|az)", "az", 0, 2);
+        x2s("a|b|c", "dc", 1, 2);
+        x2s("a|b|cd|efg|h|ijk|lmn|o|pq|rstuvwx|yz", "pqr", 0, 2);
+        ns("a|b|cd|efg|h|ijk|lmn|o|pq|rstuvwx|yz", "mn");
+        x2s("a|^z", "ba", 1, 2);
+        x2s("a|^z", "za", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a|\\Gz", "bza", 2, 3);
+        x2s("a|\\Gz", "za", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a|\\Az", "bza", 2, 3);
+        x2s("a|\\Az", "za", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a|b\\Z", "ba", 1, 2);
+        x2s("a|b\\Z", "b", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a|b\\z", "ba", 1, 2);
+        x2s("a|b\\z", "b", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\w|\\s", " ", 0, 1);
+        ns("\\w|\\w", " ");
+        x2s("\\w|%", "%", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\w|[&$]", "&", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[b-d]|[^e-z]", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?:a|[c-f])|bz", "dz", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?:a|[c-f])|bz", "bz", 0, 2);
+        x2s("abc|(?=zz)..f", "zzf", 0, 3);
+        x2s("abc|(?!zz)..f", "abf", 0, 3);
+        x2s("(?=za)..a|(?=zz)..a", "zza", 0, 3);
+        ns("(?>a|abd)c", "abdc");
+        x2s("(?>abd|a)c", "abdc", 0, 4);
+        x2s("a?|b", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a?|b", "b", 0, 0);
+        x2s("a?|b", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("a*|b", "aa", 0, 2);
+        x2s("a*|b*", "ba", 0, 0);
+        x2s("a*|b*", "ab", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a+|b*", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("a+|b*", "bbb", 0, 3);
+        x2s("a+|b*", "abbb", 0, 1);
+        ns("a+|b+", "");
+        x2s("(a|b)?", "b", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(a|b)*", "ba", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(a|b)+", "bab", 0, 3);
+        x2s("(ab|ca)+", "caabbc", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(ab|ca)+", "aabca", 1, 5);
+        x2s("(ab|ca)+", "abzca", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(a|bab)+", "ababa", 0, 5);
+        x2s("(a|bab)+", "ba", 1, 2);
+        x2s("(a|bab)+", "baaaba", 1, 4);
+        x2s("(?:a|b)(?:a|b)", "ab", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(?:a*|b*)(?:a*|b*)", "aaabbb", 0, 3);
+        x2s("(?:a*|b*)(?:a+|b+)", "aaabbb", 0, 6);
+        x2s("(?:a+|b+){2}", "aaabbb", 0, 6);
+        x2s("h{0,}", "hhhh", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(?:a+|b+){1,2}", "aaabbb", 0, 6);
+        ns("ax{2}*a", "0axxxa1");
+        ns("a.{0,2}a", "0aXXXa0");
+        ns("a.{0,2}?a", "0aXXXa0");
+        ns("a.{0,2}?a", "0aXXXXa0");
+        x2s("^a{2,}?a$", "aaa", 0, 3);
+        x2s("^[a-z]{2,}?$", "aaa", 0, 3);
+        x2s("(?:a+|\\Ab*)cc", "cc", 0, 2);
+        ns("(?:a+|\\Ab*)cc", "abcc");
+        x2s("(?:^a+|b+)*c", "aabbbabc", 6, 8);
+        x2s("(?:^a+|b+)*c", "aabbbbc", 0, 7);
+        x2s("a|(?i)c", "C", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i)c|a", "C", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i)c|a", "A", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:c)|a", "C", 0, 1);
+        ns("(?i:c)|a", "A");
+        x2s("[abc]?", "abc", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[abc]*", "abc", 0, 3);
+        x2s("[^abc]*", "abc", 0, 0);
+        ns("[^abc]+", "abc");
+        x2s("a??", "aaa", 0, 0);
+        x2s("ba??b", "bab", 0, 3);
+        x2s("a*?", "aaa", 0, 0);
+        x2s("ba*?", "baa", 0, 1);
+        x2s("ba*?b", "baab", 0, 4);
+        x2s("a+?", "aaa", 0, 1);
+        x2s("ba+?", "baa", 0, 2);
+        x2s("ba+?b", "baab", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(?:a?)??", "a", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:a??)?", "a", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:a?)+?", "aaa", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?:a+)??", "aaa", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:a+)??b", "aaab", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(?:ab)?{2}", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:ab)?{2}", "ababa", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(?:ab)*{0}", "ababa", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:ab){3,}", "abababab", 0, 8);
+        ns("(?:ab){3,}", "abab");
+        x2s("(?:ab){2,4}", "ababab", 0, 6);
+        x2s("(?:ab){2,4}", "ababababab", 0, 8);
+        x2s("(?:ab){2,4}?", "ababababab", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(?:ab){,}", "ab{,}", 0, 5);
+        x2s("(?:abc)+?{2}", "abcabcabc", 0, 6);
+        x2s("(?:X*)(?i:xa)", "XXXa", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(d+)([^abc]z)", "dddz", 0, 4);
+        x2s("([^abc]*)([^abc]z)", "dddz", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(\\w+)(\\wz)", "dddz", 0, 4);
+        x3s("(a)", "a", 0, 1, 1);
+        x3s("(ab)", "ab", 0, 2, 1);
+        x2s("((ab))", "ab", 0, 2);
+        x3s("((ab))", "ab", 0, 2, 1);
+        x3s("((ab))", "ab", 0, 2, 2);
+        x3s("((((((((((((((((((((ab))))))))))))))))))))", "ab", 0, 2, 20);
+        x3s("(ab)(cd)", "abcd", 0, 2, 1);
+        x3s("(ab)(cd)", "abcd", 2, 4, 2);
+        x3s("()(a)bc(def)ghijk", "abcdefghijk", 3, 6, 3);
+        x3s("(()(a)bc(def)ghijk)", "abcdefghijk", 3, 6, 4);
+        x2s("(^a)", "a", 0, 1);
+        x3s("(a)|(a)", "ba", 1, 2, 1);
+        x3s("(^a)|(a)", "ba", 1, 2, 2);
+        x3s("(a?)", "aaa", 0, 1, 1);
+        x3s("(a*)", "aaa", 0, 3, 1);
+        x3s("(a*)", "", 0, 0, 1);
+        x3s("(a+)", "aaaaaaa", 0, 7, 1);
+        x3s("(a+|b*)", "bbbaa", 0, 3, 1);
+        x3s("(a+|b?)", "bbbaa", 0, 1, 1);
+        x3s("(abc)?", "abc", 0, 3, 1);
+        x3s("(abc)*", "abc", 0, 3, 1);
+        x3s("(abc)+", "abc", 0, 3, 1);
+        x3s("(xyz|abc)+", "abc", 0, 3, 1);
+        x3s("([xyz][abc]|abc)+", "abc", 0, 3, 1);
+        x3s("((?i:abc))", "AbC", 0, 3, 1);
+        x2s("(abc)(?i:\\1)", "abcABC", 0, 6);
+        x3s("((?m:a.c))", "a\nc", 0, 3, 1);
+        x3s("((?=az)a)", "azb", 0, 1, 1);
+        x3s("abc|(.abd)", "zabd", 0, 4, 1);
+        x2s("(?:abc)|(ABC)", "abc", 0, 3);
+        x3s("(?i:(abc))|(zzz)", "ABC", 0, 3, 1);
+        x3s("a*(.)", "aaaaz", 4, 5, 1);
+        x3s("a*?(.)", "aaaaz", 0, 1, 1);
+        x3s("a*?(c)", "aaaac", 4, 5, 1);
+        x3s("[bcd]a*(.)", "caaaaz", 5, 6, 1);
+        x3s("(\\Abb)cc", "bbcc", 0, 2, 1);
+        ns("(\\Abb)cc", "zbbcc");
+        x3s("(^bb)cc", "bbcc", 0, 2, 1);
+        ns("(^bb)cc", "zbbcc");
+        x3s("cc(bb$)", "ccbb", 2, 4, 1);
+        ns("cc(bb$)", "ccbbb");
+        ns("(\\1)", "");
+        ns("\\1(a)", "aa");
+        ns("(a(b)\\1)\\2+", "ababb");
+        ns("(?:(?:\\1|z)(a))+$", "zaa");
+        x2s("(?:(?:\\1|z)(a))+$", "zaaa", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(a)(?=\\1)", "aa", 0, 1);
+        ns("(a)$|\\1", "az");
+        x2s("(a)\\1", "aa", 0, 2);
+        ns("(a)\\1", "ab");
+        x2s("(a?)\\1", "aa", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(a??)\\1", "aa", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(a*)\\1", "aaaaa", 0, 4);
+        x3s("(a*)\\1", "aaaaa", 0, 2, 1);
+        x2s("a(b*)\\1", "abbbb", 0, 5);
+        x2s("a(b*)\\1", "ab", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(a*)(b*)\\1\\2", "aaabbaaabb", 0, 10);
+        x2s("(a*)(b*)\\2", "aaabbbb", 0, 7);
+        x2s("(((((((a*)b))))))c\\7", "aaabcaaa", 0, 8);
+        x3s("(((((((a*)b))))))c\\7", "aaabcaaa", 0, 3, 7);
+        x2s("(a)(b)(c)\\2\\1\\3", "abcbac", 0, 6);
+        x2s("([a-d])\\1", "cc", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(\\w\\d\\s)\\1", "f5 f5 ", 0, 6);
+        ns("(\\w\\d\\s)\\1", "f5 f5");
+        x2s("(who|[a-c]{3})\\1", "whowho", 0, 6);
+        x2s("...(who|[a-c]{3})\\1", "abcwhowho", 0, 9);
+        x2s("(who|[a-c]{3})\\1", "cbccbc", 0, 6);
+        x2s("(^a)\\1", "aa", 0, 2);
+        ns("(^a)\\1", "baa");
+        ns("(a$)\\1", "aa");
+        ns("(ab\\Z)\\1", "ab");
+        x2s("(a*\\Z)\\1", "a", 1, 1);
+        x2s(".(a*\\Z)\\1", "ba", 1, 2);
+        x3s("(.(abc)\\2)", "zabcabc", 0, 7, 1);
+        x3s("(.(..\\d.)\\2)", "z12341234", 0, 9, 1);
+        x2s("((?i:az))\\1", "AzAz", 0, 4);
+        ns("((?i:az))\\1", "Azaz");
+        x2s("(?<=a)b", "ab", 1, 2);
+        ns("(?<=a)b", "bb");
+        x2s("(?<=a|b)b", "bb", 1, 2);
+        x2s("(?<=a|bc)b", "bcb", 2, 3);
+        x2s("(?<=a|bc)b", "ab", 1, 2);
+        x2s("(?<=a|bc||defghij|klmnopq|r)z", "rz", 1, 2);
+        x2s("(a)\\g<1>", "aa", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(?<!a)b", "cb", 1, 2);
