[debian-edu-commits] debian-edu/ 01/01: Add ITIL documentation.
Petter Reinholdtsen
pere at moszumanska.debian.org
Fri Oct 2 20:23:42 UTC 2015
This is an automated email from the git hooks/post-receive script.
pere pushed a commit to branch master
in repository debian-edu-doc.
commit 11eb9383884f7826ee67bd36015479c3e54b5cec
Author: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere at hungry.com>
Date: Fri Oct 2 22:11:34 2015 +0200
Add ITIL documentation.
Add it, as it is now translated to English and the authorative
source is the English version in the wiki.
---
Makefile | 3 +
debian/changelog | 4 +
documentation/debian-edu-itil/Makefile | 12 +
.../debian-edu-itil/debian-edu-itil-manual.nb.po | 15145 +++++++++++++++++++
.../debian-edu-itil/debian-edu-itil-manual.pot | 10849 +++++++++++++
.../debian-edu-itil/debian-edu-itil-manual.xml | 6225 ++++++++
documentation/debian-edu-itil/fixme-status.txt | 39 +
documentation/debian-edu-itil/images/alert.png | Bin 0 -> 576 bytes
documentation/debian-edu-itil/po4a.cfg | 5 +
documentation/debian-edu-itil/version | 1 +
10 files changed, 32283 insertions(+)
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index a1852fb..0e7f7ee 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -8,12 +8,14 @@ get-orig-source:
$(MAKE) -C $(SRCDIR)/debian-edu-jessie update
$(MAKE) -C $(SRCDIR)/rosegarden update
$(MAKE) -C $(SRCDIR)/audacity update
+ $(MAKE) -C $(SRCDIR)/debian-edu-itil update
update-copyright:
$(MAKE) -C $(SRCDIR)/debian-edu-wheezy update-copyright
$(MAKE) -C $(SRCDIR)/debian-edu-jessie update-copyright
$(MAKE) -C $(SRCDIR)/rosegarden update-copyright
$(MAKE) -C $(SRCDIR)/audacity update-copyright
+ $(MAKE) -C $(SRCDIR)/debian-edu-itil update-copyright
cat debian/copyright.packaging \
$(SRCDIR)/*/copyright.manual \
debian/copyright.licence \
@@ -25,3 +27,4 @@ readme status build install clean pdf epub:
$(MAKE) -C $(SRCDIR)/debian-edu-jessie $@
$(MAKE) -C $(SRCDIR)/rosegarden $@
$(MAKE) -C $(SRCDIR)/audacity $@
+ $(MAKE) -C $(SRCDIR)/debian-edu-itil $@
diff --git a/debian/changelog b/debian/changelog
index 5936b93..967fd65 100644
--- a/debian/changelog
+++ b/debian/changelog
@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ debian-edu-doc (1.6~20150705~8+edu0) UNRELEASED; urgency=medium
[ Wheezy Manual translation updates ]
* Norwegian Bokmål: Ingrid Yrvin.
+ [ Petter Reinholdtsen ]
+ * Add ITIL documentation, now that it is translated to English
+ and the authorative source is the English version in the wiki.
+
-- Holger Levsen <holger at debian.org> Sat, 04 Jul 2015 17:33:08 +0200
debian-edu-doc (1.6~20150704~8+edu0) unstable; urgency=medium
diff --git a/documentation/debian-edu-itil/Makefile b/documentation/debian-edu-itil/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d03f8cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documentation/debian-edu-itil/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#
+# configuration here:
+#
+url=https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/ITIL/
+name=debian-edu-itil-manual
+VERSION:=$(shell cat version)
+DEBIAN_EDU_DOC_TITLE=Debian\ Edu\ /\ Skolelinux\ ITIL\ $(VERSION)\ Manual
+path1=DebianEdu/Documentation/ITIL
+path2='\/DebianEdu\/Documentation\/'
+export
+
+include ../common/Makefile.common
diff --git a/documentation/debian-edu-itil/debian-edu-itil-manual.nb.po b/documentation/debian-edu-itil/debian-edu-itil-manual.nb.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b34b1cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documentation/debian-edu-itil/debian-edu-itil-manual.nb.po
@@ -0,0 +1,15145 @@
+# Translation of debian-edu-itil-manual. The translation team
+# maintain this translation using
+# https://www.transifex.com/projects/p/debian-edu-doc/ . Please
+# update it there instead of editing this file directly.
+#
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the debian-edu-doc package.
+#
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: debian-edu-doc\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-10-02 21:51+0200\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2015-10-02 22:00+0000\n"
+"Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere at hungry.com>\n"
+"Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål (Norway) (http://www.transifex.com/projects/"
+"p/debian-edu-doc/language/nb_NO/)\n"
+"Language: nb_NO\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n"
+
+#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <article>
+msgid "en"
+msgstr "nb"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><title>
+msgid "Debian Edu / Skolelinux ITIL Manual"
+msgstr "Debian Edu / Skolelinux ITIL-håndbok"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Knowledge sharing for centralised administration"
+msgstr "Kompetansedeling om sentralisert drift"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Small organisations are in practice dependent on individuals and therefore "
+"vulnerable if someone leaves. A thorough and quality assured system "
+"administration handbook is therefore essential to ensure stability and "
+"continuity in operating practices. The Program for Digital Literacy has the "
+"primary objective of developing a set of recommended operating solutions, "
+"with guidelines that provide schools and educational institutions with "
+"stability and predictability so that computers, networks and basic services "
+"function properly."
+msgstr ""
+"Små driftsenheter blir i praksis avhengige av enkeltpersoner og er derfor "
+"sårbare hvis noen slutter. En gjennomarbeidet og kvalitetssikret "
+"driftshåndbok er derfor avgjørende for å sikre stabilitet og kontinuitet i "
+"driftsrutinene. Program for Digital kompetanse har som delmål1 å utvikle et "
+"sett med anbefalte driftsløsninger og tilhørende veiledninger som gir skoler "
+"og utdanningsinstitusjoner god stabilitet og forutsigbarhet for at "
+"datamaskiner, nettverk og grunntjenester fungerer slik de skal."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The ITIL book contains guidelines based on \"best practices\", adapted for "
+"municipalities using free software like Skolelinux to run centralized "
+"networks across multiple schools. These guidelines are adapted for municipal "
+"and regional administrative centres. Many municipalities have only one part-"
+"time position for ICT operations in schools. In Norway there are more than "
+"300 small and medium sized municipalities; usually they have 1-4 persons "
+"working full time with ICT in each municipality. Therefore, sharing "
+"expertise and experience between operating organisations is essential for "
+"all."
+msgstr ""
+"ITIL-boka skal inneholde veivisere laget ut fra «best practices» tilpasset "
+"kommuner som sentraldrifter datanett med fri programvare som Skolelinux på "
+"flere skoler. Veiviserne er tilpasset kommunale og regionale driftssentere. "
+"Mange kommunene har kun en deltidsstilling til IKT-drift av skolene. Totalt "
+"er det 352 små og mellomstore kommuner. Som regler har de 1-4 personer som "
+"jobber full tid med IKT i kommuneadministrasjonen. Derfor er det avgjørende "
+"at man deler kompetanse mellom driftsorganisasjoner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "License"
+msgstr "Lisens"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This document is written under the GNU General Public License version 3. It "
+"means that you have:"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette dokumentet er skrevet under GNU General Public License versjon 3 og "
+"framover. Det betyr at du har:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "The freedom to use the documentation for any purpose (Freedom 0)."
+msgstr "Friheten til å bruke dokumentasjonen, uansett hensikt (frihet 0)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The freedom to study documentation and adapt it to your needs (Freedom 1)."
+msgstr ""
+"Friheten til å studere dokumentasjonen, og tilpasse det til dine behov "
+"(frihet 1)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The freedom to forward copies so you can help your neighbour (Freedom 2)."
+msgstr ""
+"Friheten til å videresende kopier så du kan hjelpe din neste (frihet 2)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The freedom to improve the document and distribute it with your improvements "
+"to the public, so that the whole community benefits (Freedom 3)."
+msgstr ""
+"Friheten til å forbedre dokumentet, og gi det ut med dine forbedringer til "
+"offentlig eie, slik at hele samfunnet kan få utbytte (frihet 3)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"These freedoms are explained on Wikipedia. Torgeir Kielland at the "
+"University of Bergen's Faculty of Law has analysed the GNU license or terms "
+"of Copyleft. He states that the GNU license is copyright relevant. In short, "
+"you can use everything in this documentation as appropriate. You must ensure "
+"that your contributions also receive a General Public License."
+msgstr ""
+"Mer forklaring av disse frihetene er forklart på wikipedia. Torgeri Kielland "
+"på Institutt for rettsinformatikk har laget en analyse av GNU-lisensen eller "
+"vilkårene for Copyleft. Han slår fast at GNU-lisensen er opphavsrettslig "
+"relevant. Kort sagt kan du bruke alt i denne dokumentasjonen slik det "
+"passer, gitt at du sikrer fri bruk for de som mottar dokumentasjonen. Dine "
+"bidrag får også en General Public License."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Thanks"
+msgstr "Takk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Many have contributed to the documentation. Essentially it was written by "
+"Knut Yrvin and Andreas Johansen with many contributions from Klaus Ade "
+"Johnstad. Halvor Dahl, Skolelinux Drift AS is on the committee, and has made "
+"several contributions to structure and form, and content. In addition, there "
+"are contributions Snorre Løvås, UNINETT ABC, Finn-Arne Johansen from BzzWare "
+"AS, Ragnar Wissløff from LinuxLabs AS, and the reference group who "
+"participated in writing the documentation. The following participated in the "
+"reference group:"
+msgstr ""
+"Mange har bidratt til dokumentasjonen. I hovedsak er den skrevet av Knut "
+"Yrvin og Andreas Johansen med mange bidrag fra Klaus Ade Johnstad. Halvor "
+"Dahl i Skolelinux Drift AS har vært i styringsgruppa. Han har kommet med "
+"flere bidrag når deg gjelder struktur og form, og en del innhold. I tillegg "
+"er det gitt flere bidrag Snorre Løvås fra UNINETT ABC, Finn-Arne Johansen i "
+"BzzWare AS, Ragnar Wissløff i LinuxLabs AS og referansegruppa som deltok "
+"under skriving av dokumentasjonen. Følgende har deltatt i referansegruppa:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Monica Larssen - Harstad municipality"
+msgstr "Monica Larssen - Harstad kommune"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Aksel Celasun - Hurum municipality"
+msgstr "Aksel Celasun - Hurum kommune"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Trond Mæhlum - Kongsvinger municipality"
+msgstr "Trond Mæhlum - Kongsvinger kommune"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Bjarne Nielsen - Nittedal municipality"
+msgstr "Bjarne Nielsen - Nittedal kommune"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Stein Lier - Akershus county"
+msgstr "Stein Lier - Akershus fylkeskommune"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This documentation is maintained in a wiki. This is to ensure that "
+"operations staff can easily search for solutions to problems, update "
+"configurations, and so on."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne dokumentasjonen vedlikeholdes i en wiki. Dette for å sikre at "
+"driftspersonalet enkelt kan søke etter løsning på problemer, eller enkelt "
+"oppdatere konfigurasjoner ol."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html\"/>"
+msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Background"
+msgstr "Bakgrunn"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Program for Digital Competence is the Norwegian Ministry of Education's "
+"ICT plan from 2004 to 2008. One objective is to develop a set of recommended "
+"operating solutions and appropriate guidelines. It will provide schools and "
+"educational facilities with stability and predictability, so that computers, "
+"networks and basic services function properly. Operating solutions must be "
+"adapted to the institutions' size and needs."
+msgstr ""
+"Program for Digital kompetanse er IT-planen til Kunnskapsdepartementet fra "
+"2004-2008. Et av delmålene1 er å utvikle et sett med anbefalte "
+"driftsløsninger og tilhørende veiledninger. Det skal gi skoler og "
+"utdanningsinstitusjoner god stabilitet og forutsigbarhet for at "
+"datamaskiner, nettverk og grunntjenester fungerer slik de skal. "
+"Driftsløsningene må tilpasses institusjonenes størrelse og behov."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This documentation contains guidelines based on practices customised for ICT-"
+"services within municipalities and counties. It is also applicable for "
+"commercial operators. Many municipalities have only one part-time position "
+"for computer networking operations within the schools. Overall just 13% of "
+"the municipalities in Norway have more than 20,000 inhabitants; 73 % have "
+"less than 10,000. Usually 1-4 people work full time in ICT within the "
+"municipal administration. When it comes to schools, there is often only one "
+"part-time ICT position, which can cover approximately 500-800 client "
+"computers at 5-10 schools, with around 1700-3200 students and teachers using "
+"the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne dokumentasjonen inneholde veivisere laget ut fra praksis tilpasset IT-"
+"tjenester i kommuner og fylkeskommuner. Den passer også for kommersielle "
+"operatører. Mange kommunene har kun en deltidsstilling til drift av "
+"datanettet på skolene. Totalt er det 352 små og mellomstore kommuner i "
+"Norge. De har mindre enn 15.000 innbyggere. Som regel er det 1-4 personer "
+"som jobber full tid med IKT i kommuneadministrasjonen. Når det kommer til "
+"skolen har man kanskje en ½ stilling til drift. Med denne arbeidsmengden "
+"skal man drifte 500-800 klientmaskiner på 5-10 skoler. Det kan fort vært fra "
+"1700-3200 elever og lærere som bruker systemene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The documentation is also suitable for larger organisations. It is based on "
+"the ISO 20000 standard for ICT operations, also known as the ICT "
+"Infrastructure Library. See Wikipedia for more information about the "
+"standard itself: <ulink url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITIL\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Dokumentasjonen er også egnet for større driftsenheter. Den er skrevet ut "
+"fra ISO 20000 standarden for IT-drift også kjent som IT Infrastructure "
+"Library. Se Wikipedia for mer bakgrunn om selve standarden: <ulink url="
+"\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITIL\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "The first edition of this document was finished 19th July 2006."
+msgstr "Første utgave av dette dokumentet var ferdig 19. Juli 2006."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The document is maintained in a wiki and can be updated at <ulink url="
+#| "\"https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/nb/ITIL\"/>. The "
+#| "previous version is available from <ulink url=\"http://developer."
+#| "skolelinux.no/itil/oldindex.html\"/>"
+msgid ""
+"The document is maintained in a wiki and can be updated at <ulink url="
+"\"https://wiki.debian.org/!DebianEdu/Documentation/nb/ITIL\"/>. The previous "
+"version is available from <ulink url=\"http://developer.skolelinux.no/itil/"
+"oldindex.html\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Dokumentet vedlikeholdes i en wiki og kan oppdateres på <ulink url=\"https://"
+"wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/nb/ITIL\"/> . Utgaven før wikisiden "
+"er tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://developer.skolelinux.no/itil/"
+"oldindex.html\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The document will be translated into English using <ulink url=\"https://www."
+"transifex.com/projects/p/itil-revitalization/\"/> from March 2015."
+msgstr ""
+"Dokumentet blir mars 2015 oversatt til engelsk ved hjelp av <ulink url="
+"\"https://www.transifex.com/projects/p/itil-revitalization/\"/> ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Service support"
+msgstr "Service støtte"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As mentioned in the introduction, it is recommended to begin by establishing "
+"an office for centralized operations to allow you to manage tickets. The "
+"benefits of this come quickly and are visible, which is important for "
+"customer and user satisfaction."
+msgstr ""
+"Som nevnt i innledningen er det anbefalt å starte med etablering av et "
+"skikkelig servicekontor ved sentralisert drift. Dette gjør man for å få "
+"styring på driftsmeldingene. Gevinstene kommer både raskt og blir fort "
+"synlige, noe som er viktig for kunde- og brukertilfredshet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Once the office is up and running with a sensible workflow for tickets (user "
+"requests and troubleshooting) you will move on to the biggest challenge for "
+"the organisation. As a rule, this is either change management or problem "
+"solving. Organisations with \"cowboy\" system administrators who come up "
+"with smart ideas and implement them without much testing, often begin with "
+"change management. For organisations suffering recurring outages, problem "
+"solving comes first."
+msgstr ""
+"Etter at kontoret er oppe å går med en fornuftig håndtering av hendelser "
+"(henvendelser og feilsituasjoner) går man til det som er den største "
+"utfordringen for organisasjonen. Som regel er dette enten endringshåndtering "
+"eller problemhåndtering. Organisasjonene som har det vi kaller «cowboy-"
+"drifting», der driftsoperatører finner på lure ting, og implementerer dem "
+"uten særlig testing, går ofte for endringshåndtering først. Andre som "
+"opplever av driften plages med stadig driftsstans går først for "
+"problemhåndtering."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Whatever you choose to start with, a certain amount of configuration "
+"management will be necessary. Managing configuration is critical to "
+"delivering the software and services for the user. Software must work as "
+"expected. In order to make beneficial changes, one must know the "
+"configuration of the different programs."
+msgstr ""
+"Uansett hva man velger å starte med, så tvinger det seg fram en viss bruk av "
+"konfigurasjonshåndtering. Håndtering av konfigurasjoner er avgjørende for å "
+"levere riktige programmer og tjenester for brukerne. Programmene må virke "
+"som forventet. Skal man gjøre endringer på en god måte, må man vite "
+"oppsettet til de forskjellige programmene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To manage configuration changes you may use a database (Configuration "
+"Management Data Base (CMDB)). Few people use a database for all the "
+"configurations, and neither do you have to add all configurations to one "
+"single database. It's fine to place configurations into multiple smaller and "
+"partly independent repositories. Some people, for example, store "
+"configurations and setups in version control. But even if you have different "
+"repositories, you may get greater benefits if you connect information from "
+"the different processes."
+msgstr ""
+"For å håndtere endringer i konfigurasjoner kan man bruke en database "
+"(Configuration Management Data Base (CMDB)). De færreste tar i bruk en "
+"database for konfigurasjoner fullt ut. Man trenger heller ikke å legge alle "
+"konfigurasjoner i en eneste database. Det går like greit å plassere "
+"konfigurasjonene i flere mindre, og tildels uavhengige lagre. Flere tar f."
+"eks. vare på konfigurasjoner og oppsett i et system for versjonskontroll. "
+"Men selv om man har forskjellige lagre, så kan nytten bli større om man "
+"kobler sammen informasjon fra de forskjellige prosessene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For users of Debian Edu, most service configurations lie within a specific "
+"directory (/etc). These may benefit from being collected and stored in a "
+"central version controlled directory. This makes it easier to restore lost "
+"services and setup machines if they are reinstalled. This applies both to "
+"servers and user laptops or workstations. As part of the backup system in "
+"Debian Edu, a backup is made of the setup directory /etc. But the backup "
+"system is nothing more than a database or a version controlled directory for "
+"configurations."
+msgstr ""
+"For brukere av Skolelinux ligger de aller fleste konfigurasjoner av "
+"tjenester i katalogen i en bestemt katalog (/etc). Disse kan med fordel "
+"samles og lagres i en sentral versjonshåndtert katalog. Dette gjør det "
+"enklere å få på plass tjenester som har falt ut, eller oppsett av maskiner "
+"om de er installert på nytt. Dette gjelder både tjenermaskiner og bestemte "
+"klientmaskiner som bærbare eller arbeidsstasjoner. Det hører med at backup-"
+"systemet i Skolelinux tar sikkerhetskopi av oppsett-katalogen /etc. Men "
+"backup-systemet er noe annet enn en database eller en versjonshåndtert "
+"katalog med for konfigurasjoner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Service Desk"
+msgstr "Servicekontor (Service Desk)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Service Desk is where users ask questions or report problems. At school, "
+"the ICT-contact often forwards operational reports to the Service Desk. "
+"There may also be requests like setting up a new PC, or installing a program."
+msgstr ""
+"Servicekontoret er der brukere henvender seg med spørsmål eller feil. På "
+"skolen er det gjerne IKT-kontakten som videreformidler driftshendelser til "
+"servicekontoret. Det kan også være forespørsler som å sette opp en ny PC, "
+"eller installere et program."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"At school the ICT contact is the link to the Service Desk. The ICT contact "
+"also responds to the most common questions. Some questions are too difficult "
+"to manage at each school and must be forwarded to the Service Desk. It is "
+"important to have good cooperation between the school ICT contact and "
+"Service Desk operators. Tasks that are too extensive or too difficult to "
+"solve locally should be passed to the Service Desk."
+msgstr ""
+"På skolen er det IKT-kontakten som er bindeleddet med servicekontoret. IKT-"
+"kontakten svarer selv på de mest vanlige spørsmålene. Noe spørsmål blir for "
+"vanskelige å håndtere på skolen. De må videreformidles servicekontoret. Da "
+"er det viktig med et godt samarbeidet mellom skolens IKT-kontakt og "
+"servicekontorets driftsoperatører. Oppgaver som er for omfattende eller for "
+"vanskelige å ordne lokalt videreformidles servicekontoret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Users may also get direct answers from an operator at the Service Desk. All "
+"operational enquiries go to the Service Desk. Enquiries will be assigned a "
+"case number. Anyone who has registered a case will receive an e-mail "
+"confirming that the inquiry has been received. During consideration of the "
+"case, those working with it at the Service Desk may send status updates to "
+"the user."
+msgstr ""
+"Det kan også hende at brukerne får direkte svar fra en driftsoperatør på "
+"servicekontoret. Alle driftshenvendelser går til servicekontoret. "
+"Henvendelsene får et saksnummer. Den som har meldt saken får en e-post som "
+"bekrefter at henvendelsen er mottatt. Under behandling av saken kan de som "
+"jobber med den på servicekontoret sende oppdatert status til brukeren."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This way, users get one point of contact, and service desk operators get an "
+"overview of all of issues. Operations can be expected to troubleshoot across "
+"all parts of the organisation. Periodically the team leader needs to go "
+"through all issues and solutions in order to prioritize debugging and to "
+"prevent re-occurrence of errors, in order to provide schools with a stable "
+"operating environment."
+msgstr ""
+"På den måten får brukerne en plass å forholde seg til, og driftsoperatører "
+"på servicekontoret får oversikt over alle sakene. Driftstjenesten kan løse "
+"problemene effektivt i alle deler av organisasjonen. Med jevne mellomrom går "
+"ledelsen gjennom alle henvendelser og løsninger på problemer for å "
+"prioritere feilretting. Ut fra det kan man sette inn tiltak for å unngå at "
+"feil ikke dukker opp på ny. På den måten får skolene et mer stabilt "
+"driftsmiljø."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Incidents can be reported by phone, fax, email or web form. Incidents that "
+"are more urgent must be prioritized. Incidents that need to be resolved "
+"quickly are usually reported by telephone. Less important events are usually "
+"reported via e.g. email. A member of the support staff should be assigned to "
+"the incident and will need to ask the user questions to investigate the "
+"problem."
+msgstr ""
+"Hendelser kan komme over telefon, fax, epost eller nettskjema. Hendelser som "
+"haster blir prioritert. Hendelser som må løses raskt komme gjerne på "
+"telefon. Mindre viktige hendelser kommer via f.eks epost. Personene i "
+"brukerstøtten må kunne sette seg inn i brukeren sitt problem, og stille "
+"spørsmål for å finne mest mulig ut om problemet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Remember to be an active listener, not a passive one."
+msgstr "Husk å vær en aktiv lytter, ikke passiv."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"All enquiries should be logged, and an email confirmation should be sent. It "
+"is important that the user should feel safe, and information about what "
+"might be the problem should be communicated to them. When the enquiry "
+"arrives at the service desk, a brief description of the incident should be "
+"logged. The enquiry may be from the ICT contact at the school, or from "
+"someone with an agreement to use the service desk. The event logging should "
+"happen as soon as possible, and it should be assigned a case number. The "
+"user should get a confirmation by email copy that the matter has been "
+"received and assigned an appropriate case number."
+msgstr ""
+"Alle henvendelser skal logges. Man skal også gi e-posttilbakemelding på at "
+"man har mottatt en sak. Det er viktig for at kunden skal føle seg trygg, og "
+"for å få gode opplysninger om hva som kan være problemet. Når henvendelsen "
+"kommer vil servicekontoret loggføre en kort beskrivelse av hendelsen eller "
+"en forespørsel. Henvendelsen kan være fra IKT-kontakten på skolen, eller "
+"noen av de andre som har avtale om å bruke servicekontoret. Loggføringen "
+"skal skje så fort som mulig, og det vil følge med et saksnummer. Den som har "
+"kommet med henvendelsen vil få e-post-kopi om at saken er mottatt med "
+"passende saksnummer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Previously, enquiries were written in paper logbooks. Today software is used "
+"to record the enquiries in a \"Request Tracker\". It is crucial for "
+"operations to log enquiries. This is basically for error handling, user "
+"requests, and prioritization of the various incidents. Log entries are "
+"important to prevent recurring errors. Because operational events are "
+"periodically reviewed, an assessment of fixes and priorities can be made. "
+"The log also provides a basis for improving the service by debugging problem "
+"services and applications based on what users perceive as problematic."
+msgstr ""
+"I tidligere tider ble henvendelser ført i papirbaserte logger. I dag brukes "
+"datasystem til å loggføre henvendelser. På engelsk heter dette «Request "
+"Tracker». Det er avgjørende for driften å logge henvendelsene. Dette er "
+"utgangspunktet for feilhåndtering, ønsker fra brukerne, og prioritering av "
+"de forskjellige driftshendelsene. Loggføringene er viktig for å hindre "
+"gjentakende feil. Fordi man med jevne mellomrom går igjennom "
+"driftshendelsene får man også gjort en vurdering om feilrettingen er god, og "
+"om man har prioritert oppgavene riktig. Det gir også grunnlag for å forbedre "
+"servicen ved å feilrette problemtjenester og programmer ut fra hva brukere "
+"opplever som problematisk. ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Thus the log of requests is a basic and necessary tool for both users and "
+#| "the service desk. There are several freely available systems for logging "
+#| "requests with good documentation <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+#| ">. Skolelinux Drift uses RT <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> to "
+#| "handle requests."
+msgid ""
+"Thus the log of requests is a basic and necessary tool for both users and "
+"the service desk. There are several freely available systems for logging "
+"requests with good documentation <<<ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian."
+"org/FootNote#\">FootNote</ulink>(RT Essentials: <ulink url=\"http://www."
+"oreilly.com/catalog/rtessentials/chapter/index.html\"/> )>>. "
+"Skolelinux Drift uses RT <<<ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian.org/"
+"FootNote#\">FootNote</ulink>(RT: Request Tracker: <ulink url=\"http://www."
+"bestpractical.com/\"/> )>> to handle requests."
+msgstr ""
+"Altså er logg over henvendelser et grunnleggene nødvendig verktøy for "
+"brukerne og servicekontoret. Det er flere fritt tilgjengelige systemer for "
+"logging av henvendelser med god dokumentasjon<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>. Driftsorganisasjonen Skolelinux Drift bruker RT<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> for håndtering av henvendelser."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One important thing when starting up support is not to get too tough a "
+"start. Do not try to achieve everything at once; bet rather on \"quick wins"
+"\" that keep the user informed, and aim for quick response times. It is also "
+"important to clarify who the service desk should forward events to, if they "
+"can not solve the issue themselves. The support desk must also check whether "
+"there will be disruptions for the user. This makes it quick and easy to give "
+"feedback."
+msgstr ""
+"En viktig ting når man starter opp brukerstøtte er å ikke få for tøff start. "
+"Ikke prøv å få til alt på en gang. Sats heller på «raske gevinster» som å "
+"holde brukeren informert og korte responstider. Det er også viktig å avklare "
+"hvem servicekontoret skal videresende hendelser til om de ikke finner ut av "
+"henvendelsen selv. Brukerstøtten må også enkelt kunne se om det er "
+"driftsforstyrrelser ute hos brukeren. Dette gjør det raskt og enkelt å gi "
+"tilbakemelding."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For users it is important that incidents are dealt with. For the service "
+"office it is important that the incidents are handled correctly according to "
+"the service level agreement, and that work requested beyond what was agreed "
+"to is handled between management at the school and the system administration "
+"organisation."
+msgstr ""
+"For brukerne er det viktig at hendelsen blir håndtert. For servicekontoret "
+"er det viktig at hendelsene blir håndtert riktig i forhold til "
+"tjenestenivåavtalen, og at arbeid som ønskes utført ut over avtalen avklares "
+"på ledernivå mellom skole og driftsorganisasjon."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Tasks and roles"
+msgstr "Arbeidsoppgaver og roller"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We recommend getting agreement on what duties the school's ICT contact has "
+"and which responsibilities those who work at the Service Desk shall look "
+"after. Schools often have little resources compared to what is common in "
+"municipal administrations or private companies. At the same time, schools "
+"usually have many more users and often more client machines than are in use "
+"in the rest of the municipality."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi anbefaler å avtale hva IKT-kontakten på skolen har i oppgaver og hva som "
+"er ansvaret for de som jobber på servicekontoret. Skolene har ofte små "
+"ressurser sammenlignet med hva som er vanlig i kommuneadministrasjonene "
+"eller private bedrifter. Samtidig har man vanligvis mange flere brukere og "
+"ofte flere klientmaskiner enn hva som er i bruk i resten av kommunen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Tasks are distributed according to roles. By having clearly established "
+"roles it is easier to distribute tasks and ascertain the working capacity "
+"necessary to resolve operational tasks. Operational experience in "
+"municipalities and professional organisations shows that the following roles "
+"are common."
+msgstr ""
+"For å fordele arbeidsoppgaver må man ha på plass roller. Ved å ha klarlagte "
+"roller er det enklere å fordele oppgaver, og arbeidskapasiteten som er "
+"nødvendig for å løse driftsoppgavene på en god måte.Ut fra erfaringer i "
+"kommuner og profesjonelle driftsorganisasjoner viser det seg at følgende "
+"roller er vanlig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"ICT contact at each school. This is often a teacher with ICT-teaching and/or "
+"technical background."
+msgstr ""
+"IKT-kontakt på hver skole. Dette er gjerne en lærer som også har IKT-"
+"pedagogisk og/eller teknisk begrunn."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operator(s) working in the central IT service. This is a person skilled in "
+"operations."
+msgstr ""
+"Driftsoperatør(er) som jobber i den sentrale IT-tjenesten. Dette er en "
+"fagperson på drift."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"ICT coordinator who organises the educational use of IT, and contributes "
+"towards plans for developmental, operational and educational use. Often this "
+"is a teacher."
+msgstr ""
+"IKT-koordinator som organiserer den pedagogiske IT-bruken, og bidrar til å "
+"lage planer for utbygging, drift og pedagogisk bruk. Ofte er dette en lærer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"ICT responsible. This is usually the principal who is responsible for IT "
+"operations."
+msgstr ""
+"IKT-ansvarlig. Dette er vanligvis rektor som er ansvarlig for IT-"
+"virksomheten."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There follows an overview of the various everyday tasks, some of which are "
+"contracted out by municipalities."
+msgstr ""
+"Her følger en oversikt over de forskjellige arbeidsoppgavene som er vanlige, "
+"og som enkelte kommuner har kontraktfestet med de som gjør jobben."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "ICT contact(s) tasks at each school:"
+msgstr "IKT-kontakten(e)s arbeidsoppgaver på hver skole:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Oversee the school's server room."
+msgstr "Ha oppsyn med skolens maskinpark."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Be the school's contact at the municipality - report errors and outages."
+msgstr ""
+"Være skolens kontaktperson mot kommunen - rapportere om feil og mangler."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Perform simple maintenance tasks such as replacing mice and keyboards, "
+"upgrading thin clients, and simple patching."
+msgstr ""
+"Utføre enkelt vedlikehold eks. bytte mus, tastatur, klientmaskiner og enkel "
+"patching."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Be the school's superuser - able to advise colleagues about: user "
+"interfaces, e-mail, video projectors and relevant applications."
+msgstr ""
+"Være skolens superbruker - kunne veilede kollega med tanke på: "
+"brukergrensesnitt, e-post, videokanon og enkelte programmer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Participate in ICT gatherings."
+msgstr "Delta på IKT-samlinger."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Create and administer local users."
+msgstr "Opprette og administrere lokale brukere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Perform simple maintenance of printers."
+msgstr "Utføre enkelt vedlikehold av skrivere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Create and manage email accounts."
+msgstr "Opprette og administrere e-postkontoer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Perform simple commands and operations under guidance of an ICT-tutor."
+msgstr ""
+"Kunne utføre enkle kommandoer og operasjoner under veiledning av IKT-"
+"veileder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Facilitate the use of ICT in teaching."
+msgstr "Legge til rette for bruk av IKT i undervisningen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "The operator's tasks:"
+msgstr "Driftsoperatørens arbeidsoppgaver:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Receiving incident reports and service requests."
+msgstr "Ta imot hendelser (incidents) og forespørsler (service requests)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Mentor ICT contacts by telephone and e-mail."
+msgstr "Veilede IKT-kontaktene på telefon og e-post."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"By arrangement, visit schools to troubleshoot defects and malfunctions on "
+"computers, printers and servers."
+msgstr ""
+"Om det er avtalt, oppsøke skolen for utbedring av mangler og feil på "
+"datamaskiner, skrivere og server."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Backups."
+msgstr "Sikkerhetskopiering (eng.: backup)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Security software updates on the school's computers (servers and clients)."
+msgstr ""
+"Sikkerhetsoppdatering av programvare på skolens maskiner (tjenermaskiner og "
+"klientmaskiner)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "ICT coordinator's duties:"
+msgstr "IKT-koordinators oppgaver:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Assist school management and ICT contacts in developing technical and "
+"teaching plans for ICT."
+msgstr ""
+"Bistå skoleledelsen og IKT-kontakter i utarbeidelse av tekniske og "
+"pedagogiske IKT-planer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Provide the service desk and management with guidance when selecting "
+"software and similar."
+msgstr ""
+"Sørge for at servicekontoret og ledelsen får forespørsler om valg av "
+"programvare ol."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Ensure that schools have appropriate ICT tools for teaching, and that "
+"computers and networks are appropriate for school subjects."
+msgstr ""
+"Bidra til at skolene har riktige IT-verktøy til undervisningen, og at "
+"datamaskiner og nettverk er riktig dimensjonert for bruk i skolefagene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Provide advice and guidance to operational services on the technical and "
+"pedagogical requirements for ICT in schools."
+msgstr ""
+"Gir råd og veiledning til driftstjenesten om hva som er det tekniske og "
+"pedagogiske IT-kravene i skolen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"ICT-responsible duties (principal, headmaster, head of operational services):"
+msgstr ""
+"IT-ansvarliges arbeidsoppgaver (rektor, skoleleder, leder av "
+"driftstjenesten):"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Make joint purchases of computer equipment and enter into joint agreements "
+"etc."
+msgstr "Gjøre felles innkjøp av datautstyr og inngå fellesavtaler osv."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Develop competence plans."
+msgstr "Utarbeide kompetanseplaner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Provide schools with courses in the educational use of ICT."
+msgstr "Tilby skolene kurs i pedagogisk bruk av data."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Operations course."
+msgstr "Driftskurs."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Negotiate contracts for operations."
+msgstr "Forhandle fram driftsavtaler."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Ensure that the ICT contact and the ICT service have the necessary resources."
+msgstr "Sørge for at IT-kontakten og IT-tjenesten har nødvendige ressurser."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage of settling in advance who does these tasks is that "
+"expectations on the individual are known, giving a good basis for planning "
+"and managing ICT services. Usually these ICT tasks are only done part-time "
+"by staff who also have teaching duties."
+msgstr ""
+"Fordelen med å avtalefeste disse arbeidsoppgavene er at man både vet hva som "
+"forventes av den enkelte, og at man har et godt grunnlag for å planlegge og "
+"styre IT-tjenestene. Vanligvis gjøres disse IT-oppgavene som kun en del av "
+"jobben til en lærer som også har undervisningsoppgaver."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A business might well have two staff members working full time to operate "
+"100 standard client machines for 100 users. In schools there may be a 30% "
+"position in total, divided among several persons, operating 100 client "
+"computers used by 320 students and teachers."
+msgstr ""
+"I en bedrift ville man fort hatt to ansatte på full tid for å drifte 100 "
+"standard klientmaskiner med 100 brukere. I skolen har man kanskje en 30% "
+"stilling totalt fordelt på flere personer som drifter 100 klientmaskiner som "
+"brukes av 320 elever og lærere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When schools have so few resources for operations, it is crucial to manage "
+"those resources well. Agreeing on who handles which tasks can make it easier "
+"to assess whether you need additional resources, or to reduce expectations "
+"of IT initiatives in schools due to budget constraints. An IT administrator "
+"with a good overview of the ICT tasks in the school is better able to ask "
+"for an increase in resources if necessary. There may be a need for increased "
+"resources to implement ICT-based exams, or a need for new equipment like "
+"digital whiteboards as teaching aids."
+msgstr ""
+"Når man i skolen har så få ressurser til driften så er det avgjørende å ha "
+"god styring på ressursene. Ved å avtalefeste oppgavene kan man enklere gjøre "
+"vurderinger knyttet til om man trenger ekstra ressurser, eller må redusere "
+"forventningene til IT-satsingen i skolen ut fra budsjettmessige hensyn. Ved "
+"å ha god oversikt over hva IT-oppgavene er vil skolens IT-ansvarlige enklere "
+"kunne be om økning i ressursene om dette er nødvendig. Det kan være behov "
+"for økte ressurser til gjennomføring av IKT-basert eksamen eller behov for "
+"nytt utstyr som digital tavle som hjelpemiddel i undervisningen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Expected time usage"
+msgstr "Forventet tidsbruk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We've created a table showing time spent on operations and maintenance. The "
+"table is based on the experiences of municipalities which implement a "
+"centrally operated Debian Edu of 9-10 schools with 250-500 client computers. "
+"Several things are not included in the table. Therefore extra time is "
+"required for projects where schools develop their own ICT solutions with "
+"networking and more equipment."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi har laget en tabell som viser tiden som brukes på drift og vedlikehold. "
+"Tabellen bygger på erfaringer fra kommuner som sentraldrifter Skolelinux på "
+"9-10 skoler med 250-500 klientmaskiner. Det er flere ting som ikke er med i "
+"tabellen. Derfor må man sette opp ekstra tid til prosjekter hvor skolene "
+"utbygger ut IT-løsningene med nettverk og mer utstyr."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Role</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Rolle</emphasis></emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Operational responsibility</emphasis></"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Driftsansvar</emphasis></emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Time spend per school per week</"
+"emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Tidsbruk pr skole pr uke</emphasis></"
+"emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Time spent in total for all schools</"
+"emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Total tidsbruk alle skoler</emphasis></"
+"emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Centralised operations staff"
+msgstr "Driftsoperatør sentralt"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Monitoring, debugging and operation of 500 machines, for example, 10 schools "
+"with 3,200 students and teachers."
+msgstr ""
+"Overvåking, feilretting og drift av 500 maskiner på f.eks. 10 skoler med "
+"3200 elever og lærere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "(50 clients)"
+msgid "2-3 h(50 clients)"
+msgstr "(50 klienter)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "(500 clients)"
+msgid "½ position(500 clients)"
+msgstr "(500 klienter)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "ICT contact at each school"
+msgstr "IKT-kontakt på hver skole"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Oversight of equipment, easy maintenance, and reporting of incidents and "
+"requests"
+msgstr ""
+"Oppsyn over utstyr, enkelt vedlikehold, og rapportering av hendelser og "
+"forespørsler"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "(50 clients)"
+msgid "3-4 h(50 clients)"
+msgstr "(50 klienter)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "(10 schools / 500 clients)"
+msgid "1 position(10 schools / 500 clients)"
+msgstr "(10 skoler / 500 klienter)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Central ICT-coordinator"
+msgstr "IKT-koordinator sentralt"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Assist in planning and implementation of educational and technical ICT work "
+"in schools."
+msgstr ""
+"Bistå planlegging og gjennomføring av pedagogiske og tekniske IT-arbeidet i "
+"skolen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1-2 h"
+msgstr "1-2 t"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "½ position"
+msgstr "½ stilling"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "ICT manager (principal)"
+msgstr "IT-ansvarlig (rektor)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Make joint purchases, and ensure compliance with the service level "
+"agreement. Schedule updates, or development of solutions"
+msgstr ""
+"Gjøre felles innkjøp, og passe på at tjenestenivåavtalen overholdes. "
+"Planlegge oppdateringer, eller utbygning av løsningene"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1 h"
+msgstr "1 t"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "¼ position"
+msgstr "¼ stilling"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Overall for a school</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Totalt for skole</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">50 client machines (concurrent users)</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">50 klient-maskiner (samtidige brukere)</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">6 - 10 h</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">6 - 10 t </emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Overall for all schools</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Totalt for alle skoler</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">10 schools, 500 client machines (concurrent "
+"users)</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">10 skoler, 500 klient-maskiner (samtidige "
+"brukere)</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2 ¼ positions</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2 ¼ stilling</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Experience shows that the scope of work of the ICT contact is affected by "
+"the number of concurrent users. The term \"concurrent users\" is new to "
+"many. To illustrate with an example: A school may have 250 students but not "
+"more than 50 computers. Then a maximum of 50 students can use computers at "
+"the same time. This is much less than the total 250 users who have an "
+"account on the system. It is these 50 logged in users that provide work for "
+"IT service. The other 200 people not logged in give little extra work."
+msgstr ""
+"Erfaringer viser at arbeidsomfanget til IKT-kontakten blir påvirket av "
+"antall samtidige brukere. Uttrykket «samtidige brukere» er nytt for mange. "
+"For å illustrere med et eksempel. En skole kan ha 250 elever men ikke mer "
+"enn 50 datamaskiner. Da er det maksimalt 50 elever som kan bruke "
+"datamaskiner på samme tid. Dette er mye mindre enn de tilsammen 250 brukerne "
+"som har konto på systemet. Det er disse 50 innloggede brukerne som gir "
+"arbeide for IT-tjenesten. De andre 200 personene som ikke er logget inn gir "
+"lite ekstra arbeide."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Therefore, it is common to calculate IT costs from the maximum number of "
+"concurrent users. Other calculation methods are also possible, for example "
+"when paying for proprietary software. But since Debian Edu has no license "
+"costs, the number of concurrent users is the most crucial figure for "
+"operating costs. To calculate costs from user accounts provides little or no "
+"meaning for a school."