+        ns("(?<!a)b", "ab");
+        x2s("(?<!a|bc)b", "bbb", 0, 1);
+        ns("(?<!a|bc)z", "bcz");
+        x2s("(?<name1>a)", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?<name_2>ab)\\g<name_2>", "abab", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(?<name_3>.zv.)\\k<name_3>", "azvbazvb", 0, 8);
+        x2s("(?<=\\g<ab>)|-\\zEND (?<ab>XyZ)", "XyZ", 3, 3);
+        x2s("(?<n>|a\\g<n>)+", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?<n>|\\(\\g<n>\\))+$", "()(())", 0, 6);
+        x3s("\\g<n>(?<n>.){0}", "X", 0, 1, 1);
+        x2s("\\g<n>(abc|df(?<n>.YZ){2,8}){0}", "XYZ", 0, 3);
+        x2s("\\A(?<n>(a\\g<n>)|)\\z", "aaaa", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(?<n>|\\g<m>\\g<n>)\\z|\\zEND (?<m>a|(b)\\g<m>)", "bbbbabba", 0, 8);
+        x2s("(?<name1240>\\w+\\sx)a+\\k<name1240>", "  fg xaaaaaaaafg x", 2, 18);
+        x3s("(z)()()(?<_9>a)\\g<_9>", "zaa", 2, 3, 1);
+        x2s("(.)(((?<_>a)))\\k<_>", "zaa", 0, 3);
+        x2s("((?<name1>\\d)|(?<name2>\\w))(\\k<name1>|\\k<name2>)", "ff", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(?:(?<x>)|(?<x>efg))\\k<x>", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:(?<x>abc)|(?<x>efg))\\k<x>", "abcefgefg", 3, 9);
+        ns("(?:(?<x>abc)|(?<x>efg))\\k<x>", "abcefg");
+        x2s("(?:(?<n1>.)|(?<n1>..)|(?<n1>...)|(?<n1>....)|(?<n1>.....)|(?<n1>......)|(?<n1>.......)|(?<n1>........)|(?<n1>.........)|(?<n1>..........)|(?<n1>...........)|(?<n1>............)|(?<n1>.............)|(?<n1>..............))\\k<n1>$", "a-pyumpyum", 2, 10);
+        x3s("(?:(?<n1>.)|(?<n1>..)|(?<n1>...)|(?<n1>....)|(?<n1>.....)|(?<n1>......)|(?<n1>.......)|(?<n1>........)|(?<n1>.........)|(?<n1>..........)|(?<n1>...........)|(?<n1>............)|(?<n1>.............)|(?<n1>..............))\\k<n1>$", "xxxxabcdefghijklmnabcdefghijklmn", 4, 18, 14);
+        x3s("(?<name1>)(?<name2>)(?<name3>)(?<name4>)(?<name5>)(?<name6>)(?<name7>)(?<name8>)(?<name9>)(?<name10>)(?<name11>)(?<name12>)(?<name13>)(?<name14>)(?<name15>)(?<name16>aaa)(?<name17>)$", "aaa", 0, 3, 16);
+        x2s("(?<foo>a|\\(\\g<foo>\\))", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?<foo>a|\\(\\g<foo>\\))", "((((((a))))))", 0, 13);
+        x3s("(?<foo>a|\\(\\g<foo>\\))", "((((((((a))))))))", 0, 17, 1);
+        x2s("\\g<bar>|\\zEND(?<bar>.*abc$)", "abcxxxabc", 0, 9);
+        x2s("\\g<1>|\\zEND(.a.)", "bac", 0, 3);
+        x3s("\\g<_A>\\g<_A>|\\zEND(.a.)(?<_A>.b.)", "xbxyby", 3, 6, 1);
+        x2s("\\A(?:\\g<pon>|\\g<pan>|\\zEND  (?<pan>a|c\\g<pon>c)(?<pon>b|d\\g<pan>d))$", "cdcbcdc", 0, 7);
+        x2s("\\A(?<n>|a\\g<m>)\\z|\\zEND (?<m>\\g<n>)", "aaaa", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(?<n>(a|b\\g<n>c){3,5})", "baaaaca", 1, 5);
+        x2s("(?<n>(a|b\\g<n>c){3,5})", "baaaacaaaaa", 0, 10);
+        x2s("(?<pare>\\(([^\\(\\)]++|\\g<pare>)*+\\))", "((a))", 0, 5);
+        x2s("()*\\1", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:()|())*\\1\\2", "", 0, 0);
+        x3s("(?:\\1a|())*", "a", 0, 0, 1);
+        x2s("x((.)*)*x", "0x1x2x3", 1, 6);
+        x2s("x((.)*)*x(?i:\\1)\\Z", "0x1x2x1X2", 1, 9);
+        x2s("(?:()|()|()|()|()|())*\\2\\5", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:()|()|()|(x)|()|())*\\2b\\5", "b", 0, 1);
+        
+        x3s("\\A(?<a>|.|(?:(?<b>.)\\g<a>\\k<b+0>))\\z", "reer", 0, 4, 1);
+        x3s("(?-i:\\g<name>)(?i:(?<name>a)){0}", "A", 0, 1, 1);
+        
+        String pat = 
+            "(?<element> \\g<stag> \\g<content>* \\g<etag> ){0}" +
+            "(?<stag> < \\g<name> \\s* > ){0}" +
+            "(?<name> [a-zA-Z_:]+ ){0}" +
+            "(?<content> [^<&]+ (\\g<element> | [^<&]+)* ){0}" +
+            "(?<etag> </ \\k<name+1> >){0}" +
+            "\\g<element>";
+
+        String str = "<foo>f<bar>bbb</bar>f</foo>";
+        
+        x3s(pat, str, 0, 27, 0, Option.EXTEND);
+        x3s(pat, str, 0, 27, 1, Option.EXTEND);
+        x3s(pat, str, 6, 11, 2, Option.EXTEND);
+        x3s(pat, str, 7, 10, 3, Option.EXTEND);
+        x3s(pat, str, 5, 21, 4, Option.EXTEND);
+        x3s(pat, str, 21, 27, 5, Option.EXTEND);
+
+        x2s("(a)b\\k<1>", "aba", 0, 3);
+    }
+    
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable{
+        new TestA().run();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/test/org/joni/test/TestC.java b/test/org/joni/test/TestC.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94f4218
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/org/joni/test/TestC.java
@@ -0,0 +1,736 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.test;
+
+import org.joni.Option;
+import org.joni.Syntax;
+import org.jcodings.Config;
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+import org.jcodings.specific.EUCJPEncoding;
+
+public class TestC extends Test {
+
+    public int option() {
+        return Option.DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    public Encoding encoding() {
+        return EUCJPEncoding.INSTANCE;
+    }
+    
+    public String testEncoding() {
+        return "cp1250";
+    }
+
+    public Syntax syntax() {
+        return Syntax.DEFAULT;
+    }   
+
+    public void test() {
+        x2s("", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("^", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("$", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\\G", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\\A", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\\Z", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\\z", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("^$", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\\ca", "\001", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\C-b", "\002", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\c\\\\", "\034", 0, 1);
+        x2s("q[\\c\\\\]", "q\034", 0, 2);
+        x2s("", "a", 0, 0);
+        x2s("a", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\x61", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("aa", "aa", 0, 2);
+        x2s("aaa", "aaa", 0, 3);
+        x2s("aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa", 0, 35);
+        x2s("ab", "ab", 0, 2);
+        x2s("b", "ab", 1, 2);
+        x2s("bc", "abc", 1, 3);
+        x2s("(?i:#RET#)", "#INS##RET#", 5, 10);
+        x2s("\\17", "\017", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\x1f", "\u001f", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a(?#....\\\\JJJJ)b", "ab", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(?x)  G (o O(?-x)oO) g L", "GoOoOgLe", 0, 7);
+        x2s(".", "a", 0, 1);
+        ns(".", "");
+        x2s("..", "ab", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\\w", "e", 0, 1);
+        ns("\\W", "e");
+        x2s("\\s", " ", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\S", "b", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\d", "4", 0, 1);
+        ns("\\D", "4");
+        x2s("\\b", "z ", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\\b", " z", 1, 1);
+        x2s("\\B", "zz ", 1, 1);
+        x2s("\\B", "z ", 2, 2);
+        x2s("\\B", " z", 0, 0);
+        x2s("[ab]", "b", 0, 1);
+        ns("[ab]", "c");
+        x2s("[a-z]", "t", 0, 1);
+        ns("[^a]", "a");
+        x2s("[^a]", "\n", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[]]", "]", 0, 1);
+        ns("[^]]", "]");
+        x2s("[\\^]+", "0^^1", 1, 3);
+        x2s("[b-]", "b", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[b-]", "-", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[\\w]", "z", 0, 1);
+        ns("[\\w]", " ");
+        x2s("[\\W]", "b$", 1, 2);
+        x2s("[\\d]", "5", 0, 1);
+        ns("[\\d]", "e");
+        x2s("[\\D]", "t", 0, 1);
+        ns("[\\D]", "3");
+        x2s("[\\s]", " ", 0, 1);
+        ns("[\\s]", "a");
+        x2s("[\\S]", "b", 0, 1);
+        ns("[\\S]", " ");
+        x2s("[\\w\\d]", "2", 0, 1);
+        ns("[\\w\\d]", " ");
+        x2s("[[:upper:]]", "B", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[*[:xdigit:]+]", "+", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[*[:xdigit:]+]", "GHIKK-9+*", 6, 7);
+        x2s("[*[:xdigit:]+]", "-@^+", 3, 4);
+        ns("[[:upper]]", "A");
+        x2s("[[:upper]]", ":", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[\\044-\\047]", "\046", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[\\x5a-\\x5c]", "\u005b", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[\\x6A-\\x6D]", "\u006c", 0, 1);
+        ns("[\\x6A-\\x6D]", "\u006e");
+        ns("^[0-9A-F]+ 0+ UNDEF ", "75F 00000000 SECT14A notype ()    External    | _rb_apply");
+        x2s("[\\[]", "[", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[\\]]", "]", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[&]", "&", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[[ab]]", "b", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[[ab]c]", "c", 0, 1);
+        ns("[[^a]]", "a");
+        ns("[^[a]]", "a");
+        x2s("[[ab]&&bc]", "b", 0, 1);
+        ns("[[ab]&&bc]", "a");
+        ns("[[ab]&&bc]", "c");
+        x2s("[a-z&&b-y&&c-x]", "w", 0, 1);
+        ns("[^a-z&&b-y&&c-x]", "w");
+        x2s("[[^a&&a]&&a-z]", "b", 0, 1);
+        ns("[[^a&&a]&&a-z]", "a");
+        x2s("[[^a-z&&bcdef]&&[^c-g]]", "h", 0, 1);
+        ns("[[^a-z&&bcdef]&&[^c-g]]", "c");
+        x2s("[^[^abc]&&[^cde]]", "c", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[^[^abc]&&[^cde]]", "e", 0, 1);
+        ns("[^[^abc]&&[^cde]]", "f");
+        x2s("[a-&&-a]", "-", 0, 1);
+        ns("[a\\-&&\\-a]", "&");
+        ns("\\wabc", " abc");
+        x2s("a\\Wbc", "a bc", 0, 4);
+        x2s("a.b.c", "aabbc", 0, 5);
+        x2s(".\\wb\\W..c", "abb bcc", 0, 7);
+        x2s("\\s\\wzzz", " zzzz", 0, 5);
+        x2s("aa.b", "aabb", 0, 4);
+        ns(".a", "ab");
+        x2s(".a", "aa", 0, 2);
+        x2s("^a", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("^a$", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("^\\w$", "a", 0, 1);
+        ns("^\\w$", " ");
+        x2s("^\\wab$", "zab", 0, 3);
+        x2s("^\\wabcdef$", "zabcdef", 0, 7);
+        x2s("^\\w...def$", "zabcdef", 0, 7);
+        x2s("\\w\\w\\s\\Waaa\\d", "aa  aaa4", 0, 8);
+        x2s("\\A\\Z", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\\Axyz", "xyz", 0, 3);
+        x2s("xyz\\Z", "xyz", 0, 3);
+        x2s("xyz\\z", "xyz", 0, 3);
+        x2s("a\\Z", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\Gaz", "az", 0, 2);
+        ns("\\Gz", "bza");
+        ns("az\\G", "az");
+        ns("az\\A", "az");
+        ns("a\\Az", "az");
+        x2s("\\^\\$", "^$", 0, 2);
+        x2s("^x?y", "xy", 0, 2);
+        x2s("^(x?y)", "xy", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\\w", "_", 0, 1);
+        ns("\\W", "_");
+        x2s("(?=z)z", "z", 0, 1);
+        ns("(?=z).", "a");
+        x2s("(?!z)a", "a", 0, 1);
+        ns("(?!z)a", "z");
+        x2s("(?i:a)", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:a)", "A", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:A)", "a", 0, 1);
+        ns("(?i:A)", "b");
+        x2s("(?i:[A-Z])", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:[f-m])", "H", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:[f-m])", "h", 0, 1);
+        ns("(?i:[f-m])", "e");
+        x2s("(?i:[A-c])", "D", 0, 1);
+        ns("(?i:[^a-z])", "A");
+        ns("(?i:[^a-z])", "a");
+        x2s("(?i:[!-k])", "Z", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:[!-k])", "7", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:[T-}])", "b", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:[T-}])", "{", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:\\?a)", "?A", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(?i:\\*A)", "*a", 0, 2);
+        ns(".", "\n");
+        x2s("(?m:.)", "\n", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?m:a.)", "a\n", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(?m:.b)", "a\nb", 1, 3);
+        x2s(".*abc", "dddabdd\nddabc", 8, 13);
+        x2s("(?m:.*abc)", "dddabddabc", 0, 10);
+        ns("(?i)(?-i)a", "A");
+        ns("(?i)(?-i:a)", "A");
+        x2s("a?", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("a?", "b", 0, 0);
+        x2s("a?", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a*", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("a*", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a*", "aaa", 0, 3);
+        x2s("a*", "baaaa", 0, 0);
+        ns("a+", "");
+        x2s("a+", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a+", "aaaa", 0, 4);
+        x2s("a+", "aabbb", 0, 2);
+        x2s("a+", "baaaa", 1, 5);
+        x2s(".?", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s(".?", "f", 0, 1);
+        x2s(".?", "\n", 0, 0);
+        x2s(".*", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s(".*", "abcde", 0, 5);
+        x2s(".+", "z", 0, 1);
+        x2s(".+", "zdswer\n", 0, 6);
+        x2s("(.*)a\\1f", "babfbac", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(.*)a\\1f", "bacbabf", 3, 7);
+        x2s("((.*)a\\2f)", "bacbabf", 3, 7);
+        x2s("(.*)a\\1f", "baczzzzzz\nbazz\nzzzzbabf", 19, 23);
+        x2s("a|b", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a|b", "b", 0, 1);
+        x2s("|a", "a", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(|a)", "a", 0, 0);
+        x2s("ab|bc", "ab", 0, 2);
+        x2s("ab|bc", "bc", 0, 2);
+        x2s("z(?:ab|bc)", "zbc", 0, 3);
+        x2s("a(?:ab|bc)c", "aabc", 0, 4);
+        x2s("ab|(?:ac|az)", "az", 0, 2);
+        x2s("a|b|c", "dc", 1, 2);
+        x2s("a|b|cd|efg|h|ijk|lmn|o|pq|rstuvwx|yz", "pqr", 0, 2);
+        ns("a|b|cd|efg|h|ijk|lmn|o|pq|rstuvwx|yz", "mn");
+        x2s("a|^z", "ba", 1, 2);
+        x2s("a|^z", "za", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a|\\Gz", "bza", 2, 3);
+        x2s("a|\\Gz", "za", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a|\\Az", "bza", 2, 3);
+        x2s("a|\\Az", "za", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a|b\\Z", "ba", 1, 2);
+        x2s("a|b\\Z", "b", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a|b\\z", "ba", 1, 2);
+        x2s("a|b\\z", "b", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\w|\\s", " ", 0, 1);
+        ns("\\w|\\w", " ");
+        x2s("\\w|%", "%", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\w|[&$]", "&", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[b-d]|[^e-z]", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?:a|[c-f])|bz", "dz", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?:a|[c-f])|bz", "bz", 0, 2);
+        x2s("abc|(?=zz)..f", "zzf", 0, 3);
+        x2s("abc|(?!zz)..f", "abf", 0, 3);
+        x2s("(?=za)..a|(?=zz)..a", "zza", 0, 3);
+        ns("(?>a|abd)c", "abdc");
+        x2s("(?>abd|a)c", "abdc", 0, 4);
+        x2s("a?|b", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a?|b", "b", 0, 0);
+        x2s("a?|b", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("a*|b", "aa", 0, 2);
+        x2s("a*|b*", "ba", 0, 0);
+        x2s("a*|b*", "ab", 0, 1);
+        x2s("a+|b*", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("a+|b*", "bbb", 0, 3);
+        x2s("a+|b*", "abbb", 0, 1);
+        ns("a+|b+", "");
+        x2s("(a|b)?", "b", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(a|b)*", "ba", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(a|b)+", "bab", 0, 3);
+        x2s("(ab|ca)+", "caabbc", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(ab|ca)+", "aabca", 1, 5);
+        x2s("(ab|ca)+", "abzca", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(a|bab)+", "ababa", 0, 5);
+        x2s("(a|bab)+", "ba", 1, 2);
+        x2s("(a|bab)+", "baaaba", 1, 4);
+        x2s("(?:a|b)(?:a|b)", "ab", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(?:a*|b*)(?:a*|b*)", "aaabbb", 0, 3);
+        x2s("(?:a*|b*)(?:a+|b+)", "aaabbb", 0, 6);
+        x2s("(?:a+|b+){2}", "aaabbb", 0, 6);
+        x2s("h{0,}", "hhhh", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(?:a+|b+){1,2}", "aaabbb", 0, 6);
+        ns("ax{2}*a", "0axxxa1");
+        ns("a.{0,2}a", "0aXXXa0");
+        ns("a.{0,2}?a", "0aXXXa0");
+        ns("a.{0,2}?a", "0aXXXXa0");
+        x2s("^a{2,}?a$", "aaa", 0, 3);
+        x2s("^[a-z]{2,}?$", "aaa", 0, 3);
+        x2s("(?:a+|\\Ab*)cc", "cc", 0, 2);
+        ns("(?:a+|\\Ab*)cc", "abcc");
+        x2s("(?:^a+|b+)*c", "aabbbabc", 6, 8);
+        x2s("(?:^a+|b+)*c", "aabbbbc", 0, 7);
+        x2s("a|(?i)c", "C", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i)c|a", "C", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i)c|a", "A", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:c)|a", "C", 0, 1);
+        ns("(?i:c)|a", "A");
+        x2s("[abc]?", "abc", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[abc]*", "abc", 0, 3);
+        x2s("[^abc]*", "abc", 0, 0);
+        ns("[^abc]+", "abc");
+        x2s("a??", "aaa", 0, 0);
+        x2s("ba??b", "bab", 0, 3);
+        x2s("a*?", "aaa", 0, 0);
+        x2s("ba*?", "baa", 0, 1);
+        x2s("ba*?b", "baab", 0, 4);
+        x2s("a+?", "aaa", 0, 1);
+        x2s("ba+?", "baa", 0, 2);