+msgstr ""
+"Derfor er det vanlige å beregne IT-kostnader ut fra maksimalt antall "
+"samtidige brukere. Andre beregningsmåter er også mulig, f.eks. når man "
+"betaler for produsenteid programvare. Men siden Skolelinux ikke har "
+"lisenskostnader, så er det antall samtidige brukere som er det mest "
+"avgjørende for driftskostnadene. Å regne driftskostnader ut fra brukerkonti "
+"gir liten eller ingen mening i skolen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For users of Debian Edu the cost difference to manage 100 or 250 user "
+"accounts is very small. There are a few exceptions. With 250 students "
+"instead of 100, some students may repeatedly forget their password. "
+"Therefore, it is wise to authorise the teacher responsible for the class to "
+"give these students new passwords."
+msgstr ""
+"For brukere av Skolelinux er det nesten ingen kostnadsforskjell å forvalte "
+"100 eller 250 brukerkonti. Det er et par unntak. Sannsynligvis er det flere "
+"elever som stadig glemmer passordet sitt med 250 elever sammenlignet med "
+"100. Derfor er det lurt å la læreren med ansvar for klassen være den som gir "
+"elever som glemmer nytt passord."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the school has 50 client machines, the ICT contact needs less time on "
+"their operational tasks than if the school has 150 clients. With more "
+"clients, the overall time spent on operations increases, but operating time "
+"per client machine goes down a bit."
+msgstr ""
+"Har skolen 50 klientmaskiner trenger IKT-kontakten mindre tid på sine "
+"driftsoppgaver enn om skolen har 150 klientmaskiner. Med flere "
+"klientmaskiner øker den samlede tiden som brukes på drift. Men driftstiden "
+"fordelt pr klientmaskin går noe ned."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Several municipalities have set aside 3-4 hours a week to the ICT contacts "
+"tasks at each school with 30-70 client machines. The Education Department in "
+"Oslo has set aside a day and a half per week, or a 30% position, to support "
+"150 client machines. Experiences from other municipalities suggests that a "
+"20% position is enough for the tasks of a local ICT contact when a school "
+"has 160 thin or diskless clients with Debian Edu."
+msgstr ""
+"Flere kommuner har satt av 3-4 timer i uka til IKT-kontaktens oppgaver på "
+"hver skole om det er installert 30-70 klientmaskiner. Utdanningsetaten i "
+"Oslo har satt av halvannen ukedag, eller 30% stilling til å følge opp 150 "
+"klientmaskiner. Erfaringer fra andre kommuner tyder på at en 20% stilling er "
+"nok for å løse arbeidsoppgavene til en lokal IKT-kontakt om skolen har 160 "
+"tynne eller halvtykke klienter med Skolelinux."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In addition there are costs associated with centralized operations, ICT "
+"management, and building up the educational use of ICT tools in school "
+"subjects. One position is probably sufficient for the operation of 1000 "
+"client machines. As regards educational support, several principals have a "
+"50-100% position in the school for this work. There may be a 10-20% position "
+"as an ICT contact and a 40-80% position as an educational support for the "
+"teachers. Many teachers perceive IT tools in schools as something new. Some "
+"principals wish to give more backing to the educational side by making "
+"teachers more confident in using IT tools across the different subjects."
+msgstr ""
+"I tillegg kommer kostnadene med sentralisert drift, IT-ledelse, og "
+"oppføringen av den pedagogisk bruken av IT-verktøy i skolefagene. "
+"Sannsynligvis er det nok med en stilling til drift av 1000 klientmaskiner. "
+"Når det gjelder pedagogisk støtte er det flere rektorer som har en 50-100% "
+"stilling på skolen til dette arbeidet. Det kan være en 10-20% stilling som "
+"IKT-kontakt og en 40-80% stilling som pedagogisk støtte for læreren. Mange "
+"lærere oppfatter IT-verktøy i skolen som noe nytt. En del rektorer ønsker å "
+"satse ekstra på den pedagogiske siden ved å gjøre lærerne trygge på bruk av "
+"IT-verktøy i skolefagene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Check list"
+msgstr "Huskeliste"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We now give a check-list of what's needed to get a new service office up and "
+"running."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi har satt opp en huskeliste over oppgaver som må løses om man skal få på "
+"plass et ordentlig servicekontor."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Arrange people in different roles like IT manager, IT contact in each "
+"school, central operations and IT coordinator for all schools. It is "
+"important to distinguish technical operations and maintenance from teaching "
+"work."
+msgstr ""
+"Få på plass personer i det forskjellige rollene som IT-ansvarlig, IKT-"
+"kontakt på skolene, driftsoperatør(er) sentralt, og IT-koordinator for alle "
+"skolene. Det er viktig å gjøre et skille mellom hva som er teknisk drift og "
+"vedlikehold, og det faglig-pedagogiske arbeidet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Establish the service desk such that every school has a service agreement "
+"regulating what is standard operating activities, and what is extra. It is "
+"imperative that ICT-responsible principals are a part of this process."
+msgstr ""
+"Etabler servicekontoret der hver skole har en serviceavtale som regulerer "
+"hva som er standard driftsaktiviteter, og hva som er ekstra. Det er "
+"avgjørende at IT-ansvarlig rektorer et med i denne prosessen hele veien."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Establish a system for handling incoming requests (a request tracker). All "
+"enquiries by email need a case number. Almost all enquiries from users or IT "
+"contacts from schools also need a case number."
+msgstr ""
+"Få på plass system for meldingslogging (request tracker). Alle henvendelser "
+"på e-post får et saksnummer. Nesten alle henvendelser som brukere eller IT-"
+"kontakter på skolene ringer inn får også et saksnummer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Ensure that ICT budget reflects the contribution necessary to ensure proper "
+"operation of school computer equipment and networks. The requirement today "
+"is that the ICT systems will be used for national and local tests with use "
+"of ICT tools with or without the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+"Sørg for at IT-budsjettet gjenspeiler den arbeidsinnsatsen som er nødvendig "
+"for å sikre forsvarlig drift av skolens datautstyr og nettverk. Kravet i dag "
+"er at IT-systemene skal brukes til nasjonale og lokale prøver med bruk av IT-"
+"verktøy med eller uten Internett."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Basically use the standard edition of Debian Edu with the same version on "
+"all schools. From this make the changes you want. These changes must be "
+"taken care of in a configuration database with documentation of the changes "
+"made. Version management can be used to save the changes and documentation."
+msgstr ""
+"Bruk i utgangspunktet standard utgave av Skolelinux med samme versjon på "
+"alle skolene. Ut fra dette gjøres endringene man ønsker. Disse endringene må "
+"man ta vare på i en konfigurasjonsdatabase med dokumentasjon av de "
+"endringene som er gjort. Man kan bruke et system for versjonshåndtering for "
+"å lagre endringene og dokumentasjonen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Incident Management"
+msgstr "Hendelseshåndtering (Incident Management)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The purpose of the ICT service is to prevent disturbances like shutdowns or "
+"software issues. Users will experience few problems with the ICT system if "
+"the ICT service has enough resources to handle operations, equipment and for "
+"enquiries to the Service Desk. Small or big problems will cause "
+"interruptions for users, so good handling of incidents is necessary."
+msgstr ""
+"Hensikten med IT-tjenesten er å hindre forstyrrelser som driftsstans eller "
+"redusert kvalitet ved bruk av dataprogrammene. Brukerne vil oppleve få "
+"problemer med IT-systemet om IT-tjenesten har nok ressurser til drift, "
+"utstyr og henvendelser til servicekontoret. Allikevel skjer små eller store "
+"feil som gir forstyrrelser for brukerne. Da trenger man god håndtering av "
+"hendelser."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In parachuting they call near-accidents \"incidents\". It is perhaps not "
+"quite the same in computer operations when something is not working. The "
+"purpose of dealing with incidents is to restore services as quickly as "
+"possible so that everything works normally. If something goes wrong, it must "
+"have the least possible impact on users. What is a \"normal service\" is "
+"agreed through an operating agreement describing the service level."
+msgstr ""
+"I fallskjermmiljøet kaller man nestenulykker for «hendelser». Det er kanskje "
+"ikke helt det samme i datadrift når noe ikke virker. Hensikten med å "
+"håndtere hendelser er og gjenopprette tjenesten så raskt som mulig slik at "
+"alt virker på vanlig måte. Går noe galt skal dette ha minst mulig å si for "
+"brukerne. Hva som er en normal tjeneste er avtalt gjennom en driftsavtale "
+"som beskriver tjenestenivå."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Statistics of incidents is important, especially if several people work "
+"within the organisation. When several people work together, it is easy to "
+"lose track of the work. Statistics will point out problem areas that must be "
+"addressed more thoroughly than a quick fix from the service desk. For "
+"example, there may be many requests to replace forgotten passwords, so it "
+"may be wise to let the teacher change passwords for pupils in their class."
+msgstr ""
+"Statistikk over hendelser er viktig. Spesielt om flere jobber med driften. "
+"Når flere jobber sammen mister man fort oversikten over alle sakene. "
+"Statistikk vil kunne påvise problemområder som må håndteres mer grundig enn "
+"en rask løsning fra servicekontoret. F.eks. kan det være mange henvendelser "
+"om å bytte passord til elever som har glemt dette. Da kan det være lurt å la "
+"læreren til klassen bytte elevens passord."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "An operational disturbance is defined as:"
+msgstr "En driftsforstyrrelse er definert som:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"an event which is not part of normal operations and causes, or can cause, an "
+"interruption or reduction in the quality of the service."
+msgstr ""
+"en hendelse som ikke er en del av den normale driften som forårsaker, eller "
+"kan forårsake et avbrudd, eller reduksjon i kvaliteten på tjenesten."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Examples of operational disturbances may be:"
+msgstr "Eksempler på driftforstyrrelser kan være:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Programs"
+msgstr "Programmer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "the office program (OpenOffice.org) does not start"
+msgstr "kontorprogrammet (OpenOffice.org) starter ikke"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "the web browser (Firefox) crashes"
+msgstr "nettleseren (Firefox) kræsjer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "the hard drive is full"
+msgstr "disklageret er fullt"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Hardware"
+msgstr "Maskinvare"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "the server is down"
+msgstr "tjenermaskinen er nede"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "unable to print"
+msgstr "får ikke skrevet ut"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "unable to log in"
+msgstr "får ikke logget inn"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Requests"
+msgstr "Henvendelser"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "requests for information, advice or documentation"
+msgstr "spørsmål om informasjon, råd eller dokumentasjon"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "forgotten password"
+msgstr "glemt passord"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The examples show some of the most common operational issues. These are "
+"problems that prompt users to contact the school or the service desk. The "
+"ICT service must prioritize what must be handled straight away, and which "
+"problems need more time to resolve. To prioritize which problems need more "
+"comprehensive debugging, it is important to log all enquiries about "
+"malfunctions. Once one has an overview of the most common problems, "
+"appropriate actions can be taken."
+msgstr ""
+"Eksemplene viser noen av de vanligste driftsforstyrrelsene. Dette er "
+"problemer som gjør at brukere henvender seg til IKT-kontakten på skolen "
+"eller servicekontoret. IT-tjenesten må prioritere hva som skal behandles med "
+"en gang, og hvilke problemer som trenger mer tid for å løses. For å "
+"prioritere hvilke problemer som trenger mer omfattende feilretting er det "
+"viktig å logge alle henvendelser om driftsforstyrrelser. Når man har "
+"oversikt over hvilke driftsforstyrrelser det er mest av, kan man sette inn "
+"tiltak på de områdene der det er mest problemer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We have made a short check list to ensure procedures and systems for good "
+"event handling are in place."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi har laget en kort huskeliste for å sikre at man har på plass rutiner og "
+"systemer for god hendelseshåndtering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The operator doing the debugging will report the status back to the ICT "
+"contact at the school and/or the user."
+msgstr ""
+"Driftsoperatør som gjør feilretting er den som melder status tilbake til IT-"
+"kontakt på skolen og/eller bruker"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The system for logging events must be available and working (both "
+"technically and functionally) for those working with event handling in "
+"schools and at the service desk."
+msgstr ""
+"Systemet for logging av hendelser må være på plass slik at det virker både "
+"teknisk og funksjonelt for de som jobber med hendelseshåndtering på skolene "
+"og på servicekontoret"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The event logging system must be used for virtually all operational events."
+msgstr ""
+"Systemet for hendelseslogging må brukes for så og si alle driftshendelser"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Statistics of the log of events should be made periodically. The statistics "
+"can be used to identify and eliminate recurring problems, which are "
+"irritating to users."
+msgstr ""
+"Ved jevne mellomrom lages statistikk av loggen over hendelser. Statistikken "
+"brukes for å sette inn tiltak som fjerner problemer som går igjen, og "
+"irriterer brukerne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning and implementation"
+msgstr "Planlegging og implementasjon"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To set up a workable system for logging events requires something more than "
+"installing the system. Everyone in the operations department must use the "
+"system. Those reporting errors must also receive feedback by email with a "
+"ticket number. This requires significant efforts in configuring the system "
+"for event logging. In addition, one must ensure basic user training for "
+"those who receive the requests."
+msgstr ""
+"Å sette opp et brukbart system for logging av hendelser krever er noe mer "
+"enn å installere systemet. Alle i driftsavdelingen må bruke systemet. De som "
+"melder feil må også få tilbakemelding på e-post med saksnummer. Slike ting "
+"krever betydelig med konfigurering av systemet for hendelseslogging. I "
+"tillegg må man sørge for enkel brukeropplæring av de som tar imot "
+"henvendelsene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Large and comprehensive plans are not required to implement proper event "
+"handling. Event handling is a completely standard task for those who work at "
+"the service desk or as ICT contacts at the schools. Setting up a computer "
+"tool for logging events may require up to a few weeks for a correct "
+"configuration, and users may also report events via e-mail and by phone."
+msgstr ""
+"Man trenger ikke store og omfattende planer for å få på plass skikkelig "
+"hendelseshåndtering. Å håndtere hendelser er en helt standard oppgave for de "
+"som jobber på servicekontoret og IT-kontaktene på hver skole. Å sette opp et "
+"dataverktøy for logging av hendelser krever fort en par uker slik at det er "
+"konfigurert riktig, og brukere også kan rapportere hendelser via e-post i "
+"tillegg til telefon."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The user interface to the logging system is relatively self-explanatory, so "
+"it should not take too long to get started. Daily use of the system will get "
+"users comfortable with what should be logged. It is crucial that everyone in "
+"the operations department uses the logging system for operational messages."
+msgstr ""
+"Selve brukergrensesnittet til loggsystemet er relativt selvforklarende. Så "
+"det tar ikke mange timene å ta i bruk. I løpet av den daglige bruken av "
+"systemet vil man bli mer og mer komfortabel med hva som bør stå i meldingene "
+"som logges. Det er avgjørende at alle i driftsavdelingen bruker systemet for "
+"logging av driftsmeldinger."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Activities related to operational events"
+msgstr "Aktiviteter ved driftsforstyrrelser"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To get an idea of activities done following a reported event, we use an "
+"example."
+msgstr ""
+"For å få en idé om hvilke aktiviteter som gjøres ved en melding av en "
+"hendelse, bruker vi et eksempel."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A user contacts the service office with a problem, and reports that printing "
+"is not working. Operations logs the event immediately after the call is "
+"completed. A case is opened for the issue, and automatically given a case "
+"number."
+msgstr ""
+"En bruker kontakter servicekontoret med et problem. Utskriften virker ikke, "
+"er meldingen fra brukeren på telefon. Driftsoperatør logger hendelsen rett "
+"etter samtalen er avsluttet. Problemet med utskriften blir en sak med et "
+"saksnummer (som gis automatisk)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operations at the service desk make a quick analysis. Has the spooler "
+"stopped again, or is it something else? Is the paper or toner missing? The "
+"operator examines the spooler and sees that queue has filled up. She deletes "
+"the queue and tests whether the next job is printed."
+msgstr ""
+"Driftsoperatør på servicekontoret gjør en rask analyse. Er det utskriftskøen "
+"som har stoppet igjen, eller er det noe annet? Det kan hende det mangler "
+"papir eller toner? Ved å undersøke utskriftskøen ser driftsoperatøren at den "
+"er fylt opp. Hun sletter køen, og ser om neste utskrift blir skrevet ut."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This time the print queue fills back up again. Operations contact the "
+"school's ICT contact asking to check whether the paper tray is empty. This "
+"is listed in the event log. The ICT contact replies that they have refilled "
+"the paper tray, and printing is normal. The case is closed, and is noted in "
+"the system event log."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne gangen fylte skriverkøen seg opp igjen. Driftsoperatør kontakter "
+"skolens IT-kontakt, og ber om å sjekk om papir er på plass. Dette noteres i "
+"hendelsesloggen. IT-kontakten melder tilbake at papir er fylt på, og at "
+"utskriften går som normalt. Saken er avsluttet noe som også noteres i "
+"systemet for hendelseslogging."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If printing had not started again, the toner might have be missing or there "
+"might have been a printer error. If there was an error, operations would "
+"have to escalate the issue. This means that someone other than the operator "
+"or the ICT contact is needed to resolve the problem - in this example, a "
+"technician who can fix printers."
+msgstr ""
+"Om skriveren ikke hadde startet igjen kunne det vært toner som manglet, "
+"eller at skriveren hadde en feil. Var det en feil måtte driftsoperatør "
+"skalert problemet. Med skalering menes at andre enn driftsoperatør og IKT-"
+"kontakten løser problemet. I dette eksemplet måtte man fått hjelp av en "
+"servicetekniker som kan fikse skrivere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This example shows the whole workflow that needs to be investigated to get a "
+"printer working again. If a printer does not work even after checking that "
+"paper and toner are available, the issue needs to be escalated. The "
+"operations department must call in an expert to fix the problem - this time "
+"it was a service technician for printers."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette eksemplet viser at det settes igang et helt apparat for å få igang en "
+"skriver som har stanset opp. Virker ikke skriveren selv om man har lagt inn "
+"mer papir i en i en tom skriver, så må man først undersøke om det er toner "
+"som mangler. Om alt ser ut til å være på plass, men ting fortsatt ikke "
+"virker, må man skalere problemet. Driftsavdelingen kaller inn en ekspert på "
+"et bestemt område for å fikse feilen. Denne gangen var det en "
+"servicetekniker for skrivere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"What was wrong and what the fix was are noted in the event logging system."
+msgstr ""
+"Hva som var feilårsak og den reparasjonen som ble gjort noteres i systemet "
+"for hendelseslogging."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Roles"
+msgstr "Roller"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A variety of roles are involved when the ICT service deals with reported "
+"issues. In the example above, the school's ICT contact and the operator "
+"cooperate to solve the printing problem. Had the issue been more difficult, "
+"they would have had to call a technician. If the printer could not be fixed, "
+"a new one would have to be purchased. If the school needed to buy a new "
+"printer, the ICT managers might need to arrange payment. In many "
+"organisations, the principal has the last word."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er en rekke roller involvert når IT-tjenesten behandler meldinger om at "
+"noe ikke virker. I eksemplet over samarbeider skolens IT-kontakt og "
+"driftsoperatøren om å løse problemet med utskrift. Hadde problemet vært "
+"større måtte man ha innkalt en servicetekniker. Får man ikke fikset "
+"skriveren å må kjøpe ny. Må skolen skaffe ny skriver kan det hende man må "
+"involvere IT-ansvarlige for å få penger. Mange steder er det rektor som har "
+"siste ordet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In short, it is easy for many people to get involved when something does not "
+"work. If possible, problems should be solved on the spot, trying to avoid "
+"including unnecessary people. Escalating problems which could be solved "
+"locally quickly becomes costly. Many enquiries are easy to deal with there "
+"and then, but other requests involve more complex problems which involve "
+"more people. If additional or external help is needed to solve the problem, "
+"this must as a rule be clarified with the operations manager. The important "
+"thing is to be aware of these points when handling operating events, so as "
+"to use resources appropriately."
+msgstr ""
+"Kort sagt blir det fort mange som blir involvert når noe ikke virker. Man "
+"skal i utgangspunktet løse problemer der og da. Da unngår man å involvere "
+"mange som ikke kan bidra til å løse problemet. Skalerer man problemer som "
+"kan løses lokalt så blir det fort mer kostbart. Også fordi mange "
+"henvendelser bør være enkelt å håndtere der og da. Andre henvendelser "
+"dreier seg om mer sammensatte problemer. Da må man involvere flere personer. "
+"Er man avhengig av ekstra eller ekstern hjelp for å løse problemet så må "
+"dette som hovedregel avklares med driftsleder. Det viktige er å være bevisst "
+"ved håndtering av driftshendelser, og bruke ressursene på en god måte."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Key points"
+msgstr "Nøkkelpunkter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We have sat up some key points for handling incidents. These points can be "
+"helpful in evaluating whether or not things are going well by using "
+"measurable and well-defined requirements. Such measurement points are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Vi har satt opp en del nøkkelpunkter ved håndtering av hendelser. Punktene "
+"skal være til hjelp for å vurdere om man gjør en god jobb ut fra målbare og "
+"vel definerte krav. Slike målepunkter er:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Total number of operational incidents."
+msgstr "Totalt antall driftsforstyrrelser"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Average time from receiving an inquiry to when the issue is resolved, "
+"classified with codes (a well organized operation department has codes for "
+"different types of events and errors)."
+msgstr ""
+"Gjennomsnittlig tid fra man har fått en henvendelse til at problemet er "
+"løst, brutt ned på koder (en godt organisert driftsavdeling har koder for "
+"hendelser og feiltyper)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Percentage of incidents handled within agreed response time (as agreed in "
+"the service level agreement)."
+msgstr ""
+"Prosentvis av hendelser håndtert innen avtalt svartid (avtalt i avtalen om "
+"tjenestenivå)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Average cost for each event"
+msgstr "Gjennomsnittlig kostnad for hver hendelse"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Percentage of incidents solved by the service desk without escalation"
+msgstr ""
+"Prosentvis av hendelsene løst av hjelpetjenesten uten å gå videre til neste "
+"nivå med driftsstøtte"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Events per client machine (workplace)"
+msgstr "Hendelser pr klientmaskin (arbeidsplass)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Number and percentage of incidents solved by the operations center without "
+"the need for visits to school"
+msgstr ""
+"Antall og prosenter av hendelser som løses fra driftsenteret uten behov for "
+"besøk på skolen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Tools"
+msgstr "Verktøy"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "A number of tools can make it easier to handle operational incidents."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er en rekke verktøy som kan gjøre det enklere å håndtere "
+"driftsforstyrrelser."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Automatic logging"
+msgstr "Automatisk logging"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Automatic routing of events to the right persons"
+msgstr "Automatisk dirigering av hendelser til riktige personer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Automatic retrieving of data from the database for configuration management"
+msgstr "Automatisk uthenting av data fra databasen for konfigurasjonsstyring"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Phone and email are used in conjunction with tools for registering requests "
+"and incidents."
+msgstr ""
+"Telefonen og e-post virker enkelt sammen med verktøy for registrering av "
+"henvendelser og hendelser."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Problem Management"
+msgstr "Problemhåndtering (Problem Management)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Problem management is an \"investigative\" process. Known bugs are most "
+"often handled directly by the service desk. This is the most common form of "
+"event handling. To investigate unknown errors requires both common sense and "
+"instinct. Good operating people use instinct to go straight to the problem, "
+"find the solution and restore service as quickly as possible so that "
+"everything works normally."
+msgstr ""
+"Problemhåndtering er en «undersøkende» prosess. Kjente feil blir oftest "
+"håndtert direkte av servicekontoret. Dette er den mest vanlige formen for "
+"hendelseshåndtering. Ved ukjente feil må man undersøke nærmere hva som er "
+"galt. Denne form for feilsøking krever både sunn fornuft og teft. Gode "
+"driftsfolk bruker teften til å gå rett til problemet, finner løsningen, og "
+"gjenopprette tjenesten så raskt som mulig slik at alt virker på vanlig måte."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Problem management is;</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Problemhåndtering er;</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Problem management"
+msgstr "Problemkontroll"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Checking errors"
+msgstr "Feilkontroll"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Proactive control to prevent problems"
+msgstr "Proaktiv kontroll for å hindre problemer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Identify error patterns, using information from, for example, event "
+"management"
+msgstr ""
+"Identifisere feilmønstre ved å bruke informasjon fra f.eks. "
+"hendelseshåndteringen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Problem control </emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Problem control</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Problem kontroll </emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Identify problems"
+msgstr "Identifisere problemer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Classify problems"
+msgstr "Klassifisere problemer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Examine/research problems"
+msgstr "Etterforske/Undersøke problemer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Error control</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Feil kontroll</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Identify and register known errors"
+msgstr "Identifisere og registrere kjente feil"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Find temporary solutions if possible"
+msgstr "Finne midlertidige løsninger om mulig"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Contacting those with responsibility for Change Management to remove the "
+"error permanently"
+msgstr ""
+"Kontakte de med ansvar for endringsledelse for å få fjernet feilen permanent"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Proactive control</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Proaktiv kontroll</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Identify and solve problems and errors before the incident is reported by "
+"users."
+msgstr ""
+"Identifisere og løse problemer og feil før hendelsen blir rapportert av "
+"brukere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use logs and information from event handling to see how problems may arise"
+msgstr ""
+"Bruke logger, informasjon fra hendelseshåndteringen for å se hvor problemer "
+"kan oppstå"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Procedures for problem management"
+msgstr "Prosedyrer for problemhåndtering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The Skolelinux/Debian Edu manual is a comprehensive collection of "
+#| "solutions for solving problems and configuring systems. Everything is on "
+#| "the Debian wikipedia pages. Solutions are maintained with the help of "
+#| "staff in schools, municipal ICT services, professional individuals and "
+#| "volunteers. See links to the English pages:\n"
+#| "https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Manuals\n"
+#| "The pages are being translated to Norwegian bokmål. We are working to "
+#| "link the pages to bokmål too."
+msgid ""
+"The Skolelinux/Debian Edu manual is a comprehensive collection of solutions "
+"for solving problems and configuring systems. Everything is on the Debian "
+"wikipedia pages. Solutions are maintained with the help of staff in schools, "
+"municipal ICT services, professional individuals and volunteers. See links "
+"to the English pages: <ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian.org/!DebianEdu/"
+"Documentation/Manuals\"/> The pages are being translated to Norwegian "
+"bokmål. We are working to link the pages to bokmål too."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi har lagt ved en omfattende samling av problemløsninger og oppskrifter for "
+"konfigurering. I løpet av sommeren 2006 vil dette også være lagt ut på "
+"Internett. Vedlikeholdet av oppskriftene vil skje av profesjonelle "
+"driftsoperatører på skoler, kommunale IT-tjenester og private "
+"driftsoperatører. For å gjøre det enkelt å gjøre forbedringer i "
+"dokumentasjonen er det hele lagt ut i en wiki som ligger på en Skolelinux-"
+"tjener."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Wiki technology has proven to be a great success for maintaining "
+"catalogued information on the internet. It's easy to contribute to and all "
+"changes are logged. It is also possible to import OpenOffice.org documents, "
+"and export documents as PDF."
+msgstr ""
+"Wiki-teknologien har vist seg å være en stor suksess for å vedlikeholde "
+"katalogisert informasjon på Internett. Det er enkelt å bidra og alle "
+"endringer loggføres. Det er også mulig å importere OpenOffice.org "
+"dokumenter, og eksportere oppskrifter som pdf."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Configuration Management"
+msgstr "Konfigurasjonsstyring (Configuration Management)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The resources spent on IT systems in schools must be handled in a "
+"financially prudent manner in order to control the services used and the "
+"equipment / infrastructure. The equipment, software and services have a "
+"whole range of settings - this is configuration, or a logical model of how "
+"infrastructure and services are set up."
+msgstr ""
+"Ressursene som brukes på IT-systemene i skolen må håndteres på en økonomisk "
+"forsvarlig måte. Da må man ha styring på tjenestene som brukes og utstyret "
+"eller infrastrukturen som det ofte kalles. Utstyret, programvaren og "
+"tjenestene har en hel rekke med innstillinger. Dette er konfigurasjoner, "
+"eller en logisk modell av hvordan infrastruktur og tjenester er satt opp."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To manage configuration it must be identified, saved and maintained. One "
+"must also be able to keep track of different versions of the configurations. "
+"We call each part of a setup for a Configuration Item (CI). A configuration "
+"file may, for example, ensure that certain users have access to a few "
+"printers in the network. Another can make sure you get a buffer on diskless "
+"clients."
+msgstr ""
+"For å kunne styre konfigurasjonene må de kunne identifiseres, lagres og "
+"vedlikeholdes. Man må også kunne holde orden på forskjellige utgaver av "
+"konfigurasjonene. Vi kaller hver del av et oppsett for en "
+"«konfigurasjonsdel» (eng.: Configuration Item CI). En konfigurasjonsfil kan "
+"f.eks. sørger for at bestemte brukere får adgang til noen få skrivere i "
+"datanettet. En annen kan sørge for at man får mellomlager på halvtykke "
+"klienter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"An updated database for configuration management is essential to ensure "
+"rapid and controlled handling of operational issues, or changes in the "
+"layout of machines, programs or services."
+msgstr ""
+"En oppdatert database for konfigurasjonsstyring er avgjørende for å sikre "
+"rask og kontrollert behandling av driftsforstyrrelser, eller ønske om "
+"endringer i oppsettet av maskiner, programmer eller tjenester."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning"
+msgstr "Planlegging"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It takes planning to set up a database for configuration management. One "
+"must decide in which areas to use the system, the objective, policies and "
+"processes for storage and maintenance of configurations."
+msgstr ""
+"Det krever planlegging for å få på plass en database for konfigurasjons "
+"styring. Man må bestemme seg for områdene systemet skal brukes, "
+"målsetningen, politikken og prosessene for lagring og vedlikehold av "
+"konfigurasjonene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Identify and select a structure for configuration according to the important "
+"parts of the ICT infrastructure. Configuration owners, name tags "
+"(attributes), dependencies, and relations between configurations all need to "
+"be considered."
+msgstr ""
+"Identifiser og velg en struktur på konfigurasjonene på de viktige delene av "
+"IT-infrastrukturen. Det gjelder også eiere av konfigurasjonen, navnelapper "
+"(attributter), avhengigheter, og relasjoner mellom konfigurasjoner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Only approved configurations are managed in the database through the "
+"lifetime of the system. Control over access to the configurations can be "
+"done with group permissions, and can be done through the process of Change "
+"Management."
+msgstr ""
+"Styringen med konfigurasjonene slik at bare de som er godkjente blir tatt "
+"vare på i databasen gjennom levetiden til systemet. Styring over tilgang til "
+"konfigurasjonene kan gjøres med gruppetillatelser. Dette kan gjøres gjennom "
+"prosessen for endringshåndtering (Change Mangagement)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Status logging - keeps track of the condition and status of the various "
+"subsystems. This applies throughout the lifetime of the service, software or "
+"hardware. There may be a configuration in production, disconnected or "
+"discontinued."
+msgstr ""
+"Statuslogging - holder orden på tilstanden og status til de forskjellige "
+"delsystemer. Dette gjelder hele levetid til tjenesten, programvaren eller "
+"maskinvaren. Det kan være en konfigurasjon er i produksjon, er frakoblet "
+"eller avviklet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Checking and revision. Each configuration must be checked to confirm that "
+"the correct information is stored in the configuration database (CMDB). This "
+"is followed up with periodic reviews to ensure that the database is up to "
+"date."
+msgstr ""
+"Sjekking og revisjon. Hver konfigurasjon må sjekkes for å bekrefte at riktig "
+"informasjon er lagret i databasen for konfigurasjoner (CMDB). Dette følges "
+"opp med periodiske gjennomganger for å sikre at databasen hele tiden er "
+"oppdatert."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As we see, there is a lot of planning needed in order to have configuration "
+"management in the IT system. The purpose of planning as part of IT "
+"operations is to ensure that systems are fixed quickly when they go down. "
+"With a good configuration management, it is easy to replace a defective "
+"machine with a new one. The configurations can be quickly transferred to the "
+"new computer and the IT system functions just as well as before."
+msgstr ""
+"Som vi ser må man planlegge en hel del om man vil ha en god forvaltning av "
+"konfigurasjonene til IT-systemet. Hensikten ved å planlegge dette som en del "
+"av IT-driften er å sikre at systemer som går ned raskt kan komme på lufta. "
+"Har man god orden på konfigurasjonene er det lett å bytte ut en defekt "
+"maskin, og erstatte denne med en ny. Konfigurasjonene kan raskt overføres "
+"til den nye maskinen, og IT-systemet oppleves som like godt som før det gikk "
+"galt med den gamle maskinen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Management of Configuration Items (CI)"
+msgstr "Styring av delekonfigurasjonene"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A configuration item is a part of the infrastructure. It is normally the "
+"configuration of a service or a program. Some times users want to change how "
+"a service work. One need to keep track of the configurations if changes are "
+"made."
+msgstr ""
+"En konfigurasjonsdel (CI Configuration Item) er en del av infrastrukturen. "
+"Det er som regel et oppsett av en tjeneste eller et program. Av og til "
+"ønsker brukerne og endre litt på hvordan en tjeneste virker. Man må ha "
+"styring på konfigurasjonene om det skal gjøres justeringer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To get this down to earth we can imagine the configuration of the printer "
+"server. You want to add a new printer to the computer network and will add "
+"this to the printing system CUPS. When changing one configuration through a "
+"web application or via configuration in KDE. CUPS config file will change, "
+"and you must restart the printer server again. This can be done in KDE tools "
+"or through a web application. The modified setup file is copied to a "
+"directory where the file can be handled by a version system."
+msgstr ""
+"For å få dette ned på jorda så kan vi tenke oss konfigurasjonen til "
+"utskriftstjeneren. Man ønsker å legge til en ny skriver i datanettet, og vil "
+"legger til denne i utskriftssystemet CUPS. Da endrer man i konfigurasjonen "
+"gjennom en nett-applikasjon eller via oppsettet i KDE. Konfig-fila til CUPS "
+"vil endres, og man må starte utskriftstjeneren på nytt. Dette kan gjøres i "
+"KDE-verktøyet eller via nett-applikasjonen. Den endrede oppsettfilen "
+"kopieres til en filkatalog der fila kan håndteres av et versjonsystem."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Of many different choices there are a few common ones. This is if a service "
+"should: run, stop, terminate, start, be interrupted or taken out."
+msgstr ""
+"Av mange forskjellige valg er det noe som går igjen. Dette er om en tjeneste "
+"skal: kjøre, stenges, avsluttes, startes, avbrytes eller tas ut."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One should be cautious in changing configurations without a proper plan. It "
+"is easy to forget what you have done on a server or a PC. Therefore it is "
+"important to document the changes made in a change log."
+msgstr ""
+"Man bør være varsom med å endre konfigurasjonene uten en skikkelig plan. Det "
+"er lett å glemme hva man har gjort på en tjenermaskin eller en PC. Derfor er "
+"det viktig med dokumentasjon av endringene som er gjort i en endringslogg."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning and installation"
+msgstr "Planlegging og installasjon"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The configuration of the computer network is connected to the architecture. "
+"Much of the planning is done with Debian Edu. This is because it may take "
+"both 3 and 4 weeks to set up servers with corresponding service level with "
+"Windows server, RedHat or other GNU/Linux distributions. Debian Edu takes "
+"this with 1-2 hours. If you want a fixed IP address for the network a "
+"professional uses ½ hour extra on this. This is because web services are set "
+"up with reusable names."
+msgstr ""
+"Konfigurasjonen av datanettet henger sammen med arkitekturen. Mye av "
+"planleggingen er gjort med Skolelinux. Dette skyldes at det fort tar både 3 "
+"og 4 uker å sette opp tjenermaskiner med tilsvarende tjenestenivå med "
+"Windows server eller RedHat og andre GNU/Linux-distribusjoner. Med "
+"Skolelinux tar dette 1-2 timer. Skal man ha fast IP-adresse på nettverket "
+"bruker en fagperson ½ time ekstra på dette. Det skyldes at nett-tjenestene "
+"er satt opp med gjenbrukbare navn."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"What then must be planned is which additional user program to use, and which "
+"subsystems should interact with Debian Edu. It may, for example. be that the "
+"school has an electronic whiteboard."
+msgstr ""
+"Det som da må planlegges er hvilke ekstra brukerprogram som skal opp, og "
+"hvilke delsystemer som skal samvirke med Skolelinux. Det kan f.eks. være at "
+"skolen har elektronisk tusjtavle (eng. Whiteboard)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We have made a list of activities and solutions that are important in good "
+"configuration management."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi har laget en liste med aktiviteter og løsninger som må på plass skal man "
+"ha god styring på konfigurasjoner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Establish a version-controlled area for saving configurations for all "
+"servers and selected workstations and laptops. Git and SVN are often used "
+"for this. Remember to take daily backup of the area, and make sure to save "
+"all changes in configurations."
+msgstr ""
+"Etabler en versjonshåndtert område for lagring av konfigurasjoner til alle "
+"tjenermaskiner og utvalgte arbeidsstasjoner og bærbare. Man kan bruke "
+"versjonsystemet subversion til dette. Husk å ta daglig backup av område, og "
+"sørg for å lagre alle endringer i konfigurasjonene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use an electronic system for taking care of recipes explaining "
+"configurations of different type machines, the network and services. Such "
+"recipes contributes to others who help or take over operations can read up "
+"on what is done. A wiki can be suitable for this."
+msgstr ""
+"Bruk et elektronisk system for å ta vare på oppskrifter som forklarer "
+"konfigurasjonene til forskjellig type maskiner, nettverket og tjenester. "
+"Slike oppskrifter bidrar til at andre som hjelper eller overtar driften kan "
+"lese seg opp på hva som er gjort. En wiki kan være passende til dette."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use one specific version of the operating system and software on all "
+"machines. This is to avoid maintaining many different versions of the "
+"software. Ensure that the software is well tested. Therefore, it may be wise "
+"to wait 6-12 months before adopting latest edition of a program."
+msgstr ""
+"Bruk en bestemt utgave av operativsystem og programvare på alle maskiner. "
+"Dette for å unngå å vedlikeholde mange forskjellige utgaver av programvaren. "
+"Sørg for at programvaren er godt testet. Derfor kan det være lurt å vente i "
+"6-12 måneder før man tar i bruk nyeste utgave av et program."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Relations to other processes"
+msgstr "Relasjoner til andre prosesser"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Management of configurations are closely connected with the handling of "
+"problems and if the systems are available. If printing stops to often, it "
+"may be that a configuration change solves the problem. It may, for example, "
+"be to establish a routine for deleting the print queue and restart the print "
+"service anew."
+msgstr ""
+"Styring av konfigurasjoner henger nøye sammen med håndtering av problemer og "
+"om systemene er tilgjengelige. Opplever man stadig vekk at utskriften "
+"stopper, så kan det hende det hende en endring av konfigurasjonen løser "
+"problemet. Det kan f.eks. være å få på plass en rutine for sletting av "
+"utskriftskøen og starte utskriftstjenesten på ny."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The aim of the changes you make in the configurations are usually to "
+"increase the availability of services or programs. It may also be to "
+"restrict access to certain programs or services to specific times. To "
+"achieve this, one must reconfigure the service. In addition, it may cost "
+"money beyond what was agreed on as service level or capacity of the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Målsetningen med endringene man gjør i konfigurasjonene er som regel å øke "
+"tilgjengeligheten til tjenester eller programmer. Det kan også være for å "
+"begrense tilgangen til enkelte programmer eller tjenester til bestemte "
+"tidspunkt. For å få dette til må man endre oppsettet til tjenesten. I "
+"tillegg kan det koste penger ut over det som er avtalt om tjenestenivå, "
+"eller kapasiteten til systemet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The examples show that the managing configurations engages a number of other "
+"areas. Therefore there is much to gain by putting in place good practices "
+"for managing changes in configurations. Also automation is advisable if you "
+"want greater stability, or access to certain services in specific periods."
+msgstr ""
+"Eksemplene viser at håndtering av konfigurasjoner griper inn i en rekke "
+"andre områder. Derfor er det mye å tjene på å få på plass gode "
+"arbeidsrutiner for håndtering av endringene som gjøres i konfigurasjonene. "
+"Også automatisering er lurt om man ønsker økt stabilitet, eller tilgang til "
+"bestemte tjenester i bestemte perioder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Tools for configuration management"
+msgstr "Verktøy til konfigurasjonsstyring"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "As mentioned under Check list one may use"
+msgstr "Som nevnt under huskelisten kan man bruke:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Saving the configuration files in a version-control system, for example "
+"subversion."
+msgstr ""
+"Lagring av konfigurasjonsfiler i et system for versjonskontroll, f.eks. "
+"subversion"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Wiki for storing documentation of setup and wizards"
+msgstr "Wiki for lagring av dokumentasjon av oppsett og veivisere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use a common directory for operational documentation on the internet, "
+"maintained by Skolelinux/Debian edu staff in the schools."
+msgstr ""
+"Bruk av felles katalog for driftsdokumentasjon på Internett vedlikeholdt av "
+"de som sentraldrifter Skolelinux på mange skoler"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Change Management"
+msgstr "Endringsledelse (Change Management)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Many ICT services are not clever in handling changes in ICT systems. Leading "
+"to many disgruntled users. Surveys in the public sector in Denmark show that "
+"operating costs go down when you have good control on the changes. "
+"Therefore, it pays to involve users with training and participation related "
+"to the changes made."