+        x2s("ba+?b", "baab", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(?:a?)??", "a", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:a??)?", "a", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:a?)+?", "aaa", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?:a+)??", "aaa", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:a+)??b", "aaab", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(?:ab)?{2}", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:ab)?{2}", "ababa", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(?:ab)*{0}", "ababa", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:ab){3,}", "abababab", 0, 8);
+        ns("(?:ab){3,}", "abab");
+        x2s("(?:ab){2,4}", "ababab", 0, 6);
+        x2s("(?:ab){2,4}", "ababababab", 0, 8);
+        x2s("(?:ab){2,4}?", "ababababab", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(?:ab){,}", "ab{,}", 0, 5);
+        x2s("(?:abc)+?{2}", "abcabcabc", 0, 6);
+        x2s("(?:X*)(?i:xa)", "XXXa", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(d+)([^abc]z)", "dddz", 0, 4);
+        x2s("([^abc]*)([^abc]z)", "dddz", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(\\w+)(\\wz)", "dddz", 0, 4);
+        x3s("(a)", "a", 0, 1, 1);
+        x3s("(ab)", "ab", 0, 2, 1);
+        x2s("((ab))", "ab", 0, 2);
+        x3s("((ab))", "ab", 0, 2, 1);
+        x3s("((ab))", "ab", 0, 2, 2);
+        x3s("((((((((((((((((((((ab))))))))))))))))))))", "ab", 0, 2, 20);
+        x3s("(ab)(cd)", "abcd", 0, 2, 1);
+        x3s("(ab)(cd)", "abcd", 2, 4, 2);
+        x3s("()(a)bc(def)ghijk", "abcdefghijk", 3, 6, 3);
+        x3s("(()(a)bc(def)ghijk)", "abcdefghijk", 3, 6, 4);
+        x2s("(^a)", "a", 0, 1);
+        x3s("(a)|(a)", "ba", 1, 2, 1);
+        x3s("(^a)|(a)", "ba", 1, 2, 2);
+        x3s("(a?)", "aaa", 0, 1, 1);
+        x3s("(a*)", "aaa", 0, 3, 1);
+        x3s("(a*)", "", 0, 0, 1);
+        x3s("(a+)", "aaaaaaa", 0, 7, 1);
+        x3s("(a+|b*)", "bbbaa", 0, 3, 1);
+        x3s("(a+|b?)", "bbbaa", 0, 1, 1);
+        x3s("(abc)?", "abc", 0, 3, 1);
+        x3s("(abc)*", "abc", 0, 3, 1);
+        x3s("(abc)+", "abc", 0, 3, 1);
+        x3s("(xyz|abc)+", "abc", 0, 3, 1);
+        x3s("([xyz][abc]|abc)+", "abc", 0, 3, 1);
+        x3s("((?i:abc))", "AbC", 0, 3, 1);
+        x2s("(abc)(?i:\\1)", "abcABC", 0, 6);
+        x3s("((?m:a.c))", "a\nc", 0, 3, 1);
+        x3s("((?=az)a)", "azb", 0, 1, 1);
+        x3s("abc|(.abd)", "zabd", 0, 4, 1);
+        x2s("(?:abc)|(ABC)", "abc", 0, 3);
+        x3s("(?i:(abc))|(zzz)", "ABC", 0, 3, 1);
+        x3s("a*(.)", "aaaaz", 4, 5, 1);
+        x3s("a*?(.)", "aaaaz", 0, 1, 1);
+        x3s("a*?(c)", "aaaac", 4, 5, 1);
+        x3s("[bcd]a*(.)", "caaaaz", 5, 6, 1);
+        x3s("(\\Abb)cc", "bbcc", 0, 2, 1);
+        ns("(\\Abb)cc", "zbbcc");
+        x3s("(^bb)cc", "bbcc", 0, 2, 1);
+        ns("(^bb)cc", "zbbcc");
+        x3s("cc(bb$)", "ccbb", 2, 4, 1);
+        ns("cc(bb$)", "ccbbb");
+        ns("(\\1)", "");
+        ns("\\1(a)", "aa");
+        ns("(a(b)\\1)\\2+", "ababb");
+        ns("(?:(?:\\1|z)(a))+$", "zaa");
+        x2s("(?:(?:\\1|z)(a))+$", "zaaa", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(a)(?=\\1)", "aa", 0, 1);
+        ns("(a)$|\\1", "az");
+        x2s("(a)\\1", "aa", 0, 2);
+        ns("(a)\\1", "ab");
+        x2s("(a?)\\1", "aa", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(a??)\\1", "aa", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(a*)\\1", "aaaaa", 0, 4);
+        x3s("(a*)\\1", "aaaaa", 0, 2, 1);
+        x2s("a(b*)\\1", "abbbb", 0, 5);
+        x2s("a(b*)\\1", "ab", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(a*)(b*)\\1\\2", "aaabbaaabb", 0, 10);
+        x2s("(a*)(b*)\\2", "aaabbbb", 0, 7);
+        x2s("(((((((a*)b))))))c\\7", "aaabcaaa", 0, 8);
+        x3s("(((((((a*)b))))))c\\7", "aaabcaaa", 0, 3, 7);
+        x2s("(a)(b)(c)\\2\\1\\3", "abcbac", 0, 6);
+        x2s("([a-d])\\1", "cc", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(\\w\\d\\s)\\1", "f5 f5 ", 0, 6);
+        ns("(\\w\\d\\s)\\1", "f5 f5");
+        x2s("(who|[a-c]{3})\\1", "whowho", 0, 6);
+        x2s("...(who|[a-c]{3})\\1", "abcwhowho", 0, 9);
+        x2s("(who|[a-c]{3})\\1", "cbccbc", 0, 6);
+        x2s("(^a)\\1", "aa", 0, 2);
+        ns("(^a)\\1", "baa");
+        ns("(a$)\\1", "aa");
+        ns("(ab\\Z)\\1", "ab");
+        x2s("(a*\\Z)\\1", "a", 1, 1);
+        x2s(".(a*\\Z)\\1", "ba", 1, 2);
+        x3s("(.(abc)\\2)", "zabcabc", 0, 7, 1);
+        x3s("(.(..\\d.)\\2)", "z12341234", 0, 9, 1);
+        x2s("((?i:az))\\1", "AzAz", 0, 4);
+        ns("((?i:az))\\1", "Azaz");
+        x2s("(?<=a)b", "ab", 1, 2);
+        ns("(?<=a)b", "bb");
+        x2s("(?<=a|b)b", "bb", 1, 2);
+        x2s("(?<=a|bc)b", "bcb", 2, 3);
+        x2s("(?<=a|bc)b", "ab", 1, 2);
+        x2s("(?<=a|bc||defghij|klmnopq|r)z", "rz", 1, 2);
+        x2s("(a)\\g<1>", "aa", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(?<!a)b", "cb", 1, 2);
+        ns("(?<!a)b", "ab");
+        x2s("(?<!a|bc)b", "bbb", 0, 1);
+        ns("(?<!a|bc)z", "bcz");
+        x2s("(?<name1>a)", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?<name_2>ab)\\g<name_2>", "abab", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(?<name_3>.zv.)\\k<name_3>", "azvbazvb", 0, 8);
+        x2s("(?<=\\g<ab>)|-\\zEND (?<ab>XyZ)", "XyZ", 3, 3);
+        x2s("(?<n>|a\\g<n>)+", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?<n>|\\(\\g<n>\\))+$", "()(())", 0, 6);
+        x3s("\\g<n>(?<n>.){0}", "X", 0, 1, 1);
+        x2s("\\g<n>(abc|df(?<n>.YZ){2,8}){0}", "XYZ", 0, 3);
+        x2s("\\A(?<n>(a\\g<n>)|)\\z", "aaaa", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(?<n>|\\g<m>\\g<n>)\\z|\\zEND (?<m>a|(b)\\g<m>)", "bbbbabba", 0, 8);
+        x2s("(?<name1240>\\w+\\sx)a+\\k<name1240>", "  fg xaaaaaaaafg x", 2, 18);
+        x3s("(z)()()(?<_9>a)\\g<_9>", "zaa", 2, 3, 1);
+        x2s("(.)(((?<_>a)))\\k<_>", "zaa", 0, 3);
+        x2s("((?<name1>\\d)|(?<name2>\\w))(\\k<name1>|\\k<name2>)", "ff", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(?:(?<x>)|(?<x>efg))\\k<x>", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:(?<x>abc)|(?<x>efg))\\k<x>", "abcefgefg", 3, 9);
+        ns("(?:(?<x>abc)|(?<x>efg))\\k<x>", "abcefg");
+        x2s("(?:(?<n1>.)|(?<n1>..)|(?<n1>...)|(?<n1>....)|(?<n1>.....)|(?<n1>......)|(?<n1>.......)|(?<n1>........)|(?<n1>.........)|(?<n1>..........)|(?<n1>...........)|(?<n1>............)|(?<n1>.............)|(?<n1>..............))\\k<n1>$", "a-pyumpyum", 2, 10);
+        x3s("(?:(?<n1>.)|(?<n1>..)|(?<n1>...)|(?<n1>....)|(?<n1>.....)|(?<n1>......)|(?<n1>.......)|(?<n1>........)|(?<n1>.........)|(?<n1>..........)|(?<n1>...........)|(?<n1>............)|(?<n1>.............)|(?<n1>..............))\\k<n1>$", "xxxxabcdefghijklmnabcdefghijklmn", 4, 18, 14);
+        x3s("(?<name1>)(?<name2>)(?<name3>)(?<name4>)(?<name5>)(?<name6>)(?<name7>)(?<name8>)(?<name9>)(?<name10>)(?<name11>)(?<name12>)(?<name13>)(?<name14>)(?<name15>)(?<name16>aaa)(?<name17>)$", "aaa", 0, 3, 16);
+        x2s("(?<foo>a|\\(\\g<foo>\\))", "a", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?<foo>a|\\(\\g<foo>\\))", "((((((a))))))", 0, 13);
+        x3s("(?<foo>a|\\(\\g<foo>\\))", "((((((((a))))))))", 0, 17, 1);
+        x2s("\\g<bar>|\\zEND(?<bar>.*abc$)", "abcxxxabc", 0, 9);
+        x2s("\\g<1>|\\zEND(.a.)", "bac", 0, 3);
+        x3s("\\g<_A>\\g<_A>|\\zEND(.a.)(?<_A>.b.)", "xbxyby", 3, 6, 1);
+        x2s("\\A(?:\\g<pon>|\\g<pan>|\\zEND  (?<pan>a|c\\g<pon>c)(?<pon>b|d\\g<pan>d))$", "cdcbcdc", 0, 7);
+        x2s("\\A(?<n>|a\\g<m>)\\z|\\zEND (?<m>\\g<n>)", "aaaa", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(?<n>(a|b\\g<n>c){3,5})", "baaaaca", 1, 5);
+        x2s("(?<n>(a|b\\g<n>c){3,5})", "baaaacaaaaa", 0, 10);
+        x2s("(?<pare>\\(([^\\(\\)]++|\\g<pare>)*+\\))", "((a))", 0, 5);
+        x2s("()*\\1", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:()|())*\\1\\2", "", 0, 0);
+        x3s("(?:\\1a|())*", "a", 0, 0, 1);
+        x2s("x((.)*)*x", "0x1x2x3", 1, 6);
+        x2s("x((.)*)*x(?i:\\1)\\Z", "0x1x2x1X2", 1, 9);
+        x2s("(?:()|()|()|()|()|())*\\2\\5", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:()|()|()|(x)|()|())*\\2b\\5", "b", 0, 1);
+        if (Config.VANILLA) x2s("\\xED\\xF2", "\u00ed\u0148", 0, 2);
+        x2s("", "\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8", "\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 2);
+        ns("\u00a4\u00a4", "\u00a4\u02d8");
+        x2s("\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6", "\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 4);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 6);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142", "\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\ [...]
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8", 2, 4);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6", 2, 6);
+        if (Config.VANILLA) x2s("\\xca\\xb8", "\u0118\u00b8", 0, 2);
+        x2s(".", "\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 2);
+        x2s("..", "\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad", 0, 4);
+        x2s("\\w", "\u00a4\u015e", 0, 2);
+        ns("\\W", "\u00a4\u02d8");
+        x2s("[\\W]", "\u00a4\u00a6$", 2, 3);
+        x2s("\\S", "\u00a4\u02dd", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\\S", "\u00b4\u00c1", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\\b", "\u00b5\u00a4 ", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\\b", " \u00a4\u0170", 1, 1);
+        x2s("\\B", "\u00a4\u00bb\u00a4\u02dd ", 2, 2);
+        x2s("\\B", "\u00a4\u00a6 ", 3, 3);
+        x2s("\\B", " \u00a4\u00a4", 0, 0);
+        x2s("[\u00a4\u017c\u00a4\u00c1]", "\u00a4\u00c1", 0, 2);
+        ns("[\u00a4\u0118\u00a4\u00cb]", "\u00a4\u011a");
+        x2s("[\u00a4\u00a6-\u00a4\u015e]", "\u00a4\u00a8", 0, 2);
+        ns("[^\u00a4\u00b1]", "\u00a4\u00b1");
+        x2s("[\\w]", "\u00a4\u00cd", 0, 2);
+        ns("[\\d]", "\u00a4\u0150");
+        x2s("[\\D]", "\u00a4\u010e", 0, 2);
+        ns("[\\s]", "\u00a4\u017b");
+        x2s("[\\S]", "\u00a4\u0158", 0, 2);
+        x2s("[\\w\\d]", "\u00a4\u010d", 0, 2);
+        x2s("[\\w\\d]", "   \u00a4\u010d", 3, 5);
+        ns("\\w\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6", " \u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6");
+        x2s("\u00b5\u00b4\\W\u013d\u00d6", "\u00b5\u00b4 \u013d\u00d6", 0, 5);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8.\u00a4\u00a4.\u00a4\u00a6", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 10);
+        x2s(".\\w\u00a4\u00a6\\W..\u00a4\u013e", "\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6 \u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u013e\u00a4\u013e", 0, 13);
+        x2s("\\s\\w\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142", " \u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142", 0, 9);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8.\u00a4\u00b1", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00b1\u00a4\u00b1", 0, 8);
+        ns(".\u00a4\u00a4", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a8");
+        x2s(".\u00a4\u015e", "\u00a4\u015e\u00a4\u015e", 0, 4);
+        x2s("^\u00a4\u02d8", "\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 2);
+        x2s("^\u00a4\u0155$", "\u00a4\u0155", 0, 2);
+        x2s("^\\w$", "\u00a4\u00cb", 0, 2);
+        x2s("^\\w\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b\u00a4\u00b1\u00a4\u0142$", "z\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b\u00a4\u00b1\u00a4\u0142", 0, 11);
+        x2s("^\\w...\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u015e$", "z\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u015e", 0, 13);
+        x2s("\\w\\w\\s\\W\u00a4\u015e\u00a4\u015e\u00a4\u015e\\d", "a\u00a4\u015e  \u00a4\u015e\u00a4\u015e\u00a4\u015e4", 0, 12);
+        x2s("\\A\u00a4\u017c\u00a4\u00c1\u00a4\u00c4", "\u00a4\u017c\u00a4\u00c1\u00a4\u00c4", 0, 6);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u0155\u00a4\u00e1\u00a4\u00e2\\Z", "\u00a4\u0155\u00a4\u00e1\u00a4\u00e2", 0, 6);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b\\z", "\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b", 0, 6);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b\\Z", "\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b\n", 0, 6);
+        x2s("\\G\u00a4\u00dd\u00a4\u00d4", "\u00a4\u00dd\u00a4\u00d4", 0, 4);
+        ns("\\G\u00a4\u00a8", "\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u015e");
+        ns("\u00a4\u010c\u00a4\u0106\\G", "\u00a4\u010c\u00a4\u0106");
+        ns("\u00a4\u0162\u00a4\u00df\\A", "\u00a4\u0162\u00a4\u00df");
+        ns("\u00a4\u0162\\A\u00a4\u00df", "\u00a4\u0162\u00a4\u00df");
+        x2s("(?=\u00a4\u00bb)\u00a4\u00bb", "\u00a4\u00bb", 0, 2);
+        ns("(?=\u00a4\u00a6).", "\u00a4\u00a4");
+        x2s("(?!\u00a4\u00a6)\u00a4\u00ab", "\u00a4\u00ab", 0, 2);
+        ns("(?!\u00a4\u010c)\u00a4\u02d8", "\u00a4\u010c");
+        x2s("(?i:\u00a4\u02d8)", "\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(?i:\u00a4\u00d6\u00a4\u016e)", "\u00a4\u00d6\u00a4\u016e", 0, 4);
+        ns("(?i:\u00a4\u00a4)", "\u00a4\u00a6");
+        x2s("(?m:\u00a4\u010d.)", "\u00a4\u010d\n", 0, 3);
+        x2s("(?m:.\u00a4\u00e1)", "\u00a4\u0162\n\u00a4\u00e1", 2, 5);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8?", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\u0118\u0143?", "\u02db\u02dd", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\u0118\u0143?", "\u0118\u0143", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\u00ce\u011a*", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\u00ce\u011a*", "\u00ce\u011a", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\u00bb\u0147*", "\u00bb\u0147\u00bb\u0147\u00bb\u0147", 0, 6);
+        x2s("\u00c7\u010e*", "\u013d\u017b\u00c7\u010e\u00c7\u010e\u00c7\u010e\u00c7\u010e", 0, 0);
+        ns("\u00bb\u0142+", "");
+        x2s("\u02db\u010e+", "\u02db\u010e", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\u00bb\u0163+", "\u00bb\u0163\u00bb\u0163\u00bb\u0163\u00bb\u0163", 0, 8);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u00a8+", "\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 4);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u00a6+", "\u00a4\u015e\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6", 2, 10);
+        x2s(".?", "\u00a4\u017c", 0, 2);
+        x2s(".*", "\u00a4\u0143\u00a4\u00d4\u00a4\u00d7\u00a4\u00da", 0, 8);
+        x2s(".+", "\u00a4\u00ed", 0, 2);
+        x2s(".+", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u00ab\n", 0, 8);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8|\u00a4\u00a4", "\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8|\u00a4\u00a4", "\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4|\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 4);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4|\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 4);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u0148(?:\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad|\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b)", "\u00a4\u0148\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad", 0, 6);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u0148(?:\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad|\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b)\u00a4\u00b1", "\u00a4\u0148\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b\u00a4\u00b1", 0, 8);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4|(?:\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a6|\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u0148)", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u0148", 0, 4);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8|\u00a4\u00a4|\u00a4\u00a6", "\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u00a6", 2, 4);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8|\u00a4\u00a4|\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8|\u00a4\u015e\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad|\u00a4\u017b|\u00a4\u00b1\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u00b5|\u00a4\u00b7\u00a4\u0105\u00a4\u00bb|\u00a4\u02dd|\u00a4\u017c\u00a4\u00c1|\u00a4\u00c4\u00a4\u0106\u00a4\u010c\u00a4\u0118\u00a4\u00cb|\u00a4\u011a\u00a4\u00cd", "\u00a4\u00b7\u00a4\u0105\u00a4\u00bb", 0, 6);
+        ns("\u00a4\u02d8|\u00a4\u00a4|\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8|\u00a4\u015e\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad|\u00a4\u017b|\u00a4\u00b1\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u00b5|\u00a4\u00b7\u00a4\u0105\u00a4\u00bb|\u00a4\u02dd|\u00a4\u017c\u00a4\u00c1|\u00a4\u00c4\u00a4\u0106\u00a4\u010c\u00a4\u0118\u00a4\u00cb|\u00a4\u011a\u00a4\u00cd", "\u00a4\u0105\u00a4\u00bb");
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8|^\u00a4\u010f", "\u00a4\u00d6\u00a4\u02d8", 2, 4);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8|^\u00a4\u0148", "\u00a4\u0148\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\u00b5\u00b4|\\G\u013d\u00d6", "\u00a4\u00b1\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4", 4, 6);
+        x2s("\u00b5\u00b4|\\G\u013d\u00d6", "\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\u00b5\u00b4|\\A\u013d\u00d6", "b\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4", 3, 5);
+        x2s("\u00b5\u00b4|\\A\u013d\u00d6", "\u013d\u00d6", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\u00b5\u00b4|\u013d\u00d6\\Z", "\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4", 2, 4);
+        x2s("\u00b5\u00b4|\u013d\u00d6\\Z", "\u013d\u00d6", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\u00b5\u00b4|\u013d\u00d6\\Z", "\u013d\u00d6\n", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\u00b5\u00b4|\u013d\u00d6\\z", "\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4", 2, 4);
+        x2s("\u00b5\u00b4|\u013d\u00d6\\z", "\u013d\u00d6", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\\w|\\s", "\u00a4\u015e", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\\w|%", "%\u00a4\u015e", 0, 1);
+        x2s("\\w|[&$]", "\u00a4\u00a6&", 0, 2);
+        x2s("[\u00a4\u00a4-\u00a4\u00b1]", "\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 2);
+        x2s("[\u00a4\u00a4-\u00a4\u00b1]|[^\u00a4\u00ab-\u00a4\u0142]", "\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 2);
+        x2s("[\u00a4\u00a4-\u00a4\u00b1]|[^\u00a4\u00ab-\u00a4\u0142]", "\u00a4\u00ab", 0, 2);
+        x2s("[^\u00a4\u02d8]", "\n", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?:\u00a4\u02d8|[\u00a4\u00a6-\u00a4\u00ad])|\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u0148", "\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u0148", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(?:\u00a4\u02d8|[\u00a4\u00a6-\u00a4\u00ad])|\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u0148", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u0148", 0, 4);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6|(?=\u00a4\u00b1\u00a4\u00b1)..\u00a4\u0170", "\u00a4\u00b1\u00a4\u00b1\u00a4\u0170", 0, 6);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6|(?!\u00a4\u00b1\u00a4\u00b1)..\u00a4\u0170", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u0170", 0, 6);
+        if (Config.VANILLA) x2s("(?=\u00a4\u0148\u00a4\u02d8)..\u00a4\u02d8|(?=\u00a4\u0148\u00a4\u0148)..\u00a4\u02d8", "\u00a4\u0148\u00a4\u0148\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 6);
+        x2s("(?<=\u00a4\u02d8|\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6)\u00a4\u00a4", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a4", 4, 6);
+        ns("(?>\u00a4\u02d8|\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a8)\u00a4\u00a6", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u00a6");
+        x2s("(?>\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a8|\u00a4\u02d8)\u00a4\u00a6", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 8);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8?|\u00a4\u00a4", "\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8?|\u00a4\u00a4", "\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8?|\u00a4\u00a4", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8*|\u00a4\u00a4", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 4);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8*|\u00a4\u00a4*", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8*|\u00a4\u00a4*", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 2);