+msgstr ""
+"Mange IT-tjenester er lite flinke til å håndtere endringer i IT-systemene. "
+"Det fører til mange misfornøyde brukere. Undersøkelser i offentlig sektor i "
+"Danmark viser at driftskostnadene går ned når man har god styring på "
+"endringene. Derfor lønner det seg å involvere brukerne med opplæring og "
+"medvirkning knyttet til endringene som gjøres."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Change-messages is entirely dependent on proper processes. This applies "
+"regardless of whether the changes are small or big. Therefore it is "
+"important to have in place the right people when making changes, both to "
+"give training and to have people to answer questions. This becomes "
+"especially important when adopting new releases of software and services. "
+"This is independent of whether one uses free or proprietary software."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er helt avhengig av skikkelige prosesser ved endringsmeldinger. Dette "
+"gjelder uavhengig om endringene er små eller store. Derfor er det viktig å "
+"ha på plass riktige personer når man gjør endringer slik at det både er gitt "
+"opplæring og det er folk til å svare på spørsmål. Dette blir spesielt viktig "
+"når man tar i bruk nye utgivelser av programvare og tjenester. Det har ingen "
+"ting med om man bruker fri eller produsenteid programvare."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Change Management should ensure that all changes are made in a standardized "
+"and right manner. It is important to anchor the decision about amending at "
+"the appropriate level in the organisation, Standard changes can often be pre-"
+"approved when they are done a few times. But major changes will often "
+"involve a higher decision level between school management and operator."
+msgstr ""
+"Endringsledelsen skal sørge for at alle endringer gjøres på en standardisert "
+"og riktig måte. Det er viktig å få til beslutning om endring på riktig nivå "
+"i organisasjonen, Standard endringer kan ofte være forhåndsgodkjente når de "
+"er gjort et par ganger. Men større endringer vil ofte involvere et høyre "
+"beslutningsnivå mellom skoleledelsen og driftsoperatør."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The reason why the management should be included is that an upgrade will "
+"often require training of users. It may be upgrading to a new browser or a "
+"new version of office software. This can quickly lead to a half day training "
+"in what is new in a program. Such changes must be agreed with the "
+"management. The changes must also be done without the other parts of the "
+"system stops working."
+msgstr ""
+"Grunnen til at ledelsen skal være med er at endringer i systemet er at en "
+"oppgradering ofte vil kreve opplæring av brukerne. Det kan være oppgradering "
+"til ny nettleser eller ny utgave av kontorprogrammet. Dette kan fort føre "
+"med seg en halv dags opplæring i hva som er nytt i et program. Slike "
+"endringer må derfor avklares med ledelsen. Endringene må også gjøres uten at "
+"det andre deler av systemet slutter å fungere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Those with responsibility for approving changes receives a so-called change "
+"message or RFC (Request For Change). When you have a RFC you can assess "
+"whether the change should be performed. Many times you have to clarify with "
+"management if optional changes should be made, and if so, when it will "
+"happen."
+msgstr ""
+"De med ansvar for å godkjenne endringer mottar en mottar en såkalt "
+"endringsmelding eller RFC (Request For Change) som er den engelske "
+"forkortelsen. Når man har en endringsmelding kan man vurdere om endringen "
+"skal utføres. Mange ganger må man avklare med ledelsen om eventuelle "
+"endringer skal gjøres, og eventuelt når det skal skje."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"By changes one must also cooperate with the school's ICT responsible. One "
+"must ensure that changes occur when it fits with the schools plans. To "
+"implement significant changes without Change Management can lead to much "
+"dissatisfaction and additional inquiries to the Service Desk. This would "
+"provide significant extra work without this being planned. In addition, it "
+"may lead to a change that would soon be rolled back. You fast get twice as "
+"much work without ending anywhere else than back to start. Had one made the "
+"necessary approvals, may the change be done in a planned and straightforward "
+"manner."
+msgstr ""
+"Ved endringer må man også samarbeide med skolens IKT-ansvarlig. Man må sørge "
+"for at endringene skjer når det passer med skolenes planer. Å gjennomføre "
+"betydelige endringer uten endringsledelse kan føre til mye misnøye og ekstra "
+"henvendelser til servicekontoret. Da får man betydelig ekstraarbeid uten at "
+"dette er planlagt. I tillegg kan det føre til en endring som ville fort må "
+"rulles tilbake. Man får fort dobbelt så mye arbeide uten å havne noe annet "
+"sted enn tilbake til start. Hadde man sørget for de nødvendige godkjenninger "
+"ville endringen kunne gjøres på en planlagt og grei måte."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Change Management is done to avoid more extra work than what's necessary. "
+"Making changes obviously requires more work, but you will get less extra "
+"work on the changes planned. One also avoids the need to roll back changes, "
+"because problems arise where users are unprepared for substantial changes."
+msgstr ""
+"Endringsledelse gjøres for å unngå mer ekstra arbeide enn hva som er "
+"nødvendig. Å gjøre endringer krever selvsagt mer arbeide, men man vil få "
+"mindre ekstra arbeide om endringene planlegges. Man unngår også at man må "
+"rulle tilbake endringer fordi det oppstår problemer der brukerne ikke er "
+"forberedt på betydelig omlegging."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When you for example update the entire system to a new version, make sure "
+"that everyone is informed. One must look into whether those affected by the "
+"change need training. The right professionals must prepare it all, so there "
+"are no surprises."
+msgstr ""
+"Når man f.eks. oppdaterer hele systemet til ny versjon må man passe på at "
+"alle er orientert. Man må undersøke om de som berøres av endringen trenger "
+"opplæring. De rette fagpersonene må forberede det hele slik at det ikke "
+"oppstår overraskelser."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"All responsibility must not land on the person responsible for managing "
+"versions of software, the release manager. Release handling is a process "
+"which preferably should work with changes that contains many minor changes. "
+"This usually happens when rolling out new systems and services, or the "
+"upgrading of the entire system to a new version."
+msgstr ""
+"Men må unngå at alt ansvar havner hos den som står for styring av versjonene "
+"av programvaren. Det er den som har ansvaret for håndtering av utgivelser "
+"(release manager). Utgivelseshåndteringen er en prosess som fortrinnsvis "
+"skal arbeide med endringer som inneholder mange mindre endringer. Dette "
+"skjer som regel ved utrulling av nye systemer og tjenester, eller ved "
+"oppgradering av hele systemet til ny versjon."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Activities"
+msgstr "Aktiviteter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"See change message, or RFC (Request For Change) above, and check it also has "
+"got a unique number."
+msgstr ""
+"Se over endringsmeldingen (RFC) og sjekk at den også har fått et unikt "
+"nummer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Prioritize and categorize the changes"
+msgstr "Prioriter og kategoriser endringer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Remove not possible changes. This can be done by marking them as not "
+"possible."
+msgstr ""
+"Fjern endringer som ikke er mulige. Dette kan gjøres ved å merke disse som "
+"ikke mulig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Give feedback to the one giving the change message"
+msgstr "Gi tilbakemelding til den som gav endringsmeldingen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Make sure you have a Change Advisory Board, where the change is dealt with, "
+"discussed and evaluated. This consulting group can be selected ICT contacts "
+"and operations personnel with long experience."
+msgstr ""
+"Sørg for at man har en rådgivingsgruppe (eng. Change Advisory Board) der "
+"endringen blir tatt opp, diskutert og vurdert. Rådgivningsgruppa kan være "
+"utvalgte IT-kontakter og driftspersonell med lang erfaring."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coordinate changes with the Release Management which handle different "
+"versions of applications and services."
+msgstr ""
+"Koordiner endringene med den som håndterer forskjellige versjoner av "
+"programmer og tjenester (eng. Release Management)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Look over and finish the changing message (RFC)"
+msgstr "Se over og avslutt endringsmeldingen (RFC)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Remember to save modified configurations in the repository for "
+#| "configuration files. "
+msgid ""
+"Remember to save modified configurations in the repository for configuration "
+"files."
+msgstr "Husk å lagre endrede konfigurasjoner i lageret for oppsettfiler"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Reports"
+msgstr "Rapporter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Even what may look like a small insignificant change message can have major "
+"consequences for if the change is implemented. We have examples of schools "
+"that have a stable Debian Edu network where all the programs work. A test "
+"version of a popular program crashing constantly, is installed, and Debian "
+"Edu get blamed."
+msgstr ""
+"Selv hva som kan se ut som en liten ubetydelig endringsmelding kan få "
+"omfattende konsekvenser om endringen gjøres. Vi har eksempler på skoler som "
+"har et stabilt Skolelinux-nett der alle programmene virker. Så installeres "
+"en testutgave av et populært program som kræsjer hele tiden. Skolelinux får "
+"skylda."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"An example is schools that have installed the test version of the latest "
+"OpenOffice.org before the program was finally finished. Several thought it "
+"could be fun and try out. The problem is that the test editions are usually "
+"released to find errors and instability in applications. They are not "
+"intended for production use"
+msgstr ""
+"Et eksempel er skoler som har installert testversjonen av nyeste OpenOffice."
+"org før programmet var endelig ferdig. Flere syntes at det kunne være gøy og "
+"prøve ut. Problemet er at testutgaver som regel er utgitt for å finne feil "
+"og ustabilitet i programmer. De er ikke ment for bruk i produksjon."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In production, the general rule is that you don't install test versions of "
+"software. Most operators recommend using the next to latest version of a "
+"program intended for production. After 6-12 months are usually the worst "
+"errors picked out of a new main version of an application."
+msgstr ""
+"Hovedregel er at man ikke installerer testutgaver av programvare i "
+"produksjon. De fleste driftsoperatører anbefaler å bruke nest siste versjon "
+"av et program beregnet på produksjon. Etter 6-12 måneder er som regel de "
+"verste feilene plukket av en ny hovedutgave av et program."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It means one often wait until summer before updating to a program that were "
+"reissued just before New Year. This fits well with the school year. The "
+"alternative may be instability and irritated users. Therefore the advisory "
+"group plays a key role when done small or large changes."
+msgstr ""
+"Det betyr at man gjerne venter til sommeren før man oppdaterer til et "
+"program som kom i ny utgave rett før nyttår. Dette passer bra med skoleåret. "
+"Alternativet kan være ustabilitet og irriterte brukere. Derfor har "
+"rådgivningsgruppa en sentral rolle når det gjøres små eller store endringer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Release Management"
+msgstr "Utgivelsesledelse (Release Management)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Release handling is management and planning activities preparing for wanted "
+"changes. The changes can be small or large, where large changes can consist "
+"of many smaller changes. Release management goes on before initiating the "
+"actual job of installing software and hardware into production."
+msgstr ""
+"Utgivelseshåndteringen er administrasjon og planleggingsaktiviteter for å "
+"klargjøre for ønskede endringer. Endringene kan være små eller store der "
+"store endringer kan bestå av mange mindre delendringer. "
+"Utgivelseshåndringingen skjer før man setter igang selve jobben med å "
+"installere program- og maskinvare i produksjon."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"First the planning and testing of new releases are carried out. Then it all "
+"is rolled out it into production. Deployment is part of the infrastructure "
+"management. The procedure is to implement what is planned, tested and is "
+"ready within the systems for Configuration Management. Once everything is "
+"planned, tested and configurations are stored, then roll out the solution in "
+"production."
+msgstr ""
+"Først gjennomføres planlegging og testing av nye utgivelser. Deretter så "
+"rulles det hele ut i produksjon. Utrulling er en del av "
+"infrastrukturledelse. Prosedyren er å gjennomføre det som er planlagt, "
+"testet, og ligger klar i systemene for konfigurasjonsstyring. Når alt er "
+"planlagt, testet og konfigurasjonene er lagret, så ruller man ut løsningen i "
+"drift."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Usually, many service providers and suppliers are involved. This applies "
+"both to the acquisition of machines, the software used, and the recommended "
+"configurations. Good resource planning is crucial to package and distribute "
+"a new release in a good way for users. Cutting corners in this area can lead "
+"to equipment that doesn't work, or that goes unused because of deficiencies "
+"in the installation."
+msgstr ""
+"Som regel er mange tjenestetilbydere og leverandører involvert. Det gjelder "
+"både i forbindelse med anskaffelse av maskiner, den programvaren som brukes, "
+"og de konfigurasjonene som er anbefalt. God ressursplanlegging er "
+"grunnleggende for å kunne pakke og distribuere en ny utgivelse på en bra "
+"måte for brukerne. Slurver man på dette området kan man ende opp med at "
+"utstyret ikke virker, eller blir stående ubrukt fordi det er mangler ved "
+"installasjonen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Release Management takes a comprehensive approach by the change in a "
+"service, and ensure that all parts of a publication is seen in context. This "
+"applies to both technical and non-technical factors."
+msgstr ""
+"Utgivelsesledelsen tar et helhetlig grep ved endring i en tjeneste, og skal "
+"sikre at alle deler av en utgivelse ses i sammenheng. Det gjelder både for "
+"tekniske og ikke-tekniske forhold."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Basic"
+msgstr "Grunnleggende"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As you can see, for computers, software and network to work as planned, "
+"release-management is crucial. Proper handling of releases prevents "
+"disruptions. New releases or changes can be introduced while operations "
+"continue as normal, without interruption or reduction in quality."
+msgstr ""
+"Som man ser er utgivelseshåndtering helt grunnleggende for at datamaskiner, "
+"programvare og nettverket virker som planlagt. Skikkelig håndtering av "
+"utgivelser gjøres for å hindre driftsforstyrrelser. Ved nye utgivelser eller "
+"endringer er det forventet at driften skal gå som normalt uten avbrudd eller "
+"reduksjon i kvaliteten."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Implementing changes or new releases can be compared to building a new "
+#| "road. Cars must still get past even if you build a new road on top of the "
+#| "old. Good signs must be in place. One must also have the necessary "
+#| "resources to rebuild the road. If you lack the resources to make changes, "
+#| "it's better to let it be. "
+msgid ""
+"Implementing changes or new releases can be compared to building a new road. "
+"Cars must still get past even if you build a new road on top of the old. "
+"Good signs must be in place. One must also have the necessary resources to "
+"rebuild the road. If you lack the resources to make changes, it's better to "
+"let it be."
+msgstr ""
+"Håndtering av endringer eller nye utgivelser kan sammenlignes med å bygge ny "
+"vei. Bilene må fortsatt komme fram selv om man bygger ny vei oppå den gamle. "
+"God skilting må være på plass. Man må også ha de nødvendige ressurser til å "
+"legge om veien. Mangler man ressurser til å gjøre endringene så er det like "
+"greit å la vær."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Some might think that proper release management is boring as one doesn't get "
+"to implement the latest version every time something new is released. But "
+"often the operations department lacks the resources to handle a flood of "
+"complaints should an upgrade fail. High uptime requires established "
+"technology, as said by Linux expert David Elboth in the Linux Magazine "
+"(1/2004). He writes:"
+msgstr ""
+"For noen kan det være kjedelig med skikkelig utgivelseshåndtering. Man får "
+"ikke brukt det nyeste nye hver gang det kommer noe nytt. Men som oftest er "
+"det ikke satt av ekstra tid i driftsavdelingen for å håndtere en flom av "
+"klager når helt ny programvare svikter. Linux-eksperten David Elboth slår "
+"fast at høye oppetider krever etablert teknologi. I LINUXmagasinet (1/2004) "
+"skriver han:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The more you demand of the system the more stringent are the requirements "
+#| "of the individual components. High requirements for uptime results also "
+#| "show that the choices you are left with are old technology. Only "
+#| "empirical data over time can say anything about downtime. We have all "
+#| "noticed how far behind are Red Hat and SuSE with their server products."
+msgid ""
+"The more you demand of the system the more stringent are the requirements of "
+"the individual components. High requirements for uptime results also show "
+"that the choices you are left with are old technology. Only empirical data "
+"over time can say anything about downtime. We have all noticed how far "
+"behind are Red Hat and !SuSE with their server products."
+msgstr ""
+"Desto høyere krav desto strengere blir kravene til de enkelte komponentene. "
+"Høye krav til oppetid resulterer også at valgene du står igjen med er gammel "
+"teknologi. Det er nemlig erfaringsmateriale over tid som kan si noe om "
+"nedetid. Vi har alle lagt merke til hvor lenge etter Red Hat og SuSE ligger "
+"på sine serverprodukter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To get few complaints, with a stable and reliable environment, requires "
+"solid release management. Alternatively, a bunch of complaints and "
+"dissatisfied users emerge, caused by installing insufficiently tested "
+"cutting-edge software. Amateurs have a tendency to underestimate the "
+"consequences of software upgrades. If something works fine on your home "
+"computer, it does not mean that this will work in a wide network with 500 "
+"client computers and 3200 users."
+msgstr ""
+"Vil man ha lite klager med stabilt og driftssikkert miljø krever dette solid "
+"utgivelseshåndtering. Alternativt er en haug med klager og misfornøyde "
+"brukere man har installert siste skrik av programvaren som ikke er godt nok "
+"testet. Personer med «gutteromskompetanse» har en lei tendens til å "
+"undervurdere konsekvenser ved oppgradering av programvare. At noe går fint "
+"på hjemmedatamaskinen betyr ikke at dette vil fungere i et stort datanett "
+"med 500 klientmaskiner og 3200 brukere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Definitive Software Library (DSL)"
+msgstr "Sentralt programarkiv (DSL)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A software archive in an operational context is a collection of original "
+"copies of the software in use. If you use Skolelinux 2.0, this is the "
+"software package. The phrase software archive is used differently in some "
+"other contexts, especially among programmers. When it comes to operations, "
+"we would be talking about the original software package of a particular "
+"version which is used for the installation."
+msgstr ""
+"Programarkivet i driftssammenheng er en samling av originalutgaven av den "
+"programversjonen av programvaren som er i produksjon. Bruker man Skolelinux "
+"2.0 er det dette som er programarkivet. I dataverdenen brukes ordet "
+"programarkiv i flere sammenheng, spesielt når man programmerer. Når det "
+"gjelder drift snakker vi den originale sammensatte programvare av en bestemt "
+"versjon som er utgangspunktet for installasjonen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"By using free software, the software archive may be Skolelinux 2.0 plus the "
+"extra programs you have added from various sources. There may be certain "
+"versions of Macromedia Flash, Java and decoders which make it possible to "
+"run national tests in the browser, or to watch broadcasts from a national TV "
+"station."
+msgstr ""
+"Bruker man fri programvare kan programarkivet være Skolelinux 2.0 pluss de "
+"ekstra programmene man har lagt inn i tillegg fra forskjellige kilder. Det "
+"kan være bestemte versjoner av Macromedia Flash, Java og decodere som gjør "
+"det mulig å kjøre nasjonale prøver i nettleseren, eller se sendinger fra NRK."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you plan to upgrade to the next version of Debian Edu when released, this "
+"new version shall be the main program archive. The new archive shall also "
+"include appropriate versions of all additional applications beyond Debian "
+"Edu."
+msgstr ""
+"Har man planlagt og oppgradere til neste versjon av Skolelinux når den har "
+"kommet, vil det være den nye versjonen som blir hoved programarkiv. Også her "
+"vil alle ekstra programmer ut over ny Skolelinux være en del av arkivet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Set-up files customized or created locally by the operations department are "
+"not included in the main program archive. Configurations are saved "
+"separately in a version-control system or database."
+msgstr ""
+"Oppsettfiler som er justert eller laget lokalt av driftsavdelingen er følger "
+"ikke med som en del av hovedarkivet for programmer. Konfigurasjoner lagres i "
+"en egen versjonshåndtert katalog eller database."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Database for configurations and hardware"
+msgstr "Database for konfigurasjoner og maskinvare"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As mentioned in the chapter on configuration management, you must create a "
+"database or a version-controlled directory to take care of set-up files. One "
+"should also keep track of all computers, what kinds of machines are in use, "
+"performance, and unique standard addresses on the network cards (MAC "
+"addresses)."
+msgstr ""
+"Som nevnt under kapitlet med konfigurasjonsstyring må man opprette en "
+"database eller en versjonshåndtert katalog for å ta vare på oppsettfiler. "
+"Man må også ha oversikt over alle datamaskiner, hva slags maskiner det er "
+"snakk om, ytelse, og unike standardadresser på nettverkskortene (MAC "
+"adresser)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are many reasons to have an overview of the equipment. One of the main "
+"reasons is to keep track of how many machines are in operation, how many are "
+"not in use and how many are being repaired. Another reason is planning for "
+"upgrades."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er mange grunner til å ha oversikt over utstyret. En av hovedgrunnene er "
+"å ha oversikt over hvor mange maskiner som er i drift, antall maskiner som "
+"ikke er i bruk, og antall maskiner på reparasjon. En annen grunn går på "
+"planlegging ved oppgraderinger. Det går både på hvor mye"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Build management"
+msgstr "Bygg-håndtering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A variety of applications in addition to browser and office suite are "
+"installed in schools. Educational programs for learning, browser plug-ins, "
+"and programs for multimedia are needed. The systems also have network set-up "
+"and changed settings in specific programs. When you have many servers and "
+"perhaps thousands of clients, the need for effective tools for deployment, "
+"soon makes itself felt. Such tools are standard in Debian Edu."
+msgstr ""
+"I skolen installeres en rekke program i tillegg til nettleser og "
+"kontorprogram. Det trengs pedagogiske program for læring, tilleggsprogram i "
+"nettleseren, og det trengs program for multimedia. Systemene har også "
+"nettverksoppsett og endrede innstillinger i bestemte programmer. Har man "
+"mange tjenermaskiner og kanskje tusenvis av klienter ser man raskt at det er "
+"behov for effektive verktøy for utrulling. Slike verktøy er standard i "
+"Skolelinux."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Build management is about ensuring that you always install the required "
+"software packages, services and proper settings both of individual programs "
+"and for the network. Many people have heard about the so-called \"images\". "
+"One installs the operating system with all needed programs and configures "
+"the network. Then one uses an image program to make a copy of the hard disk. "
+"This \"disk image\" can then be copied to other computers."
+msgstr ""
+"Bygg-håndtering handler om å få installert de ønskede programpakkene, "
+"tjenestene og riktig innstillinger både av enkelte program og "
+"datanettverket. Mange har hørt om å bygge såkalte «images». Man installerer "
+"operativsystem og alle de programmene man trenger. Stiller inn nettverket. "
+"Deretter bruker man et image-program for å lage en kopi av det som er "
+"installert på harddisken. Dette kopieres så ut til de andre datamaskinene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is not necessary to build such disk images. Debian Edu is based on Debian "
+"which has an excellent package management system. There is no need to "
+"compile applications, as ready-made packages can be installed directly from "
+"the Internet. It is enough to work out what changes you want to the default "
+"set-up of Debian Edu or the main program archive in use. Then you make one "
+"or more scripts to run on each machine that get everything installed and set "
+"up."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er slett ikke nødvendig å bygge såkalte «images» eller diskbilder man "
+"kan kalle det på norsk. Skolelinux bygger på Debian som har et utmerket "
+"pakkesystem. Man trenger på ingen måte å kompilere programmer da dette er "
+"ferdig satt sammen, og kan installeres rett fra Internett. Det man må ha "
+"orden på er ønskede endringer i standardoppsettet til Skolelinux eller hoved "
+"programarkivet som er i bruk. Deretter lager man et eller flere skript som "
+"kan kjøre på de forskjellige maskinene for å få alt installert og satt opp."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For most situations, scripting is an easy way to \"build\" and roll out "
+"programs and configurations. But there are situations where building disk "
+"images may be the solution, e.g. for installation on many laptops."
+msgstr ""
+"For de fleste situasjoner er skripting en enkel måte å «bygge» og rulle ut "
+"programmer og oppsett. Men det er situasjoner der bygging av diskbilder kan "
+"være løsningen. F.eks. ved installasjon på mange bærbare datamaskiner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As demonstrated, handling the build process is about facilitating deployment "
+"on many computers. In exceptional cases, this may involve building a tailor-"
+"made Debian package. But in most situations, everything is ready-packaged. "
+"Then you must write and deploy a script which installs additional programs "
+"and certain settings. One can also create disk images if you have many "
+"similar machines, such as laptops for all students."
+msgstr ""
+"Som vi ser handler håndtering av bygg-prosessen om å tilrettelegge for "
+"utrulling på mange datamaskiner. Helt unntaksvis handler det om å bygge en "
+"skreddersydd Debian-pakke. Men i de aller fleste situasjoner er alt pakket "
+"ferdig. Da må man få på plass et skript for som installerer ekstra "
+"programmer og bestemte innstillinger. Man kan også lage diskbilder om man "
+"har mange like maskiner, som f.eks. bærbar PC til alle elevene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Testing"
+msgstr "Testing"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is essential to test new applications, configurations, and new services "
+"before they are put into production. Several schools have experienced "
+"instability when they have installed software without making the necessary "
+"adjustments. Therefore it is crucial to test changes in configurations or "
+"new versions of the software before the change is made on all machines."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er helt avgjørende å teste nye programmer, konfigurasjoner, og nye "
+"tjenester før de settes i produksjon. Flere skoler har erfart ustabilitet "
+"fordi de har installerer programvare uten å gjøre de nødvendige "
+"justeringene. Derfor er det helt avgjørende å teste endringer i "
+"konfigurasjoner eller ny versjon av programvaren før endringen gjøres på "
+"alle maskinene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Testing generally takes place in three steps."
+msgstr "Testing skjer gjerne i tre steg."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"First, do an installation of the changes on a test network. This is "
+"technical testing to check that everything functions in a system without "
+"users. Take care to include all changes in the configuration files."
+msgstr ""
+"Først gjør man en installasjon av endringene på et testnettverk. Dette er "
+"teknisk testing der man forsikrer seg at alt henger sammen på et system uten "
+"brukere. Ta vare på alle endringene i oppsettfilene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"When you are sure that everything works on the technical side, try "
+"installing the solution in one school. It is very important to book the "
+"testing with the school's ICT contact. Users must also be fully briefed on "
+"changes made for the sake of testing. Take care to preserve current "
+"adjustments in the set-up files, which may have been made in the course of "
+"normal maintenance."
+msgstr ""
+"Når man er sikker på at alt virker på den tekniske siden prøveinstalleres "
+"løsningen på en skole. Det er svært viktig å avtale testingen med skolens IT-"
+"kontakt. Brukerne må også få full orientering om at det vil bli endringer "
+"fordi man utfører testing. Ta vare på aktuelle justeringer i oppsettfiler "
+"som er gjort underveis ut fra de driftsmeldingene som har kommet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"When you are sure everything works, you can roll out the solution to all "
+"schools. It is easiest to create a script that simplifies upgrading of "
+"software packages, services and configurations."
+msgstr ""
+"Når man er sikker på at alt virker kan man rulle ut løsningen til alle "
+"skolene. Det gjøres enklest med å lage et skript som forenkler oppgradering "
+"av programpakker, tjenester og konfigurasjoner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Fall-back solution"
+msgstr "Reserveløsning"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Much can go wrong during a new installation or upgrade. Therefore, one must "
+"have ready a fall-back solution. This lets one quickly get back to the "
+"system as it was before the upgrade. In technical terms, this is called roll-"
+"back."
+msgstr ""
+"Mye kan gå galt under en ny installasjon eller oppgradering. Derfor må man "
+"ha klar en reserveløsning. Det betyr at man på kort tid kan ta i bruk "
+"systemet slik det var før oppgraderingen. På fagspråket heter dette "
+"tilbakerulling."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When rolling back it is absolutely essential to have the previous version of "
+"the software archive and configuration files ready. This means that you can "
+"install for example Edu 1.0 in under an hour, and put in place the "
+"appropriate configuration files."
+msgstr ""
+"Når man skal rulle tilbake er det helt avgjørende å ha klar forrige versjon "
+"av arkivet for programvare og oppsettfiler. Det betyr at man kan installere "
+"f.eks. Skolelinux 1.0 på under en time, og legge på plass aktuelle "
+"konfigurasjonsfiler."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"But roll-back takes time. Therefore, it may be prudent to have a server "
+"ready with the previous version of the software, the right configurations, "
+"and a recent copy of the users' home directories. This server can quickly "
+"replace any machines on which the upgrade does not work according to plan. "
+"Having server machines in reserve can ensure high availability even if "
+"something goes wrong."
+msgstr ""
+"Men tilbakerulling tar tid. Derfor kan det være greit å ha en tjenermaskin "
+"klar med forrige utgave av programvaren, de riktige konfigurasjonene, og "
+"hjemmekatalogene til brukerne. Denne tjeneren kan raskt erstatte maskinene "
+"som ble oppgradert, men ikke virket etter planen. Ved å ha tjenermaskin(er) "
+"i reserve kan man sørge for høy tilgjengelighet selv om noe skulle gå galt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Advantages and possible problems"
+msgstr "Fordeler og mulige problemer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage of having records of the software in production can't be "
+"underestimated. Many rely on having the software on their respective CDs and "
+"DVDs. This a inefficient method of distribution. To save time and trouble "
+"all the software in Debian Edu is available online."
+msgstr ""
+"Fordelen med å ha arkiv over programvaren som er i produksjon kan ikke "
+"undervurderes. Mange satser på å ha programvaren på sine respektive CD-er og "
+"enkelte DVD-er. Dette gir lite effektiv distribusjon. For å spare tid og "
+"bryderi er all programvaren i Skolelinux tilgjengelig på Internett."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Your operations department can create a copy of the Debian Edu archive on a "
+"central server. From here, all the software can quickly and smoothly be "
+"installed on other machines. The advantage is that your ICT service has a "
+"constant overview of the versions of the software they have made available "
+"to schools. This also prevents the installation of software that has not "
+"been reviewed by the Change Management."
+msgstr ""
+"Driftsavdelingen kan lage kopi av Skolelinux-arkivet på en sentral "
+"tjenermaskin. Herfra kan all programvaren raskt og greit installeres på de "
+"andre maskinene. Fordelen med dette er at IT-tjenesten hele tiden har "
+"oversikt over hvilke versjoner av programvaren som de har gjort tilgjengelig "
+"for skolene. Man hindrer også installasjon av programvare som ikke har vært "
+"vurdert av styringsgruppa for endringer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There may be considerable problems if you do not maintain the software "
+"archive and configurations. It might happen as well that one makes mistakes "
+"with a configuration or software package. Then this gets rolled out to all "
+"machines. In addition, some schools may install insufficiently tested "
+"software or use beta releases in production. So one must have good processes "
+"and have someone to take responsibility for maintenance of the program "
+"archive and configurations."
+msgstr ""
+"Det kan oppstå betydelig problemer om man ikke vedlikeholder programarkivet "
+"og konfigurasjoner. Det kan også være at man gjør feil med en "
+"konfigurasjonsfil eller programpakke. Da rulles dette ut til alle maskinene. "
+"I tillegg kan enkelte skoler installere lite testet programvare eller beta-"
+"program som de setter i produksjon. Så man må ha gode prosesser og ha noen å "
+"holde ansvarlige for vedlikehold av programarkivet og konfigurasjonene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It may seem like one needs a lot of extra things in place in order to "
+"install and maintain the services and programs that are in use. However, if "
+"you skip the tools that provide management of upgrades, you give yourself a "
+"lot of extra work. The ICT service must spend a lot of time on manual "
+"installation on each machine. The danger of making mistakes increases. When "
+"things do not work you get disgruntled users, and much time is spent fixing "
+"problems."
+msgstr ""
+"Det kan virke som man må ha på plass mye ekstra for å installere og "
+"vedlikeholde tjenesten og programvaren som er i bruk. Velger man vekk de "
+"verktøyene som gir styring med oppgraderingene gir man seg selv mye ekstra "
+"arbeide. IT-tjenesten må bruke masse tid på manuelt arbeide med installasjon "
+"på hver enkelt maskin. Faren for å gjøre feil øker. Når ting ikke virker får "
+"man misfornøyde brukere, og mye tid går med til feilretting."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Many of those administrating big IT systems have inadequate plans for the "
+"upcoming changes. Some have no plans at all, but just upgrading the software "
+"to the latest releases. Changes made can be perceived as problematic for "
+"some users, because functions they are comfortable with could change "
+"location on the user interface. For operations it can go completely wrong. "
+"For example when they tried upgrading from older to newer version of Windows "
+"in the Arendal municipality, mostly everything stopped working. The IT "
+"department said they had several computer programs that were held together "
+"with \"wire and tape.\" It took half a year to clean it up."
+msgstr ""
+"Mange som drifter store IT-systemer har mangelfulle planer for endringer. "
+"Noen har ikke planer i det hele tatt, men bare installerer nye utgaver av "
+"programvaren. Endringene som gjøres kan oppleves som problematiske for en "
+"del brukere fordi funksjoner de er komfortable med endrer plass i "
+"brukergrensesnittet. På driftssiden kan det gå fullstendig galt. F.eks. "
+"skulle de oppgradere til fra eldre utgave av Windows til nyere i Arendal "
+"Kommune. Det meste sluttet å virke. IT-tjenesten sa de hadde flere "
+"dataprogram som var holdt sammen med «ståltråd og tape». Det tok de et halvt "
+"år å rydde opp."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The reason for planning before implementing changes is to avoid weeks or "
+"months of delay due to problems. The time used for planning is quickly "
+"regained because one avoids additional problems. There will always be people "
+"who say they have had no problems with ad hoc changes in the systems; but "
+"closer examination reveals that there are problems after such changes, they "
+"merely don't get communicated."
+msgstr ""
+"Årsaken til at man planlegger før man gjennomfører endringer er for å hindre "
+"uker eller ekstra måneder med problemer. Selv om man skulle bruke noe ekstra "
+"tid på planlegging, så tjenes dette raskt inn fordi man unngår ekstra "
+"problemer. Det vil alltid være personer som forteller at de ikke har hatt "
+"problemer med ad-hoc-endringer i systemene. Men når man undersøker nærmere "
+"viser det seg at det er problemer etter endringer, og at henvendelser om "
+"dette ikke formidlet videre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In our eyes, ad-hoc solutions are only a detour through changes, and only an "
+"emergency measure. An ad-hoc solution is like a temporary repair with \"wire "
+"and tape.\" One must in due course clean up such solutions to ensure stable "
+"operations without constant surprises. Skipping a planning phase leads to "
+"many more ad hoc solutions, and several operational problems when changes or "
+"upgrades are done. Therefore it is essential that professionals and "
+"management understand the value of a good planned process for changes."
+msgstr ""
+"I våre øyne er ad-hoc-løsninger kun en omvei ved endringer, og kun en "
+"nødløsning. En ad-hoc løsning kan sammenlignes med en midlertidig reparasjon "
+"med «ståltråd og tape». Man må på sikt rydde opp i slike løsninger når man "
+"vil ha stabil drift uten stadige overraskelser. Ved å hoppe over en "
+"planleggingsfase vil man få mange flere ad-hoc-løsninger, og flere "
+"driftsproblemer ved endringer eller oppgraderinger. Derfor er det helt "
+"avgjørende at fagfolk og ledelsen forstår verdien av en god planprosess. "
+"endringer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Therefore, we recommend that you convene a meeting for planning, and make a "
+"stepwise plan for changes in the system. A stepwise plan will naturally vary "
+"according to the change. Upgrading the OpenOffice.org suite is quite "
+"different from upgrading the whole system. When upgrading to a new office "
+"application, a 2-3 hour tour of the office suite may be enough for the "
+"teacher in each school. When upgrading the entire system one must both "
+"provide user training and test that the technical details work as intended."
+msgstr ""
+"Derfor anbefaler vi at man innkaller til planmøte, og lager en stegvis plan "
+"ved endringer av systemet. En stegvis plan vil selvsagt variere i forhold "
+"til hva som skal endres. Det å oppgradere kontorprogrammet OpenOffice.org er "
+"noe annet enn å oppgradere hele systemet. Ved oppgradering til nytt "
+"kontorprogram holder det kanskje med en 2-3 timers gjennomgang av "
+"kontorpakken for læreren på hver skole. Når man skal oppgradere hele "
+"systemet må man både sørge for brukeropplæring og at det tekniske fungerer "
+"etter forutsetningene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The main point is that it is straightforward when it comes to planning and "
+"implementation. Studies show that those who plan properly and ensure that "
+"people have the right skills, have lower operating costs for the operations."
+msgstr ""
+"Hovedpoenget er at det er få snarveier når det kommer til planlegging og "
+"implementasjon. Undersøkelser viser at de som planlegger skikkelig og sørger "
+"for at folk har riktig kompetanse har lavere driftskostnader knyttet til "
+"driften."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is crucial to plan new releases. Most modifications of the system should "
+"be clarified with the management. The following list of activities is "
+"designed to support the upgrades in a planning and implementation phase."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er helt avgjørende å planlegge nye utgivelser. De fleste endringer av "
+"systemet skal avklares med ledelsen. Følgende liste over aktiviteter er "
+"laget som støtte ved oppgraderinger i en plan- og gjennomføringsfase."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Tasks</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Oppgaver</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Details</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Detaljer</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Prioritization of the release:"
+msgstr "Prioritering av utgivelsen:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Check if the necessary decisions are made before a change or upgrade would "
+"be deployed."
+msgstr ""
+"Sjekk om nødvendige beslutninger er gjort før en endring eller oppgradering "
+"skal rulles ut."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Definitive Software Library"
+msgstr "Sentralt programarkiv"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Ensure that the appropriate software packages to be installed are in place "
+"in the definitive software library."
+msgstr ""
+"Sørg for at de aktuelle programpakker som ønskes installert er på plass i "
+"det sentrale programarkivet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Configuration database"
+msgstr "Konfigurasjonsdatabase"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Be sure to have in place all configuration files. This applies both to those "
+"who are in use, and the new ones supplied in systems to be changed or "
+"updated."
+msgstr ""
+"Sørg for å ha på plass alle oppsettfiler. Det gjelder både de som er i bruk, "
+"og de nye som følger med systemene som endres eller oppdateres."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"All scripts and systems used to deploy or create disk images must be in "
+"place."
+msgstr ""
+"Alle skript og systemer som brukes til utrulling eller å lage diskbiler "
+"(images) må på plass."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"First, run trials on the test equipment. When this works without any "
+"problems, it can be tested at a school. The school must be fully informed "
+"about this, and fully aware about trying out new software. When one is sure "
+"that everything works, you can upgrade for all the others."
+msgstr ""
+"Kjør først utprøving på testutstyr. Når dette fungerer uten problemer så kan "
+"det prøves ut med en skole. Skolen må være fullt orientert om, og med på at "
+"de skal prøve ut ny programvare. Når man er sikker på at alt virker kan man "
+"oppgradere hos alle."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Even with extensive testing, new releases may go wrong. Therefore it is "
+"essential to have a fallback. The easiest solution is to spare the old "
+"installation with its data on a separate server machine. Such a machine can "
+"be plugged in again if the change or upgrade does not work."
+msgstr ""
+"Selv med omfattende testing kan nye utgivelser gå galt. Derfor er det "
+"avgjørende å ha en reserveløsning. Den enkleste reserveløsningen er å ha den "
+"gamle installasjonen med data på en egen tjenermaskin. En slik maskin kan "
+"plugges inn om endringen eller oppgraderingen ikke virker."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As seen from the activity list, one needs several tools to keep track of "
+"different releases of software, services and hardware in the system. Some of "
+"these tools were mentioned previously. But we repeat this anyway:"
+msgstr ""
+"Som man ser av aktivitetslisten trenger man flere verktøy for å holde orden "
+"på forskjellige utgivelser av programvaren, tjenester og maskinvare i "
+"systemet. Noen av disse verktøyene er nevnt tidligere. Men vi gjentar dette "
+"allikevel:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Debian tools for the definitive software library"
+msgstr "Debian-verktøy for sentralt programarkiv"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Configuration and hardware asset database (subversion setup files and "
+"spreadsheets providing an overview over all hardware and their respective "
+"physical locations)"
+msgstr ""
+"Database for konfigurasjoner og maskinvare (subversion for oppsettfiler, "
+"regneark med oversikt over all maskinvare med fysisk plassering)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Build management (the system which builds Debian packages)"
+msgstr "System for bygghåndtering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Hardware for testing and backup-solution"
+msgstr "Maskinvare for testing og reserveløsning"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Release management fits directly into the core of the ICT services. It is "
+"about implementing appropriate security updates, changes in the services or "
+"upgrades of computer software. Requests for new releases may be due to "
+"operational problems or wishes for new software. An assessment on whether "
+"the change is necessary is done prior to committing the new release."
+msgstr ""
+"Utgivelsesledelse griper rett inn i kjernen til IT-tjenesten. Det går på å "
+"gjennomføre ønskede sikkerhetsoppdateringer, endringer i tjenester, eller og "
+"oppgradering av dataprogram. Forespørsler om nye utgivelser kan skyldes "
+"driftsproblemer eller ønske om ny programvare. Før en ny utgivelse så er det "
+"gjort en vurdering om endringen er ønskelig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the change is straightforward one would make the necessary changes in the "
+"configurations and make the application packages ready for deployment. This "
+"would be tested, and one would have in place backup solutions. When the "
+"changes are made, one should perhaps alter parts of the operational "
+"routines. It would be easy to see how change management affects all parts of "
+"the operational support."
+msgstr ""
+"Om endringen er grei så vil man gjøre nødvendige endringer i konfigurasjoner "
+"og klargjøre programpakker for utrulling. Dette vil være testet, og man vil "
+"ha på plass reserveløsninger. Når endringene er utført vil man kanskje måtte "
+"legge om deler av driftsaktiviteten. Så det er enkelt å se at "
+"endringshåndtering påvirker alle deler av driftsstøtten."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Tools for operational support"
+msgstr "Verktøy for driftsstøtte"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The first thing you should ask yourself: \"Do we really need software tools?"
+"\" If that's true, it is crucial to examine the options thoroughly."
+msgstr ""
+"Det første man skal spørre seg selv om: «trenger vil virkelig "
+"programvareverktøy?» Trenger man verktøy så er det avgjørende å undersøke "
+"alternativene grundig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Taking a glossy brochure, and listening to sales talks, one is totally "
+"dependent on such tools. But good people, good process descriptions, good "
+"procedures and job descriptions are a basis for good service management. The "
+"need for, and how complicated the tools are, depend on the organsation's "
+"need for computer systems, and the size of the organisation."