+        x2s("[a\u00a4\u02d8]*|\u00a4\u00a4*", "a\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 3);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8+|\u00a4\u00a4*", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8+|\u00a4\u00a4*", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 6);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8+|\u00a4\u00a4*", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8+|\u00a4\u00a4*", "a\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 0);
+        ns("\u00a4\u02d8+|\u00a4\u00a4+", "");
+        x2s("(\u00a4\u02d8|\u00a4\u00a4)?", "\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(\u00a4\u02d8|\u00a4\u00a4)*", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(\u00a4\u02d8|\u00a4\u00a4)+", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 6);
+        x2s("(\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4|\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u02d8)+", "\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8", 0, 8);
+        x2s("(\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4|\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8)+", "\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8", 4, 12);
+        x2s("(\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4|\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u02d8)+", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u02d8", 2, 10);
+        x2s("(\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4|\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u02d8)+", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u0148\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4|\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u02d8)+", "$$zzzz\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u0148\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u02d8", 6, 10);
+        x2s("(\u00a4\u02d8|\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4)+", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 10);
+        x2s("(\u00a4\u02d8|\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4)+", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8", 2, 4);
+        x2s("(\u00a4\u02d8|\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4)+", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8", 2, 8);
+        x2s("(?:\u00a4\u02d8|\u00a4\u00a4)(?:\u00a4\u02d8|\u00a4\u00a4)", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(?:\u00a4\u02d8*|\u00a4\u00a4*)(?:\u00a4\u02d8*|\u00a4\u00a4*)", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 6);
+        x2s("(?:\u00a4\u02d8*|\u00a4\u00a4*)(?:\u00a4\u02d8+|\u00a4\u00a4+)", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 12);
+        x2s("(?:\u00a4\u02d8+|\u00a4\u00a4+){2}", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 12);
+        x2s("(?:\u00a4\u02d8+|\u00a4\u00a4+){1,2}", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 12);
+        x2s("(?:\u00a4\u02d8+|\\A\u00a4\u00a4*)\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6", "\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 4);
+        ns("(?:\u00a4\u02d8+|\\A\u00a4\u00a4*)\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6");
+        x2s("(?:^\u00a4\u02d8+|\u00a4\u00a4+)*\u00a4\u00a6", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6", 12, 16);
+        x2s("(?:^\u00a4\u02d8+|\u00a4\u00a4+)*\u00a4\u00a6", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 14);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u00a6{0,}", "\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 8);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8|(?i)c", "C", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i)c|\u00a4\u02d8", "C", 0, 1);
+        x2s("(?i:\u00a4\u02d8)|a", "a", 0, 1);
+        ns("(?i:\u00a4\u02d8)|a", "A");
+        x2s("[\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6]?", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 2);
+        x2s("[\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6]*", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 6);
+        x2s("[^\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6]*", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 0);
+        ns("[^\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6]+", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6");
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8??", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8??\u00a4\u00a4", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 6);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8*?", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8*?", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8*?\u00a4\u00a4", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 8);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8+?", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8+?", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 4);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8+?\u00a4\u00a4", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 8);
+        x2s("(?:\u0139\u00b7?)??", "\u0139\u00b7", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:\u0139\u00b7??)?", "\u0139\u00b7", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:\u011a\u00b4?)+?", "\u011a\u00b4\u011a\u00b4\u011a\u00b4", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(?:\u00c9\u00f7+)??", "\u00c9\u00f7\u00c9\u00f7\u00c9\u00f7", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:\u0154\u0103+)??\u00c1\u00fa", "\u0154\u0103\u0154\u0103\u0154\u0103\u00c1\u00fa", 0, 8);
+        x2s("(?:\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4)?{2}", "", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6)?{2}", "\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4", 0, 8);
+        x2s("(?:\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6)*{0}", "\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(?:\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6){3,}", "\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6", 0, 16);
+        ns("(?:\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6){3,}", "\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6");
+        x2s("(?:\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6){2,4}", "\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6", 0, 12);
+        x2s("(?:\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6){2,4}", "\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6", 0, 16);
+        x2s("(?:\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6){2,4}?", "\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6", 0, 8);
+        x2s("(?:\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6){,}", "\u00b5\u00b4\u013d\u00d6{,}", 0, 7);
+        x2s("(?:\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b)+?{2}", "\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b", 0, 12);
+        x3s("(\u02db\u0110)", "\u02db\u0110", 0, 2, 1);
+        x3s("(\u02db\u0110\u017c\u013a)", "\u02db\u0110\u017c\u013a", 0, 4, 1);
+        x2s("((\u00bb\u0163\u00b4\u00d6))", "\u00bb\u0163\u00b4\u00d6", 0, 4);
+        x3s("((\u00c9\u00f7\u017c\u013a))", "\u00c9\u00f7\u017c\u013a", 0, 4, 1);
+        x3s("((\u015f\u0148\u0106\u00fc))", "\u015f\u0148\u0106\u00fc", 0, 4, 2);
+        x3s("((((((((((((((((((((\u00ce\u011a\u00bb\u0147))))))))))))))))))))", "\u00ce\u011a\u00bb\u0147", 0, 4, 20);
+        x3s("(\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4)(\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8)", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8", 0, 4, 1);
+        x3s("(\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4)(\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8)", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8", 4, 8, 2);
+        x3s("()(\u00a4\u02d8)\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6(\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u015e\u00a4\u00ab)\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b\u00a4\u00b1\u00a4\u0142", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u015e\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b\u00a4\u00b1\u00a4\u0142", 6, 12, 3);
+        x3s("(()(\u00a4\u02d8)\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6(\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u015e\u00a4\u00ab)\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b\u00a4\u00b1\u00a4\u0142)", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u015e\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b\u00a4\u00b1\u00a4\u0142", 6, 12, 4);
+        x3s(".*(\u0104\u0150\u0104\u00a9)\u0104\u00f3\u02c7\u00a6\u0104\u0162(\u0104\u00f3()\u0104\u00b7\u0104\u013a\u0104\u017c)\u0104\u00a4\u0104\u00f3", "\u0104\u0150\u0104\u00a9\u0104\u00f3\u02c7\u00a6\u0104\u0162\u0104\u00f3\u0104\u00b7\u0104\u013a\u0104\u017c\u0104\u00a4\u0104\u00f3", 10, 18, 2);
+        x2s("(^\u00a4\u02d8)", "\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 2);
+        x3s("(\u00a4\u02d8)|(\u00a4\u02d8)", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8", 2, 4, 1);
+        x3s("(^\u00a4\u02d8)|(\u00a4\u02d8)", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8", 2, 4, 2);
+        x3s("(\u00a4\u02d8?)", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 2, 1);
+        x3s("(\u00a4\u0162*)", "\u00a4\u0162\u00a4\u0162\u00a4\u0162", 0, 6, 1);
+        x3s("(\u00a4\u010c*)", "", 0, 0, 1);
+        x3s("(\u00a4\u00eb+)", "\u00a4\u00eb\u00a4\u00eb\u00a4\u00eb\u00a4\u00eb\u00a4\u00eb\u00a4\u00eb\u00a4\u00eb", 0, 14, 1);
+        x3s("(\u00a4\u0150+|\u00a4\u0158*)", "\u00a4\u0150\u00a4\u0150\u00a4\u0150\u00a4\u0158\u00a4\u0158", 0, 6, 1);
+        x3s("(\u00a4\u02d8+|\u00a4\u00a4?)", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 2, 1);
+        x3s("(\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6)?", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 6, 1);
+        x3s("(\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6)*", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 6, 1);
+        x3s("(\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6)+", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 6, 1);
+        x3s("(\u00a4\u00b5\u00a4\u00b7\u00a4\u0105|\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6)+", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 6, 1);
+        x3s("([\u00a4\u0118\u00a4\u00cb\u00a4\u011a][\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b]|\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b)+", "\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b", 0, 6, 1);
+        x3s("((?i:\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6))", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 6, 1);
+        x3s("((?m:\u00a4\u02d8.\u00a4\u00a6))", "\u00a4\u02d8\n\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 5, 1);
+        x3s("((?=\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00f3)\u00a4\u02d8)", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00f3\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 2, 1);
+        x3s("\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6|(.\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a8)", "\u00a4\u00f3\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a8", 0, 8, 1);
+        x3s("\u00a4\u02d8*(.)", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00f3", 8, 10, 1);
+        x3s("\u00a4\u02d8*?(.)", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00f3", 0, 2, 1);
+        x3s("\u00a4\u02d8*?(\u00a4\u00f3)", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00f3", 8, 10, 1);
+        x3s("[\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8]\u00a4\u02d8*(.)", "\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00f3", 10, 12, 1);
+        x3s("(\\A\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4)\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 4, 1);
+        ns("(\\A\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4)\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6", "\u00a4\u00f3\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6");
+        x3s("(^\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4)\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 4, 1);
+        ns("(^\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4)\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6", "\u00a4\u00f3\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6");
+        x3s("\u00a4\u00ed\u00a4\u00ed(\u00a4\u00eb\u00a4\u00eb$)", "\u00a4\u00ed\u00a4\u00ed\u00a4\u00eb\u00a4\u00eb", 4, 8, 1);
+        ns("\u00a4\u00ed\u00a4\u00ed(\u00a4\u00eb\u00a4\u00eb$)", "\u00a4\u00ed\u00a4\u00ed\u00a4\u00eb\u00a4\u00eb\u00a4\u00eb");
+        x2s("(\u011a\u00b5)\\1", "\u011a\u00b5\u011a\u00b5", 0, 4);
+        ns("(\u011a\u00b5)\\1", "\u011a\u00b5\u00c9\u0111");
+        x2s("(\u00b6\u0151?)\\1", "\u00b6\u0151\u00b6\u0151", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(\u00b6\u0151??)\\1", "\u00b6\u0151\u00b6\u0151", 0, 0);
+        x2s("(\u00b6\u0151*)\\1", "\u00b6\u0151\u00b6\u0151\u00b6\u0151\u00b6\u0151\u00b6\u0151", 0, 8);
+        x3s("(\u00b6\u0151*)\\1", "\u00b6\u0151\u00b6\u0151\u00b6\u0151\u00b6\u0151\u00b6\u0151", 0, 4, 1);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8(\u00a4\u00a4*)\\1", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 10);
+        x2s("\u00a4\u02d8(\u00a4\u00a4*)\\1", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 2);
+        x2s("(\u00a4\u02d8*)(\u00a4\u00a4*)\\1\\2", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 20);
+        x2s("(\u00a4\u02d8*)(\u00a4\u00a4*)\\2", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 14);
+        x3s("(\u00a4\u02d8*)(\u00a4\u00a4*)\\2", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4", 6, 10, 2);
+        x2s("(((((((\u00a4\u00dd*)\u00a4\u00da))))))\u00a4\u00d4\\7", "\u00a4\u00dd\u00a4\u00dd\u00a4\u00dd\u00a4\u00da\u00a4\u00d4\u00a4\u00dd\u00a4\u00dd\u00a4\u00dd", 0, 16);
+        x3s("(((((((\u00a4\u00dd*)\u00a4\u00da))))))\u00a4\u00d4\\7", "\u00a4\u00dd\u00a4\u00dd\u00a4\u00dd\u00a4\u00da\u00a4\u00d4\u00a4\u00dd\u00a4\u00dd\u00a4\u00dd", 0, 6, 7);
+        x2s("(\u00a4\u010e)(\u00a4\u0147)(\u00a4\u0150)\\2\\1\\3", "\u00a4\u010e\u00a4\u0147\u00a4\u0150\u00a4\u0147\u00a4\u010e\u00a4\u0150", 0, 12);
+        x2s("([\u00a4\u00ad-\u00a4\u00b1])\\1", "\u00a4\u017b\u00a4\u017b", 0, 4);
+        x2s("(\\w\\d\\s)\\1", "\u00a4\u02d85 \u00a4\u02d85 ", 0, 8);
+        ns("(\\w\\d\\s)\\1", "\u00a4\u02d85 \u00a4\u02d85");
+        x2s("(\u0102\u017b\u02c7\u00a9|[\u00a4\u02d8-\u00a4\u00a6]{3})\\1", "\u0102\u017b\u02c7\u00a9\u0102\u017b\u02c7\u00a9", 0, 8);
+        x2s("...(\u0102\u017b\u02c7\u00a9|[\u00a4\u02d8-\u00a4\u00a6]{3})\\1", "\u00a4\u02d8a\u00a4\u02d8\u0102\u017b\u02c7\u00a9\u0102\u017b\u02c7\u00a9", 0, 13);
+        x2s("(\u0102\u017b\u02c7\u00a9|[\u00a4\u02d8-\u00a4\u00a6]{3})\\1", "\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 12);
+        x2s("(^\u00a4\u0142)\\1", "\u00a4\u0142\u00a4\u0142", 0, 4);
+        ns("(^\u00a4\u0155)\\1", "\u00a4\u00e1\u00a4\u0155\u00a4\u0155");
+        ns("(\u00a4\u02d8$)\\1", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u02d8");
+        ns("(\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\\Z)\\1", "\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4");
+        x2s("(\u00a4\u02d8*\\Z)\\1", "\u00a4\u02d8", 2, 2);
+        x2s(".(\u00a4\u02d8*\\Z)\\1", "\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u02d8", 2, 4);
+        x3s("(.(\u00a4\u00e4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u0107)\\2)", "z\u00a4\u00e4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u0107\u00a4\u00e4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u0107", 0, 13, 1);
+        x3s("(.(..\\d.)\\2)", "\u00a4\u02d812341234", 0, 10, 1);
+        x2s("((?i:\u00a4\u02d8v\u00a4\u015f))\\1", "\u00a4\u02d8v\u00a4\u015f\u00a4\u02d8v\u00a4\u015f", 0, 10);
+        x2s("(?<\u00b6\u0148\u00a4\u00ab>\u0118\u0143|\\(\\g<\u00b6\u0148\u00a4\u00ab>\\))", "((((((\u0118\u0143))))))", 0, 14);
+        x2s("\\A(?:\\g<\u00b0\u00a4_1>|\\g<\u00b1\u013e_2>|\\z\u02dd\u015e\u00ce\u00bb  (?<\u00b0\u00a4_1>\u00b4\u0143|\u013d\u00ab\\g<\u00b1\u013e_2>\u013d\u00ab)(?<\u00b1\u013e_2>\u015f\u00df|\u0118\u00ee\u00bb\u00a7\\g<\u00b0\u00a4_1>\u0118\u00ee\u00bb\u00a7))$", "\u0118\u00ee\u00bb\u00a7\u013d\u00ab\u0118\u00ee\u00bb\u00a7\u013d\u00ab\u015f\u00df\u013d\u00ab\u0118\u00ee\u00bb\u00a7\u013d\u00ab\u0118\u00ee\u00bb\u00a7", 0, 26);
+        x2s("[[\u00a4\u0147\u00a4\u0150]]", "\u00a4\u0150", 0, 2);
+        x2s("[[\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u015e\u00a4\u00a6]\u00a4\u00ab]", "\u00a4\u00ab", 0, 2);
+        ns("[[^\u00a4\u02d8]]", "\u00a4\u02d8");
+        ns("[^[\u00a4\u02d8]]", "\u00a4\u02d8");
+        x2s("[^[^\u00a4\u02d8]]", "\u00a4\u02d8", 0, 2);
+        x2s("[[\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b]&&\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b]", "\u00a4\u017b", 0, 2);
+        ns("[[\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b]&&\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b]", "\u00a4\u00ab");
+        ns("[[\u00a4\u00ab\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b]&&\u00a4\u00ad\u00a4\u017b]", "\u00a4\u00b1");
+        x2s("[\u00a4\u02d8-\u00a4\u00f3&&\u00a4\u00a4-\u00a4\u0148&&\u00a4\u00a6-\u00a4\u0144]", "\u00a4\u0144", 0, 2);
+        ns("[^\u00a4\u02d8-\u00a4\u00f3&&\u00a4\u00a4-\u00a4\u0148&&\u00a4\u00a6-\u00a4\u0144]", "\u00a4\u0144");
+        x2s("[[^\u00a4\u02d8&&\u00a4\u02d8]&&\u00a4\u02d8-\u00a4\u00f3]", "\u00a4\u00a4", 0, 2);
+        ns("[[^\u00a4\u02d8&&\u00a4\u02d8]&&\u00a4\u02d8-\u00a4\u00f3]", "\u00a4\u02d8");
+        x2s("[[^\u00a4\u02d8-\u00a4\u00f3&&\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u015e]&&[^\u00a4\u00a6-\u00a4\u00ab]]", "\u00a4\u00ad", 0, 2);
+        ns("[[^\u00a4\u02d8-\u00a4\u00f3&&\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u015e]&&[^\u00a4\u00a6-\u00a4\u00ab]]", "\u00a4\u00a4");
+        x2s("[^[^\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6]&&[^\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u015e]]", "\u00a4\u00a6", 0, 2);
+        x2s("[^[^\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6]&&[^\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u015e]]", "\u00a4\u00a8", 0, 2);
+        ns("[^[^\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6]&&[^\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u015e]]", "\u00a4\u00ab");
+        x2s("[\u00a4\u02d8-&&-\u00a4\u02d8]", "-", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[^[^a-z\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6]&&[^bcdefg\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u015e]q-w]", "\u00a4\u00a8", 0, 2);
+        x2s("[^[^a-z\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6]&&[^bcdefg\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u015e]g-w]", "f", 0, 1);
+        x2s("[^[^a-z\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6]&&[^bcdefg\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u015e]g-w]", "g", 0, 1);
+        ns("[^[^a-z\u00a4\u02d8\u00a4\u00a4\u00a4\u00a6]&&[^bcdefg\u00a4\u00a6\u00a4\u00a8\u00a4\u015e]g-w]", "2");
+        x2s("a<b>\u0104\u0110\u02c7\u013d\u0104\u00b8\u0104\u00e7\u0104\u00f3\u00a4\u00ce\u0104\u0154\u0104\u00a6\u0104\u00f3\u0104\u00ed\u02c7\u013d\u0104\u00c9<\\/b>", "a<b>\u0104\u0110\u02c7\u013d\u0104\u00b8\u0104\u00e7\u0104\u00f3\u00a4\u00ce\u0104\u0154\u0104\u00a6\u0104\u00f3\u0104\u00ed\u02c7\u013d\u0104\u00c9</b>", 0, 32);
+        x2s(".<b>\u0104\u0110\u02c7\u013d\u0104\u00b8\u0104\u00e7\u0104\u00f3\u00a4\u00ce\u0104\u0154\u0104\u00a6\u0104\u00f3\u0104\u00ed\u02c7\u013d\u0104\u00c9<\\/b>", "a<b>\u0104\u0110\u02c7\u013d\u0104\u00b8\u0104\u00e7\u0104\u00f3\u00a4\u00ce\u0104\u0154\u0104\u00a6\u0104\u00f3\u0104\u00ed\u02c7\u013d\u0104\u00c9</b>", 0, 32);
+    }
+    
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable{
+        new TestC().run();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/test/org/joni/test/TestCornerCases.java b/test/org/joni/test/TestCornerCases.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2b8377
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/org/joni/test/TestCornerCases.java
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.test;
+
+import org.joni.Config;
+import org.joni.Option;
+import org.joni.Regex;
+import org.joni.Region;
+import org.joni.Syntax;
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+import org.jcodings.specific.ASCIIEncoding;
+
+public class TestCornerCases extends Test {
+    public int option() {
+        return Option.DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    public Encoding encoding() {
+        return ASCIIEncoding.INSTANCE;
+    }
+    
+    public String testEncoding() {
+        return "cp1250";
+    }
+
+    public Syntax syntax() {
+        return Syntax.DEFAULT;
+    }   
+
+    public void test() {
+        byte[] reg = "l.".getBytes();
+        byte[] str = "hello,lo".getBytes();
+
+        Regex p = new Regex(reg,0,reg.length,Option.DEFAULT,ASCIIEncoding.INSTANCE,Syntax.DEFAULT);
+        int result = p.matcher(str, 0, str.length).search(3, 0, Option.NONE);
+        if(result != 3) {
+            Config.log.println("FAIL: /l./ 'hello,lo' - with reverse, 3,0");
+            nfail++;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable{
+        new TestCornerCases().run();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/test/org/joni/test/TestCrnl.java b/test/org/joni/test/TestCrnl.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8ef6a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/org/joni/test/TestCrnl.java
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.test;
+
+import org.joni.Config;
+import org.joni.Option;
+import org.joni.Syntax;
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+import org.jcodings.specific.ASCIIEncoding;
+
+public class TestCrnl extends Test {
+
+    public int option() {
+        return Option.DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    public Encoding encoding() {
+        return ASCIIEncoding.INSTANCE;
+    }
+    
+    public String testEncoding() {
+        return "ascii";
+    }
+
+    public Syntax syntax() {
+        return Syntax.DEFAULT;
+    }   
+
+    public void test() {
+        x2s("",        "\r\n",        0,  0);
+        x2s(".",       "\r\n",        0,  1);
+        ns("..",      "\r\n");
+        x2s("^",       "\r\n",        0,  0);
+        x2s("\\n^",    "\r\nf",       1,  2);
+        x2s("\\n^a",   "\r\na",       1,  3);
+        x2s("$",       "\r\n",        0,  0);
+        x2s("T$",      "T\r\n",       0,  1);
+        x2s("T$",      "T\raT\r\n",   3,  4);
+        x2s("\\z",     "\r\n",        2,  2);
+        ns("a\\z",    "a\r\n");
+        x2s("\\Z",     "\r\n",        0,  0);
+        x2s("\\Z",     "\r\na",       3,  3);