+msgstr ""
+"Tar man en glanset brosjyre, og lytter til salgsprat, så er man helt "
+"avhengig av slike verktøy. Men gode folk, gode prosessbeskrivelser, og gode "
+"prosedyrer og arbeidsbeskrivelser er et grunnlag for god tjenestestyring. "
+"Behovet for, og hvor kompliserte verktøyene er, er avhengig av virksomhetens "
+"behov for datasystemer, og størrelsen på organisasjonen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In a small organisation, will a single freely accessible database be enough "
+"for logging and management of events (request tracker). But in larger "
+"organisations will one almost certainly need a sophisticated distributed and "
+"integrated tools for service management. It means linking all processes to a "
+"system for event handling."
+msgstr ""
+"I en liten organisasjon vil en enkel fritt tilgjengelig database være nok "
+"for logging og styring på hendelser (request tracker). Men i større "
+"organisasjoner vil man ganske sikkert ha behov for et sofistikert "
+"distribuert og integrerte verktøy for tjenestestyring. Det betyr at man "
+"linker alle prosesser til et system for hendelseshåndtering."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Although tools can be important, they are not important in themselves. It's "
+"the tasks and processes to be done, and the information needed which are "
+"important. They will provide the necessary information to specify which "
+"tools are best suited to support the operations. Here are some reasons why "
+"one may use software for operational and service management:"
+msgstr ""
+"Selv om verktøy kan være viktig, så er ikke disse viktige i seg selv. Det er "
+"de oppgaver og prosesser som må gjøres, og informasjonen som det er behov "
+"for som er utgangspunktet. Dette vil gi nødvendig informasjon til en "
+"spesifisering for hvilke verktøy som passer best til å støtte driften. Her "
+"er noen grunner til hvorfor man kan bruke programvare til driftsstøtte og "
+"tjenestehåndtering:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "increased demands from users"
+msgstr "økte krav fra brukerne"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "lack of ICT knowledge"
+msgstr "mangel på IT-kunnskap"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "budget limitations"
+msgstr "budsjettbegrensninger"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "organisations is entirely dependent on the quality of service"
+msgstr "virksomheten er helt avhengig av kvaliteten på tjenesten"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "integration of systems from multiple vendors"
+msgstr "integrasjon av systemer fra flere leverandører"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "increased complexity of ICT infrastructure"
+msgstr "økt kompleksitet i IT-infrastrukturen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "emergence of international standards"
+msgstr "fremvekst av internasjonale standarder"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Extended scope and changes in ICT"
+msgstr "økt omfang og endringer innen IT"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Automatic tools allow:"
+msgstr "Automatiske verktøy tillater:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Centralisation of key functions"
+msgstr "sentralisering av nøkkelfunksjoner"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Automation of functions in the service delivery"
+msgstr "automatisering av funksjoner i tjenesteleveransen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Analysis of data"
+msgstr "analyse av data"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Identification of trends"
+msgstr "identifisering av trender"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Preventive measures may be implemented"
+msgstr "preventive tiltak kan implementeres"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Type of tool"
+msgstr "Type verktøy"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In this chapter we have proposed a number of tools to improve operational "
+"support. Here follows a summary of the tools:"
+msgstr ""
+"I dette kapitlet har vi forestått en rekke verktøy for å forbedre "
+"driftsstøtten. Her følger en oppsummering av verktøyene:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Request Tracker"
+msgstr "Hendelseslogger (Request Tracker)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "System for monitoring (Munin)"
+msgstr "System for overvåking (Munin)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As the operations department gains further experience with systematic "
+"routines, additional and different types of tools will be developed or "
+"acquired."
+msgstr ""
+"Etter som driftsavdelingen får mer erfaring med systematisk drift vil det "
+"lages, eller skaffes flere typer verktøy."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Evaluation criteria when selecting tools"
+msgstr "Evalueringskriterier ved valg av verktøy"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Although it's been used large amounts of money on creating evaluation "
+"criteria for software, the result is only experience-based guidelines. There "
+"is no final answer to what's good or less good software. As much else, it "
+"revolves partly about taste. Different solutions do the same job just as "
+"well, but may have quite different forms. However, here may some rules of "
+"thumb be useful."
+msgstr ""
+"Selv om det er brukt store beløp på å lage evalueringskriterier for "
+"programvare, så finnes ikke annet enn erfaringsbaserte retningslinjer. Det "
+"er ingen endelige svar på hva som er god eller mindre god programvare. Som "
+"med mye annet dreier en del seg om smak og behag. Flere løsninger gjøre "
+"samme jobben like godt, men kan ha ganske forskjellig utforming. Men det er "
+"noen tommelfingerregler som kan være nyttige å ta med seg."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The main evaluation criterion is whether one needs to execute a job at all. "
+"Many IT tools are absolutely perfect and work without error, but might solve "
+"tasks that are not needed to be fixed. So the main criterion is whether it "
+"resolves the right problem, and if at all it is necessary to do anything."
+msgstr ""
+"Det viktigste evalueringskriteriet er om man har behov for å gjøre en jobb i "
+"det hele tatt. Mange IT-verktøy er helt perfekt og løser sine oppgaver uten "
+"feil, men det løser oppgaver ingen trenger å ha løst. Så det viktigste "
+"kriteriet er om man løser riktig problem, og om det i det hele tatt er "
+"nødvendig å gjøre noe som helst."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "So the first thing one asks is whether the tool is needed."
+msgstr "Så det første man spør om er om verktøyet er ønsket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If it turns out that one should complete a task, the solution might be as "
+"simple as to run some commands manually. The simplest way is best. But when "
+"one gets many machines to operate, automation becomes crucial. It's too much "
+"work to log into 20 similar server machines to do a security upgrade. Then "
+"automation is the thing."
+msgstr ""
+"Om det viser seg at man vil ha løst en oppgave, kan det vise seg at "
+"løsningen er så enkel at det er like greit å kjøre noen kommandoer for hånd. "
+"Det enkleste er gjerne det beste. Men når man får mange maskiner å drifte "
+"blir automatisering helt avgjørende. Det blir for mye jobb å logge seg inn "
+"på 20 likeartede tjenermaskiner for å gjøre en sikkerhetsoppgradering. Da er "
+"automatisering tingen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "So here one must ask whether the tool is useful to solve the task"
+msgstr "Så her må man spørre om verktøyet er nyttig til å løse oppgaven."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Then one must ask whether the tool is usable."
+msgstr "Deretter må man spørre om verktøyet er brukbart."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are often a wide range of programs and procedures to solve a specific "
+"task. But some problems are solved completely differently when maintaining "
+"500 computers and 11 servers, than when fixing your home PC. An example "
+"might be tools that allow the teacher to see the desktop of each student on "
+"his or her client machine. The teacher can stop and start programs for all "
+"pupils, and prevent individual pupils from using for example IMs when this "
+"interferes with school work."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er ofte et stort utvalg av programmer og fremgangsmåter for å løse et "
+"bestemt oppgave. Men en del problemer løses helt annerledes når man "
+"vedlikeholder 500 datamaskiner og 11 tjenermaskiner enn når man fikser "
+"hjemme-PC-en. Et eksempel kan være verktøy for at læreren kan se "
+"skrivebordet til hver enkelt elev på sin klientmaskin. Læreren kan stoppe og "
+"starte programmer hos alle elevene, og hindre enkeltelever å bruke f.eks. "
+"lynmeldinger når dette forstyrrer skolearbeide."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Regarding the choice of operating tools, it's about automation and "
+"simplification of operational tasks. It is about making and reducing manual "
+"work to a minimum. So the motivation is to just to maintain the automatics. "
+"Also here it is possible to make things easy, which can be a considerable "
+"job to fulfill."
+msgstr ""
+"Når det gjelder valg av driftsverktøy handler det om automatisering og "
+"forenkling av driftsoppgaver. Det er om å gjøre og få redusert manuelt "
+"arbeide til et minimum. Så motivasjonen er å kun vedlikeholde automatikken. "
+"Også her går det på å gjøre ting enkelt, noe som kan være en betydelig jobb "
+"å få til."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As you can see, it is not easy to set up good criteria for the selection of "
+"operating tool for large installations. Mainly this is because software "
+"developers often lack experience in the operations of IT systems. They are "
+"known only to create new things, but to create good and relevant tools for "
+"operations, requires many years of experience."
+msgstr ""
+"Som man ser er det slett ikke enkelt å sette opp gode kriterier for valg av "
+"driftsverktøy for store installasjoner. Mest av alt kan dette skyldes at "
+"utviklere av programvare ofte mangler erfaring fra drift av IT-systemer. De "
+"er kun kjent med å lage nye ting, og det å lage gode og relevante verktøy "
+"for drift krever mange års erfaring."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Some general operational tools have not been replaced the last 20 years. But "
+"the products used may have been replaced. Also some software may, in a few "
+"years time, be irrelevant to use. Therefore, one must be ready to get some "
+"training in new editions of the applications used for operations, and in "
+"upgrades and changes in end user software."
+msgstr ""
+"En del generelle driftsverktøy som ikke har vært byttet ut de siste 20 "
+"årene. Men de produktene som brukes kan være byttet ut. Også noen programmer "
+"kan om få år være uaktuelle å bruke. Derfor må man belage seg på trening i "
+"nye utgaver av programmene som brukes til drift, eller ved oppgradering og "
+"endringer i brukerprogram."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Product training"
+msgstr "Produkttrening"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Thorough user training makes that a lot of support issues can be resolved "
+"informally in direct communication between the end users themselves. Often, "
+"training costs as little as 1% of the total operating costs. It is well "
+"worth spending a little more on training. The effect is very positive. The "
+"same applies to proper training of the ICT contacts at schools, and the "
+"operators. Training of ICT contacts to use simple systems for password "
+"change, error messages, etc.. will provide better quality of calls to the IT "
+"service."
+msgstr ""
+"Grundig brukeropplæring gjør at mye av brukerstøtten kan ivaretas uformelt i "
+"direkte samtale mellom brukere. Ofte er opplæringskostnadene så lite som 1% "
+"av de totale driftskostnader. Det er vel verdt å bruke litt mer til "
+"opplæring. Effekten er svært positiv. Det samme gjelder riktig opplæring for "
+"IT-kontaktene på skolene, og driftsoperatører. Trening av IT-kontakter i "
+"bruk av enkle systemer for passordbytte, feilmeldinger ol. vil gi bedre "
+"kvalitet på henvendelsene til IT-tjenesten."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Education and product training are in Norway regulated according to the "
+"Labour Act (§ 4-2)"
+msgstr "Opplæring og produkttrening er regulert i Arbeidsmiljøloven (§ 4-2):"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Employees and their union representatives will be kept informed of systems "
+"used in the planning and implementation phases. They should be given the "
+"necessary training to familiarize themselves with these systems, and they "
+"shall take part in designing them."
+msgstr ""
+"Arbeidstakerne og deres tillitsvalgte skal holdes løpende informert om "
+"systemer som nyttes ved planlegging og gjennomføring av arbeidet. De skal "
+"gis nødvendig opplæring for å sette seg inn i systemene, og de skal medvirke "
+"ved utformingen av dem."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"So in short terms it can be advantageous to increase efforts in training, "
+"which will improve ICT service quality and provide a significant cost "
+"reduction. This is because users and IT contacts become more confident and "
+"better in helping each other. It should also be noted that the transition to "
+"new software can also provide an opportunity to simplify some of the "
+"operating practices. Simplification can reduce the requirement for product "
+"training."
+msgstr ""
+"Så kort fortalt kan man med fordel øke innsatsen på opplæring, noe som vil "
+"forbedre IT-tjenesten og gi betydelig kostnadsreduksjon. Dette fordi brukere "
+"og IT-kontakter blir tryggere og flinkere til å hjelpe hverandre. Det bør "
+"også nevnes at overgang til ny programvare kan også gi en anledningen til å "
+"forenkle noen av driftsrutinene. Forenklinger kan redusere kravet til "
+"produkttrening."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning at the start of the implementation of service support"
+msgstr "Planlegging ved igangsetting av servicestøtte"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A growing number of organisations sees the necessity of service control. It "
+"is often a usual practice to base decisions on historical and political "
+"considerations, rather than the current organisation's needs. Therefore it "
+"is important to ensure that the management commits to participating in and "
+"understanding the working methods in the organisation, and go through the "
+"existing processes and compare those with the organization's needs and "
+"\"best practices\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Et stadig økende antall virksomheter ser nødvendigheten av tjeneste-styring. "
+"Det er ofte praksis at man baserer beslutninger på historiske og politiske "
+"vurderinger, framfor gjeldende behov i virksomheten. Derfor er det viktig å "
+"sikre at ledelsen forplikter seg til deltagelse, og forståelse for "
+"arbeidsmåten i organisasjonen, og gå gjennom eksisterende prosesser og "
+"sammenligne disse med virksomhetens behov og «best practice»."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Implementing service support"
+msgstr "Innføring av servicestøtte"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Health check"
+msgstr "Helsesjekk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Feasibility study"
+msgstr "Brukbarhetsstudie (Feasibility study)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "< FIXME>"
+msgstr "< FIXME>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Determine current situation"
+msgstr "Fastslå gjeldende situasjon"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "General guidelines for project planning"
+msgstr "Generelle retningslinjer for prosjektplanlegging"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Business case for the project"
+msgstr "Forretningstilfelle for prosjektet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Critical success factors and possible problems"
+msgstr "Kritiske suksessfaktorer og mulige problemer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Project costs"
+msgstr "Prosjektkostnader"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Organisation"
+msgstr "Organisasjonen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Product"
+msgstr "Produkt"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Communication plan"
+msgstr "Kommunikasjonsplan"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Project review and reporting"
+msgstr "Prosjektgjennomgang og rapportering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Progress"
+msgstr "Fremdrift"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Evaluation of the project"
+msgstr "Evaluering av prosjektet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Supplementary work."
+msgstr "Etterarbeide"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Reviewing to check the compliance with the quality parameters"
+msgstr "Gjennomgang for å sjekke samsvar med kvalitetsparametere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Reviewing in regards to key factors"
+msgstr "Gjennomgang i forhold til nøkkelfaktorer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Service Delivery"
+msgstr "Tjenesteleveranse (Service Delivery)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The main purpose of service delivery is to ensure proactive operations and "
+"that the ICT services deliver appropriate support for users. The purpose of "
+"service delivery is to focus on your organisation's needs. It is active "
+"learning, with use of ICT tools in the different subjects, the school needs. "
+"This chapter describes in order:"
+msgstr ""
+"Hovedformålet med tjenesteleveranse er å sikre proaktiv drift og at IT-"
+"tjenesten leverer passende støtte for brukerne. Hensikten med "
+"tjenesteleveranse er å fokusere på virksomhetens behov. Det er aktiv læring "
+"med bruk av IT-verktøy i de forskjellige fagene som er behovet i skolen. "
+"Dette kapitlet beskriver i rekkefølge:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Service level management"
+msgstr "Tjenestenivåhåndtering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Economy management"
+msgstr "Økonomistyring"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Capacity management"
+msgstr "Kapasitetshåndtering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Capacity planning"
+msgstr "Kapasitetsplanlegging"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Access control"
+msgstr "Tilgjengelighetskontroll"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Operational continuity"
+msgstr "Driftskontinuitet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Service Level Management is often shortened to the acronym SLA. Managing the "
+"the service level is about the quality of the operational services, measured "
+"in relation to what is agreed in a contract. There are definitely concrete "
+"figures for availability, response times, support, error correction etc."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi har oversatt det som ofte er kjent som forkortelsen SLA (Service Level "
+"Management) til tjenestenivåhåndtering. Håndtering av tjenestenivå handler "
+"om kvaliteten på driftstjenesten. Den måles i forhold til hva som er avtalt "
+"i en kontrakt. Det er helt konkrete tall for tilgjengelighet, svartider, "
+"brukerstøtte, feilretting osv."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The objective is to have control over the service level and improve the "
+"quality of the operational services. By repeating rounds the quality level "
+"is determined, monitored and reported. The purpose is to improve the contact "
+"between ICT administrators and users, to get an ICT service, to the agreed "
+"quality, delivered."
+msgstr ""
+"Målet er å ha styring over tjenestenivået for og forbedre kvaliteten på "
+"driftstjenestene. Ved gjentakende runder fastsettes, overvåkes og "
+"rapporteres kvalitetsnivået. Hensikten er å forbedre kontakten mellom IT-"
+"ansvarlige og brukerne slik at det leveres en IT-tjeneste til avtalt "
+"kvalitet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is important to understand the different types of SLAs. One can choose "
+"from many types of agreements. The three most common types are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Det er viktig å ha et bevist forhold til forskjellig typer SLA-er. Man kan "
+"velge mellom mange typer avtaler. Det vanlige er tre typer:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Agreement per service for all customers"
+msgstr "Avtale pr tjeneste for alle kunder"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Agreement per customer for all services"
+msgstr "Avtale pr kunde for alle tjenester"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Agreement per service per customer"
+msgstr "Avtale pr tjeneste pr kunde"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"All SLAs are to be administerated, reported and maintained. It can quickly "
+"become confusing and produce much work that does not provide a particular "
+"benefit. The purpose is to get an agreement that helps to improve the "
+"quality of service. Therefore it is useful to think carefully about that, "
+"when the agreement is made. Here is an overview of what is important to make "
+"sure about when you create an agreement for the service level management."
+msgstr ""
+"Alle SLA-ene skal administreres, rapporteres på og vedlikeholdes. Det blir "
+"fort uoversiktlig og mye arbeide som ikke gir særlig nytte. Hensikten er at "
+"man får en avtale som bidrar til å bedre kvaliteten på tjenesten. Derfor er "
+"det nyttig å tenke seg godt om når avtalen lages. Her følger en oversikt "
+"over hva som er viktig å passe på når man lager en avtale om "
+"tjenestenivåhåndtering."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "General checklist"
+msgstr "Overordnet sjekkliste"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The agreement between the user and the operations of what's actually being "
+"measured. This must be seen from the users' perspective and not the ICT "
+"services perspective."
+msgstr ""
+"Enighet mellom bruker og driftssenter om hva som faktisk måles. Dette må ses "
+"fra brukernes perspektiv og ikke IT-tjenestens perspektiv."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Measurement and clarity about the metrics included in the SLA"
+msgstr ""
+"Målbarhet og utvetydighet på de måleverdiene som inngår i tjenestenivåavtalen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Decide realistic targets for the service level (there is no point in "
+"promising more than one can keep)"
+msgstr ""
+"Fastsettelse av realistiske mål for tjenestenivå (det er ingen vits i å love "
+"mer enn det man kan holde)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Continuous focus on the control of the service - monitoring and periodic "
+"reporting of results achieved"
+msgstr ""
+"Kontinuerlig fokus på kontroll av tjenestenivå - overvåking og periodisk "
+"rapportering av oppnådde resultater"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is essential that the operations center has the technical capability to "
+"measure the values included in the SLA. This must be taken into account from "
+"the beginning."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er helt avgjørende at driftssenteret har tekniske muligheter til å måle "
+"de verdiene som inngår i tjenestenivåavtalen. Dette må tas hensyn til helt "
+"fra begynnelsen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Furthermore, it is important to define the services where one is dependent "
+"on subcontractors and therefore can't provide service guarantees, or relies "
+"on a similar agreement with the subcontractor. The definition of "
+"dependencies is made because it should be clear who should rectify the "
+"problems, and to avoid never ending negotiations until the error could be "
+"corrected."
+msgstr ""
+"Videre er det viktig å definere de tjenestene hvor man er avhengig av "
+"underleverandører og derfor ikke kan gi garantier for tjenestenivå, eller er "
+"avhengig av en tilsvarende avtale med underleverandøren. Definisjonen av "
+"avhengigheter gjør man for at det skal være klart hvem som retter opp i "
+"problemer, og for å unngå stadige forhandlinger før feil kan rettes."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Level of service may be different for different user groups, or during "
+"different periods of the school year. For example, there may be differences "
+"between teachers and students, or a higher service quality when carrying out "
+"exams. Dialogue with all relevant users is important to ensure measuring of "
+"what's most important for each user group."
+msgstr ""
+"Krav til tjenestenivå kan være forskjellig for forskjellige brukergrupper "
+"eller under forskjellig perioder av skoleåret. F.eks. kan det være forskjell "
+"på lærere og elever, eller at man har høyere tjenestekvalitet under "
+"gjennomføring av eksamen. Det er viktig å ha dialog med alle relevante "
+"brukergrupper for å sikre at det som måles er mest mulig relevant for hver "
+"enkelt brukergruppe."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Implementation"
+msgstr "Implementering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A service catalogue with all services included in the SLA must be prepared. "
+"A service will often be an application (program) in this directory. It will "
+"often be different requirements for different services, and it will be "
+"reflected in different objectives in the agreement."
+msgstr ""
+"Det må utarbeides en tjenestekatalog som inneholder alle tjenestene som "
+"inngår i tjenestenivåavtalen. En tjeneste vil ofte være en applikasjon "
+"(program) i denne katalogen. Det vil ofte være forskjellige krav til "
+"forskjellige tjenester, og det vil gjenspeiles i forskjellige måltall i "
+"avtalen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Establishing and continually adjusting the users' expectations can't be "
+"overestimated. Often users have exaggerated expectations to the system and "
+"the services included. ICT services' responsibility is to adjust "
+"expectations down to realistic levels before the service-level agreement "
+"(SLA) is signed. Operations management must also ensure that all users "
+"actually are notified and know about the expected service level through the "
+"agreement."
+msgstr ""
+"Etablering og kontinuerlig justering av brukernes forventninger kan ikke "
+"overvurderes. Ofte vil brukerne ha overdrevne forventninger til systemet og "
+"tjenestene som inngår, og det er IT-tjenestens ansvar å justere "
+"forventningene ned til realistisk nivå før tjenestenivåavtalen inngås. "
+"Driftssenteret må også passe på at alle brukere faktisk får beskjed om "
+"hvilket tjenestenivå som forventes gjennom avtalen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "For the structure of the SLA, see <link linkend=\"Delivery--content-"
+#| "service-level-agreement\"> section in the service level agreement </link>."
+msgid ""
+"For the structure of the SLA, see <link linkend=\"Delivery--Delivery--"
+"content-service-level-agreement\">section in the service level agreement</"
+"link>."
+msgstr ""
+"For strukturen på selve tjenestenivåavtalen, se <link linkend=\"Delivery--"
+"content-service-level-agreement\">delen on innhold i tjenestenivåavtalen</"
+"link>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "The operational situation"
+msgstr "Driftssituasjonen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Monitoring of the actually achieved service levels, and reporting back to "
+"the customer, are essential to preserve a good relationship between the "
+"Service Desk and the users. Format and levels of detail for reporting, "
+"should be dealt with in the SLA."
+msgstr ""
+"Overvåkning av faktisk oppnådd tjenestenivå og rapportering tilbake til "
+"kunden er vesentlig for å bevare en god relasjon mellom driftssenteret og "
+"brukerne. Format og detaljeringsnivå for rapportering skal være håndtert i "
+"tjenestenivåavtalen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It must be held periodic, for example quarterly or semiannually, meetings "
+"with the client. These meetings should result in concrete plans for the next "
+"period and, possibly, agreements for the implementation of new services."
+msgstr ""
+"Det skal avholdes periodiske (f.eks. kvartalsvise eller halvårlige) møter "
+"med kunden. Fra disse møtene bør det komme konkrete planer for neste "
+"periode og f.eks. avtalt implementering av nye tjenester."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Content of the Service Level Agreement (SLA)"
+msgstr "Innhold i tjenestenivåavtalen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Introduction"
+msgstr "Innledning"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Name and contact information for the Contracting Parties, description of the "
+"services included, duration of the agreement, responsibilities between the "
+"customer and the supplier."
+msgstr ""
+"Navn og kontaktinformasjon for avtalepartene, beskrivelse av tjenestene som "
+"inngår, varighet på avtalen, ansvarsforhold mellom kunde og leverandør."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Service time"
+msgstr "Tjenestetid"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "During which time period would the agreement be valid (like from Monday "
+#| "to Friday, from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.), any special requirements at "
+#| "defined dates and times (for example exams) and routines to order an "
+#| "expansion of the service time limits. "
+msgid ""
+"During which time period would the agreement be valid (like from Monday to "
+"Friday, from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.), any special requirements at defined "
+"dates and times (for example exams) and routines to order an expansion of "
+"the service time limits."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvilket tidsrom avtalen gjelder (f.eks. mandag-fredag 08:00 - 16:00), "
+"eventuelle spesielle krav for bestemte tidspunkter (f.eks. eksamen), rutiner "
+"for å bestille utvidelse av tjenestetiden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Availability"
+msgstr "Tilgjengelighet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Access to the services. Is best measured as the period of time when one or "
+"more services have been unavailable, for example a calendar month. Different "
+"levels for different services may be agreed, for example depending on the "
+"degree of importance for users."
+msgstr ""
+"Tilgang til tjenestene. Måles best som den tiden en eller flere tjenester "
+"har vært utilgjengelig i en periode (f.eks. en kalendermåned). Det kan "
+"avtales forskjellige nivåer for forskjellige tjenester (f.eks. avhengig av "
+"viktighet for brukerne)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Important to emphasise that this is availability within the agreed period of "
+"service, not the overall availability all day, all week and all year round "
+"(called 24/7/365). For example, it may be agreed that the system should be "
+"available between 8:00 and 18:00 on workdays, after that and on weekends it "
+"is more uncertain whether one can use the computer system, unless otherwise "
+"agreed."
+msgstr ""
+"Viktig å presisere at dette er tilgjengelighet innenfor den avtalte "
+"tjenestetiden, ikke den total tilgjengelighet hele døgnet, hele uka og hele "
+"året (såkalt 24/7/365). F.eks. kan det være avtalt at systemet skal være "
+"tilgjengelig mellom kl. 08 til 18 på arbeidsdager, etter det og i helger er "
+"det mer usikkert om en kan bruke datasystemet om ikke annet er avtalt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Availability also means getting support via phone or email. For example, "
+"whether the Service Desk can be reached between 08 and 16 during the day "
+"time, or if it can be reached the whole day, or in the afternoons and "
+"evenings, or even during specific weekends."
+msgstr ""
+"Tilgjengelighet handler også om når man får brukerstøtte via telefon eller e-"
+"post. F.eks. kan servicekontoret nås mellom kl. 08 og 16 på dagen, eller "
+"hele døgnet. Skal man ha mulighet for brukerstøtte på ettermiddag og "
+"kvelden, eller i bestemte helger."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Stability"
+msgstr "Stabilitet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Is often measured according to the amount of downtime in a period of time, "
+"or the average time between downtimes. One can also measure the time it "
+"takes the system to come up again after downtime."
+msgstr ""
+"Måles ofte som antall ganger med nedetid i en periode eller som "
+"gjennomsnittlig tid mellom episoder med nedetid. Man kan også måle tiden det "
+"tar før systemet kommer opp igjen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Support"
+msgstr "Brukerstøtte"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Often measured as response times by phone (for example 1 minute) or email "
+"(for example 30 minutes) to requests from users. When the operator gets a "
+"request for support, the message will be categorized by severity with a time "
+"guarantee for answers. There may also be an agreement about how quickly "
+"error correction will start, which will depend on what kind of inquiry was "
+"received."
+msgstr ""
+"Måles ofte som svartid på telefon (f.eks. 1 minutt) eller e-post (f.eks. 30 "
+"minutter) ved henvendelser fra brukerne. Når driftsoperatør får en "
+"henvendelse om brukerstøtte vil meldingen bli kategorisert etter "
+"alvorlighetsgrad sammen med tidsgaranti for svar. Det kan også være avtale "
+"om hvor fort feilretting skal starte, noe som vil avhenge av hva slags "
+"kategori henvendelsen har fått."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The support is also about when during the day or night one can reach people. "
+"Should support be available during school hours between 08 and 16 o'clock, "
+"or should one also have support throughout the evening or on weekends. Some "
+"will have support also on certain holidays."
+msgstr ""
+"Brukerstøtten handler også om når i døgnet man får tak i folk. Skal "
+"brukerstøtten være tilgjengelig i skolens åpningstid mellom kl. 08 og 16, "
+"eller skal man også ha brukerstøtte ut over kvelden eller på helgedager. "
+"Noen vil ha brukerstøtte også på bestemte helgedager."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The period when support is available is usually in the SLA. It is also "
+"agreed what support will be available, with a fixed price, and what must be "
+"resolved additionally on an assignment basis. The agreement regulates the "
+"process of handling enquiries, both what to fix, and when this will happen."
+msgstr ""
+"Perioden for når brukerstøtten er tilgjengelig står som regel i "
+"tjenestenivåavtalen. Det avtales også om hva brukerstøtten skal hjelpe til "
+"med innen for en fast pris, og hva som må løses på oppdragsbasis. Avtalen "
+"regulerer prosessen det er å behandle henvendelser, både med hva som vil "
+"fikses, og når dette vil skjer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Capacity"
+msgstr "Kapasitet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Can be measured as the average response time by certain operations in "
+"specific applications. Will measure user experience of the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Kan måles som gjennomsnittlig svartid ved bestemte operasjoner i bestemte "
+"applikasjoner. Skal måle brukeropplevelsen av systemet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Change management"
+msgstr "Endringshåndtering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Measurement for the management, approval and implementation times of change "
+"requests from the users."
+msgstr ""
+"Mål for tid til håndtering, godkjennelse og implementering av "
+"endringsforespørsler fra brukerne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Security"
+msgstr "Sikkerhet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Can be measured as the number of ascertained security incidents in a period. "
+"It is very important to be clear on each user's responsibility to ensure "
+"that warranties will apply."
+msgstr ""
+"Kan måles som antall fastslåtte sikkerhetshendelser i en periode. Det er "
+"svært viktig å være tydelig på hver enkelt brukers ansvar for at garantier "
+"skal gjelde."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Billing"
+msgstr "Fakturering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Prices, times for billing and settlement provisions."
+msgstr "Priser, tidspunkt for fakturering og oppgjørsbestemmelser."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Reporting and follow-up"
+msgstr "Rapportering og oppfølging"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Description of rules and periods for reporting of measured service levels. "
+"Regular meetings are recommended, for example quarterly, to go through the "
+"report and plan ahead."
+msgstr ""
+"Beskrivelse av regler og perioder for rapportering av målt tjenestenivå. "
+"Det anbefales regelmessige møter (f.eks. kvartalsvis) for å gå gjennom "
+"rapporten og planlegge fremover."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Sanctions and possible incentives"
+msgstr "Straffereaksjoner og eventuelle incentiver"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Rules for price reduction if the agreed service is not met. Escalation "
+"procedures and rules for cancellation of agreement by continuous violations "
+"of guaranteed service level. Possible incentives for achievement or better "
+"than expected service."
+msgstr ""
+"Regler for reduksjon i pris hvis avtalt tjenestenivå ikke er oppfylt. "
+"Eskaleringsrutiner og regler for heving av avtale ved kontinuerlig brudd på "
+"garantert tjenestenivå. Eventuelle incentiver ved oppnåelse eller bedre enn "
+"forventet tjenestenivå."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "See Appendix A for SLA."
+msgstr "Se appendiks A for tjenestenivåavtale."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Financial Management"
+msgstr "Økonomisk styring (Financial Management)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Organisations rarely have a full overview of their ICT spending. A 2001-"
+"survey of Norwegian municipalities showed that only 1 of 8 municipalities "
+"had an ICT budget. It is probably not better for schools. Putting in place "
+"an ICT budget is important. Often users think they pay too much for a "
+"service they are not happy with. This often creates conflicts between users "
+"and the ICT department."
+msgstr ""
+"Organisasjoner har sjelden full oversikt over IT-kostnadene sine. En "
+"undersøkelse av norske kommuner i 2001 viste at bare 1 av 8 kommuner hadde "
+"et IT-budsjett. Sannsynligvis står det ikke bedre til i skolen. Å få på "
+"plass et IT-budsjett er viktig. Ofte synes brukerne at de betaler for mye "
+"for en tjeneste de ikke er fornøyde med. Dette skaper mange ganger "
+"konflikter mellom brukere og IT-avdelingen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is very useful for both the operations center and the users to document "
+"the real ICT costs. Without this, it is difficult to budget appropriately. "
+"And mostly, it is difficult to make a cost/benefit assessment of existing "
+"ICT solutions. The rector should know the ICT budget as well as she would "
+"know the salary budget, or the budget for the teaching aids."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er svært nyttig både for driftssenteret og brukerne å få dokumentert de "
+"reelle IT-kostnadene. Uten dette blir det vanskelig å budsjettere riktig. "
+"Ikke minst blir det vanskelig å gjøre en kost/nytte-vurdering av "
+"eksisterende IT-løsninger. Rektor bør kjenne IT-budsjettet like godt som hun "
+"kjenner lønnsbudsjettet, eller budsjettet over læremidler."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are three major key processes related to financial management of ICT "
+"services:"
+msgstr ""
+"Det er tre viktige prosesser knyttet til økonomisk styring av IT-tjenestene:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Budgeting"
+msgstr "Budsjettering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Accounting"
+msgstr "Regnskap"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The objective of the budget is to make a realistic estimate of the expected "
+"ICT costs. Budgeting usually contains various alternative solutions. It "
+"applies both to equipment and software, and the level you aspire to. The "
+"budget is the starting point for subsequent budget negotiations with the "
+"director of education and/or politicians."
+msgstr ""
+"Målet med budsjettet er å lage et realistisk anslag over forventede IT-"
+"kostnader. Budsjetteringen inneholder som regel forskjellige alternative "
+"løsninger. Det gjelder både i forhold til utstyr og programvare, og nivået "
+"man vil legge seg på. Budsjettet er utgangspunkt for senere "
+"budsjettforhandlinger med skolesjefen og/eller politikerne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Budget must include both personnel and equipment costs. Some organisations "
+"only count the cost to buy equipment, omitting as much as 60 - 70 % in "
+"personnel costs for the operation of an ICT-solution. One must also get all "
+"of the equipment."
+msgstr ""
+"Budsjettet skal inneholde både personal- og utstyrskostnader. En del "
+"virksomheter regner bare på hva det koster å kjøpe utstyr. Da utelater man "
+"så mye som 60-70% er personalkostnader ved drift av en IT-løsning. Man må "
+"også få med alt av utstyr."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are examples of municipalities forgetting to count the cost of power "
+"connectors and computer networks in schools. Then you have forgotten about "
+"2000 NOK (10 NOK = 0.85 GBP/1.18 EUR) per client machine. For 70 new "
+"computers, we need about 140,000 NOK for computer networks and power."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er eksempler på kommuner som har glemt å regne med kostnader til "
+"strømkontakter og datanettverk på skolene. Da har man glemt ca. 2000 kroner "
+"pr. klientmaskin. Skal man få på plass 70 nye datamaskiner snakker vi fort "
+"om 140.000 kroner til datanettverk og strøm."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Alternative solutions are also important to include in the budget. This "
+"applies both for the operation and the equipment. Today there are several "
+"vendors who specialize in the operation of computer equipment in schools "
+"with varying prices and quality. The number of simultaneous users, and type "
+"of machines and software to be maintained, is important."
+msgstr ""
+"Alternative løsninger er også viktig å få med i budsjettet. Det gjelder både "
+"i forhold til drift og utstyr. I dag er det flere leverandører som har "
+"spesialisert seg på drift av datautstyr på skolene med varierende priser og "
+"kvalitet. Antall samtidige brukere og type maskiner og programvare som skal "
+"vedlikeholdes betyr også en hel del."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If one would like to have laptops for all teachers and students one will "
+#| "easily get 5-6 times higher costs than if one had desktops with three "
+#| "students for each client machine. "
+msgid ""
+"If one would like to have laptops for all teachers and students one will "
+"easily get 5-6 times higher costs than if one had desktops with three "
+"students for each client machine."
+msgstr ""
+"Skal man ha bærbar PC til alle lærere og elever vil man fort få 5-6 ganger "
+"høyere driftskostnader enn om man har stasjonære PC-er med tre elever for "
+"hver klientmaskiner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Accounting will mainly consist of invoices for purchased equipment, cabling, "
+"repair, operations and extra services. When the accounting period is over, "
+"it is important to go through the numbers and compare this with the budget."
+msgstr ""
+"Regnskapet vil i all hovedsak bestå av fakturaene for innkjøpt av utstyr, "
+"kabling, reparasjoner, drift og ekstra tjenester. Når regnskapsperioden er "
+"over er det viktig å gå gjennom tallene og sammenligne dette med budsjettet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning the accounting and billing"
+msgstr "Planlegging av regnskap og fakturering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Not all municipalities have accounting systems that show ICT costs detailed "
+"by school. There may be practical reasons for that, such as discounts and "
+"similar that the municipality gets centrally. Therefore it is important to "
+"do some planning so that you get an overview of what were the costs for "
+"operations and procurement when the accounting is assessed against the "
+"budget."
+msgstr ""
+"Ikke alle kommuner har regnskapssystem som viser IT-kostnadene brutt ned på "
+"hver skole. Det kan være praktiske grunner til dette som for eksempel "
+"rabattordninger og lignende som kommunen får sentralt. Derfor er det viktig "
+"å gjøre litt planlegging slik at man får oversikt over hva kostnadene har "
+"vært med drift og anskaffelser når regnskapet skal vurderes opp mot "
+"budsjettet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Some organisations may have cumbersome and costly accounting procedures. You "
+"quickly get extra charges if you pay bills late, or there are many who must "
+"approve a payment, for instance. So it is important to agree on good billing "
+"practices in procurement and operations in order to have control, as well as "
+"to handle payments on time without long decision processes."
+msgstr ""
+"En del organisasjoner kan ha tungvinte og kostbare regnskapsrutiner. Man får "
+"fort ekstra kostnader med å betale regninger ved forsinkelser, eller om man "
+"har mange som skal godkjenne en utbetaling. Så det er viktig å bli enig om "
+"gode faktureringsrutiner ved anskaffelse og drift slik at man både har "
+"kontroll, men også håndterer betaling i tide uten lange beslutningsveier."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The payment method is regulated by the SLA. When it gets to the accounting "
+"system, one must agree with the finance department for a convenient way to "
+"get out the reports, in order to get the necessary accounting overview of "
+"ICT costs without it taking a long time to be generated."
+msgstr ""
+"Betalingsmåte er regulert av tjenestenivåavtalen. Når det gjelder "
+"regnskapssystemet må man bli enig med økonomiavdelingen om en praktisk måte "
+"å få rapporter på, slik at man får den ønskede regnskapsoversikten over IT-"
+"kostnadene uten at det tar lang tid å få ut oversikten."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Daily operation"
+msgstr "Daglig drift"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Regarding contracts one will usually have a fixed monthly billing consisting "
+"of a fixed amount and possible additional services. Billing is done from the "
+"accounting office based on the current operations' contracts, and the extra "
+"services performed. It is important to have good and frequent contact with "
+"the accounting service based on the tasks carried out for the customer."
+msgstr ""
+"Når det gjelder driftsavtaler vil man vanligvis ha en fast månedlig "
+"fakturering som består av et fast beløp og eventuelle ekstra tjenester. "
+"Fakturering gjøres fra regnskapskontoret ut fra de driftsavtalene man har, "
+"og de ekstra tjenestene som er utført. Det er viktig med god og hyppig "
+"kontakt med regnskapstjenesten ut fra de oppdrag som er utført for kunden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Capacity Management"
+msgstr "Kapasitetsplanlegging (Capacity Management)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Capacity planning is used to ensure that all parts of the ICT solution have "
+"sufficient capacity to safeguard users' requirements. This includes:"
+msgstr ""
+"Kapasitetsplanlegging brukes for å sikre at alle deler av IT-løsningen har "
+"tilstrekkelig kapasitet til å ivareta brukernes krav. Dette omfatter:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Monitoring the performance of ICT services and their related infrastructure"
+msgstr "Overvåkning av ytelsen til IKT-tjenestene med tilhørende infrastruktur"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Configuration of the systems to ensure they are optimally utilised to what "
+"the users actually do"
+msgstr ""
+"Konfigurasjon av systemene for å sikre at de utnyttes optimalt i forhold til "
+"det brukerne faktisk gjør"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Understanding the user needs and planning for possible changes in the "
+"systems to take care of future needs"
+msgstr ""
+"Forståelse av brukernes behov og planlegging av eventuelle endringer på "
+"systemene for å ivareta fremtidige behov"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Resource planning in cooperation with the budget officer"
+msgstr "Ressursplanlegging i samarbeid med budsjettansvarlig"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Preparation of a capacity plan to ensure delivery of operations in "
+"accordance with the agreed upon service level"
+msgstr ""
+"Utarbeidelse av en kapasitetsplan for å sikre leveranse av driftstjenester i "
+"samsvar med avtalt tjenestenivå"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Capacity planning is all about balance:"
+msgstr "Kapasitetsplanlegging handler om å balansere:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Costs against capacity. The budget limits what kind of possible solutions "
+"one can implement"
+msgstr ""
+"Kostnader mot kapasitet. Budsjettet setter grenser for hva slags løsninger "
+"som er mulig å implementere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Supply and demand. The systems must have the capacity to handle the demands "
+"set by the users"
+msgstr ""
+"Tilbud og etterspørsel. Systemene må ha kapasitet til å kunne håndtere de "
+"krav som stilles av brukerne"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "The objective of capacity planning is to avoid surprises."
+msgstr "Målet med kapasitetsplanleggingen er å unngå overraskelser."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Monitoring"
+msgstr "Overvåkning"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is essential for good capacity planning that the systems are continuously "
+"monitored to obtain the necessary data."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er avgjørende for god kapasitetsplanlegging at systemene overvåkes "
+"kontinuerlig for å fremskaffe det nødvendige datagrunnlaget."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Typical data that is monitored is:"
+msgstr "Typiske data som overvåkes er:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Processor utilization"
+msgstr "Prosessorutnyttelse"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Memory utilization"
+msgstr "Minneutnyttelse"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "CPU usage per task"
+msgstr "Prosessorbruk pr oppgave"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Response time per task for users"
+msgstr "Svartider for brukerne pr oppgave"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Printer management - the number of prints, queue length, time for print outs"
+msgstr "Skriverstyring - antall utskrifter, kølengder, utskriftstid"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Storage capacity"
+msgstr "Lagringskapasitet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Number of clients"
+msgstr "Antall klienter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Number of logins"
+msgstr "Antall pålogginger"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Number of simultaneous users"
+msgstr "Antall samtidige brukere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "In Debian Edu, Nagios is used as a monitoring tool."
+msgstr "I Skolelinux er det Nagios som brukes som overvåkningsverktøy."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Analysis"
+msgstr "Analyse"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"On the basis of data collected from monitoring routines, one tries to "
+"identify any bottlenecks in the systems. Examples:"
+msgstr ""
+"På bakgrunn av innsamlede data fra overvåkningsrutinene forsøker man å "
+"avdekke eventuelle flaskehalser i systemene. Eksempler:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Poor or varying utilization of the hardware"
+msgstr "Dårlig eller ujevn utnyttelse av maskinvaren"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Poorly designed software"
+msgstr "Dårlig designet programvare"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Poor utilization of memory capacity"
+msgstr "Dårlig utnyttelse av minnekapasitet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Bottlenecks on data storage, memory or processor"
+msgstr "Flaskehalser på datalagring, minne eller prosessor"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Bottlenecks in the network"
+msgstr "Flaskehalser i nettverket"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Configuration"
+msgstr "Konfigurering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the data analysis uncovers bottlenecks, one needs to try to set up the "
+"system in a way that better caters for the users' needs."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis dataanalysen avdekker flaskehalser, må man forsøke å konfigurere "
+"systemet slik at det bedre ivaretar brukernes behov."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here is a list of commonly encountered bottlenecks and what to do to get rid "
+"of them:"
+msgstr ""
+"Her er en liste over hvilke flaskehalser man typisk møter og hva man kan "
+"gjøre for å bli kvitt dem:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Bottlenecks</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Flaskehalser</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Actions</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Tiltak</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Missing sound, USB stick support and DVD on thin clients."
+msgstr "Mangler lyd, støtte for USB-penn og DVD på tynnklienter."
+
+#. RAW HTML: >
+#. RAW HTML: >
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Install diskless workstations (> 800 MHz processor, > 256 MB RAM)"
+msgstr ""
+"Installer halvtykke klienter (> 800 Mhz prosessor, > 256 MB minne)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Has 60 thin clients connected to the server and wants more PCs."
+msgstr "Har 60 tynnklienter koblet til tjenermaskinen og ønsker flere PC-er."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Go for diskless clients, or install another thin client server"
+msgstr "Sats på halvtykke klienter, eller installer enda en tynnklient-tjener"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Thin clients run slowly after we expanded with 20 pieces without acquiring a "
+"new server machine"
+msgstr ""
+"Tynnklienter går tregt etter vi utvidet med 20 stykker uten å skaffe ny "
+"tjenermaskin"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Install 2GB more memory on the server machine"
+msgstr "Installer 2 GB mer minne på tjenermaskin"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Thin clients with 32MB memory do not start after upgrading to Skolelinux 2.0"
+msgstr ""
+"Tynnklienter med 32 MB minne starter ikke etter oppgradering til Skolelinux "
+"2.0"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Turn on swapping on the thin clients, or downgrade to LTSP 4.2 which is set "
+"up with swap."
+msgstr ""
+"Skru på mellomlager (swap) på tynnklientene, eller nedgrader til LTSP 4.2 "
+"som er satt opp med swap."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Flash animations make the thin clients slow when 50 students are logged into "
+"the same server machine"
+msgstr ""
+"Flash animasjoner gjør at tynnklientene går tregt når 50 elever er logget "
+"inn på samme tjenermaskin"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Install diskless clients"
+msgstr "Installer halvtykke klienter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Implementation of possible changes to the system configuration must be done "
+"in accordance with the guidelines set for changes of the system. A well-"
+"planned function and performance test must also be done before changes can "
+"be made in the production system. Testing is done to avoid operational "
+"disturbances when changes are set into production."
+msgstr ""
+"Implementering av eventuelle endringer av systemkonfigurasjonen må gjøres i "
+"samsvar med de retningslinjer som er satt for endringer av systemet. En "
+"godt planlagt test av funksjon og ytelse må også gjøres før endringene kan "
+"gjøres i produksjonssystemet. Testingen gjøres for å unngå "
+"driftsforstyrrelser når endringene settes i produksjon."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Preparing the capacity plan"
+msgstr "Utarbeidelse av kapasitetsplanen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A capacity plan is basically an investment plan for the ICT system based on "
+"knowledge of the users' current needs and future plans."
+msgstr ""
+"En kapasitetsplan er i utgangspunktet en investeringsplan for IKT-systemet "
+"basert på kjennskap til brukernes nåværende behov og fremtidige planer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The capacity plan should be updated and processed once a year, normally in "
+"conjunction with the budget process. The plan should include the following "
+"themes:"
+msgstr ""
+"Kapasitetsplanen bør oppdateres og behandles en gang i året, normalt i "
+"forbindelse med budsjettprosessen. Planen bør inneholde følgende områder:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Preconditions"
+msgstr "Forutsetninger"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Summary"
+msgstr "Sammendrag"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Current and future user needs"
+msgstr "Nåværende og fremtidige brukerbehov"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Service summary"
+msgstr "Tjenestesammendrag"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Resource summary"
+msgstr "Ressurssammendrag"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Areas for improvement"
+msgstr "Forbedringsområder"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Cost model"
+msgstr "Kostnadsmodell"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Recommendation"
+msgstr "Anbefaling"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Availability management"
+msgstr "Tilgjengelighetsstyring"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Good and stable availability of ICT services is obviously crucial for users."
+msgstr ""
+"God og stabil tilgjengelighet av IKT-tjenestene er selvsagt helt avgjørende "
+"for brukerne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Availability, seen from the user perspective, depends on the following "
+"assumptions:"
+msgstr ""
+"Tilgjengelighet sett fra brukerperspektiv avhenger av følgende "
+"forutsetninger:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Availability of technical components"
+msgstr "Tilgjengelighet av tekniske komponenter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Failure tolerance"
+msgstr "Feiltoleranse"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Quality of maintenance and support"
+msgstr "Kvalitet på vedlikehold og brukerstøtte"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Procedures and routines for processing operational services"
+msgstr "Prosedyrer og rutiner for håndtering av driftstjenestene"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Security, integrity and availability of data"
+msgstr "Sikkerhet, integritet og tilgjengelighet av data"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Availability can be measured in several ways. But before we show examples "
+"we'll point out what may be difficult targeting figures. If we should make "
+"systematic efforts to availability, we have to clarify what the different "
+"things mean. What means for example a percentage of availability."
+msgstr ""
+"Tilgjengelighet kan måles på flere måter. Men før vi viser eksempler peker "
+"vi på hva som kan være vanskelig med måltall. Om det skal jobbes systematisk "
+"med tilgjengeligheten må man avklare hva de forskjellige tingene betyr. Hva "
+"betyr f.eks. et prosenttall for tilgjengelighet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Let's say a \"computer with computer program\" is a service. If the computer "
+"program does not work one day, then the service is unavailable if all the "
+"other programs work fine. What if the computer program is unavailable for a "
+"classroom, but available for the rest of the school (because of an "
+"underlying service). This is a difficult matter to clarify and work on in "
+"practice."
+msgstr ""
+"La oss si at det er en «datamaskin med dataprogram» er en tjeneste. Om "
+"dataprogrammet ikke fungerer en dag, er da tjenesten utilgjengelig når alle "
+"de andre programmene fungerer helt greit. Hva om dataprogrammet er "
+"utilgjengelig for et klasserom, men tilgjengelig på resten av skolen (på "
+"grunn av en underliggende tjeneste). Dette er vanskelig materie å avklare, "
+"og jobbe med i praksis."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Availability measurements"
+msgstr "Måltall for tilgjengelighet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Availability can be measured using several methods. Here are some examples:"
+msgstr "Tilgjengelighet kan måles på flere måter. Her er noen eksempler:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Value</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Måleverdi</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Meaning</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Betydning</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "% available"
+msgstr "% tilgjengelig"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"The value can be availability between hours 08:00 and 18:00. If the system "
+"is down 1 hour during one day, than the system is available in 90% of the "
+"agreed upon time. If availability is measured over a month with 20 work "
+"days, then the system is available 95% of the time."
+msgstr ""
+"Verdien kan være tilgjengelighet mellom kl 08:00 til 18:00. Er systemet nede "
+"1 time i løpet av en dag, er systemet tilgjengelig i 90% av den avtalte "
+"tiden. Måles tilgjengelighet over en måned med 20 arbeidsdager, så er "
+"systemet tilgjengelig i 95% av tiden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "% unavailable"
+msgstr "% utilgjengelig"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Is the system down one hour during an agreed uptime, for example 10 hours a "
+"day, the system is unavailable in 10% of the time. Measured over 20 days, we "
+"may assume the system has been unavailable for 5% of the time."
+msgstr ""
+"Er systemet nede 1 time i løpet av en avtalt driftstid på f.eks. 10 timer om "
+"dagen, er systemet utilgjengelig i 10% av tiden. Måles dette over 20 "
+"arbeidsdager snakker vi om at systemet har vært utilgjengelig i 5% av tiden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Downtime"
+msgstr "Antall timer utilgjengelig"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"One can agree on the number of times one accepts the system to be "
+"unavailable during, for example, one month (20 days). It can be a maximum of "
+"one hour unavailability in that period, and between 08:00 until 18:00."
+msgstr ""
+"Man kan avtale antall ganger man godtar at systemet er utilgjengelig i løpet "
+"av f.eks. en måned (20 arbeidsdager). Det kan være maksimalt 1 time "
+"utilgjengelighet i den perioden, og mellom 08:00 til 18:00."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Error frequency"
+msgstr "Feilhyppighet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Even error frequency can be measured per day or for each month. 3 errors in "
+"the month because the system was down between 08:00 and 18:00, is an example."
+msgstr ""
+"Også feilhyppighet kan måles pr dag eller hver måned. 3 feil i måneden for "
+"at systemet er nede mellom 08:00 til 18:00 er et eksempel."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Error consequences"
+msgstr "Konsekvenser av feil"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Measured values are a common starting point for judging how to respond to an "
+"error beyond ordinary error correction. The customer or the school for "
+"example, may ask to pay less for the operating agreement for the current "
+"month."
+msgstr ""
+"Måleverdiene er et vanlig utgangspunkt for å bedømme om en feil skal få "
+"konsekvenser ut over vanlig feilretting. Kunden eller skolen kan f.eks. be "
+"om å betale mindre for driftsavtalen for aktuell måned."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The most important is that your measurements describe the user experience in "
+"the best possible way. Therefore, one should measure what is important for "
+"the user."
+msgstr ""
+"Det viktigste er at det man måler beskriver brukeropplevelsen på en best "
+"mulig måte. Derfor bør man måle det som er viktig for brukeren."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The feedback from the schools is that printers give most problems. This "
+"includes everything from the print queue has stopped, to missing paper or "
+"toner. Some have also experienced some instability with the browser, and "
+"that OpenOffice.org suite is hanging. It may happen when your broadband "
+"connection is unstable and you have links in documents going to the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+"Tilbakemeldingen fra skolene er at det er skrivere som gir mest problemer. "
+"Det gjelder alt fra at skriverkøen har stoppet opp, til at papir eller toner "
+"mangler. Enkelte har også opplevd noe ustabilitet med nettleseren, og at "
+"kontorprogrammet OpenOffice.org blir hengende. Det kan skje når "
+"bredbåndsforbindelsen er ustabil og man har linker i dokumenter som går ut "
+"på Internett."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Infrastructure"
+msgstr "Infrastruktur"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To have a stable computing environment, one is dependent on a good enough "
+"technical quality of the network. Several schools have experienced "
+"instability because the physical computer network is provisional and of poor "
+"quality."
+msgstr ""
+"Skal man ha et stabilt datasystem er man avhengig av en god nok teknisk "
+"kvalitet på datanettet. Flere skoler har erfart ustabilitet fordi det "
+"fysiske datanettet er provisorisk og av dårlig kvalitet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Today many invest in wireless networks. Doing so, one must also be aware of "
+"wireless networks having significant weaknesses. Wireless networks have "
+"limited capacity. It can be quite choppy when about 30 students are to see a "
+"film from the Internet simultaneously. Wireless networks also have shadows. "
+"Meaning areas may not get coverage, which allows some to end up in blind "
+"zones. This would provide poor or no net connection at all."
+msgstr ""
+"Mange satser i dag på trådløse nett. Gjør man det må man også være klar over "
+"at trådløse nett har betydelige svakheter. Trådløse nett har begrenset "
+"kapasitet. Det gjør at det kan bli ganske hakkete om 30 elever skal se en "
+"filmsnutt fra Internett samtidig. Trådløse nett har også skygger. Det betyr "
+"at det er områder som ikke dekkes, noe som gjør at enkelte havner i "
+"blindsoner. Da får man dårlig eller ingen nettoppkobling i det hele tatt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Availability requirements for the maintenance company and ICT service "
+"providers should specify good quality of network services to schools."
+msgstr ""
+"Skal man stille krav til tilgjengelighet til driftsselskap og IT-tjenester "
+"må det stilles krav om god kvalitet på datanettet på skolen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "«Single points of failure»"
+msgstr "«Single points of failure»"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Some parts of the system simply must work. Failures in a firewall, for "
+#| "example, may compromise security or (if you're <em>lucky</em>) shut down "
+#| "the whole network. This last can also result from problems with the DHCP "
+#| "(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) system for sharing out addresses."
+msgid ""
+"Some parts of the system simply must work. Failures in a firewall, for "
+"example, may compromise security or (if you're lucky) shut down the whole "
+"network. This last can also result from problems with the DHCP (Dynamic Host "
+"Configuration Protocol) system for sharing out addresses."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er som regel deler i en dataløsning som bare må virke. Svikter f.eks. en "
+"brannmur og slutter å virke, så stopper det all trafikk til Internett. Den "
+"samme effekten kan problemer med systemet for tildeling av nett-adresser med "
+"DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) ha."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The operating department has a responsibility to know which parts may stop "
+"the entire system. It is important to find these points, and remove the "
+"errors one by one, to the extent you can afford. If one can't afford to "
+"remove these sources of errors, one must live with the risk of the entire "
+"computer network suddenly grinding to a halt."
+msgstr ""
+"Driftsavdelingen har som ansvar og kjenne til de delene som kan stoppe hele "
+"dataløsningen. Det er viktig å finne disse punktene, og fjerne feilene en "
+"etter en, om dette er noe man har råd til. Hvis man ikke har råd til å "
+"fjerne feilkilder som kan stoppe f.eks. hele datanettet må man leve med "
+"risikoen om at noe plutselig ikke virker."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Sources of errors making everything stop, may also be logical rather than "
+"physical. This is especially true for computer networks and databases. So it "
+"is important to have a broader perspective when it comes to such errors."
+msgstr ""
+"Feilkilder som gjør at alt stopper kan også være logiske fremfor fysiske. "
+"Dette gjelder spesielt for datanett og databaser. Så det er viktig å ha et "
+"bredere perspektiv når det kommer til slike feilkilder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Risk management"
+msgstr "Risikostyring"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One must consider what risks one accepts in the network. Is it acceptable "
+"that users lose personal files and data, when a hard drive fails? How "
+"quickly should one replace broken equipment? Some schools have spent several "
+"days getting a server up and running again after a virus attack. The "
+"municipality may have no resources to allocate to fix errors."
+msgstr ""
+"Man må vurdere hva man aksepterer av risiko i datanettet. Er det akseptabelt "
+"at brukere mister personlige filer og data når en harddisk går i stykker? "
+"Hvor raskt skal man få på plass utstyr som har gått i stykker? Det er skoler "
+"som har erfart at det tar flere dager å få opp tjenermaskinen etter "
+"virusangrep. Kommunen har ikke ressurser å avsette til feilretting."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Much of the operations work goes on to maintain the agreed service level. "
+"It's about avoiding and losing confidence and user satisfaction. Risk "
+"management is about having in place the appropriate resources to keep the "
+"entire computer system on the air, and have resources ready if something "
+"should go wrong, and needs to be fixed."
+msgstr ""
+"Mye av arbeidet med drift går på å opprettholde tjenestenivået som er "
+"avtalt. Det handler om å unngå og miste tillit og brukertilfredshet. "
+"Risikostyring handler om å sette av passende ressurser til å holde hele "
+"datasystemet på lufta, og ha ressurser klar om noe skulle gå galt og må "
+"fikses."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is a big difference to install equipment and software on a single PC and "
+"to do it on hundreds, even thousands of computers. With the responsibility "
+"for hundreds of machines, a small error that one can live with on a PC, "
+"means much instability and discontent if it affects hundreds of users."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er stor forskjell på å installere utstyr og programvare på en enkelt PC "
+"og hundrevis, kanskje tusenvis av datamaskiner. Har man ansvar for hundrevis "
+"av maskiner vil en liten feil som man kan leve med på en PC bety mye "
+"ustabilitet og misnøye om feilen rammer hundrevis av brukere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To avoid making mistakes during installation and to contribute to stability, "
+"it is essential to test the equipment and software to be used. It's about "
+"following up the expected quality. If you want stable operations one must "
+"often choose next to the last edition of equipment and software."
+msgstr ""
+"For å unngå at man gjør feil ved installasjon, og bidrar til stabilitet, er "
+"det helt avgjørende å teste utstyr og programvare som skal brukes. Det "
+"handler om å følge opp den forventede kvaliteten. Skal man ha stabil drift "
+"må man ofte velge nest siste utgave av utstyr og programvare."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One should avoid adopting software with a version number ending with a zero. "
+"For example you should avoid OpenOffice.org 4.0. One should adopt the office "
+"program when version 4.0.2 has arrived or later. Then the program has been "
+"fixed for several errors. The same applies to hardware."
+msgstr ""
+"Man bør unngå å ta i bruk programvare som som slutter med en null. F.eks. "
+"OpenOffice.org 2.0 bør man unngå. Man bør ta i bruk kontorprogrammet når "
+"versjon 2.0.2 har kommet eller nyere. Da har programpakken blitt fikset for "
+"flere feil. Det samme gjelder maskinvare."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Server machines have usually a slightly older version of processors, and "
+"more robust memory, and hard drives. This is because many people use this "
+"hardware simultaneously. A small error that would not mean anything for one "
+"user, can provide downtime if 30 users are logged into the machine."
+msgstr ""
+"Når man ser på tjenermaskiner har de gjerne litt eldre utgave av "
+"prosessorer, og mer robust minne, og harddisker. Dette er fordi mange bruker "
+"denne maskinvaren samtidig. En liten feil som ikke ville bety noe for en "
+"bruker, kan gi driftsstans om 30 brukere er logget inn på maskinen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"So testing is about to use proven equipment and editions of software running "
+"well a half or a year. Testing is also about trying out the different parts "
+"in a smaller but realistic context, to ensure that everything works. "
+"Adopting the latest version, or even beta versions of software or completely "
+"latest hardware usually lead to much trouble and extra work with "
+"maintenance. Setting systems in production without a small test in realistic "
+"environments usually lead to significant firefighting and dissatisfied users."
+msgstr ""
+"Så testing handler om å ta i bruk utstyr som er velprøvd og utgaver av "
+"programvaren som har fått et halvår eller et år på baken. Testing handler "
+"også om å prøve ut de forskjellige delene i en mindre men realistisk "
+"sammenheng, for å forsikre seg om at alt virker. Å ta i bruk siste versjon, "
+"eller til og med beta-utgaver av programvare eller helt nyeste maskinvaren "
+"fører som regel til mye trøbbel og ekstra arbeide med vedlikehold. Å sette "
+"systemer i produksjon uten en mindre test i realistiske omgivelser fører som "
+"regel til betydelig brannslukking og misfornøyde brukere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When testing in a smaller scale on equipment in production, it is essential "
+"to coordinate that with those affected. In addition, one must choose when to "
+"test. One should not test new things, for example, under ongoing exams, with "
+"the use of ICT tools."
+msgstr ""
+"Når man gjør testing i mindre skala på utstyr som er i produksjon, er det "
+"helt avgjørende å avtale dette med de berørte. I tillegg må man velge "
+"tidspunkt for test. Man skal ikke test ut nye ting samtidig som det pågår f."
+"eks. eksamensavvikling med bruk av IT-verktøy."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Design improvements"
+msgstr "Designforbedringer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is often worth an operations department's while to enhance systems that "
+"produce many operational messages. If users get much spam, then it might be "
+"wise to install spam-filters. There might be a lot of extra work with "
+"students who constantly forget their passwords, if teachers have to get "
+"central sysadmin staff to help them out. To avoid extra emailing and double "
+"work, the teacher can be authorised to give the student a new password."
+msgstr ""
+"En driftsavdeling vil være tjent med å utbedre systemer som gir mye "
+"driftsmeldinger. Det kan være at brukerne får mye søppelpost. Da kan det "
+"være greit å installere filter for søppelpost. Det kan være mye ekstra "
+"arbeide med elever som stadig glemmer passordet sitt, og lærere som sender "
+"henvendelsen til den sentrale drifsstaben. For å unngå ekstra e-posting og "
+"dobbeltarbeide så kan læreren selv gi eleven nytt passord."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"These are two examples of design improvements that simplified maintenance "
+"and made users happier. A well-run maintenance team has a prioritised list "
+"of such improvements. Prioritising these, as a rule, is based on how often "
+"relevant issues show up in the service office's message log and estimates of "
+"how much work each improvement shall involve."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette var et par eksempler på designforbedringer som letter arbeidet med "
+"drift, og gjør at brukerne blir mer fornøyd. En godt drevet driftsavdeling "
+"har en liste med prioriterte designforbedringer som gjør at driften blir "
+"enklere. Prioriteringene om hvilke av disse som legges inn i en gitt "
+"installasjon gjøres som regel ut fra en vurdering av henvendelsen til "
+"servicekontoret som man har lagret i meldingsloggen, og en vurdering av "
+"arbeidet som må gjøres for å behandle henvendelsene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning for availability"
+msgstr "Planlegging for tilgjengelighet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It means having realistic expectations to the ICT service based on what "
+"operations costs. Plan for what's the expected accessibility. For example, "
+"when schools require one should be up and running in less than 1 hour after "
+"the server crashes, one must have a standing pre-installed machine in "
+"reserve, to be inserted as a replacement for the faulty machine. What should "
+"be done during one hour is to copy your backup files to the backup machine."
+msgstr ""
+"Det betyr at man har realistiske forventninger til IT-tjenesten ut fra hva "
+"driften koster. Planlegg hva som er forventet tilgjengelighet. F.eks. krever "
+"skolene at man skal være på lufta på under 1 time etter serverkræsj, så må "
+"man ha stående en ferdig installert maskin i reserve, hvor denne kan kobles "
+"inn som erstatning for den defekte maskinen. Det som gjøres i løpet av en "
+"time er å legge over sikkerhetskopierte filer til reservemaskinen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For when a diskless or thin client fails, the school should have a small "
+"store of machines and monitors prepared. The school ICT contact can fetch "
+"and install a replacement machine. This can be done easily without waiting "
+"days for an equipment order to be filled."
+msgstr ""
+"Går en halvtykk eller tynn klient i stykker har man liggende et lite lager "
+"med maskiner og skjermer på skolen. Skolens IT-kontakt kan hente og "
+"installere en erstatningsmaskin. Dette kan gjøres enkelt og greit uten å "
+"vente i dagevis på utstyr som må bestilles."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning for recovery"
+msgstr "Planlegging for gjenoppretting"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As for equipment standing ready to replace any that develop defects, users "
+"also expect to be able to retrieve lost files and data. Therefore it is "
+"crucial to back up user data regularly and keep a copy of the configuration "
+"files. One must also have architectural diagrams, and descriptions of "
+"systems, to enable ICT staff to quickly set systems up when something goes "
+"wrong."
+msgstr ""
+"Som eksemplet med utstyr som står klar til å erstatte defekt utstyr, så er "
+"det også forventet å kunne hente fram filer og data som har gått tapt. "
+"Derfor er det helt avgjørende å ha sikkerhetskopi av brukerdata og en kopi "
+"av oppsettfiler. Man må også ha arkitekturtegninger, og beskrivelser av "
+"systemet som gjør at IT-staben raskt kan få på plass systemene når noe går "
+"galt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is crucial to schedule backup of user data and settings. One must plan "
+"ahead in order to have proper equipment and appropriate services. Routines "
+"must be planned to be followed when certain error situations occur and "
+"systems must be restored."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er helt avgjørende å planlegge sikkerhetskopiering av brukerdata og "
+"oppsett. Man må planlegge slik at man har riktig utstyr og passende "
+"tjenester. Det må også planlegges hvilke rutiner som skal følges når "
+"bestemte feilsituasjoner har skjedd, og systemene må gjenopprettes."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Service Continuity"
+msgstr "Driftskontinuitet (Service Continuity)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operating continuity or continuity management is often the most costly part "
+"of the work. High demands to operational continuity will require huge "
+"investments, which must be agreed upon whilst making the SLA. For example it "
+"can be agreed that there is no disaster plan for certain services. If you "
+"have a disaster plan the value is very low if not tested once in a while. "
+"Usually this is expensive. There are examples where customers and management "
+"have blocked the engine room and turned off power to test readiness of the "
+"IT department."
+msgstr ""
+"Driftskontinuitet eller kontinuitetshåndtering er ofte det mest kostbare "
+"prosessen å jobbe med. Høye krav til driftskontinuitet vil kreve store "
+"investeringer, noe som avtales i arbeidet med SLA-en. F.eks. kan det avtales "
+"at det ikke er noen katastrofeplan for enkelte tjenester. Har man en "
+"katastrofeplan så er verdien svært lav om den ikke prøves en gang i blant. "
+"Som regle er dette dyrt. Det er eksempler der kunden og ledelsen har sperret "
+"maskinrommet og tatt strømmen for å teste beredskapen til IT-avdelingen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operating continuity may be more needed in certain periods like under the "
+"examination periods. Then extra requirements can be needed in order to have "
+"equipments with backup ready in case of a hard disk failure on the server. "
+"But even this will require considerable additional work for the operational "
+"staff."
+msgstr ""
+"Driftskontinuitet kan være aktuelt i bestemte perioder som ved eksamen. Da "
+"kan det stilles ekstra krav til å ha utstyr med backup klart i tilfelle en "
+"harddisk på tjenermaskinen skulle svikte. Men også dette vil kreve betydelig "
+"ekstraarbeide for driftsstaben."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"An IT coordinator told us that it might be just as well to postpone the exam "
+"one day, if something went wrong with the computer system. This costs a lot "
+"less than having a double number of servers at each school. There are "
+"examples of schools having had water leakage. Then it is usual to defer "
+"examination a day or two to repair the damage . One might think the same way "
+"when it comes to school data solutions. If you have a backup of home "
+"directories for pupils and teachers, you have time to consider without "
+"doubling the systems at each school. Then it is sufficient with one or two "
+"servers in reserve located at the municipality building, which quickly can "
+"be moved and connected at the school if something goes wrong."
+msgstr ""
+"En IT-koordinator fortalte oss at det kan være like greit å utsette eksamen "
+"en dag om noe gikk galt med dataanlegget. Dette kostet mye mindre enn å ha "
+"et dobbelt antall med tjenermaskiner på hver skole. Det er eksempler på at "
+"skoler har hatt vannlekkasje. Da er det vanlige å utsette eksamen en dag "
+"eller to til skaden er utbedret. Man kan tenke på samme måte når det kommer "
+"til skolens dataløsning. Har man backup av hjemmekatalogene til elever og "
+"lærere har man tid til å områ seg uten å doble systemer på skolen. Da holder "
+"det med en eller to tjenermaskiner plassert på kommunehuset i reserve, som "
+"raskt kan kjøres ut og kobles opp på skolen om noe skulle gå galt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "ICT Infrastructure Management"
+msgstr "IKT Infrastrukturledelse"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This part of the operational documentation is to a greater extent about "
+"technology. The other chapters about service support and service delivery, "
+"are about work processes and procedures. Infrastructure management, are "
+"about planning, design, deployment, and ongoing maintenance of ICT systems. "
+"The purpose is to provide ICT solutions adapted to the organisation's needs, "
+"which can be operated over time to a cost one can afford."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne delen av driftsdokumentasjonen handler i større grad om teknologi. De "
+"andre kapitlene om servicestøtte og tjenesteleveranse handler om "
+"arbeidsprosesser og rutiner. Infrastrukturledelse handler om planlegging, "
+"design, utrulling, og vedvarende teknisk vedlikehold av IT-systemene. "
+"Hensikten er å tilby IT-løsninger som er tilpasset virksomhetens behov, og "
+"kan driftes over tid til en kostnad man har råd til."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Good planning, administration, and management are the key to ensure a well-"
+"developed ICT service, and that the service can be adapted to changing "
+"organisational needs over time. It is about using resources well and having "
+"skills and competences required to offer a good ICT service."
+msgstr ""
+"God planlegging, administrasjon, og styring er nøkkelen for å sikre en godt "
+"utbygd IT-tjeneste, og at tjenesten kan tilpasses endringer i virksomhetens "
+"behovene over tid. Det handler om å bruk ressursene godt, og at man har "
+"ferdigheter og kompetanse som kreves for å tilby en god IT-tjeneste."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Even with a well-developed infrastructure, one must expect 60-70% of the "
+"cost to go on operations, i.e. service support and service delivery. "
+"Likewise, infrastructure constitutes around 20-30% of the total costs, and "
+"one must take this part just as seriously as operations. The infrastructure "
+"chosen also has a major impact on what operations will cost and what the "
+"systems can deliver."
+msgstr ""
+"Selv om man skulle ha bygd ut en god infrastruktur må man regne med at "
+"60-70% av kostnadene går til drift, altså servicestøtte og "
+"tjenesteleveranse. Allikevel utgjør infrastruktur rundt 20-30% av "
+"totalkostnadene, og man må ta denne delen like på alvor som driften. Den "
+"infrastrukturen man har valgt påvirker også i stor grad hva driften vil "
+"koste og hva systemene er i stand til å levere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Most people associate infrastructure with roads, water and sewage, and power "
+"supply. Building a house requires infrastructure in place if we are to have "
+"a certain housing standard. In the computer world infrastructure is often "
+"associated with the data network. This was in the 1980s. Over the next two "
+"decades infrastructure extended to networks, computers, software and "
+"maintenance. So in this part of the documentation is all network, hardware "
+"and significant portions of the software part of the infrastructure."
+msgstr ""
+"De fleste forbinder infrastruktur med vei, vann og kloakk, og "
+"strømforsyning. Skal man bygge et hus må man sørge for at infrastrukturen er "
+"på plass om man skal ha en viss bostandard. I dataverdenen forbindes ofte "
+"infrastrukturen med datanettverket. Dette var på 1980-tallet. I løpet av de "
+"to neste tiårene er infrastrukturen utvidet til å gjelde nettverk, "
+"datamaskinene, programvaren, og vedlikehold av dette. Så i denne delen av "
+"dokumentasjonen er alt nettverk, maskinvare og betydelige deler av "
+"programvaren en del av infrastrukturen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Even here we focus on practical planning and implementation. We have "
+"gathered concrete planning data from different municipalities with good ICT "
+"plans by budgetting and procurement. We went through design and planning, "
+"deployment process, operations process and support. It is important to keep "
+"in mind the difference in operational terms of what Service Desk does with, "
+"for example. support, and the support operations does for example with "
+"network cables to the school. It is basically four processes that recur at "
+"infrastructure management:"
+msgstr ""
+"Også her fokuserer vi på praktisk planlegging og gjennomføring. Vi har "
+"hentet inn konkrete plandata fra forskjellig kommuner som har laget gode IT-"
+"planer ved budsjettinger og anskaffelser. Vi går igjennom design og "
+"planleggingsprosessen, utrullingsprosessen, driftsprosessen, og støtte. Det "
+"er viktig å ha i bakhodet at det er forskjell på driftsstøtte når det "
+"gjelder hva servicekontoret gjør med f.eks. brukerstøtte, og den "
+"driftsstøtten som gjøres av f.eks. nettverkskabler til skolen. Det er i "
+"hovedsak fire prosesser som går igjen ved infrastrukturledelse:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<ol style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\"> <li><p>Design and "
+"planning process</p> <p>Development and maintenance of ICT "
+"strategies and processes for deployment and implementation of appropriate "
+"solutions in the ICT infrastructure of the organisation.</p></"
+"li> <li><p>Deployment process</p> <p>Concerns "
+"implementation and deployment of activities and / or ICT solutions designed "
+"and planned with a minimum of disruption to the organisation</p></"
+"li> <li><p>Operating process</p> <p>All "
+"activities and initiatives to deliver and/or maintain the desired use of ICT "
+"infrastructure.</p></li> <li><p>Technical support "
+"process</p> <p>The development of knowledge for evaluation, "
+"support and quality assurance of all current and future infrastructure "
+"solutions.</p></li></ol>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Design and planning"
+msgstr "Design og planlegging"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Design and planning is about providing pervasive strategic guidelines for "
+"the development and installation of an ICT infrastructure to the "
+"institution's needs. It applies not only to infrastructure networks, "
+"computers, and applications. Also basic processes must be in place to get "
+"the technology to work. It applies to both Service Desk and processes for "
+"service management."
+msgstr ""
+"Design og planlegging handler om å gi gjennomgripende strategiske "
+"retningslinjer for utvikling og installasjon av en IT-infrastruktur ut fra "
+"virksomhetens behov. Det gjelder ikke bare infrastruktur som nettverk, "
+"datamaskiner, og programmer. Også grunnleggende prosesser må på plass for å "
+"få teknologien til å virke. Det gjelder både servicekontoret og prosesser "
+"for tjenestestyring."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Avoiding scheduling, or cutting corners, is very risky. Therefore it is "
+"often wise to spend a little more time and effort on planning, which will "
+"reduce risk and provide significant benefits during implementation. Most "
+"projects that get stranded do so for lack of planning. Putting in place an "
+"ITIL process in an organisation depends entirely on preparation and "
+"planning, along with effective use of people, processes, and products (tools "
+"and technology)."
+msgstr ""
+"Å unngå planlegging, eller å kutte hjørner, gjører til stor risiko. Derfor "
+"er det ofte lurt å bruke litt mer tid og innsats på planleggingen, noe som "
+"vil redusere risiko, og gi betydelige fordeler under gjennomføringen. De "
+"fleste prosjekt strander grunnet manglende planlegging. Å få på plass en "
+"ITIL-prosess i organisasjonen er helt avhengig av forberedelse og "
+"planlegging, og effektiv bruk av folk, prosesser, og produkter* (verktøy og "
+"teknologi)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is very important to communicate with and talk to every part of the "
+"organisation while planning ITIL. In Norway this is regulated by the labour "
+"act §4-2:"
+msgstr ""
+"Det er også svært viktig å kommunisere og samtale med alle deler av "
+"organisasjonen under planlegging av ITIL. I Norge er dette regulert i "
+"arbeidsmiljøloven §4-2:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Employees and their representatives should be kept informed of "
+"systems used in the planning and execution of the work. They should be given "
+"the necessary training to be familiar with these systems, and take part in "
+"designing them.</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>Arbeidstakerne og deres tillitsvalgte skal holdes løpende "
+"informert om systemer som nyttes ved planlegging og gjennomføring av "
+"arbeidet. De skal gis nødvendig opplæring for å sette seg inn i systemene, "
+"og de skal medvirke ved utformingen av dem.</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The objective is to deliver the right ICT solutions for your organisation. "
+"These must be easy to maintain and adapted to the school's needs. The "
+"solution must be reasonable over a long time, also when the systems expand. "
+"During a design and planning process should one relate generally to a "
+"steering group and a reference group. A good project ensures to have skilled "
+"people in the steering group and people who contribute to the reference "
+"group. A good planner is clever to use those groups and other employees to "
+"bring up the good solutions."
+msgstr ""
+"Hensikten er å levere de riktige IT-løsningene for virksomheten. Dette må "
+"være enkelt å vedlikeholde og være tilpasset skolen behov. Løsningen skal "
+"være rimelig over lang tid også når systemene utvides. Under en design- og "
+"planleggingsprosess forholder man seg vanligvis til en styringsgruppe og en "
+"referansegruppe. Et godt prosjekt sørger for å ha dyktige folk i "
+"styringsgruppa og personer som bidrar i referansegruppa. En god planlegger "
+"er flink til å bruke disse gruppene, og andre medarbeidere for å få fram de "
+"gode løsningene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We created a check list over activities and deliveries in an infrastructure "
+"project."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi har satt opp en huskeliste over aktiviteter og leveranser i et "
+"infrastrukturprosjekt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Feedback"
+msgstr "Innspill"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Plan for the schools, both curricula and activity plans"
+msgstr "Planen til skolene, både fagplaner og virksomhetsplaner"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Existing ICT strategies"
+msgstr "Eksisterende IT-strategier"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "What's expected of operational services"
+msgstr "Forventningene til driftstjenesten"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Current ICT systems and operations management"
+msgstr "Gjeldende IT-systemer og driftsorganisasjonen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Processes"
+msgstr "Prosesser"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "go through all the suggestions and documents"
+msgstr "gå gjennom alle innspill og dokumenter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "look at others performing design- and planning activities"
+msgstr "se på andre som utfører design- og planaktiviteter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "making and maintaining ICT plans and decisions"
+msgstr "lag og vedlikehold IT-planer og beslutninger"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "making and maintaining ICT architecture"
+msgstr "lag og vedlikehold IT-arkitekturen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "making and maintaining the ICT strategy"
+msgstr "lag og vedlikehold IT-strategien"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Deliveries"
+msgstr "Leveranser"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "ICT-strategy"
+msgstr "IT-strategi"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "ICT decisions (with justifications)"
+msgstr "IT-beslutninger (med begrunnelser)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "IT plans"
+msgstr "IT-planer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "the entire IT architecture"
+msgstr "hele IT-arkitekturen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Design and planning of processes and procedures"
+msgstr "Design og planlegging av prosesser og prosedyrer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "organisational structure and framework"
+msgstr "organisasjonsstruktur og rammeverk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Design, planning standards and decisions"
+msgstr "Design og planleggingsstandarder og beslutninger"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)"
+msgstr "SWOT-analyse (Styrker, Svakheter, Muligheter, Trusler)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "user cases and usability studies"
+msgstr "brukertilfeller og brukbarhetsstudier"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Requirement lists and tender documents"
+msgstr "Kravlister og anbudsdokumenter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Project plans"
+msgstr "Prosjektplaner"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Technical drawings, plans and maps"
+msgstr "Tekniske tegninger, planer og kart"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Comments and feedback"
+msgstr "Kommentarer og tilbakemeldinger"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As you can see extensive planning is carried out for an infrastructure "
+"project. An ICT project for schools in the municipality can quickly reach "
+"several million NOK (hundreds of thousands pounds) should one deliver "
+"500-1000 computers with power, computer networks and software. With such "
+"amounts, it is important to have good and feasible plans with realistic "
+"budgets."
+msgstr ""
+"Som man ser er det omfattende planlegging som gjøres i et "
+"infrastrukturprosjekt. Et IT-prosjekt for skolene i kommunen kan fort bli på "
+"flere millioner kroner skal man ha ut 500-1000 datamaskiner med strøm, "
+"datanettverk og programvare. Med slike beløp er det viktig å ha gode og "
+"gjennomførbare planer med realistiske budsjetter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are several examples of municipalities that have underestimated the "
+"need for funding for ICT in schools. They have installed lots of nice "
+"equipments remaining unused. Maybe the software could be missing. The "
+"network might be of poor quality or lacking power connectors. The "
+"municipality gets quickly an additional expense of 2 million NOK (around 165 "
+"000 pounds) if 800 machines in 10 schools should have a computer network and "
+"power connectors."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er flere eksempler på at kommuner har undervurdert datasatsingen på "
+"skolene. De har installert masse fint utstyr som blir stående ubrukt. Det "
+"kan være programvare som mangler. Nettverket kan være av dårlig kvalitet "
+"eller man mangler strømkontakter. Kommunen for fort en ekstra regning på 2 "
+"millioner kroner om 800 maskiner på 10 skoler skal ha datanett og "
+"strømkontakter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Good development plans are made to avoid surprises. Plans are also made to "
+"ensure a proper level of ambition with a realistic budget."
+msgstr ""
+"Gode utbyggingsplaner laget man for å unngå overraskelser. Planene lages "
+"også for å sikre et riktig ambisjonsnivå med et realistisk budsjett."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Deployment"
+msgstr "Utrulling"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Definition:"
+msgstr "Definisjon:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Is about implementation and deployment of activities and/or ICT solutions "
+"designed and planned with a minimum of disturbance for the organisation."
+msgstr ""
+"Dreier seg om sammensetting (implementasjon) og utrulling av virksomhet, og /"
+"eller IT-løsninger designet og planlagt med et minimum av forstyrrelser for "
+"virksomheten."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The planning project shall have assessed what equipment schools have, and "
+"how much is available. From that, one creates a plan to roll out new "
+"equipment, or replace equipment, at each school and at the central operating "
+"service."
+msgstr ""
+"I plan-prosjektet vil man ha gjort opp status for hva skolene har av utstyr, "
+"og hvor mye utstyr som finnes. Ut fra dette lages en plan for å rulle ut "
+"nytt utstyr, eller bytte ut utstyr på hver skole, og hos den sentrale "
+"driftstjenesten."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is about placing the equipment where it is to be used. Set each PC on a "
+"table and connect it to the computer network with a network cable. Plug the "
+"power cable in to the electrical outlet. Connect the screen and put network "
+"cables in the correct switches."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette handler om å plassere ut utstyret der det skal brukes. PC-ene skal "
+"settes ut på bordene og kobles til datanettet med en nettverkskabel. "
+"Stikkontakten skal settes i støpselet. Skjermen skal kobles til og man skal "
+"sette nettverkskabler i riktige switcher."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The term roll-out (or deployment) is used both for placing the equipment, "
+"and for installing and configuring software on many machines. Rolling out "
+"software may also be referred to as \"release management\". But the word "
+"roll-out is short and fine, although one should make clear whether you are "
+"talking about hardware or software, which require totally different "
+"procedures."