+        x2s("\\Z",     "\r\n\r\n\n",  4,  4);
+        x2s("\\Z",     "\r\n\r\nX",   5,  5);
+        x2s("a\\Z",    "a\r\n",       0,  1);
+        x2s("aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa\\Z",   "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa\r\n",  0,  15);
+        x2s("a|$",     "b\r\n",       1,  1);
+        x2s("$|b",     "\rb",         1,  2);
+        x2s("a$|ab$",  "\r\nab\r\n",  2,  4);
+
+        x2s("a|\\Z",       "b\r\n",       1,  1);
+        x2s("\\Z|b",       "\rb",         1,  2);
+        x2s("a\\Z|ab\\Z",  "\r\nab\r\n",  2,  4);
+        x2s("(?=a$).",     "a\r\n",       0,  1);
+        ns("(?=a$).",     "a\r");
+        x2s("(?!a$)..",    "a\r",         0,  2);
+        x2s("(?<=a$).\\n", "a\r\n",       1,  3);
+        ns("(?<!a$).\\n", "a\r\n");
+        x2s("(?=a\\Z).",     "a\r\n",       0,  1);
+        ns("(?=a\\Z).",     "a\r");
+        x2s("(?!a\\Z)..",    "a\r",         0,  2);
+        
+        if (nfail > 0 || nerror > 0) Config.err.println("make sure to enable USE_CRNL_AS_LINE_TERMINATOR");
+    }
+    
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable{
+        new TestCrnl().run();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/test/org/joni/test/TestJoni.java b/test/org/joni/test/TestJoni.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fb14cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/org/joni/test/TestJoni.java
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package org.joni.test;
+
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+
+public class TestJoni extends TestCase {
+    
+    private Test testa;
+    private Test testc;
+    private Test testu;
+    
+    protected void setUp() {
+        testa = new TestA();
+        testc = new TestC();
+        testu = new TestU();
+    }
+    
+    protected void tearDown() {
+    }
+    
+    private void testJoniTest(Test test) {
+        test.run();
+        assertEquals(test.nerror, 0);
+        assertEquals(test.nfail, 0);
+    }
+    
+    public void testAscii() {
+        testJoniTest(testa);
+    }
+    
+    public void testEUCJP() {
+        testJoniTest(testc);
+    }
+
+    public void testUnicode() {
+        testJoniTest(testu);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/test/org/joni/test/TestU.java b/test/org/joni/test/TestU.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee12227
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/org/joni/test/TestU.java
@@ -0,0 +1,770 @@
+/*
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of 
+ * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in 
+ * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to 
+ * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies 
+ * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+ * so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.joni.test;
+
+import org.joni.Option;
+import org.joni.Syntax;
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
+import org.jcodings.specific.UTF16BEEncoding;
+
+public class TestU extends Test {
+
+    public int option() {
+        return Option.DEFAULT;
+    }
+    
+    public Encoding encoding() {
+        return UTF16BEEncoding.INSTANCE;
+    }
+    
+    public String testEncoding() {
+        return "iso-8859-1";
+    }
+    
+    public Syntax syntax() {
+        return Syntax.DEFAULT;
+    }
+    
+    private int ulen(byte[]bytes) {
+        return encoding().strByteLengthNull(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+    }
+    
+    private String uconv(byte []bytes, int len) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i += 2) {
+            int c = bytes[i] & 0xff;
+            // sb.append(String.format("\\%03o", c));
+            if (c == 0) {
+                c = bytes[i+1] & 0xff;
+                if (c < 0x20 || c >= 0x7f || c == 0x5c || c == 0x22) {
+                    sb.append(String.format("\\%03o", c));
+                } else {
+                    sb.append(new String(new byte[]{(byte)c}));
+                }
+            } else {
+                sb.append(String.format("\\%03o", c));
+                c = bytes[i+1] & 0xff;                
+                sb.append(String.format("\\%03o", c));
+            }
+        }
+        
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+    
+    protected String repr(byte[]bytes) {
+        return uconv(bytes, ulen(bytes));
+    }
+    
+    protected int length(byte[]bytes) {
+        return ulen(bytes);
+    }
+    
+    public void test() {
+        x2s("\000\000", "\000\000", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\000^\000\000", "\000\000", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\000$\000\000", "\000\000", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\000\134\000G\000\000", "\000\000", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\000\134\000A\000\000", "\000\000", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\000\134\000Z\000\000", "\000\000", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\000\134\000z\000\000", "\000\000", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\000^\000$\000\000", "\000\000", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\000\134\000c\000a\000\000", "\000\001\000\000", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\000\134\000C\000-\000b\000\000", "\000\002\000\000", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\000\134\000c\000\134\000\134\000\000", "\000\034\000\000", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\000q\000[\000\134\000c\000\134\000\134\000]\000\000", "\000q\000\034\000\000", 0, 4);
+        x2s("\000\000", "\000a\000\000", 0, 0);
+        x2s("\000a\000\000", "\000a\000\000", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\000\134\000x\0000\0000\000\134\000x\0006\0001\000\000", "\000a\000\000", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\000a\000a\000\000", "\000a\000a\000\000", 0, 4);
+        x2s("\000a\000a\000a\000\000", "\000a\000a\000a\000\000", 0, 6);
+        x2s("\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000\000", "\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000a\000\000", 0, 70);
+        x2s("\000a\000b\000\000", "\000a\000b\000\000", 0, 4);
+        x2s("\000b\000\000", "\000a\000b\000\000", 2, 4);
+        x2s("\000b\000c\000\000", "\000a\000b\000c\000\000", 2, 6);
+        x2s("\000(\000?\000i\000:\000#\000R\000E\000T\000#\000)\000\000", "\000#\000I\000N\000S\000#\000#\000R\000E\000T\000#\000\000", 10, 20);
+        x2s("\000\134\0000\0000\0000\000\134\0001\0007\000\000", "\000\017\000\000", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\000\134\000x\0000\0000\000\134\000x\0001\000f\000\000", "\000\037\000\000", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\000a\000(\000?\000#\000.\000.\000.\000.\000\134\000\134\000J\000J\000J\000J\000)\000b\000\000", "\000a\000b\000\000", 0, 4);
+        x2s("\000(\000?\000x\000)\000 \000 \000G\000 \000(\000o\000 \000O\000(\000?\000-\000x\000)\000o\000O\000)\000 \000g\000 \000L\000\000", "\000G\000o\000O\000o\000O\000g\000L\000e\000\000", 0, 14);
+        x2s("\000.\000\000", "\000a\000\000", 0, 2);
+        ns("\000.\000\000", "\000\000");
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+        x3s("\000(\000.\000(\000.\000.\000\134\000d\000.\000)\000\134\0002\000)\000\000", "0B\0001\0002\0003\0004\0001\0002\0003\0004\000\000", 0, 18, 1);
+        x2s("\000(\000(\000?\000i\000:0B\000v0Z\000)\000)\000\134\0001\000\000", "0B\000v0Z0B\000v0Z\000\000", 0, 12);
+        x2s("\000(\000?\000<a\0320K\000>Y\011\000|\000\134\000(\000\134\000g\000<a\0320K\000>\000\134\000)\000)\000\000", "\000(\000(\000(\000(\000(\000(Y\011\000)\000)\000)\000)\000)\000)\000\000", 0, 26);
+        x2s("\000\134\000A\000(\000?\000:\000\134\000g\000<\226?\000_\0001\000>\000|\000\134\000g\000<N\221\000_\0002\000>\000|\000\134\000z}BN\206\000 \000 \000(\000?\000<\226?\000_\0001\000>\211\263\000|\201\352\000\134\000g\000<N\221\000_\0002\000>\201\352\000)\000(\000?\000<N\221\000_\0002\000>W(\000|\203\351\205\251\000\134\000g\000<\226?\000_\0001\000>\203\351\205\251\000)\000)\000$\000\000", "\203\351\205\251\201\352\203\351\205\251\201\352W(\201\352\203\351\205\251\201\352\203\35 [...]
+        x2s("\000[\000[0r0u\000]\000]\000\000", "0u\000\000", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\000[\000[0D0J0F\000]0K\000]\000\000", "0K\000\000", 0, 2);
+        ns("\000[\000[\000^0B\000]\000]\000\000", "0B\000\000");
+        ns("\000[\000^\000[0B\000]\000]\000\000", "0B\000\000");
+        x2s("\000[\000^\000[\000^0B\000]\000]\000\000", "0B\000\000", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\000[\000[0K0M0O\000]\000&\000&0M0O\000]\000\000", "0O\000\000", 0, 2);
+        ns("\000[\000[0K0M0O\000]\000&\000&0M0O\000]\000\000", "0K\000\000");
+        ns("\000[\000[0K0M0O\000]\000&\000&0M0O\000]\000\000", "0Q\000\000");
+        x2s("\000[0B\000-0\223\000&\000&0D\000-0\222\000&\000&0F\000-0\221\000]\000\000", "0\221\000\000", 0, 2);
+        ns("\000[\000^0B\000-0\223\000&\000&0D\000-0\222\000&\000&0F\000-0\221\000]\000\000", "0\221\000\000");
+        x2s("\000[\000[\000^0B\000&\000&0B\000]\000&\000&0B\000-0\223\000]\000\000", "0D\000\000", 0, 2);
+        ns("\000[\000[\000^0B\000&\000&0B\000]\000&\000&0B\000-0\223\000]\000\000", "0B\000\000");
+        x2s("\000[\000[\000^0B\000-0\223\000&\000&0D0F0H0J\000]\000&\000&\000[\000^0F\000-0K\000]\000]\000\000", "0M\000\000", 0, 2);
+        ns("\000[\000[\000^0B\000-0\223\000&\000&0D0F0H0J\000]\000&\000&\000[\000^0F\000-0K\000]\000]\000\000", "0D\000\000");
+        x2s("\000[\000^\000[\000^0B0D0F\000]\000&\000&\000[\000^0F0H0J\000]\000]\000\000", "0F\000\000", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\000[\000^\000[\000^0B0D0F\000]\000&\000&\000[\000^0F0H0J\000]\000]\000\000", "0H\000\000", 0, 2);
+        ns("\000[\000^\000[\000^0B0D0F\000]\000&\000&\000[\000^0F0H0J\000]\000]\000\000", "0K\000\000");
+        x2s("\000[0B\000-\000&\000&\000-0B\000]\000\000", "\000-\000\000", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\000[\000^\000[\000^\000a\000-\000z0B0D0F\000]\000&\000&\000[\000^\000b\000c\000d\000e\000f\000g0F0H0J\000]\000q\000-\000w\000]\000\000", "0H\000\000", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\000[\000^\000[\000^\000a\000-\000z0B0D0F\000]\000&\000&\000[\000^\000b\000c\000d\000e\000f\000g0F0H0J\000]\000g\000-\000w\000]\000\000", "\000f\000\000", 0, 2);
+        x2s("\000[\000^\000[\000^\000a\000-\000z0B0D0F\000]\000&\000&\000[\000^\000b\000c\000d\000e\000f\000g0F0H0J\000]\000g\000-\000w\000]\000\000", "\000g\000\000", 0, 2);
+        ns("\000[\000^\000[\000^\000a\000-\000z0B0D0F\000]\000&\000&\000[\000^\000b\000c\000d\000e\000f\000g0F0H0J\000]\000g\000-\000w\000]\000\000", "\0002\000\000");
+        x2s("\000a\000<\000b\000>0\3200\3740\2700\3470\3630n0\3000\2460\3630\3550\3740\311\000<\000\134\000/\000b\000>\000\000", "\000a\000<\000b\000>0\3200\3740\2700\3470\3630n0\3000\2460\3630\3550\3740\311\000<\000/\000b\000>\000\000", 0, 40);
+        x2s("\000.\000<\000b\000>0\3200\3740\2700\3470\3630n0\3000\2460\3630\3550\3740\311\000<\000\134\000/\000b\000>\000\000", "\000a\000<\000b\000>0\3200\3740\2700\3470\3630n0\3000\2460\3630\3550\3740\311\000<\000/\000b\000>\000\000", 0, 40);
+    }
+    
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable {
+        new TestU().run();
+    }
+}

-- 
Alioth's /usr/local/bin/git-commit-notice on /srv/git.debian.org/git/pkg-java/jruby-joni.git



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