+msgstr ""
+"Uttrykket utrulling brukes både om de å plasser ut utstyr, og det å "
+"installere programvare og oppsett på mange maskiner. Man kunne kalt det å "
+"rulle ut programvare for utgivelseshåndtering av det engelske uttrykket "
+"«Release Management». Men ordet utrulling er kort og greit, selv om man bør "
+"presisere at om man snakker om maskinvare eller programvare, noe som krever "
+"helt forskjellige fremgangsmåter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Rollout management is about implementing what has been planned and designed "
+"in the release process. Getting out the equipment where it should be is "
+"often harder than we think, and takes considerable time. This is because "
+"many parties are involved either to deliver the equipment, or being among "
+"the many to receive it. In a way you could say that rollout is the same as a "
+"wheel bolt that holds the vehicle wheel in place on the shaft."
+msgstr ""
+"Utrullingshåndtering handler om gjennomføring av det som er planlagt og "
+"designet i utgivelsesprosessen. Å få ut utstyret der det skal er ofte "
+"vanskeligere enn det man tror, og tar betydelig med tid. Dette fordi mange "
+"parter er involvert enten det gjelder de som leverer utstyret, eller alle de "
+"som skal ta imot utstyret. På en måte kan man si at utrulling er det samme "
+"som en hjulbolt som holder bilhjulet på plass til akslingen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To get everything in place, is totally dependent on a lot of coordination. "
+"One must make good tactical planning, which involves both change management "
+"and project management. One must make sure that the roll out is associated "
+"with the design and planning process."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er helt avhengig av mye samordning for å få alt på plass. Man må sørge "
+"for god taktisk planlegging, noe som involverer både endringsledelse og "
+"prosjektledelse. Man må sørge for at utrullingen henger sammen med design- "
+"og planleggingsprosessen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Danger may often occur by underestimating how deployment affects existing "
+"systems. Taking in use new solutions or upgrades will affect or change the "
+"organisation. Work routines are changed and one gets new ways to solve tasks."
+msgstr ""
+"Ofte kan oppstå en fare i at man undervurdere hvordan utrullingen påvirker "
+"eksisterende systemer. Når man tar ibruk nye løsninger, eller "
+"oppgraderinger, vil dette påvirke eller endre organisasjonen. Arbeidsrutiner "
+"legges om, og man får nye måter å løse oppgaver på."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In the school , the change means introducing ICT tools in school subjects. "
+"This is new and different for teachers. Many are unfamiliar with how the "
+"equipment can be used in teaching. At the same time, an operating and "
+"maintenance service should be in place to give schools a safe and stable ICT "
+"solution. This leads to changes in the organisation, which must be planned "
+"and requires resources. Therefore it is important to take this into "
+"consideration both under planning and rollout.."
+msgstr ""
+"I skolen handler endringen om at man innfører IT-verktøy i skolefagene. "
+"Dette er nytt og anderledes for lærerene. Mange er ukjent med hvordan "
+"utstyret kan brukes til læring. Samtidig skal det på plass en drifts- og "
+"vedlikeholdstjeneste for å gi skolene en trygg og stabil IT-løsning. Dette "
+"fører til endringer i organisasjonen, noe som må planlegges og krever "
+"ressurser. Derfor er det viktig å ta hensyn til dette både under planlegging "
+"og utrulling."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Roles during roll-out"
+msgstr "Roller under utrulling"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Building an IT infrastructure can be likened to building a house. When "
+"building a house one really needs an architect, a builder, an owner, masons, "
+"carpenters, plumbers, electricians and one or more supervisors (foremen). "
+"Much the same applies to deploying infrastructure. We have summed up the "
+"roles recommended as part of the operating standards ITIL."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette med å bygge ut en IT-infrastruktur kan sammenlignes med å bygge et "
+"hus. Bygge man et hus har man gjerne med en arkitekt, byggherre, huseier, "
+"murere, snekkere, rørleggere, elektrikere og en eller flere arbeidsledere "
+"(forman). Slik er det også ved utrulling av infrastruktur. Vi har summert "
+"opp de rollene som anbefales som en del av driftsstandarden ITIL."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Owner of the deployment process - is responsible for the deployment process, "
+"and for it happening in a good and efficient manner."
+msgstr ""
+"Eier av utrullingsprosessen - er ansvarlig for utrullingsprosessen, og at "
+"den skjer på en god og effektiv måte."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Project manager for the roll-out - is responsible for developing appropriate "
+"plans for deployment of the ICT system and day-to-day directing of the roll-"
+"out."
+msgstr ""
+"Prosjektleder for utrullingen - er ansvarlig for utvikling av passende "
+"planer for utrulling av IT-løsningen og for å lede utrulling fra dag-til-dag-"
+"basis."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coordinator for the roll-out - is responsible for coordinating roll-out "
+"activities. The Coordinator shall ensure that the project attains the "
+"objectives and acceptance requirements for the system and ensure an orderly "
+"handover."
+msgstr ""
+"Koordinator for utrullingen - ansvarlig for koordinering av "
+"utrullingsaktiviteter. Koordinator skal sikre at prosjektet når "
+"målsetningene og akseptansekrav som gjelder for løsningen, og sikre en "
+"ordentlig overlevering."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Roll-out analyst - responsible for ensuring that equipment is installed in "
+"suitable settings. Shall verify that the equipment and premises are suitable "
+"for the standards, tests and deployment agreed upon.."
+msgstr ""
+"Utrullingsanalytiker - ansvarlig for å sikre at det er passende omgivelser "
+"på de stedene som utstyret skal stå. Skal følge opp at utstyret og lokalene "
+"passer til de standarder, tester og utrullingen man er enige om."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Employees in the rollout team - are responsible for the ICT solution and the "
+"work environment, and support the acceptance and test processes."
+msgstr ""
+"Medarbeidere i utrullingslaget - ansvarlig for at IT-løsningen og "
+"arbeidsmiljøet, og støtter for akseptanse- og test-prosessene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As we see, roll-out touches many parts of an organisation. Technically it "
+"affects configurations and versions of software and equipment. It also "
+"influences the process of change and how work is done at the service."
+msgstr ""
+"Som vi ser berører utrullingen mange deler av virksomheten. Teknisk berøres "
+"konfigurasjoner og versjoner av programvare og utstyr. I tillegg påvirkes "
+"selve prosessen for endringer og hvordan arbeidet gjøres på servicekontoret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One must think carefully about who gets assigned each of these roles. Even "
+"in a full-scale roll-out project costing several hundred thousand pounds, "
+"one person might have several roles. But it is not always prudent to give "
+"one person several roles, because it can be very demanding to follow up with "
+"both suppliers and customers of the equipment."
+msgstr ""
+"Man må tenke seg litt om før man sørger for at personer får arbeidsoppgavene "
+"disse rollene legger opp til. Selv om man har et fullt utrullingsprosjekt "
+"til flere millioner kroner så kan det hende at en person har flere roller. "
+"Men det er ikke sikkert det er heldig at en og samme person har flere "
+"roller, da et utrullingsprosjekt for blir krevende i å følge opp "
+"leverandører og de som skal motta utstyret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For minor upgrades and adjustments, there might be soon too many roles. For "
+"example, one needs not to have a project manager to place a new server, or "
+"replace a switch. This is part of the infrastructure, but is very close to "
+"the operations and maintenance. The important thing here is to distinguish "
+"between a rollout in infrastructure, and operational services. The "
+"operations department will not take over the equipment before it operates as "
+"agreed. In other words, you have a transfer document where one acknowledges "
+"that the equipment is delivered as agreed."
+msgstr ""
+"Ved mindre oppgraderinger og justeringer kan det fort bli for mange roller. "
+"F.eks. trenger man ikke å ha en prosjektleder for å plassere inn en ny "
+"tjenermaskin, eller bytte en svitsj. Dette er en del av infrastrukturen, men "
+"ligger veldig tett opp til drift og vedlikehold. Det viktige her er å skille "
+"mellom utrulling i infrastrukturen og driftstjenesten. Driftsavdelingen skal "
+"ikke overta utstyret før det virker slik som avtalt. Med andre ord har man "
+"et overdragelsesdokument der man kvitterer ut at utstyret er levert i "
+"forhold til det som er avtalt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Operations"
+msgstr "Driften"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The development of knowledge for evaluation, support and quality assurance "
+"of all current and future infrastructure solutions."
+msgstr ""
+"Utviklingen av kunnskap for evaluering, støtte og kvalitetssikring av hele "
+"gjeldende og fremtidige infrastrukturløsninger."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operations of the equipment is about having tools and machines in place as "
+"the basis for delivering the agreed upon ICT services. Operations of "
+"equipment has a strong focus on technology. This supports all other "
+"activities being done with the ICT systems. Often operations are seen as "
+"support tucked away in an office at the end of the corridor. As a hygiene "
+"service\" .First when something goes wrong, operations personnel are "
+"contacted. A good operational service is still crucial for ICT tools to work "
+"properly. Without good operations one accepts the loss of time and that "
+"tasks cannot be solved. For example a school can get problems when using "
+"tests done with ICT tools."
+msgstr ""
+"Drift av utstyret handler om å ha verktøyene og maskinene på plass som et "
+"grunnlag for å levere IT-tjenestene som er avtalt. Drift av utstyr har et "
+"sterkt fokus på teknologi. Dette understøtter alle andre aktiviteter som "
+"gjøres med IT-systemene. Ofte ses driften på som støttetjenester bortgjemt "
+"på et kontor innerst i lokalet. Det er en «hygienetjeneste».Først når noe "
+"går galt kontaktes driftspersonellet. En god driftstjeneste er allikevel "
+"helt avgjørende for at IT-verktøyene virker som de skal. Uten en god drift "
+"så godtar man tap av tid, og at oppgaver ikke kan løses. F.eks. kan en skole "
+"få problemer med gjennomføring av prøver som gjøres med IT-verktøy."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One may ask whether one needs operations. Needing people to operate in "
+"today's high tech world? Is there no one who has found a way to solve "
+"operational tasks automatically? Why should you have people in the "
+"operations? The answer is usually that balancing between what is done "
+"automatically, and what people have to follow up with. An important "
+"realization is that most people want someone to talk to when a problem "
+"occurs. They want the error to be fixed, and they want feedback that "
+"everything goes smoothly. This type of error correction is not particularly "
+"easy to replace with machines."
+msgstr ""
+"Man kan spørre seg om man trenger drift. Trenger man folk til drift i dagens "
+"høyteknologiske verden? Er det ingen som har funnet på en måte å løse "
+"driftsoppgavene helt automatisk? Hvorfor skal man ha folk til drift? Svaret "
+"er som regel at man balanserer mellom hva som gjøres automatisk, og hva som "
+"folk må følge med på. En viktig erkjennelse er at folk flest vil ha noen å "
+"prate med når det oppstår et problem. De vil at feilen skal fikses, og de "
+"vil ha tilbakemelding om at alt går greit. Denne type feilretting er ikke "
+"særlig enkelt å erstatte med maskiner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A good operations department chooses to automate where possible. "
+"Simultaneously one needs people to monitor and keep control of the automated "
+"solutions. The automation must be further developed. There are also "
+"situations where automation is insufficient. Equipment breaks, and "
+"applications crash. You need someone who is handy and can rectify errors, or "
+"obtain substitutes for what cannot be repaired."
+msgstr ""
+"En god driftsavdeling velger å automatisere der det er mulig. Samtidig "
+"trenger man folk til å overvåke og holde styringen på de automatiserte "
+"løsningene. Automatikken må videreutvikles. Det er også situasjoner hvor "
+"automatikken ikke strekker til. Utstyr går i stykker, og programmer krasjer. "
+"Man trenger noen som er nevenyttige og kan utbedre feil og mangler, eller "
+"skaffe erstatning for det som ikke kan repareres."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A poorly organised operations service wastes a lot of time fighting fires "
+"and working through manual procedures which could have been avoided with "
+"automation. Time spent automating can quickly pay for itself by freeing up "
+"time. This time can be used to improve support, provide more services and "
+"raise the quality for users. To get a permanent fix of errors, sometimes "
+"people might have to delay upgrades or remove services for temporary repair. "
+"This makes time to fix problems properly when monitoring the system manually "
+"would otherwise take up all the time."
+msgstr ""
+"En uorganisert driftstjeneste gjør at mye arbeidstid går med til "
+"brannslukking og manuelle rutiner som kunne vært automatisert. Å bruke tid "
+"på automatisering kan fort lønne seg fordi man kan frigjøre tid. Dette er "
+"tid som kan brukes til å forbedre brukerstøtten, gi flere tjenester, og "
+"høyne kvaliteten for brukerne. For å få til en permanent feilfiks kan det "
+"hende at man noen ganger må utsette oppgraderinger, eller fjerne tjenester "
+"som er til midlertidig reparasjon. Dette for å få tid til å fikse problemene "
+"skikkelig uten at det tar all tiden å overvåke systemet manuelt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operations is mostly about preventing errors, or correcting equipments with "
+"reported errors. One is often not entirely familiar with causes of an error. "
+"One must troubleshoot to find the fault. Good operations' employees have "
+"flair. They use past experience to uncover errors. Then they go almost right "
+"to problem solution and correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+"Drift handler i stor grad om å forebygge feil, eller rette på utstyret som "
+"er feilmeldt. Ofte er man ikke helt kjent med årsaken til en feil. Man må "
+"feilsøke for å finne ut hvor feilen ligger. Gode driftsmedarbeidere har "
+"teft. De bruker tidligere erfaring på å avdekke hvor feilen ligger. Så går "
+"de nesten rett på problemløsningen og retter feilen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Configuration item"
+msgstr "Konfigurasjonselement"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A Configuration Item (CI) is part of an infrastructure. It often describes a "
+"wish for change or a question. Maybe to put in place a new service, or make "
+"adjustments to the services you already have in production. Often it is a "
+"question of upgrading some equipment, or obtaining something new."
+msgstr ""
+"Konfigurasjonselement heter Configuration Item (CI) på engelsk. Det er en "
+"del av en infrastruktur. Et konfigurasjonselement er gjerne en som beskriver "
+"et ønske om endring eller et spørsmål. Det kan være å få på plass en ny "
+"tjeneste, eller gjøre justeringer på tjenester man allerede har i "
+"produksjon. Ofte er det et spørsmål om å oppgradere noe utstyr, eller skaffe "
+"noe nytt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Configuration items are important in configuration management when it comes "
+"to equipment and infrastructure. Often a configuration item is about whether "
+"systems shall:"
+msgstr ""
+"Konfigurasjonselementet er en viktig del av konfigurasjonsstyringen når det "
+"kommer til utstyr og infrastruktur. Ofte handler konfigurasjonselement om "
+"systemer skal:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "be run"
+msgstr "kjøres"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "be closed"
+msgstr "stenges"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "be shut down"
+msgstr "avsluttes"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "be started"
+msgstr "startes"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "be interrupted"
+msgstr "avbrytes"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "be removed"
+msgstr "tas ut"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Technical support"
+msgstr "Teknisk støtte"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Technical support ensures staff are available with the right skills to "
+"support services provided in the computer network, as well as staff to work "
+"at the Service Desk. As part of technical support one should have in-depth "
+"documentation with technical advice. The advice should provide information, "
+"guidance and examples of roll-out activities, and describe support and "
+"maintenance of all parts of the ICT service. To achieve this, the staff must "
+"know, or be able to obtain information, about the technologies, processes "
+"and documentation in use. As listed below, technical support consists of "
+"several activities:"
+msgstr ""
+"Teknisk støtte skal sørge for at man har folk med riktig kompetanse til å "
+"understøtte de tjenestene som leveres i datanettet, og personene som jobber "
+"på g servicekontoret. Som en del av den tekniske støtten bør man ha "
+"dyptgående dokumentasjon med tekniske råd. Rådene skal gi informasjon, "
+"veiledning og eksempler på utrullingsaktiviteter, og for støtte og "
+"vedlikehold av alle deler av IT-tjenesten. For å få dette til må staben "
+"kjenne, eller være i stand til å skaffe informasjon om teknologi, prosesser "
+"og dokumentasjon. Som man ser av listen består teknisk støtte av en rekke "
+"aktiviteter som man må gjøre:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Research and development related to new technology."
+msgstr "Forskning og utvikling tilknyttet ny teknologi."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Third line service in response to incident reports from the Service Desk and "
+"general handling of problems."
+msgstr ""
+"Tredjelinjeservice for teknisk støtte i tilknytning til hendelsesrapporter "
+"fra servicekontoret, og den generelle problemhåndteringen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Delivery management - technical support lack in-depth knowledge or "
+"understanding of the technology in use and need technical support from "
+"others."
+msgstr ""
+"Leveransestyring - teknisk støtte mangler dybdekunnskap eller forståelse for "
+"teknologien som er i bruk, og trenger teknisk støtte fra andre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coherence of design and planning. Especially in support and documentation. "
+"For example, when preparing tender documents."
+msgstr ""
+"Sammenheng med design- og planleggingen. Spesielt i forbindelse med støtte "
+"og dokumentasjon. F.eks. ved utarbeidelse av anbudsdokumenter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coherence with the deployment of new system versions, and acceptance in the "
+"operating environment."
+msgstr ""
+"Sammenheng med utrulling ved nye versjoner av systemene, og akseptanse i "
+"driftsmiljøet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Analysis, interpretation and distribution of information from reports and "
+"logs."
+msgstr ""
+"Analyse, fortolkning, og distribusjon av informasjon fra rapporter og logger."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Tactical assembly of improvements in the quality of the ICT service "
+"delivered."
+msgstr ""
+"Taktisk sammensetting av forbedringer i kvaliteten av IT-tjenesten som "
+"leveres."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As an example of how infrastructure can be made, we have taken significant "
+"portions of the ICT plan for schools in Nittedal 2005-2008. We have made "
+"some adjustments, to make it more general and easier for others to copy."
+msgstr ""
+"Som eksempel på hvordan infrastrukturen kan lages, har vi tatt med "
+"betydelige deler av IT-planen for skolene i Nittedal 2005-2008. Vi har gjort "
+"en del justeringer så den blir mer generell og enklere kan kopieres av andre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Background for the plan"
+msgstr "Bakgrunn for planen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "What's expected of the ICT tools and services"
+msgstr "Forventninger til IT-verktøy og tjenester"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Skills needs"
+msgstr "Kompetansebehov"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Investments"
+msgstr "Investeringer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Objectives"
+msgstr "Målsetning"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Students and teachers"
+msgstr "Elever og lærere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Status and objectives"
+msgstr "Status og mål"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Costs"
+msgstr "Kostnader"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Other purchasing options"
+msgstr "Andre innkjøpsalternativer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Software, learning platforms, and services"
+msgstr "Programvare, læringsplattformer, og tjenester"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Software and learning platforms"
+msgstr "Programvare og læringsplattformer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Online services"
+msgstr "Nett-tjenester"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Resource usage"
+msgstr "Ressursbruk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Centralized operations and roles"
+msgstr "Sentralisert drift og roller"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Operation and support costs"
+msgstr "Drift- og støttekostnader"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Attachment"
+msgstr "Vedlegg"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "In its \"Program for Digital Competence 2004-2008\", the Ministry of "
+#| "Education and Research sets objectives for the use of digital technology "
+#| "in the Norwegian school. \"By 2008 we will have an infrastructure, an "
+#| "organisation and a culture that makes our school system to one of the "
+#| "world leaders when it comes to development and educational use of ICT in "
+#| "teaching and learning.\" "
+msgid ""
+"In its \"Program for Digital Competence 2004-2008\", the Ministry of "
+"Education and Research sets objectives for the use of digital technology in "
+"the Norwegian school. \"By 2008 we will have an infrastructure, an "
+"organisation and a culture that makes our school system to one of the world "
+"leaders when it comes to development and educational use of ICT in teaching "
+"and learning.\""
+msgstr ""
+"I sitt «Program for digital kompetanse 2004-2008» setter Utdannings- og "
+"forskningsdepartementet mål for bruk av digital teknologi i norsk skole. "
+"«Innen 2008 skal vi ha en infrastruktur, en organisering og en kultur som "
+"gjør vårt skolesystem til et av de fremste i verden når det gjelder "
+"utvikling og pedagogisk utnytting av IKT i undervisning og læring.»"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Being able to use digital tools is defined as a basic skill for all 13 "
+"school years. Pupils' development of basic skills is to be given priority in "
+"all subjects. The new curricula will mean that students must increasingly "
+"make use of digital tools when learning. Pupils should be able to use the "
+"same technology in work, that forms the basis for the final assessment, as "
+"they use when learning. When the examination is carried out using digital "
+"tools, this provides better coherence between the learning process and the "
+"final assessment."
+msgstr ""
+"Å kunne bruke digitale verktøy defineres som en grunnleggende ferdighet i "
+"hele det 13-årige løpet. Elevenes utvikling av grunnleggende ferdigheter "
+"skal prioriteres i alle fag. De nye læreplanene vil medføre at elevene i "
+"økende grad må ta i bruk digitale verktøy i undervisningen. Elevene skal "
+"kunne bruke samme teknologi i arbeidene som danner grunnlag for "
+"sluttvurderingen som de bruker i undervisningen. Når eksamen gjennomføres "
+"med bruk av digitale verktøy, gir dette bedre samsvar mellom læringsarbeidet "
+"underveis og den avsluttende vurdering."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A national survey in Norway (Skolenes digitale tilstand 2003, ITU, Feb. "
+"2004) shows computers are seldom included in the subjects in primary school "
+"and computers are barely used by pupils in the school."
+msgstr ""
+"En nasjonal kartleggingsstudie (Skolenes digitale tilstand 2003, ITU, "
+"feb.2004) viser at datamaskiner i begrenset grad inngår i fagene i "
+"grunnskolen, og at datamaskinene brukes lite av elevene på skolen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This plan builds on \"Competence Plan for schools in Nittedal (2005-2008)\" "
+"and implements that competence plan's objectives for digital knowledge in "
+"Nittedal's schools. In addition, this is a plan for investment and resource "
+"requirements associated with the operation of our Linux network."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne planen bygger på «Kompetanseplan for skolene i Nittedal (2005-2008)» "
+"og er en presisering av kompetanseplanens mål for digital kunnskap i "
+"Nittedals skolen. I tillegg er dette en plan for investeringer og "
+"ressursbehov tilknyttet driften av vårt linux nettverk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We have different objectives for different groups in the school and to "
+"different aspects of the ICT commitments. Briefly put, our goals are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Vi har ulike mål for ulike grupper i skolen og for de ulike sidene ved IKT-"
+"satsingen. Kort formulert er målene våre:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Get increased use of ICT among both students and teachers by increasing "
+"physical access to ICT equipment."
+msgstr ""
+"Få økt bruk av IKT både hos elever og lærere ved å øke den fysiske tilgangen "
+"til IKT-utstyr."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Be tools-oriented, and therefore emphasise the use of ICT tools in the "
+"school's subjects."
+msgstr ""
+"Være verktøyorientert, og derfor å legge vekten på aktiv bruk av IKT-verktøy "
+"i skolefagene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Give full access to educational software for everything from musical "
+"composition and use of the Internet to learning to write, simulations and "
+"games."
+msgstr ""
+"Gi full tilgang til pedagogisk programvare til alt fra musikkforming og bruk "
+"av Internett til skrivetrening, simuleringer og spill."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Be thrifty and utilise the financial resources we have in the best possible "
+"way."
+msgstr ""
+"Være nøysomme og utnytte de økonomiske ressurser vi har på en best mulig "
+"måte."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Through these main objectives we will achieve:"
+msgstr "Gjennom disse hovedmålene vil vi oppnå at:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Teachers get good working and communication tools at work."
+msgstr ""
+"Lærerne får et godt arbeidsverktøy og kommunikasjonsredskap i arbeidet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Students get the opportunity to be personal users of ICT and use ICT as a "
+"natural tool in everyday school life."
+msgstr ""
+"Elevene får mulighet til å bli personlige brukere av IKT og bruke IKT som et "
+"naturlig verktøy i skolehverdagen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The school will be physically able to fulfill various aspects of the "
+"curriculum related to ICT."
+msgstr ""
+"Skolen blir fysisk i stand til å oppfylle ulike sider ved læreplanen knyttet "
+"til IKT."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operating and maintenance costs are not greater than what the school budget "
+"can allow."
+msgstr ""
+"Drifts- og vedlikeholdskostnadene ikke er større enn skolebudsjettet tåler."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To build and maintain the infrastructure you need a collaboration between "
+"many different professionals. As an example, we show what equipment areas "
+"you need expertise in. These are equipment areas that form part of the "
+"infrastructure in an ordinary school."
+msgstr ""
+"For å bygge ut og vedlikeholde infrastrukturen trenger man et samarbeid "
+"mellom mange forskjellige fagfolk. Som eksempel viser vi hvilke "
+"utstyrsområder man trenger fagekspertise. Dette er utstyrsområder som inngår "
+"som en del av infrastrukturen på en vanlig skole."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Network infrastructure with local area network (LAN) and wide area network "
+"(WAN). Mostly it is easy to obtain switches and other network equipment. "
+"This is off-the-shelf kit. But it must be set up for the planned "
+"architecture designed for centralized operations. This is a job for "
+"professionals. The municipality building department must approve the changes "
+"made."
+msgstr ""
+"Nettverksinfrastruktur med lokalnett (LAN) og områdenett (WAN). For det "
+"meste er det enkelt å få tak i svitsjer og annet nettverksutstyr. Dette er "
+"hyllevare. Men utstyret må settes opp ut fra den planlagte arkitekturen som "
+"er laget for sentralisert drift. Dette er en jobb for fagfolk. Kommunens "
+"bygningsavdeling må godkjenne endringene som gjøres."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Power supply (230V/110V) supporting client computers, servers and network "
+"equipment. Many schools have not installed outlets for all computers to be "
+"placed in classrooms, computer labs or the library. It is a job for "
+"professionals to plan a power grid with enough sockets, and follow given "
+"regulations. The municipality building department must approve the changes "
+"made."
+msgstr ""
+"Strømforsyning (230V) til klientmaskiner, tjenermaskiner og nettverksutstyr. "
+"Mange skoler har ikke bygd ut stikkontakter til alle datamaskinen som skal "
+"plasseres ut i klasserom, på datarom eller i biblioteket. Planlegging av "
+"strømnett krever og utbygging av nok stikkontakter er en jobb for fagfolk, "
+"og er regulert i forskrifter. Kommunens bygningsavdeling må godkjenne "
+"endringene som gjøres."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Servers and clients support a greater variety of network services and end-"
+"user applications. To obtain the right equipment is a considerable job. It "
+"is about finding equipment with appropriate capacity, good quality, decent "
+"guarantee schemes, and low prices."
+msgstr ""
+"Tjenermaskiner og klientmaskiner som støtter et større utvalg av nett-"
+"tjenester og sluttbrukerprogrammer. Å skaffe rett utstyr er en betydelig "
+"jobb. Det gjelder å finne passende kapasitet på utstyret, god kvalitet, "
+"greie garantiordninger, og lave priser."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Machine setup and systems for monitoring hardware. To be sure that all "
+"equipment is running, it is normally accompanied by remote monitoring "
+"systems. That way you can have an overview of the health status of the "
+"equipment in a centralized operations center."
+msgstr ""
+"Maskinoppsett og systemer for overvåking av maskinvare. For å være sikker på "
+"at alt utstyret kjører så følger det som regel med systemer for "
+"fjernovervåking. På den måten kan man ha oversikt over helsetilstanden til "
+"utstyret på et sentralisert driftssenter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Designing appropriate environment or room for placement of equipment that "
+"needs cooling. Computers and network electronics emit considerable heat. "
+"First recently, manufacturers of equipment have addressed the ever-"
+"increasing power consumption. Therefore, one must sometimes ensure that the "
+"excess heat gets transported away. Such cooling systems need to be installed "
+"by professionals."
+msgstr ""
+"Utforming av passende omgivelser eller rom for plassering av utstyr som "
+"trenger kjøling. Datamaskiner og nettverkselektronikk avgir betydelig med "
+"varme. Først den senere tiden har produsenter av utstyr tatt tak i den "
+"stadig økende effektbruken. Derfor må man av og til sørge for transportere "
+"vekk overskuddsvarme. Slike kjølesystemer må eventuelt installeres av "
+"fagfolk."
+
+#. RAW HTML: >
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Knowledge of different performance requirements for software. A program "
+#| "for video editing must run on a workstation with >1.5 Ghz processor and "
+#| "ample memory. Other programs may easily be used on a thin client. One "
+#| "must have relatively good knowledge of what can be expected of different "
+#| "types of client machines to choose the right mix of equipment. This "
+#| "requires insight into how computers are intended to be used in different "
+#| "subjects and in different rooms of the school."
+msgid ""
+"Knowledge of different performance requirements for software. A program for "
+"video editing must run on a workstation with >1.5 Ghz processor and ample "
+"memory. Other programs may easily be used on a thin client. One must have "
+"relatively good knowledge of what can be expected of different types of "
+"client machines to choose the right mix of equipment. This requires insight "
+"into how computers are intended to be used in different subjects and in "
+"different rooms of the school."
+msgstr ""
+"Kjennskap til forskjellig ytelseskrav til programvaren. Et program til "
+"videoredigering må kjøre på en arbeidsstasjon med > 1,5 Ghz prosessor og "
+"mye minne. Andre program kan enkelt brukes på en tynnklient. Man må ha "
+"relativ god kjennskap til hva som kan forventes av forskjellig type "
+"klientmaskiner for å velge riktig miks av utstyr. Dette krever innsikt i "
+"hvordan datamaskinene er tenkt brukt i de forskjellige fagene og i det "
+"forskjellige rommene på skolen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Installation and setup of optional equipment such as printers, video "
+"projectors, computer boards and the like. To set up accessories may quickly "
+"take considerable time. For example video projectors need to be screwed into "
+"the ceiling, and one must arrange for both screen cables and power to reach "
+"them. Printers must have a network point and be connected to the network. "
+"This type of installation usually requires professionals for both "
+"installation and setup."
+msgstr ""
+"Installasjon og oppsett av ekstrautstyr som skrivere, videokanoner, "
+"datatavler og lignende. Det å sette opp ekstrautstyr kan fort ta betydelig "
+"med tid. F.eks. forventes det at videokanoner skal skrus fast i taket, og "
+"man må trekke fram både skjermkabler og strøm. Man må ha nettverkspunkt til "
+"skrivere, og de må kobles til nettverket. Denne type installasjoner krever "
+"som regel fagfolk både til installasjon og oppsett."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Besides to the different professionals needed to build the infrastructure, "
+"you will additionally need:"
+msgstr ""
+"I tillegg til de forskjellige fagfolkene som må på plass for å bygge ut "
+"infrastrukturen trenger man i tillegg:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Owner of the deployment process - is responsible for the deployment process, "
+"and for it happening in a good and efficient manner. This may be the "
+"steering group."
+msgstr ""
+"Eier av utrullingsprosessen - er ansvarlig for utrullingsprosessen, og at "
+"den skjer på en god og effektiv måte. Dette kan være styringsgruppa."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coordinator for the roll-out - responsible for coordinating deployment "
+"activities. Coordinator shall ensure the project fulfils the objectives and "
+"acceptance requirements that apply to the solution, and ensure an orderly "
+"handover. This may be an assistant to the project leader."
+msgstr ""
+"Koordinator for utrullingen - ansvarlig for koordinering av "
+"utrullingsaktiviteter. Koordinator skal sikre at prosjektet når "
+"målsetningene og akseptansekrav som gjelder for løsningen, og sikre en "
+"ordentlig overlevering. Dette kan være en medhjelper til prosjektleder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Deployment analyst - responsible for ensuring an appropriate environment at "
+"the locations where the equipment will stand. Shall verify that the "
+"equipment and premises are suitable for the agreed standards, tests and "
+"deployment. This may be an assistant to the project leader, with the task of "
+"reporting deviations from plans to the steering group."
+msgstr ""
+"Utrullingsanalytiker - ansvarlig for å sikre at det er passende omgivelser "
+"på de stedene som utstyret skal stå. Skal følge opp at utstyret og lokalene "
+"passer til de standarder, tester og utrullingen man er enige om. Dette kan "
+"være en medhjelper til prosjektleder, men oppgave å rapportere til "
+"styringsgruppa om avvik i forhold til planer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Employees in the roll-out team - responsible for ICT solution and the "
+"working environment, and support for acceptance and test processes. This is "
+"employees who participate in one or more sub-projects."
+msgstr ""
+"Medarbeidere i utrullingslaget - ansvarlig for at IT-løsningen og "
+"arbeidsmiljøet, og støtter for akseptanse- og test-prosessene. Dette er "
+"medarbeidere som deltar i ett eller flere delprosjekter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Organizationally it will look like this"
+msgstr "Organisatorisk vil dette se slik ut"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Organisational part</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Organisasjonsdel</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Reference group</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Referansegruppe</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"shall represent users of the system. They will advise on measures to promote "
+"a good and everyday ICT solution for schools."
+msgstr ""
+"skal representere brukerne av systemet. De skal gi råd om tiltak som fremmer "
+"en god og hverdagslig IKT-løsning for skolene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Steering group</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Styringsgruppe</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"whose mission is to ensure the project has enough resources and that project "
+"management gets the roll-out carried out according to the plans. The group "
+"will consist of skilled professionals who are well acquainted with project "
+"implementation, system solutions, and the use of ICT tools in schools."
+msgstr ""
+"har som oppgave å passe på at prosjektet har nok ressurser, og at "
+"prosjektledelse får gjennomført utrulling i henhold til planene. Gruppa skal "
+"bestå av dyktige fagfolk som er godt kjent med prosjektgjennomføring, "
+"systemløsninger, og bruk av IKT-verktøy i skolen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">The project</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Prosjektet</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"has the task of building the solution. The project usually consists of many "
+"sub-projects, which deliver their part of the solution."
+msgstr ""
+"har til oppgave å bygge ut løsningen. Prosjektet består gjerne av mange "
+"delprosjekt som leverer hver sin del av løsningen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To meet a new curriculum, schools must have sufficient computers available "
+"for their students and staff. This investment plan includes the actual costs "
+"of increasing the stock of computers at schools to reach national "
+"objectives. Those objectives call for at least one client machine or PC per "
+"four students. The requirements for equipment shall probably increase in a "
+"few years, so we expand that to a PC workstation per three students. All "
+"teachers should have access to a computer in their daily work at school."
+msgstr ""
+"For å oppfylle ny læreplan må skolene ha tilstrekkelig med datamaskiner "
+"tilgjengelig for sine elever og ansatte. Denne investeringsplanen har med de "
+"faktiske kostnadene ved en økning av maskinparken på skolene slik at vi når "
+"nasjonale målsetninger. Minimum med utstyr er en klientmaskin eller pc per "
+"fjerde elev. Sannsynligvis vil det i løpet av få år komme ytterligere krav "
+"til mer utstyr, så vi legger opp til en pc-arbeidsplass per tredje elev. "
+"Alle lærere skal ha tilgang til en datamaskin i sitt daglige arbeide på "
+"skolen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Today the school net consists of servers and thin clients at the schools, "
+"and a shared server for backup in the municipality. Since we can use used "
+"computers as client machines in our network, the users' computers are not "
+"the most expensive (we buy used equipment and receive donated equipment from "
+"industry). The major costs lie in increased need for power outlets in "
+"classrooms, and possibly an increase in electricity bills in the schools."
+msgstr ""
+"I dag består skolenettet av servere og tynne klienter på skolene, og en "
+"felles server til sikkerhetskopiering (backup) i kommunen. Siden vi kan "
+"bruke brukte datamaskiner som klientmaskiner i vårt nettverk, er det ikke "
+"maskinene til brukerne som er det dyreste (vi kjøper inn brukt utstyr og "
+"mottar donerte maskiner fra næringslivet). De store kostnadene ligger i økte "
+"behov for strømstikk i klasserom, og eventuelt en økning av strømkursene på "
+"skolene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The increased number of concurrent users will also increase support and "
+"operational costs. There will also be a need for tables and chairs for the "
+"new PC workplaces. In addition, all schools received a broadband connection "
+"at a fixed price. Later, we shall illustrate the total cost by doubling the "
+"stock of equipment."
+msgstr ""
+"Siden antall samtidige brukere øker vil man også få økning i støtte- og "
+"driftskostnader. Det vil også være behov for bord og stoler til de nye pc-"
+"arbeidsplassene. I tillegg har alle skolene fått en fast utgift til "
+"bredbåndstilknytning. Videre belyser vi de totale kostnadene ved å doble "
+"maskinparken."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Status for pc coverage 01.06.2005 is:"
+msgstr "Status for pc-dekningen 01.06.2005 er:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "8.9 students per computer in primary schools"
+msgstr "8,9 elever per datamaskin på barnetrinnet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "4.4 students per computer in secondary schools."
+msgstr "4,4 elever per datamaskin på ungdomstrinnet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Objectives for the students:"
+msgstr "Mål for elever:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Each student group (formerly called classes) should have access to at least "
+"five computers, plus the school should have a computer room with a minimum "
+"of 15 PCs. In addition the school needs some special equipment for video "
+"editing, special education and reading/writing courses."
+msgstr ""
+"Hver elevgruppe (tidligere kalt klasser) skal ha tilgang på minst fem "
+"datamaskiner pluss at skolen skal ha et datarom med minimum 15 pc-er. I "
+"tillegg trenger skolen noen spesialmaskiner til videoredigering, "
+"spesialundervisning og lese/skrivekurs."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Objectives for the teachers:"
+msgstr "Mål for lærere:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"All teachers should have access to a computer in their daily work at school."
+msgstr ""
+"Alle lærere skal ha tilgang på en datamaskin i sitt daglige arbeid på skolen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Total number of machines:"
+msgstr "Totalt antall maskiner:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Status per 01.06.05"
+msgstr "Status Pr. 01.06.05"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Needs 2008"
+msgstr "Behov 2008"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Server status"
+msgstr "Server status"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Clients"
+msgstr "Klienter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Laptops"
+msgstr "Bærbare"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "File servers + thin client server:"
+msgstr "Fil servere + tynnklientserver:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Holumskogen"
+msgstr "Holumskogen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1"
+msgstr "1"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "25"
+msgstr "25"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "5"
+msgstr "5"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2"
+msgstr "2"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "68"
+msgstr "68"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "15"
+msgstr "15"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Ulverud"
+msgstr "Ulverud"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "35"
+msgstr "35"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "111"
+msgstr "111"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Slattum"
+msgstr "Slattum"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "44"
+msgstr "44"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "8"
+msgstr "8"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "87"
+msgstr "87"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Rotnes"
+msgstr "Rotnes"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "80"
+msgstr "80"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Sørli"
+msgstr "Sørli"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "31"
+msgstr "31"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "60"
+msgstr "60"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Kirkeby"
+msgstr "Kirkeby"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "94"
+msgstr "94"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Hagen"
+msgstr "Hagen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "7"
+msgstr "7"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "46"
+msgstr "46"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Li"
+msgstr "Li"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "70"
+msgstr "70"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "130"
+msgstr "130"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "30"
+msgstr "30"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Nittedal"
+msgstr "Nittedal"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "55"
+msgstr "55"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "20"
+msgstr "20"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "110"
+msgstr "110"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Hakadal"
+msgstr "Hakadal"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "45"
+msgstr "45"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "52"
+msgstr "52"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Sum"
+msgstr "Sum"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "11"
+msgstr "11"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "378"
+msgstr "378"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "29"
+msgstr "29"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "838"
+msgstr "838"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "195"
+msgstr "195"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We envisage a combination of thin clients, diskless clients and laptops. "
+"Schools should have an infrastructure making it possible to roll out thin "
+"clients in every classroom. Here students can write, calculate, using the "
+"internet and make presentations. In addition the school will have the "
+"opportunity to lend laptops to different groups. In this way students get "
+"close to full PC coverage in certain work situations. The laptops are "
+"connected to servers in wireless networks. In this way teaching becomes more "
+"flexible."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi ser for oss en kombinasjon av tynne klienter, halvtykke klienter og "
+"bærbare maskiner. Skolene skal ha en infrastruktur som gjør det mulig å "
+"sette ut tynne klienter i alle klasserom. Her kan elevene skrive, regne, "
+"bruke internett og lage presentasjoner. I tillegg skal skolen ha mulighet "
+"for å låne ut bærbare maskiner til forskjellige grupper. På denne måten får "
+"elevene tilnærmet full pc-dekning i gitte arbeidssituasjoner. De bærbare "
+"maskinene blir koblet opp mot tjenermaskiner i trådløst nettverk. På den "
+"måten blir undervisningen mer fleksibel."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Pupils"
+msgstr "Elever"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We recommend an investment providing at least one client computer per third "
+"student, something the government has stated as a goal for ICT tools in "
+"schools. To achieve this we need nearly a doubling of the number of client "
+"machines."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi anbefaler en investering som gir minst en klientmaskin per tredje elev, "
+"noe regjeringen har nevnt i sin målsetning for IT-verktøy i skolen. For å få "
+"dette til trenger vi nærmere en dobling av antall klientmaskiner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To reach our target we need to increase the machine park from 506 to 1033 "
+"machines. This is an increase of just under 600 machines. (thin clients, "
+"diskless clients and notebooks)."
+msgstr ""
+"For å nå vårt mål må vi øke maskinparken fra 506 til 1033 maskiner. Dette er "
+"en økning på i underkant av 600 maskiner. (tynnklienter, halvtykke klienter "
+"og bærbare)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "We have counted with these prices, which might be subject to changes:"
+msgstr "Vi har regnet med disse prisene og tar forbehold om prisendring:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Thin Client: 700 NOK, per piece"
+msgstr "Tynnklient: 700,- pr. stk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Server: approx. 50,000, per piece"
+msgstr "Server: ca. 50 000 pr. stk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Monitors: 500, per piece"
+msgstr "Skjermer: 500 pr. stk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Portables: 8,000, per piece"
+msgstr "Bærbare maskiner: 8000 pr. stk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Power plug 750, per piece"
+msgstr "Strømstikk: 750 pr. stk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Table/chair: 700, -"
+msgstr "Bord/stol: 700,-"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Increased resource here means increased number of hours for ICT contacts in "
+"schools. Here we consider an hourly rate per teacher of NOK 270 (£22.5) - "
+"per hour, or NOK 467,100 (£38,925) a year. We also consider somewhat "
+"increased resources to central operations of the municipality. We expect "
+"slightly less than one new hire in centralized operations for over 1,000 "
+"client machines. In addition, ICT contact at each school, training and ICT "
+"coordinator."
+msgstr ""
+"Økt ressurs betyr her økt antall timer til IKT-kontakt på skolene. Her er "
+"det regnet en timepris pr. lærer på kr 270,- pr. time, eller kr 467.100,- i "
+"året. Det er også regnet inn noe økt ressurs til sentral drift på i "
+"kommunen. Vi regner i underkant av en stilling til sentralisert drift av "
+"over 1000 klientmaskiner. I tillegg kommer IKT-kontakt på hver skole, "
+"opplæring og IKT-koordinator."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Licence costs. Today, we can install Linux on laptops using the school's "
+"existing network. Thus we avoid the rent of Microsoft products such as "
+"Windows and Office. School Rates for rental of Microsoft program cost as "
+"much as all computers over a period of 5-6 years."
+msgstr ""
+"Lisenskostnader. Vi kan i dag installere Linux på bærbare maskiner da det er "
+"laget opplegg for kommunikasjon med skolens eksisterende nettverk. Da unngår "
+"vi leie av Microsoft-produkter som Windows og Office. Skolepriser for leie "
+"av Microsoft-program koster like mye som alle datamaskinene over en periode "
+"på 5-6 år."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Broadband agreement, all schools have broadband connection. Price depends on "
+"the individual school agreement."
+msgstr ""
+"Bredbåndsavtale, alle skoler har bredbåndstilknytning. Prisen avhenger av "
+"den enkelte skoles avtale."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Recently used equipment have more performance than the machines that were "
+"available for 3-4 years ago. If the users machines had 256 MB of memory and "
+"800 MHz processor then those would fit as diskless clients. This simplifies "
+"support for using the CD / DVD player, audio, USB stick and similar."
+msgstr ""
+"Nyere brukt utstyr har mer ytelse enn de maskinene som var tilgjengelig for "
+"3-4 år siden. Har maskinene 256 MB minne og 800 Mhz prosessor passer dette "
+"som halvtykke klienter. Dette gir enklere støtte til bruk av CD/DVD-spiller, "
+"lyd, USB-penn ol."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2006</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2006</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2007</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2007</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2008</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2008</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Total</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Totalt</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Thin clients and diskless workstations"
+msgstr "Tynne og halvtykke klienter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "130,000"
+msgstr "130 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "322,000"
+msgstr "322 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Servers"
+msgstr "Tjener-maskiner"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "500,000"
+msgstr "500 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1,000,000"
+msgstr "1 000 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Monitors"
+msgstr "Skjermer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "80,000"
+msgstr "80 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "230,000"
+msgstr "230 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "340,000"
+msgstr "340 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1,020,000"
+msgstr "1 020 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Other: switches, cables,"
+msgstr "Annet: switcher, kabler,"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "150,000"
+msgstr "150 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "450,000"
+msgstr "450 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Power plug/cables"
+msgstr "Strømstikk/kabling"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "290,000"
+msgstr "290 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "870,000"
+msgstr "870 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Tables/chairs"
+msgstr "Bord/stoler"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "190,000"
+msgstr "190 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "570,000"
+msgstr "570 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Increased resources, operations"
+msgstr "Økt ressurs, drift"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "700,000"
+msgstr "700 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Licence costs for portable machines"
+msgstr "Lisenskostnader på bærbare msk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "40,000"
+msgstr "40 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "120,000"
+msgstr "120 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Broadband agreements"
+msgstr "bredbåndsavtaler"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "100,000"
+msgstr "100 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "300,000"
+msgstr "300 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "5,582,000"
+msgstr "5 582 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There has been a growing interest from politicians, parents and teachers to "
+"go over to laptops in secondary schools. Laptops and a wireless network will "
+"give schools a completely different flexibility in room layout and teaching."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er registrert en økende interesse både fra politikere, foreldre og "
+"lærere om å gå over til bærbare maskiner på ungdomstrinnet. Bærbare maskiner "
+"og trådløst nettverk vil gi skolene en helt annen fleksibilitet med tanke på "
+"romløsning og undervisning."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "The problem with only focusing on laptops is:"
+msgstr "Problemet med ensidig satsing på bærbare er:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "We have to buy Microsoft licenses in addition to the machines."
+msgstr "Vi må kjøpe Microsoft lisenser i tillegg til maskinene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The machines have a lifespan of approximately 3 years. Thus the municipality "
+"incurs an annual expenditure to cover new classes in secondary schools."
+msgstr ""
+"Maskinene har en levetid på ca. 3 år. Dvs at kommunen får en årlig utgift "
+"for å dekke nye klasser på ungdomstrinnet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Increased insurance costs"
+msgstr "Økte forsikringskostnader"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"A greater need for power outlets when all laptops must have access to "
+"electricity."
+msgstr ""
+"Et større behov for strømstikk da alle bærbare maskiner må ha tilgang til "
+"strøm."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Increased need for the schools ICT-contact resources"
+msgstr "Økt behov for ressurs til skolenes IKT-kontakt"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Doubling of central operating costs of preparing the disk images etc. for "
+"laptops, and maintenance of a locally-installed system on 266 additional "
+"laptops."
+msgstr ""
+"Dobling av sentrale driftskostnader med klargjøring av diskbilder ol. for "
+"bærbare maskiner, og vedlikehold av lokalt installert system på 266 ekstra "
+"bærbare maskiner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This option has a total price tag of roughly 12 million NOK, just over 1 "
+"million pounds. (This does not include any increase in insurance costs.)"
+msgstr ""
+"Grovt regnet har dette alternativet en prislapp på totalt 12 millioner. (Da "
+"er ikke økte forsikrings kostnader regnet med.)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Teachers"
+msgstr "Lærere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Each teacher should have access to a client machine at the school."
+msgstr "Hver lærer skal ha tilgang til en klientmaskin på skolen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Status: Schools today have approximately 65 PCs divided among approximately "
+"266 employees. This gives a PC coverage of 4 teachers per PC."
+msgstr ""
+"Status: Skolene har i dag ca. 65 pc-er fordelt på ca. 266 ansatte. Dette gir "
+"en pc-dekning på 4 lærere pr. pc."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We want to give credits to the teachers in Nittedal. The new curriculum sets "
+"high requirements for teachers' ICT skills. It will be necessary to ensure "
+"that all teachers in Nittedal have access to a computer. Today's teacher "
+"plans and implements teaching on and with data. They document and report, "
+"write weekly plans, work plans, annual plans and IEPs. More and more "
+"teachers use e-mail for contact both at home and school."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi ønsker å satse på lærerne i Nittedal. I ny læreplan stilles det høye krav "
+"til lærernes IT kompetanse. Det vil være fornuftig å sørge for at alle "
+"lærere i Nittedal har tilgang til en datamaskin. Dagens lærer planlegger og "
+"gjennomfører undervisning på og med data. De dokumenterer og rapporterer, "
+"skriver ukeplaner, arbeidsplaner, årsplaner og individuelle "
+"opplæringsplaner. Flere og flere lærere benytter e-post i kontakten hjem/"
+"skole."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Schools have already arranged to buy computers for their staff. As a result, "
+"the number of computers varies from school to school. We aim to give each "
+"teacher access to a computer at work."
+msgstr ""
+"Skolene har selv sørget for å kjøpe inn datamaskiner til sitt personale. "
+"Dette har ført til at antallet datamaskiner varierer fra skole til skole. Vi "
+"ønsker at alle lærere skal ha tilgang til en datamaskin i sitt arbeid."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here we outline two options to achieve full PC coverage for teachers in "
+"Nittedal."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi skisserer her to alternativer for å oppnå full pc-dekning for lærerne i "
+"Nittedal."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Option 1: Thin clients in combination with portables. This will give each "
+"teacher access to a thin client + that 3.3 teachers share access to one "
+"laptop."
+msgstr ""
+"Alternativ 1: Tynne klienter i kombinasjon med bærbare. Dette vil gi hver "
+"lærer tilgang på en tynnklient + at 3,3 lærere deler tilgangen på en bærbar "
+"datamaskin."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "cost"
+msgstr "kostnad"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Total cost"
+msgstr "Totalkostnad"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Alternative 1"
+msgstr "Alternativ 1"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Thin clients"
+msgstr "Tynne klienter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "140,000"
+msgstr "140 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "640,000"
+msgstr "640 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Tables, chairs"
+msgstr "Bord stoler"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "400,000"
+msgstr "400 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "License costs"
+msgstr "Lisenskostnader"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Total"
+msgstr "Totalt"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1,540,000"
+msgstr "1 540 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Additional for flatscreen"
+msgstr "Tillegg for flatskjerm"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "200,000"
+msgstr "200 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Totally with LCD"
+msgstr "Totalt med LCD"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1,740,000"
+msgstr "1 740 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage of the thin clients to teachers are the low cost of "
+"procurement. We can also expect a longer lifetime of the thin clients "
+"compared to laptops."
+msgstr ""
+"Fordelen med tynne eller halvtykke klienter til lærere er de lave kostnadene "
+"ved innkjøp. Vi kan også regne med en lengre levetid på de tynne klientene i "
+"forhold til bærbare maskiner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"But reused equipment is often without flatscreen. Client machines' cabinets "
+"can be large, giving space shortage in the workplace for teachers. Should we "
+"obtain a flatscreen to all teachers, one must triple the cost, going from "
+"500, - NOK ( 43 £ ) to 1500, - NOK. The total cost would increase by 200,000 "
+"NOK. Overall equipment to teachers cost 1.74 million NOK ( 150,000 £ )."
+msgstr ""
+"Men gjenbrukt utstyr er ofte uten flatskjerm. Kabinettet til klientmaskiner "
+"kan være stort. Dette gir plassmangel på arbeidsplassen til lærerne. Skal "
+"man skaffe flatskjerm til alle lærerne må man tredoble kostnadene for skjer "
+"fra 500,- til 1500,-. Totalkostnaden vil da øke med 200.000 kroner. Totalt "
+"vil utstyret til lærerne koste 1,74 millioner kroner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Option 2: Portables for all teachers"
+msgstr "Alternativ 2: Bærbare maskiner til alle lærere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Alternative 2"
+msgstr "Alternativ 2"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2,128,000"
+msgstr "2 128 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Wireless switches"
+msgstr "Trådløse switcher mm"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Power plug"
+msgstr "Strømstikk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "75,000"
+msgstr "75 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "117,000"
+msgstr "117 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2,400,000"
+msgstr "2 400 000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The problem we see is the actual location of the thin clients. Teachers have "
+"small work desks often in large common rooms. A thin client per teacher with "
+"old-style (CRT) monitors would create a space problem in all schools. The "
+"problem is greatly reduced with modern flat screens."
+msgstr ""
+"Problemet vi ser er selve plasseringen av de tynnklientene. Lærerne har små "
+"arbeidspulter ofte i store fellesrom. En tynnklient per lærer med skjerm av "
+"gammel type vil skape et plassproblem på alle skoler. Problemet blir sterkt "
+"redusert om man går for flatskjerm."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage of portables is that they require little space. Teachers can "
+"easily bring their work home. The disadvantage is the lifespan of a "
+"portable, around half that of stationary equipment. It is reasonable to "
+"assume that laptops are twice as expensive to maintain as desktop PCs, and "
+"three to four times more costly to operate than the thin or diskless clients."
+msgstr ""
+"Fordelen med bærbare er at de krever lite plass. Lærerne kan enklere ta med "
+"arbeidet hjem. Ulempen er at levetiden på bærbart er rundt halvparten "
+"sammenlignet med stasjonært utstyr. Så det er rimelig å anta at "
+"vedlikeholdet av bærbare er dobbelt så dyrt som stasjonære pc-er, og tre til "
+"fire ganger mer kostbart å drifte enn tynne eller halvtykke klienter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Recommended technical development budget"
+msgstr "Anbefalt utbyggingsbudsjett"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In the period 2005 to 2008 we put up the following recommendation for an IT "
+"infrastructure at the schools."
+msgstr ""
+"I perioden 2005 til 2008 har vi satt opp følgende anbefaling for en IT-"
+"infrastruktur for skolene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Number </emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Number</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Ant. </emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Article</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Art</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Cost</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Kostnad</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "600"
+msgstr "600"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Thin clients and diskless workstations including all infrastructure"
+msgstr "Tynne og halvtykke klienter med all infrastruktur"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "200"
+msgstr "200"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Thin clients or diskless workstations with flat screen and all infrastructure"
+msgstr "Tynne eller halvtykke klienter med flatskjerm og all infrastruktur"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">800 client machines in total</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Totalt 800 klientmaskiner</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">7,322,000</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">7 322 000</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Where software runs, depends on infrastructure and capacity of the network. "
+"It's fine to operate all installations on schools from a central location, "
+"for example from ICT services in the municipality or a centrally located "
+"operation."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvor programvaren kan kjøres avhenger av infrastruktur og kapasitet på "
+"datanettet. Det går helt fint å drifte alle installasjoner på skolene fra et "
+"sentralt sted, f.eks. fra IT-tjenesten i kommunen eller et sentralt plassert "
+"driftssenter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One must take into account that network capacity to schools can provide "
+"limits to how much schools can download at the same time, or where it is "
+"best to place servers to get the equipment's full functionality. There is a "
+"big difference between a single teacher downloading a film from for example "
+"NRK, compared to about 30 students doing the same simultaneously. If the "
+"shool has 1.5 Mbit/s broadband capacity, it is not possible for 30 "
+"simultaneous users to download the movie directly from NRK. Then you must "
+"have cacheing proxies in place at the school."
+msgstr ""
+"Man må ta høyde for at nettkapasiteten til skolene kan gi begrensninger i "
+"forhold til hvor mye skolene kan laste ned på samme tid, eller hvor det er "
+"mest optimalt å plassere tjenermaskiner om man vil ha full funksjonalitet på "
+"utstyret. Det er stor forskjell på om en enkelt lærer laster ned en "
+"filmsnutt fra f.eks. NRK, eller om 30 elever gjør dette samtidig. Har skolen "
+"1,5 Mbit/s kapasitet på bredbåndet er det ikke mulig for 30 samtidige "
+"brukere å laste ned filmen direkte fra NRK. Da må man ha på plass "
+"mellomlagring på skolen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Check list centralisation"
+msgstr "Sjekkeliste sentralisering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "UNINETT ABC has made a document with recommendations <placeholder type="
+#| "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> related to the centralisation of ICT operations. "
+#| "It gives advice about the placement of servers and which operational "
+#| "tasks may be centralised from the available capacity of the bandwidth to "
+#| "the school."
+msgid ""
+"UNINETT ABC has made a document with recommendations <<<ulink url="
+"\"https://wiki.debian.org/FootNote#\">FootNote</ulink>(Recommendations of "
+"UNINETT ABC: <ulink url=\"http://www.uninettabc.no/?p=veiledning&"
+"sub=annet\"/> )>> related to the centralisation of ICT operations. It "
+"gives advice about the placement of servers and which operational tasks may "
+"be centralised from the available capacity of the bandwidth to the school."
+msgstr ""
+"UNINETT ABC har laget et dokument med anbefalinger<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> knyttet til sentralisering av IKT-driften. Det blir "
+"gitt råd om plassering av tjenermaskiner og hvilke driftsoppgaver som kan "
+"sentraliseres ut fra tilgjengelig kapasitet på båndbredden til skolen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">General measures to improve the operation of "
+"clients and servers</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Generelle tiltak for bedret drift av klienter og "
+"tjenere</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Thin or diskless clients against local servers</"
+"emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Lockdown of thick clients</"
+"emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Local server machines</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Remote operation</emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">Centralisation of some functions</emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">Local server machines</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Server machines regionally/nationally</emphasis>"
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Server machines regionally/nationally</"
+"emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Centralisation of all operations</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Tjenermaskiner regionalt / nasjonalt</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Capacity of the schools' network</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Kapasitet på nettverket til skolene</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Low bandwidth (ISDN)"
+msgstr "Lav båndbredde (ISDN)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Medium bandwidth (ADSL and similar)"
+msgstr "Middels båndbredde (ADSL o.l)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "High bandwidth (fibre and similar)"
+msgstr "Høy båndbredde (fiber o.l)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Software"
+msgstr "Programvare"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The new curriculum (L2006) highlights the use of digital tools as one of the "
+"\"basic skills\". We wish that the use of ICT should go beyond teaching, and "
+"increasingly provide educational and administrative tools to support "
+"learning activity and new forms of learning while providing easy access to "
+"knowledge. Giving experience with digital learning platforms is one of the "
+"objectives of the competence plan. The aim was for one or more schools to "
+"try this out in 2006."
+msgstr ""
+"I ny læreplan (L2006) er bruken av digitale verktøy fremhevet som en av de "
+"«grunnleggende ferdigheter». Vi ønsker at bruken av IKT ikke bare skal "
+"omfatte undervisningen, men i økende grad være et pedagogisk og "
+"administrativt verktøy for å støtte læringsaktivitet, nye læringsformer og "
+"gi enkel tilgang til kunnskap. Å gjøre erfaring med bruken av digital "
+"læringsplattformer er et av målene i kompetanseplanen. Vi har et mål om at "
+"en eller flere skoler prøver ut dette innen 2006."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Research shows computer equipment being used to a limited extent for "
+"teaching in schools. Computer usage has stagnated and in some subjects "
+"declined, research shows (ITU Monitor 2005). The use of ICT in schools is "
+"often individualized, and students learn to become consumers. Teaching "
+"methods are hindering the sharing of knowledge in school. Few teachers use "
+"ICT daily. Internet and text-related services are the most important forms "
+"of computer use in schools."
+msgstr ""
+"Forsking viser at man i begrenset grad utnytter datautstyret til læring i "
+"skolen. Databruken har stagnert og i enkelte fag gått tilbake viser "
+"forskning (ITU Monitor 2005). Bruken av IKT i skolen er gjerne "
+"individrettet, og elevene lærer å bli konsumenter. Man har læringsformer som "
+"hindrer kunnskapsdeling i skolen. Få lærere bruker IKT daglig. Internett og "
+"tekstrelaterte tjenester er de mest sentrale formene for datamaskinbruk i "
+"skolen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Simply put, teachers focus too much on using tools for office administrative "
+"work such as MS Office or OpenOffice.org. What they ought to focus on was "
+"the use of simulations, editing pictures, audio and video communication on "
+"the Internet, and games."
+msgstr ""
+"Forenklet sagt fokuserer lærerne for mye på bruk av verktøy for "
+"kontoradministrativt arbeide som f.eks. MS Office eller OpenOffice.org. Det "
+"de burde fokusert på var bruk av simuleringer, redigering av blide, lyd og "
+"videoer, kommunikasjon på Internett, og spill."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Home use is often quite different. At home students are producers and use "
+"ICT mostly collectively and for communication. They put together and send "
+"each other pictures, exchanging content, using the major opportunities for "
+"recording, editing and sharing of movies which is possible with today's "
+"computers with broadband. Children and young people also play video games "
+"more at home than at school (ITU Monitor 2005)."
+msgstr ""
+"Hjemmebruken er som oftest en helt annen. Hjemme er elevene produsenter og "
+"bruker IKT mest kollektivt og kommunikativt. De setter sammen og sender "
+"hverandre bilder, utveksler innhold, og bruker de store mulighetene til "
+"opptak, redigering og deling av filmklipp som er fullt mulig med dagens "
+"datamaskiner med bredbånd. Barn og unge spiller også dataspill mer hjemme "
+"enn på skolen (ITU Monitor 2005)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Researchers say that video games are one of the main leisure activities for "
+"children and young people. One child in four plays every day (Youth Agency "
+"2006). Video games are a social activity. In the wake of the games both "
+"virtual and physical communities arise, from playing together on consoles to "
+"participating in gatherings where youth can play."
+msgstr ""
+"Forskerne sier at dataspill er en av de viktigste fritidsaktivitetene som "
+"barn og unge er opptatt av. Hvert fjerde barn spiller hver dag "
+"(Ungdomsstyrelsen 2006). Dataspill er en sosial aktivitet. I kjølevannet av "
+"spillene oppstår det både virtuelle og fysiske felleskap, fra å spille "
+"sammen på konsoller til at det arrangeres samlinger unge kan spille."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"An important task is that the school development contributes to update "
+"general education perspective in the general part of the curriculum. "
+"Allowing digital judgement or digital education developed in relation to "
+"steps and learning strategies, as stated by the national Research and "
+"Resource Centre for ICT in education."
+msgstr ""
+"En viktig oppgave er at skoleutviklingen bidrar til å oppdatere "
+"allmenndannelsesperspektivet i den generelle delen av læreplanen. Slik at "
+"digital dømmekraft eller digital dannelse utvikles i forhold til trinn og "
+"læringsstrategier slås det fast av Forsknings og kompetansesenter for IT i "
+"utdanningen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To get equipment more in use requires considerable effort by the teacher. "
+"They must be continually educated in new forms of learning to use the new "
+"ICT tools for teaching. There must be more emphasis on youth's actual use of "
+"media and forms of communication. It is not enough to provide a teaching "
+"platform and e-mail. The tools should fully support the new ways of using "
+"media."
+msgstr ""
+"For å få tatt utstyret mer i bruk krever det betydelig innsats av læreren. "
+"De må etter- og videreutdannes i nye læringsformer for å kunne bruke de nye "
+"IT-vertkøyene i undervisningen. Det må legges mer vekt på unges faktiske "
+"mediebruk og kommunikasjonsformer. Da er det ikke nok med å tilby en "
+"læringsplattform og e-post. Da bør verktøyene ha full støtte for de nye "
+"formene for mediebruk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To achieve this, the equipment must be adapted to the software and the "
+"online services that teachers and students use in their school work. The "
+"browser is arguably the most important program students use in learning. "
+"Many will also be surprised that office programs as OpenOffice.org or MS "
+"Office are irrelevant in lower grades. At those grades, simple programs for "
+"practicing writings, drawings, communication, simulations and music forming "
+"apply. So what is important in the choice of software is to provide good "
+"access to the Internet and support for active learning using ICT tools that "
+"are relevant to the school subjects."
+msgstr ""
+"For å få dette må utstyret være tilpasset den programvaren og nett-"
+"tjenestene lærere og elever bruker til skolearbeidet. Nettleseren er kanskje "
+"det viktigste programmet elevene bruker til læring. Mange vil også la seg "
+"overraske at kontorprogram som OpenOffice.org eller MS Office er lite "
+"aktuelt i lavere skoletrinn. Da er det enkle program til skrivetrening, "
+"tegninger, kommunikasjon, simuleringer og musikkforming som gjelder. Så det "
+"som er viktig i valg av programvare er å tilby god tilgang til Internett og "
+"støtte for aktiv læring med bruk av IT-verktøy relevant for skolefagene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"With diskless clients you get full support for multimedia, film, USB sticks "
+"and more. The advantage of thin clients is that they allow reuse from as far "
+"back as 1995. At that time the machines had no video capabilities. The USB "
+"standard was not fully developed. Computers from 2000 and later usually have "
+"a much higher capacity. Such machines can easily show video clips from NRK, "
+"DVDs, and one can play games."
+msgstr ""
+"Med halvtykke klienter får man full støtte for multimedia, film og USB-penn "
+"med mer. Fordelen med tynnklienter er at det gir gjenbruk fra så langt "
+"tilbake som 1995. Den gang hadde ikke maskinene kapasitet til video. USB-"
+"standarden var ikke ferdig utviklet. Seks år gamle datamaskiner fra 2000 og "
+"nyere har som regel en mye høyere kapasitet. Slike maskiner kan helt greit "
+"vise fram videoklipp fra NRK, DVD-er, og man kan spille spill."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage of diskless clients is that they provide the same performance "
+"as the so-called thick clients or computers with most of the software "
+"installed locally. At the same time one gets the same low operating costs "
+"with diskless clients as with thin clients. This is because all the software "
+"is managed on the central server machine."
+msgstr ""
+"Fordelen med halvtykke klienter er at de gir samme ytelse som såkalte tykke "
+"klienter eller datamaskiner med det meste av programvaren installert lokalt. "
+"Samtidig får man samme lave driftskostnader med halvtykke klienter som med "
+"tynnklienter. Dette fordi all programvaren administreres på sentral "
+"tjenermaskin."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Today Skolelinux comes with over 50 school-relevant programs. In addition, "
+"it has browser, email client and OpenOffice.org with 8 different office "
+"applications. This is much more than what comes with Microsoft which mostly "
+"offers browser, e-mail and 5 current office tools."
+msgstr ""
+"I dag følger det med over 50 skoleaktuelle program i Skolelinux. I tillegg "
+"er det med nettleser, e-post-klient og OpenOffice.org med 8 forskjellige "
+"kontorprogrammer. Dette er mye mer enn hva som følger med fra Microsoft som "
+"stort sett tilbyr nettleser, e-post og 5 aktuelle kontorverktøy."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"With Debian Edu, it is also relatively easy to customize menus for the "
+"various stages of education so that we can reduce the number of educational "
+"programs. Especially since some applications are introduced in 4th-5th "
+"grade. While programs may be popular at first or second stages of education "
+"will be too easy when students have gotten older and learned more. In "
+"addition, there is an increasing number of educational programs on the "
+"Internet. This is software that works on any platform. So you can use the "
+"programs at home on Apple or Windows, and the school's Debian Edu. Students "
+"handle this just fine."
+msgstr ""
+"Med Skolelinux er det også relativt greit å tilpasse menyene for de "
+"forskjellige skoletrinn slik at man kan redusere antall pedagogiske "
+"programmer. Spesielt siden noen programmer først introduseres i 4.-5. "
+"trinnet. Mens programmer som kanskje er populære på første eller andre "
+"skoletrinn vil bli for enkelt når elevene har blitt eldre og har lært mer. I "
+"tillegg er det et stadig økende antall pedagogiske programmer på Internett. "
+"Dette er programvare som virker uavhengig av plattform. Så man kan bruke "
+"programmene hjemme på Apple eller Windows, og på skolen med Skolelinux. "
+"Elevene takler dette helt fint."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Learning platforms"
+msgstr "Læringsplattfomer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Various digital learning platforms are found on the market. Some cost money, "
+"others are free. They all offer teachers and students an area where they can "
+"share and store documents, send and receive information."
+msgstr ""
+"Ulike digitale læringsplattformer finnes på markedet. Noen koster penger, "
+"mens andre er gratis. Felles for dem alle er at de tilbyr lærere og elever "
+"et område der de kan dele og lagre dokumenter, sende og motta informasjon."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Price example:"
+msgstr "Priseksempel:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Digital learning platform"
+msgstr "Digital læringsplatform"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "It`s learning"
+msgstr "It`s learning"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "3300,- NOK per school per year"
+msgstr "3300,- pr. skole pr. år"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "School network"
+msgstr "Skolenettet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Free"
+msgstr "Gratis"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Regardless of the bandwidth the following functions can be centralized:"
+msgstr "Uavhengig av båndbredde kan følgende funksjoner sentraliseres:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Configuration management, i.e. having oversight and control of the "
+"configuration of machines, networks, applications and services"
+msgstr ""
+"Konfigurasjonsstyring, dvs. ha oversikt og kontroll på konfigurasjon av "
+"maskiner, nettverk, programmer og tjenester"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Program management, i.e. having oversight and control of access to, usage "
+"and performance of applications and services"
+msgstr ""
+"Programstyring, dvs. ha oversikt og kontroll på tilgangen til, bruken av og "
+"ytelsen til programmer og tjenester"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Updates and patching"
+msgstr "Oppdateringer og lapping (eng.: patching)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"User administration, preferably with a FEIDE compatible user management "
+"system (BAS)"
+msgstr ""
+"Brukeradministrasjon, gjerne med et FEIDE-kompatibelt "
+"brukeradministrasjonssystem (BAS)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Licence administration"
+msgstr "Lisensadministrasjon"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Monitoring and measurement"
+msgstr "Overvåkning og målinger"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Checklist for services that can be centralized or replicated. For example "
+"can backup be centralized. The same applies to the user database with a "
+"central directory server (LDAP) with replication to each school."
+msgstr ""
+"Sjekkliste for tjenester som kan sentraliseres, eller replikeres. F.eks. kan "
+"backup sentraliseres. Det samme gjelder brukerdatabasen med sentral "
+"katalogtjener (LDAP) med replikering til hver skole."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Services"
+msgstr "Tjenester"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Description"
+msgstr "Beskrivelse"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Local"
+msgstr "Lokalt"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Central"
+msgstr "Sentralt"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Apache"
+msgstr "Apache"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Webserver allows all users to create a website"
+msgstr "Vevtjener gjør at alle brukere kan lage hjemmeside"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "CUPS"
+msgstr "CUPS"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Print server. The aim is that it will also manage print quotas"
+msgstr "Utskriftstjener. Målet er at den også vil styre utskriftskvoter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "DHCP"
+msgstr "DHCP"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Automatic connection of computers in the network"
+msgstr "Automatisk oppkobling av maskiner i nettverket"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "DNS"
+msgstr "DNS"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Name server"
+msgstr "Navnetjener"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "LDAP"
+msgstr "LDAP"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Directory server containing user data for logon, file sharing and group "
+"information"
+msgstr ""
+"Katalogtjener som inneholder brukerdata for pålogging, fildeling og "
+"gruppeinformasjon"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "LTSP"
+msgstr "LTSP"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Thin client server"
+msgstr "Tynnklienttjener"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NFS"
+msgstr "NFS"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Network file system"
+msgstr "Nettversfordelt filsystem"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NTP"
+msgstr "NTP"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Clock server so that all machines have the correct time"
+msgstr "Klokketjener slik at alle maskinene har riktig tid"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "SMTP/IMAP over SSL"
+msgstr "SMTP/IMAP over SSL"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Email to everyone locally at the school"
+msgstr "E-post til alle lokalt på skolen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "SSH"
+msgstr "SSH"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Remote control over encrypted connection"
+msgstr "Fjernstyring over kryptert forbindelse"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Squid"
+msgstr "Squid"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Cache for web sites (to save bandwidth)"
+msgstr "Mellomlager for nettsider (for å spare båndbredde)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Webmin"
+msgstr "Webmin"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "System management via the web browser"
+msgstr "Systemadministrasjon via nettleser"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "User administration"
+msgstr "User administration"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Simplified user administration"
+msgstr "Forenklet brukeradministrasjon"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Backup"
+msgstr "Backup"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Backup (should be done on a separate machine)"
+msgstr "Sikkerhetskopi (bør gjøres på egen maskin)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "SMB"
+msgstr "SMB"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Samba for connecting Windows-computers"
+msgstr "Samba for tilkobling av Windows-maskiner"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "cfengine"
+msgstr "cfengine"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Automatic control of the system setup"
+msgstr "Automatisk styring av systemoppsettet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Host and service monitoring"
+msgstr "Host and service monitoring"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Monitoring the health of the server machine"
+msgstr "Overvåking av helsetilstanden på tjenermaskinen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Appletalk"
+msgstr "Appletalk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Connecting Macs"
+msgstr "Tilkobling av Mac-maskiner"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "SQL-server"
+msgstr "SQL-tjener"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Supplied (not set up)"
+msgstr "Følger med (ikke satt opp)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Use of resources in operations"
+msgstr "Ressursbruk til drift"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For day-to-day operation of its computers, each school has an ICT contact. "
+"ICT contacts have from 2 to 4 hours allocated to this work per week. In "
+"addition, the municipality has an ICT tutor in a 50% position working with, "
+"among other things, competence and operations. The operation of the Linux "
+"network would gradually be transferred to the municipal ICT service in the "
+"school year 2005-2006."
+msgstr ""
+"For den daglige driften av skolenes datamaskiner har hver skole en IKT-"
+"kontakt. IKT-kontaktene har fra 2 til 4 timer avsatt til dette arbeidet pr. "
+"uke. I tillegg har kommunen en IKT veileder i 50 % stilling som jobber bla. "
+"med kompetanse og drift. Selve driften av linux nettverket skal gradvis "
+"føres over til kommunens it-tjeneste skoleåret 2005-2006."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"On behalf of Debian Edu, Kapp næringshage (business park) made a calculation "
+"program which estimates the use of resources for ICT in schools. Today we "
+"operate the school network for over 3000 users with 2.1 FTEs. (Schools' ICT "
+"contacts allocate a total of 1.6 FTEs for their work, and 0.5 FTEs in the "
+"municipality.) When Kapp næringshage calculates our resource requirements "
+"for operation, they estimate the current needs to be 4.6 FTEs. This shows "
+"that the school has managed much with few resources."
+msgstr ""
+"På oppdrag for Skolelinux har Kapp næringshage laget et beregningsprogram "
+"som stipulerer ressursbruk for IKT i skolene. I dag drifter vi skolenes "
+"nettverk med over 3000 brukere på 2,1 årsverk. (Skolenes IKT-kontakter har "
+"avsatt tilsammen 1,6 årsverk til sitt arbeid, og 0,5 årsverk på kommunen) "
+"Når Knapp næringshage beregner vårt ressursbehov på drift stipulerer de "
+"dagens behov til å være 4,6 årsverk. Dette viser at skolen har klart mye på "
+"få ressurser."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Increased resources must primarily be placed in schools, because the "
+"schools' ICT contacts get busier when the number of PCs goes up. Increased "
+"number of pcs means increased use, and increased need for guidance in "
+"educational use of ICT tools."
+msgstr ""
+"Økt ressurs må i hovedsak settes inn på skolene. Det er skolenes IKT-"
+"kontakter som får mer å gjøre når pc-tallet går opp. Økt antall pc-er betyr "
+"økt bruk, og økt behov for veiledning i pedagogiske bruk av IT-verktøy."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Maintenance will increase faster than number of simultaneous users, but "
+"maintenance of the machines themselves will increase almost linearly with "
+"the number of machines. We want to focus more on the educational use of the "
+"equipment, and want most of the increase to be go towards use of ICT tools "
+"in school subjects."
+msgstr ""
+"Vedlikeholdet vil øke i forhold til flere samtidige brukere, men selve "
+"maskinvedlikeholdet vil øke nesten lineært i forhold til antall maskiner. Vi "
+"ønsker å satse mer på pedagogisk bruk av utstyret, og at mesteparten av "
+"økningen settes inn på bruk av IT-verktøy i skolefagene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There will also be a somehow greater need for increased resources for the "
+"municipality's ICT service, but because of economies of scale, the increase "
+"here will be small."
+msgstr ""
+"Det vil også bli et noe større behov for økt ressurs på kommunens IT "
+"tjeneste, men pga. stordriftsfordeler vil økningen her bli liten."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Today it is difficult for schools to prioritize hours to an ICT contact. "
+"Both because money for this must be taken from already stressed school "
+"finances, and because schools have lacked guidance on what and how much ICT "
+"contacts at schools will perform."
+msgstr ""
+"I dag er det vanskelig for skolene å prioritere timer til IKT-kontakt. Både "
+"fordi penger til dette må tas fra en allerede presset skoleøkonomi og fordi "
+"skolene har manglet føringer på hva og hvor mye IKT-kontaktene på skolene "
+"skal utføre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Operations' roles"
+msgstr "Roller til drift"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "The duties of ICT contact at each school:"
+msgstr "Oppgavene til IKT-kontakten på hver skole:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"From experience, we reckon these tasks take a minimum of 4 hours a week for "
+"a school with 50 thin or diskless clients. If the school has fewer machines, "
+"this reduces the number of hours a bit. With more machines, for example 150 "
+"machines, the local ICT contact at each school needs around a 30% position "
+"to easily handle technical maintenance."
+msgstr ""
+"Erfaringsvis beregner vi disse oppgavene til minimum 4 timers jobb i uka for "
+"en skole med 50 tynne eller halvtykke klienter på en skole. Har skolen et "
+"mindre antall maskiner reduseres dette timetallet noe. Med økt antall "
+"maskiner til f.eks. 150 maskiner trenger lokal IKT-kontakt på hver skole "
+"rundt en 30% stilling til enkelt teknisk vedlikehold."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the school can't set aside a sufficient number of hours to the ICT "
+"contact, duties in the work list above must be removed, and the opposite if "
+"the school can use more hours."
+msgstr ""
+"Kan ikke skolen avsette tilstrekkelig antall timer til IKT-kontakten må "
+"arbeidsoppgaver i listen over strykes og motsatt hvis skolen kan avsette "
+"flere timer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Tasks beyond this, for example updating a website, being an instructor "
+"(beyond normal collegial guidance), must be agreed individually for "
+"compensation/taking time off."
+msgstr ""
+"Oppgaver ut over dette eks. oppdatering av nettside, være kursholder (ut "
+"over vanlig kollegial veiledning) må avtales individuelt mot eventuell "
+"kompensasjon/avspasering."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The ICT supervisor recommends the following tasks for ICT and ICT service "
+"supervisor."
+msgstr ""
+"IKT-veileder anbefaler følgende oppgaver for IT-tjenesten og IKT-veileder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Operations:"
+msgstr "Drift:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Visit the school for troubleshooting defects and errors on computers, "
+"printers and servers."
+msgstr ""
+"Oppsøke skolen for utbedring av mangler og feil på datamaskiner, skrivere og "
+"server."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Continuous updating of software on school servers."
+msgstr "Kontinuerlig oppdatering av programvare på skolens servere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Procurement of equipment and software with tenders in the market."
+msgstr "Anskaffelse av utstyr og programvare med anbud i markedet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Skills:"
+msgstr "Kompetanse:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Develop the competence plan."
+msgstr "Utarbeide kompetanseplan."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Training of ICT contacts in schools."
+msgstr "Opplæring av IKT-kontaktene på skolene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Introduction to user interface and standard programs for teachers."
+msgstr "Innføring i brukergrensesnitt og standardprogrammer for lærere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"How much of the central operating resources are required, depends on which "
+"client types you have selected. Operation of workstations is almost twice as "
+"expensive for the operation of diskless clients."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvor mye sentrale driftsressurser som er nødvendig avhenger mye av ha slags "
+"klienttyper man har valgt. Drift av arbeidsstasjoner er nærmere dobbelt så "
+"dyrt om drift av halvtykke klienter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "The definition of operating costs:"
+msgstr "Definisjonen til driftskostnader:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"All activities and initiatives to deliver and/or maintain the desired use of "
+"ICT infrastructure."
+msgstr ""
+"Alle aktiviteter og tiltak for å levere og/eller vedlikeholde den ønskede "
+"bruken av IT infrastruktur."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We have described what is a realistic operating environment, considering a "
+"moderate level of service with proactive operation. The Norwegian \"Program "
+"for digital kompetanse\" is the basis for our assessments."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi beskrevet hva som er et realistisk driftsmiljø ut fra hensynet til et "
+"moderat tjenestenivå med proaktiv drift. «Program for digital kompetanse» "
+"ligger til grunn for våre vurderinger."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Proactive operation is to discover and rectify errors before they affect "
+"users. An example of proactive operation is to update laptops with new disk "
+"images once a week. When teachers log in the morning after, all the machines "
+"will have been reset to the school's preferences."
+msgstr ""
+"Proaktiv drift handler om å oppdage og utbedre feil før dette berører "
+"brukerne. Et eksempel på proaktiv drift er å oppdatere bærbare datamaskiner "
+"med nye diskbilder en gang i uka. Når lærere logger seg inn om morgenen "
+"dagen etter, er alle maskinene stilt tilbake slik skolen vil ha det."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operations get messages about defects in the system before it goes wrong for "
+"users. Defects are rectified and bugs fixed before users notice anything. A "
+"system example that provides messages used to proactive operation is disk "
+"store. They can notify when a hard disk is defective, or if the disk cache "
+"is full. Operations can also get information if the computer network is "
+"available, or whether processes must be terminated when users logs out."
+msgstr ""
+"Driftsoperatør får meldinger om feil og mangler i systemet før det går galt "
+"for brukerne. Manglene utbedres og feilene fikses før brukerne merker noe. "
+"Et eksempel på system som kan gi meldinger som brukes til proaktiv drift er "
+"disklagre. De kan melde om en harddisk er defekt, eller om disklageret går "
+"fullt. Driftsoperatør kan også få informasjon om datanettet er tilgjengelig, "
+"eller om prosesser må avsluttes når brukere logger ut."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Advantage: One achieves very high stability of the system, supposing one has "
+"access to the right tools and the right skills. It becomes easier to "
+"maintain multiple types of computers because they know if they work or fail "
+"and can replace faulty equipment. Disadvantage 1: Requires higher technical "
+"expertise. Higher costs of establishing and managing operations. "
+"Disadvantage 2: Proactive operation is more costly than reactive operation "
+"if one does not count the loss of working hours for equipment that is "
+"defective. What you focus on depends on what the consequences are if the "
+"system is down. It is difficult to calculate the loss of teaching when ICT "
+"tools do not work. If it is required that the pupils and teachers have "
+"little downtime, one must invest in high uptime."
+msgstr ""
+"Fordel: Man oppnår svært høy stabilitet på systemet under forutsetning at "
+"man har tilgang til riktige verktøy og riktig kompetanse. Det blir enklere "
+"å holde vedlike flere typer datamaskiner fordi man vet om de virker eller "
+"faller ut, og kan bytte utstyr som feiler. Ulempe 1: Krever høyere teknisk "
+"kompetanse. Gir høyere kostnader ved etablering og daglig drift. Ulempe 2: "
+"Proaktiv drift er mer kostbar enn reaktiv drift om man ikke regner inn tap "
+"av arbeidstid for utstyr som er defekt. Hva man satser på avhenger av hva "
+"konsekvensene er om systemet er nede. Det er vanskelig å regne på tap av "
+"undervisning når IT-verktøyene ikke virker. Er man avhengig av at elever og "
+"lærere skal ha lite nedetid, må man investere i høy oppetid."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When we expand the fleet in schools this must have an impact on both ICT "
+"contacts' working resource and municipal ICT service for schools."
+msgstr ""
+"Når vi utvider maskinparken på skolene må dette få betydning for både IKT-"
+"kontaktenes arbeidsressurs og kommunens it-tjeneste mot skolene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To quantify the need, we have estimated increased resource requirements in "
+"some of our investment options:"
+msgstr ""
+"For å tallfeste behovet har vi beregnet økt ressursbehov på noen av våre "
+"investeringsalternativer:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "The number of clients/portables"
+msgstr "Antall klienter / bærbare"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Users:"
+msgstr "Brukere:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Stipulated resource needs in 2008"
+msgstr "Stipulert ressursbehov 2008"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Today's real resource:"
+msgstr "Dagens reelle ressurs:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Today's need 2005:"
+msgstr "Dagens behov 2005:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "506"
+msgstr "506"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "More than 3000"
+msgstr "Over 3000"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "4.6 FTEs (man-year)"
+msgstr "4,6 årsverk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2,1 FTEs"
+msgstr "2,1 årsverk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Pupils in 2008"
+msgstr "Elever i 2008:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1033"
+msgstr "1033"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "6,9 FTEs"
+msgstr "6,9 årsverk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Teachers in 2008"
+msgstr "Lærere i 2008:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "280"
+msgstr "280"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "266"
+msgstr "266"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "4,3 FTEs"
+msgstr "4,3 årsverk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Alternative 2 (laptop)"
+msgstr "Alternativ 2 (bærbart)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "5,9 FTEs*"
+msgstr "5,9 årsverk*"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "*) Additional FTEs for maintenance of 266 laptops"
+msgid ") Additional FTEs for maintenance of 266 laptops"
+msgstr "*) Ekstra årsverk til vedlikehold av 266 bærbare datamaskiner"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Costs for the administration of all the computers for students and teachers. "
+"We go out from Alternative 1 in regards to the thin clients for students and "
+"teachers, and some laptops."
+msgstr ""
+"Kostnader for drift av alle datamaskiner for elev- og lærermaskiner. Vi "
+"regner ut fra alternativ 1 med tynne eller halvtykke klienter for elever og "
+"lærere, og en del bærbare maskiner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Year</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">År</emphasis></emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Number of PCs</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Ant. PC-er</emphasis></emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Central operator</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Sentral driftsoperatør</emphasis></"
+"emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">ICT guide for the entire municipality</"
+"emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">IKT-veileder for hele kommunen</"
+"emphasis></emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">ICT-contact at each school (average)</"
+"emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">IKT-kontakt på hver skole (gj.snitt)</"
+"emphasis></emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">In total</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Samlet</emphasis></emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2005"
+msgstr "2005"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1/2 FTE"
+msgstr "1/2 stilling"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "(3:30 hours per week)"
+msgid "8,5 % FTE(3:30 hours per week)"
+msgstr "(3:30 timer i uka)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2005</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2005</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Human resources' costs for operations*</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Personalkostnader til drift*</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">NOK 980 910,-</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">kr 980 910,-</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2008"
+msgstr "2008"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1333"
+msgstr "1333"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1 position"
+msgstr "1 stilling"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "(26 hours per week)"
+msgid "100 % FTE(26 hours per week)"
+msgstr "(26 timer i uka)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "11,5 FTE"
+msgstr "11,5 stillinger"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">NOK 5 400 00,-</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">kr 5 400 00,-</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "*) NOK 270, - per teacher hour 1730 hours a year. ICT contact at each "
+#| "school uses 75% of the time on pedagogical support."
+msgid ""
+") NOK 270, - per teacher hour 1730 hours a year. ICT contact at each school "
+"uses 75% of the time on pedagogical support."
+msgstr ""
+"*) kr 270,- per lærertime 1730 timer i året. IKT-kontakt på hver skole "
+"bruker 75% av tiden på fagligpedagogisk støtte."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Alternative 2 with laptops for every teacher:"
+msgstr "Alternativ 2 med bærbare datamaskiner til alle lærere:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1 + 4/5 FTE*"
+msgstr "1 + 4/5 stilling*"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "12,8 FTEs"
+msgstr "12,8 stillinger"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">NOK 6,000,000.-</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">kr 6 000 000,-</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "*) An additional position for maintenance of laptops."
+msgid ") An additional position for maintenance of laptops."
+msgstr "*) En ekstra stilling til vedlikehold av bærbare datamaskiner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Training costs for students and teachers is roughly the same with Windows "
+"and Linux, according to surveys done in schools in Norway and the UK. This "
+"is because the training is related to the use by end user programs in "
+"everyday school life."
+msgstr ""
+"Opplæringskostnadene for elever og lærere er omtrent de samme med Windows og "
+"Linux, viser undersøkelsene som er gjort på skoler i Norge og i "
+"Storbritannia. Dette skyldes at opplæringen er knyttet til bruk av "
+"sluttbrukerprogram i skolehverdagen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Usually, at a school with 300 students and teachers only one or two persons "
+"need training in operating computer systems. This refers to both an ICT "
+"contact at school, and an operator in the municipality."
+msgstr ""
+"Vanligvis er det bare en eller to personer på en skole med 300 elever og "
+"lærere som har behov for opplæring i drift av datasystemene. Dette gjelder "
+"både IKT-kontakten på skolen, og driftsoperatør i kommunen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We have included additional training costs for Linux. When all teachers have "
+"one day going through the Linux desktop option, the transition to the new "
+"system goes easier for those who think they can only manage Windows. The "
+"cost for displays like LærerIKT and similar are not included as we have done "
+"in the cost overview from the municipalities in this survey."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi har satt opp ekstra opplæringskostnader knyttet til Linux. Ved at alle "
+"lærere får en dags gjennomgang av skrivebordet med Linux-alternativet, går "
+"overgang til nytt system enklere for de som tror de bare kan Windows. Det er "
+"ikke regnet inn kostnader for opplegg som LærerIKT og lignende slik vi har "
+"gjort i kostnadsoversikten fra kommunene i denne undersøkelsen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Summary of the options"
+msgstr "Alternativene oppsummert"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To achieve the objective of one computer per third student and one pc per "
+"teacher Option 1 is recommended. This option requires over 800 additional "
+"computers compared to current coverage of 506 client machines. Overall, we "
+"will then get just over 1300 client computers with emphasis on thin and "
+"diskless clients. Some machines will also be portable to provide additional "
+"flexibility in everyday school life."
+msgstr ""
+"For å nå målsetningen om en datamaskin per tredje elev og en pc per lærerer "
+"så anbefales alternativ 1. Dette alternativet krever over 800 ekstra "
+"datamaskiner i forhold til dagens dekning på 506 klientmaskiner. Totalt vil "
+"vi da få i overkant av 1300 klientmaskiner med hovedvekt på tynne og "
+"halvtykke klienter. Noen maskiner vil også være bærbare for å gi ytterligere "
+"fleksibilitet i skolehverdagen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Alternatives</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Alternativer</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Cost over 3 years</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Kostnad over 3 år</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Option 1: Development of 800 clients"
+msgstr "Alternativ 1: Utbygging med 800 klienter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 7,322,000.-"
+msgstr "kr 7 322 000,-"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Option 2: Portable to all teachers + Option 1. "
+msgid "Option 2: Portable to all teachers + Option 1."
+msgstr "Alternativ 2: Bærbar alle lærere + alt. 1"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 12,000,000.-"
+msgstr "kr 12 000 000,-"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Operating costs:"
+msgstr "Driftskostnader:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Yearly cost</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Årlig kostnad</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Alternative 0. Administrating 506 client machine"
+msgstr "Alternativ 0. Drift av 506 klientmaskiner"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 1,000,000.-"
+msgstr "kr 1 000 000,-"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Option 1. Increases with about 800 to 1300 PCs"
+msgstr "Alternativ 1. Øker med 800 til 1300 pc-er"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 5,400,000.-"
+msgstr "kr 5 400 000,-"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Option 2. Portables to to all teachers*"
+msgstr "Alternativ 2. Bærbar til alle lærere*"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 6,000,000.-"
+msgstr "kr 6 000 000,-"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Option 3. Portable room layout*"
+msgstr "Alternativ 3. Bærbar romløsning*"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 8,000,000.-"
+msgstr "kr 8 000 000,-"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The large increase in operating expenses from current option 0 to option 1 "
+"is due to investment in ICT contact at schools. This increases from 10% to a "
+"full 100% FTE. The maintenance ICT contacts do today is around 10% FTE. This "
+"will probably increase to 20% with a doubling of the number of client "
+"machines. On increase to a full-time position, 80% will be used to support "
+"the educational use of ICT tools in school subjects. This means that "
+"principals at school must allocate resources for this, so that one follows "
+"the national curriculum from 2006."
+msgstr ""
+"Den store økningen i driftskostnadene fra dagens alternativ 0 til alternativ "
+"1 skyldes satsing på IKT-kontakten på skolene. Denne økes fra 10% til en "
+"full 100% stilling. Det vedlikeholdet IKT-kontaktene gjør i dag er på rundt "
+"10% stilling. Dette vil sannsynligvis øke til 20% med en dobling av antall "
+"klientmaskiner. Ved økning til en full stilling vil 80% av tiden brukes på "
+"støtte til den pedagogiske bruken av IT-verktøy i skolefagene. Dette betyr "
+"at rektorene på skolen må sette av ressurser til dette slik at man følger "
+"opp læreplanen av 2006."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Alternative 1:"
+msgstr "Alternativ 1:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Type of cost</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Kostnadstype</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Amount</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Beløp</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Of this is the administration of 1300 client computers:"
+msgstr "Av dette er drift av 1300 klientmaskiner:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 2,000,000.-"
+msgstr "kr 2 000 000,-"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Annual investment in three years:"
+msgstr "Årlig investering i tre år:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 2 440 667,-"
+msgstr "kr 2 440 667,-"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Support for educational use of ICT tools:"
+msgstr "Støtte til pedagogisk bruk av IKT-verktøy:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 3,400,000.-"
+msgstr "kr 3 400 000,-"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Annual cost for Option 1 with investment and operations:"
+msgstr "Årlig kostnad for alternativ 1 med investering og drift:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 7,841,000.-"
+msgstr "kr 7 841 000,-"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Many schools have developed an activity plan for the use of ICT in the "
+"school. This should be included as attachment."
+msgstr ""
+"Mange skoler har utarbeidet aktivitetsplan for bruk av IKT i skolen. Denne "
+"bør ligge med som vedlegg."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Extra configurations"
+msgstr "Ekstra konfigureringer"
+
+#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <article><section><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata>
+msgid "./images/alert.png"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase>
+msgid "/!\\"
+msgstr "/!\\"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid "Graphics in the document must be inserted and updated"
+msgstr "Grafikk i dokumentet må legges inn og oppdaters"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Simple firewall"
+msgstr "Enkel brannmur"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Debian Edu's architecture suits centralized operations with the placement of "
+"services centrally, and can be operated locally at each school. A firewall "
+"makes it easier to start with Debian Edu's if you want to try out a small "
+"installation."
+msgstr ""
+"Skolelinux har en arkitektur som både passer sentralisert drift, med "
+"plassering av tjenester sentralt, og kan driftes lokal på hver skole. En "
+"brannmur gjør det enklere å starte med Skolelinux om man vil prøve ut en "
+"liten installasjon."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Simple firewall with floppy (Coyote)"
+msgstr "Enkel brannmur med floppy (Coyote)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use Case: To get started with Debian Edu's we need to make a simple "
+"firewall. The purpose is to separate Debian Edu's network from the second "
+"network that is set up."
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: For å komme igang med Skolelinux trenger vi og lage en enkel "
+"brannmur. Hensikten er å dele Skolelinux-nettet fra det andre nettet som er "
+"satt opp."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Main author Klaus Ade Johnstad"
+msgstr "Hovedforfatter Klaus Ade Johnstad"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Regardless of whether you choose to Coyote Linux floppy on a Linux or "
+"Windows machine, the following configuration must be used. This applies to "
+"any other firewall router than Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+"Uavhengig om du velger å Coyote Linux-floppy på en Linux eller Windows-"
+"maskin, må følgende konfigurasjon bli burkt. Dette gjelder alle andre "
+"firewall/router enn Coyote Linux"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Local network interface:"
+msgstr "lokal nettverksgrensesnitt:"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"IP adresse (IP Address): 10.0.2.1\n"
+" Nettmaske (Netmask): 255.255.254.0\n"
+" Kringkasting (Broadcast): 10.0.3.255\n"
+" Nettverk (Network): 10.0.2.0"
+msgstr ""
+"IP adresse (IP Address): 10.0.2.1\n"
+" Nettmaske (Netmask): 255.255.254.0\n"
+" Kringkasting (Broadcast): 10.0.3.255\n"
+" Nettverk (Network): 10.0.2.0"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Install the Big Pond login software? [y/n]:n"
+msgstr "Install the Big Pond login software? [y/n]:n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Press \"n\""
+msgstr "Press \"n\""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This refers to some extra stuff you need if you want to have access from the "
+"provider Big Pond, but we are not sure. Is there anyone who knows that for "
+"sure?"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette refererer til noe av de ekstra tingene som man trenger om man vil ha "
+"tilgang fra tilbyderen Big Pond, men er ikke sikker. Er det noen som vet?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Do you want to enable the Coyote DHCP-server [y/n]: n"
+msgstr "Do you want to enable the Coyote DHCP-server [y/n]: n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use 10.0.2.2 as a syslog server. This is the IP address of the main server"
+msgstr ""
+"Bruk 10.0.2.2 som en syslog-tjener. Dette er ip-adressen til hovedtjener"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Warning: Since Skolelinux/Debian-Edu already has a DHCP server running, you "
+"must disable the DHCP server on your firewall/router. The same applies to "
+"all other machines that may be connected to a Skolelinux/Debian-Edu network. "
+"Having two DHCP servers on the same network usually just leads to trouble"
+msgstr ""
+"Varsel: Siden Skolelinux/Debian-edu allerede har DHCP-tjener kjørende, må du "
+"skru av DHCP-tjeneren på egen firewall/router. Det samme gjelder alle andre "
+"maskiner som eventuelt kobles til et Skolelinux/Debian-edu-nett. Å ha to "
+"DHCP-tjenere på samme nett fører som regel bare til trøbbel"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If a new version of Coyote Linux exists when you read this, it might replace "
+"the version 2.24 in the commands above with the version downloaded."
+msgstr ""
+"Eksisterer en ny utgave av Coyote Linux når dette leses, kan den erstatte "
+"versjon 2.24 med kommandoene over med versjonsnummeret som ble lastet ned."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"After that the Coyote Linux was downloaded, the files must be unpacked. One "
+"must be the root user to unpack."
+msgstr ""
+"Etter Coyote Linux er lastet ned må filene pakkes ut. Man må være root-"
+"bruker for å pakke ut."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">tar zvxf coyote-2.24.tar.gz</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">tar zvxf coyote-2.24.tar.gz</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">cd coyote</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">cd coyote</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">./makefloppysh</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">./makefloppysh</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"When creating Coyote Linux on a Linux machine, one needs to answer several "
+"questions. Here is a summary of the answers that can be supplied:"
+msgstr ""
+"Når man lager Coyote Linux på en Linux-maskin må man besvare flere spørsmål. "
+"Her følger en oversikt over svar som kan gis:"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"a. Coyote floppy builder script v2.9\n"
+"\n"
+" Please choose the desired capacity for the created floppy:\n"
+" 1) 1.44MB (Safest and most reliable but may lack space needed for\n"
+" some options)\n"
+" 2) 1.68MB (Good reliability with extra space) - recommended\n"
+" 3) 1.72MB (Most space but may not work on all systems or with all\n"
+" diskettes)\n"
+"\n"
+" Enter selection:2"
+msgstr ""
+"a. Coyote floppy builder script v2.9\n"
+"\n"
+" Please choose the desired capacity for the created floppy:\n"
+" 1) 1.44MB (Safest and most reliable but may lack space needed for\n"
+" some options)\n"
+" 2) 1.68MB (Good reliability with extra space) - recommended\n"
+" 3) 1.72MB (Most space but may not work on all systems or with all\n"
+" diskettes)\n"
+"\n"
+" Enter selection:2"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "The recommended choice is «1.68MB»"
+msgstr "Valget som anbefales er «1.68MB»"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, fuzzy, no-wrap
+#| msgid ""
+#| "b. Please select the type of Internet connection that your system uses.\n"
+#| "\n"
+#| " 1) Standard Ethernet Connection\n"
+#| " 2) PPP over Ethernet Connection\n"
+#| " 3) PPP Dialup Connection\\\n"
+#| "\\\n"
+#| "Enter Selection:"
+msgid ""
+"b. Please select the type of Internet connection that your system uses.\n"
+"\n"
+" 1) Standard Ethernet Connection\n"
+" 2) PPP over Ethernet Connection\n"
+" 3) PPP Dialup Connection\\n\\nEnter Selection:"
+msgstr ""
+"b. Please select the type of Internet connection that your system uses.\n"
+"\n"
+" 1) Standard Ethernet Connection\n"
+" 2) PPP over Ethernet Connection\n"
+" 3) PPP Dialup Connection\\\n"
+"\\\n"
+"Enter Selection:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here it is best to select 1)"
+msgstr "Her er det best å velge 1)"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"c. Configuring system for Ethernet based Internet connection.\n"
+" By default, Coyote uses the following settings for the local network\n"
+" interface:\n"
+"\n"
+" IP Address: 192.168.0.1\n"
+" Netmask: 255.255.255.0\n"
+" Broadcast: 192.168.0.255\n"
+" Network: 192.168.0.0\n"
+"\n"
+" Would you like to change these settings? [Y/N]: y\n"
+" Enter local IP Address [192.168.0.1]: 10.0.2.1\n"
+" Enter local Netmask [255.255.255.0]: 255.255.254.0\n"
+" Enter local Broadcast [192.168.0.255]: 10.0.3.255\n"
+" Enter local network number [192.168.0.0]: 10.0.2.0"
+msgstr ""
+"c. Configuring system for Ethernet based Internet connection.\n"
+" By default, Coyote uses the following settings for the local network\n"
+" interface:\n"
+"\n"
+" IP Address: 192.168.0.1\n"
+" Netmask: 255.255.255.0\n"
+" Broadcast: 192.168.0.255\n"
+" Network: 192.168.0.0\n"
+"\n"
+" Would you like to change these settings? [Y/N]: y\n"
+" Enter local IP Address [192.168.0.1]: 10.0.2.1\n"
+" Enter local Netmask [255.255.255.0]: 255.255.254.0\n"
+" Enter local Broadcast [192.168.0.255]: 10.0.3.255\n"
+" Enter local network number [192.168.0.0]: 10.0.2.0"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "These network settings for local network must be changed. See <link "
+#| "linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--fwconf\">A</link>"
+msgid ""
+"These network settings for local network must be changed. See <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--fwconf\">A</link>"
+msgstr ""
+"Disse nettverksinstilingene for lokalt nettverk må endres. Se <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--fwconf\">A</link>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Is this version of Coyote Linux used from <ulink url=\"http://www."
+#| "skolelinux.no/~klaus/coyote-2.24-slx.tar.gz\">http://www.skolelinux.no/"
+#| "~klaus/coyote-2.24-slx.tar.gz</ulink> you will see a screen with the "
+#| "correct network values:"
+msgid ""
+"Is this version of Coyote Linux used from <ulink url=\"http://www.skolelinux."
+"no/~klaus/coyote-2.24-slx.tar.gz\"/> you will see a screen with the correct "
+"network values:"
+msgstr ""
+"Brukes denne utgaven av Coyote Linux fra <ulink url=\"http://www.skolelinux."
+"no/~kl%20%20%20%20%20aus/coyote-2.24-slx.tar.gz\">http://www.skolelinux.no/"
+"~klaus/coyote-2.24-slx.tar.gz</ulink> vil man se et skjermbilde med korrekte "
+"nett-instillinger:"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"IP Address: 10.0.2.1\n"
+" Netmask: 255.255.254.0\n"
+" Broadcast: 10.0.3.255\n"
+" Network: 10.0.2.0\n"
+"\n"
+"e. Does your Internet connection get its IP via DHCP? [y/n]:"
+msgstr ""
+"IP Address: 10.0.2.1\n"
+" Netmask: 255.255.254.0\n"
+" Broadcast: 10.0.3.255\n"
+" Network: 10.0.2.0\n"
+" \n"
+"e. Does your Internet connection get its IP via DHCP? [y/n]:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Answer yes(y) or no(n) in accordance with what the network configuration is."
+msgstr "Svar yes(y) eller no(n) i samsvar med hva som er nett-oppsettet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If one gets an IP via DHCP, the following information should be filled out:"
+msgstr "Får man IP via DHCP fyller man inn følgende informasjon:"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, fuzzy, no-wrap
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Please enter the information for your static IP configuration\n"
+#| " Internet IP Address:\\\n"
+#| "Internet Subnet Mask [255.255.255.0]:\n"
+#| " Internet Broadcast [Enter = Default]:\n"
+#| " Internet Gateway Address:\n"
+#| " Domain Name:\n"
+#| " DNS Server 1:\n"
+#| "\n"
+#| " DNS Server 2 (optional):"
+msgid ""
+"Please enter the information for your static IP configuration\n"
+" Internet IP Address:\\nInternet Subnet Mask [255.255.255.0]:\n"
+" Internet Broadcast [Enter = Default]:\n"
+" Internet Gateway Address:\n"
+" Domain Name:\n"
+" DNS Server 1:\n"
+"\n"
+" DNS Server 2 (optional):"
+msgstr ""
+"Please enter the information for your static IP configuration\n"
+" Internet IP Address:\\\n"
+"Internet Subnet Mask [255.255.255.0]:\n"
+" Internet Broadcast [Enter = Default]:\n"
+" Internet Gateway Address:\n"
+" Domain Name:\n"
+" DNS Server 1:\n"
+"\n"
+" DNS Server 2 (optional):"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Enter the DHCP hostname:"
+msgstr "Skriv inn DHCP vertsnavn:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Usually, this one can be blank"
+msgstr "Vanligvis kan denne være blank"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Install the Big Pond login software? [y/n]:"
+msgstr "Install the Big Pond login software? [y/n]:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We think that this refers to some extra stuff that comes from the provider "
+"Big Pond, but is not sure. If anyone who knows better then send us an email."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi tror dette refererer til noen ekstra ting som kommer fra leverandøren Big "
+"Pond, men er ikke sikre. Er det noen som vet så send oss en e-post."
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "h. Do you want to enable the Coyote DHCP server? [y/n]: n"
+msgstr "h. Do you want to enable the Coyote DHCP server? [y/n]: n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here <emphasis>must</emphasis> the answer be «n»!"
+msgstr "Her <emphasis>må</emphasis> svaret være «n»!"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, fuzzy, no-wrap
+#| msgid ""
+#| "i. If you don't know what a DMZ is, just answer NO\\\n"
+#| "Do you want to configure a De-Militarized Zone? [Y/N]: n"
+msgid "i. If you don't know what a DMZ is, just answer NO\\nDo you want to configure a De-Militarized Zone? [Y/N]: n"
+msgstr ""
+"i. If you don't know what a DMZ is, just answer NO\\\n"
+"Do you want to configure a De-Militarized Zone? [Y/N]: n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Just choose \"n\""
+msgstr "Bare velg «n»"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"j. You now need to specify the module name and parameters for your\n"
+" network cards.\n"
+"\n"
+" If you are using PCI or EISA cards, leave the IO and IRQ lines\n"
+" blank.\n"
+"\n"
+" Enter the module name for you local network card:"
+msgstr ""
+"j. You now need to specify the module name and parameters for your\n"
+" network cards.\n"
+"\n"
+" If you are using PCI or EISA cards, leave the IO and IRQ lines\n"
+" blank.\n"
+"\n"
+" Enter the module name for you local network card:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This is the tricky part. Knowing which module to use for network cards is "
+#| "sometimes difficult. See <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--clmodules"
+#| "\">Section 3.12</link> to get an overview of the available modules. "
+#| "Remember to not use .o at the end of the module name. Use only \"first "
+#| "name\" of the module."
+msgid ""
+"This is the tricky part. Knowing which module to use for network cards is "
+"sometimes difficult. See <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!"
+"ExtraConfiguration--clmodules\">Section 3.12</link> to get an overview of "
+"the available modules. Remember to not use .o at the end of the module name. "
+"Use only \"first name\" of the module."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er den vanskelige delen. Å vite hvilken modul som skal brukes for "
+"nettverkskorte er av og til vanskelig. Se på <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--clmodules\">Seksjon 3.12</link> for å få et overblikk "
+"over tilgjengelige moduler. Husk, bruk ikke .o på slutten av modulnavnet. "
+"Bruk bare «fornavnet» på modulen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Many prefer 3Com. Almost all use this module\n"
+#| "<emphasis role=\"strong\">3c59x</emphasis>."
+msgid ""
+"Many prefer 3Com. Almost all use this module <emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">3c59x</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Mange foretrekker 3Com. Nesten alle bruker modulen <emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">3c59x</emphasis>."
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"k. The default language of the Coyote Web Administrator is English\n"
+" Do you like to configure a different language ? [Y/N]: n"
+msgstr ""
+"k. The default language of the Coyote Web Administrator is English\n"
+" Do you like to configure a different language ? [Y/N]: n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use English. It is much easier to get help. Search for example using Google "
+"to find solutions to problems."
+msgstr ""
+"Bruk engelsk. Det er mye enklere å få hjelp. Søk gjerne i Google for å finne "
+"løsning på problemer."
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "l. Syslog server address:"
+msgstr "l. Syslog server address:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here you can use the main server as syslog server. Use 10.0.2.2"
+msgstr "Her kan man bruke hovedtjener som syslog-tjener. Bruk 10.0.2.2"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"You must insert a floppy disk in the machine. Remember to turn the write "
+"protection. It takes a few minutes to write to the disk."
+msgstr ""
+"Du må sette inn en floppydisk i maskinen. Husk å skru av skrivebeskyttelsen. "
+"Det tar et par minutter å skrive til disketten."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Be sure not to get any error messages to unknown NIC modules, like this:"
+msgstr ""
+"Vær sikker på at det ikke kommer noen feilmeldinger til ukjente NIC-moduler "
+"som dette:"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Checking module deps for (wrong,bad)...\n"
+" Copying module: drivers/wrong.o\n"
+"\n"
+" Unable to copy module (drivers/wrong.o): No such file or directory"
+msgstr ""
+"Checking module deps for (wrong,bad)...\n"
+" Copying module: drivers/wrong.o\n"
+"\n"
+" Unable to copy module (drivers/wrong.o): No such file or directory"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Be sure you get something like this instead:"
+msgstr "Vær sikker på at man får noe lignende dette isteden:"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Checking module deps for (e100,3c59x)...\n"
+" Module 3c59x dep =\n"
+" Module e100 dep =\n"
+" Copying module: drivers/e100.o\n"
+" Copying module: drivers/3c59x.o"
+msgstr ""
+"Checking module deps for (e100,3c59x)...\n"
+" Module 3c59x dep =\n"
+" Module e100 dep =\n"
+" Copying module: drivers/e100.o\n"
+" Copying module: drivers/3c59x.o"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Solution 2 Create a Coyote Linux Floppy on a Windows machine"
+msgstr "Løsning 2 Lag en Coyote Linux-diskett på en Windows-maskin"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To create a floppy on a Windows machine is done almost the same way as on "
+"Linux."
+msgstr ""
+"Å lager du en diskett på en Windows-maskin er nesten det samme som på Linux."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Download the source files for Windows. They can be obtained from <ulink "
+#| "url=\"http://www.coyotelinux.com/downloads/channel.php?ChannelID=5\">Disk "
+#| "Creation Wizard v2.24.0</ulink>"
+msgid ""
+"Download the source files for Windows. They can be obtained from <ulink url="
+"\"http://www.coyotelinux.com/downloads/channel.php?!ChannelID=5\">Disk "
+"Creation Wizard v2.24.0</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+"Last ned kildefilene for Windows. De kan hentes fra <ulink url=\"http://www."
+"coyotelinux.com/downloads/channel.php?ChannelID=5\">Disk Creation Wizard "
+"v2.24.0</ulink>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figur 3-2. Coyote Linux Windows Creator Welcome "
+"Image</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figur 3-2. Coyote Linux Windows Creator Welcome "
+"Image</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics22.png}}"
+msgstr "{{attachment:graphics22.png}}"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here you can just press \"Next\""
+msgstr "Her kan du bare trykke «Next»"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-3. Local LAN network setup </emphasis>"
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-3. Local LAN network setup</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figur 3-3. Lokalt nettverksoppsett av LAN </"
+"emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics23.png}}"
+msgstr "{{attachment:graphics23.png}}"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Fill in the necessary network information here: See <link linkend="
+#| "\"ExtraConfiguration--fwconf\">A</link>"
+msgid ""
+"Fill in the necessary network information here: See <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--fwconf\">A</link>"
+msgstr ""
+"Fyll inn nødvendig informasjon om nettverket her: Se <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--fwconf\">A</link>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Fill in the correct IP address and subnet mask (Netmask) and Coyote Linux "
+"will give the correct calculation of the broadcast address (Broadcast) and "
+"the network address (Network)"
+msgstr ""
+"Fyll ut de rette IP-adressene og nettmaske (Netmask) gjør at Coyote Linux "
+"vil gi korrekt beregning av kringkastingsadresse (Broadcast) og nettadresse "
+"(Network)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-4. Insert a password on the Coyote Linux "
+"floppy disk</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figur 3-4. Legg inn passord på Coyote Linux-"
+"disketten</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics24.png}}"
+msgstr "{{attachment:graphics24.png}}"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Without this password you can't log into the Coyote Linux on a later "
+#| "occasion. See <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--cllogin\">Section 3.6</"
+#| "link>"
+msgid ""
+"Without this password you can't log into the Coyote Linux on a later "
+"occasion. See <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--"
+"cllogin\">Section 3.6</link>"
+msgstr ""
+"Uten dette passordet kan du ikke logge inn på Coyote Linux ved en senere "
+"anledning. Se <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--cllogin\">Seksjon 3.6</"
+"link>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figur 3-5. Syslog-server</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figur 3-5. Syslog-tjener</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics25.png}}"
+msgstr "{{attachment:graphics25.png}}"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Leave the field blank, or look at <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--"
+#| "clsyslog\">2.l</link>"
+msgid ""
+"Leave the field blank, or look at <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!"
+"ExtraConfiguration--clsyslog\">2.l</link>"
+msgstr ""
+"La feltet stå blankt, eller se på <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--"
+"clsyslog\">2.l</link>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-6. Type of Internet connection (WAN)</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figur 3-6. Type Internett-tilknytning (WAN)</"
+"emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics26.png}}"
+msgstr "{{attachment:graphics26.png}}"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Choose what suits you. Do you have access to DHCP server, which is very "
+"likely, then you do not need more information."
+msgstr ""
+"Velg hva som passer for deg. Har du tilgang til DCHP-tjener, som er svært "
+"sannsynlig, da trenger du ikke mer informasjon."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-7. Static IP configuration</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figur 3-7. Fast IP-oppsett</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics27.png}}"
+msgstr "{{attachment:graphics27.png}}"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Do you have a fixed address, fill in the appropriate values here."
+msgstr "Har du en fast adresse, fyll ut de passende verdier her."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-8. Do not enable the Coyote Linux DHCP "
+"server!</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figur 3-8. Ikke skrup på Coyote Linux DHCP-tjener!"
+"</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics28.png}}"
+msgstr "{{attachment:graphics28.png}}"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Do not turn on the Coyote Linux DHCP server. There is already one running "
+#| "on <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--mainserver\">main server</link>"
+msgid ""
+"Do not turn on the Coyote Linux DHCP server. There is already one running on "
+"<link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--mainserver\">main "
+"server</link>"
+msgstr ""
+"Ikke skru på Coyote Linux DHCP-tjener. Det er allerede en som kjører på "
+"<link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--mainserver\">hovedtjener</link>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-9. Select a driver module for the "
+#| "network card (NIC) </emphasis>"
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-9. Select a driver module for the network "
+"card (NIC)</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figur 3-9. Velg en drivermodul til nettverkskortet "
+"(NIC) </emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics29.png}}"
+msgstr "{{attachment:graphics29.png}}"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Drag and drop to choose the correct network card at the Coyote Linux machine."
+msgstr ""
+"Dra og slipp for å velge riktig nettverkskort på Coyote Linux-maskinen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In this particular screen, we use the module for 3Com on the LAN side of the "
+"grid (Debian Edu's) and Intel pro 100 card for the WAN (Internet) connection."
+msgstr ""
+"I dette bestemte skjermbildet brukes modulen for 3Com på LAN-siden av nettet "
+"(Skolelinux), og Intel pro 100 kort for WAN-tilkoblingen (Internett)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-10. Select language</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figur 3-10. Velg språk</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics30.png}}"
+msgstr "{{attachment:graphics30.png}}"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "If you want to get good support from the Internet, choose English."
+msgstr "Ønsker du å få god støtte på Internett, velge engelsk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-11. Make the disc </emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-11. Make the disc</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figur 3-11. Lag disken </emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics31.png}}"
+msgstr "{{attachment:graphics31.png}}"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Place a floppy disk in the disc station and press 'Next'."
+msgstr "Plasser en floppydisk i diskettstasjonen, og trykk «Next»."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Exception handling"
+msgstr "Unntakshåndtering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Our clear advice is to make at least two copies of the floppy disk. It is "
+"nice to have a couple copies ready if anything should happen."
+msgstr ""
+"Vårt klare råd er å lage minst 2 kopier av floppydisken. Det er kjekt å et "
+"par kopier klar om noe skulle skje."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Verification"
+msgstr "Verifikasjon"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Update the configuration database"
+msgstr "Oppdater konfigurasjonsdatabase"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Simple firewall with CD"
+msgstr "Enkel brannmur med CD"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Solution"
+msgstr "Løsning"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coyote Linux is a product in constant development and maintenance. Just like "
+"Skolelinux / Debian-edu. Meaning that new versions are released constantly, "
+"with new features and security fixes. Especially due to security fixes, you "
+"should always use the latest stable version of Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+"Coyote Linux er et produkt i stadig utvikling og vedlikehold. Akkurat som "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu. Det betyr at nye versjoner blir utgitt stadig vekk, "
+"med nye funksjoner og sikkerhetsrettelser. Spesielt grunnet sikkerhetsfikser "
+"burde du alltid bruke nyeste stabile utgave Coyote Linux"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Since Coyote Linux runs solely from a floppy disk, there is no system to "
+#| "upgrade. You must create a new floppy as described in <link linkend="
+#| "\"ExtraConfiguration--makefloppy\">Section 3.3</link>. To make this "
+#| "process as simple as possible, there are some things to remember."
+msgid ""
+"Since Coyote Linux runs solely from a floppy disk, there is no system to "
+"upgrade. You must create a new floppy as described in <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--makefloppy\">Section 3.3</link>. "
+"To make this process as simple as possible, there are some things to "
+"remember."
+msgstr ""
+"Siden Coyote Linux kjøer kun fra en floppydisk så er det ikke noe system å "
+"oppgradere. Man må lage en ny floppy som beskrevet i <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--makefloppy\">Seksjon 3.3</link>. For å gjøre denne "
+"prosessen så enkel som mulig er det noen ting å huske på."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Find out what kind of network you have. If this is unknown, one can use the "
+"command <emphasis role=\"strong\">lsmod</emphasis> to list all loaded "
+"modules (drivers) in use. Maybe this will give an idea of what kind of "
+"network cards are used."
+msgstr ""
+"Finn ut hva slags nettverkskort du har. Om dette er ukjent kan man bruke "
+"kommandoen <emphasis role=\"strong\">lsmod</emphasis> for å liste alle "
+"lastede moduler (drivere) som er i bruk. Kanskje dette vil gi en ide om hva "
+"slags nettverskort som er i bruk."
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"coyote# lsmod\n"
+"Module Size Used by\n"
+"3c509 7732 2\n"
+"ip_nat_quake3 1768 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_mms 2608 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_h323 2060 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_amanda 876 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_irc 1904 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_ftp 2384 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_conntrack_quake3 1848 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_mms 2704 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_h323 2065 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_egg 2280 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_conntrack_amanda 1488 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_irc 2672 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_ftp 3440 1"
+msgstr ""
+"coyote# lsmod\n"
+"Module Size Used by\n"
+"3c509 7732 2\n"
+"ip_nat_quake3 1768 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_mms 2608 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_h323 2060 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_amanda 876 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_irc 1904 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_ftp 2384 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_conntrack_quake3 1848 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_mms 2704 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_h323 2065 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_egg 2280 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_conntrack_amanda 1488 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_irc 2672 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_ftp 3440 1"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In this list of modules that are loaded, the module for the network card "
+"3com509 is loaded twice. For a list of available modules, look at"
+msgstr ""
+"I denne listen med moduler som er lastet er nettverkskortet 3Com509 på plass "
+"to ganger. For en liste med tilgjengelige moduler, se på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is best practice to write on the machine itself what kind of network card "
+"it contains."
+msgstr ""
+"Det vil være best å skrive ned på selve maskinen hva slags nettverkskort som "
+"er i den."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "What kind of \"port forwarding\" is it?"
+msgstr "Hva slags «port forwarding» er det?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Information about the \"port forwarding\" rules, if you have made any, is in "
+"the file<computeroutput>/etc/coyote/portforwards</computeroutput>"
+msgstr ""
+"Informasjon om «port forwarding»-reglene, om det er laget noen, er i fila "
+"<computeroutput>/etc/coyote/portforwards</computeroutput>"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, fuzzy, no-wrap
+#| msgid ""
+#| "coyote# more /etc/coyote/portforwards\\\n"
+#| "port Y 10.0.2.2 tcp 2333 22 # Example - Secondary SSH"
+msgid "coyote# more /etc/coyote/portforwards\\nport Y 10.0.2.2 tcp 2333 22 # Example - Secondary SSH"
+msgstr ""
+"coyote# more /etc/coyote/portforwards\\\n"
+"port Y 10.0.2.2 tcp 2333 22 # Example - Secondary SSH"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Starting the Coyote firewall"
+msgstr "Oppstart av Coyote brannmur"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: After a simple firewall is installed, it shall be installed on "
+"the network and be effective."
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: Etter enkel brannmur er installert skal den installeres i "
+"nettet og virke."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad."
+msgstr "Forfatter: Klaus Ade Johnstad."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are two network cards in Coyote Linux, one (LAN) is connected to the "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu server, the other is connected with a crossed cable, "
+"or via a switch to another network (WAN). Sometimes it can be a bit "
+"difficult to decide which network card is which, especially if they are both "
+"connected to the same address. The method we use to determine which card is "
+"which, is to use a crossed cable and connect it to the network card in the "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu main server."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er to network card i Coyote Linux, en (LAN) er tilkoblet til Skolelinux/"
+"Debian-edu-tjeneren, den andre er koblet med en krysset kabel, eller via en "
+"sitsj til et annet nett (WAN). Noen ganger kan det være litt vanskelig å "
+"bestemme hvilke network card som er koblet hvor, spesielt om de begge er "
+"koblet til nett med lik adresse. Fremgangsmåten vi bruker for å bestemme "
+"hvilket kort som går hvor, er å bruke krysset kabel og først koble denne til "
+"network card i Skolelinux/Debian-edu-hovedtjener."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "First you start Coyote Linux without any wired network card"
+msgstr "Først starter man Coyote Linux uten noen kabel til network card"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Then use the crossed cable to connect Coyote Linux with the Skolelinux / "
+"Debian-edu main server (make sure it goes to the NIC labeled eth0 if the "
+"main server is a combined server)."
+msgstr ""
+"Så brukes den kryssede kabelen for å koble Coyote Linux med Skolelinux/"
+"Debian-edu-hovedtjener (vær sikker på at den går i nettverkskortet merket "
+"eth0 om hovedtjener er en kombinert tjener)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Login to the main server. Try to <emphasis role=\"strong\">ping</emphasis> "
+"the Coyote Linux machine. Use the command <emphasis role=\"strong\">ping -"
+"c10 10.0.2.1</emphasis>, or alternatively, try to ping the main server from "
+"Coyote Linux with the command <emphasis role=\"strong\">ping -c10 10.0.2.2</"
+"emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Logg inn på hovedtjener. Forsøk å bruke <emphasis role=\"strong\">pinge</"
+"emphasis>l Coyote Linux-maskinen. Bruk kommandoen <emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">ping -c10 10.0.2.1</emphasis>, eller alternativt forsøk å pinge "
+"hovedtjener fra Coyote Linux med kommandoen <emphasis role=\"strong\">ping -"
+"c10 10.0.2.2</emphasis>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Then you get a response like this if it works:"
+msgstr "Da får du et svar som dette om det virker:"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"ping -c10 10.0.2.1\n"
+"PING 10.0.2.1 (10.0.2.1): 56 data bytes\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=63 time=0.6 ms\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=0.3 ms\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=0.3 ms"
+msgstr ""
+"ping -c10 10.0.2.1\n"
+"PING 10.0.2.1 (10.0.2.1): 56 data bytes\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=63 time=0.6 ms\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=0.3 ms\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=0.3 ms"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When you have found the network card on the Coyote Linux that must be "
+"labelled LAN, then we know that the other network card is WAN. This "
+"procedure will only work as long as the network card on the LAN is set up "
+"properly. As shown during startup on the line"
+msgstr ""
+"Da har du funnet network card på Coyote Linux som må merkes LAN. Da vet vi "
+"at den andre network card er WAN. Denne fremgangsmåten vil bare virke "
+"sålenge network card-et på LAN-et er satt opp riktig. Som vist under "
+"oppstarten på linen"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "LAN network: UP"
+msgstr "LAN network: UP"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "That is normal what is shown"
+msgstr "Er normalt det som vises"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"WAN network: \n"
+" down"
+msgstr ""
+"WAN network:\n"
+" down"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Since you have started without any wires connected to the network card."
+msgstr "Siden du har startet uten noen kabler i network card-en."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When the role of each of the network cards is decided, it is time to reboot "
+"the firewall with all the cables in place."
+msgstr ""
+"Når det er bestemt hvilken rolle det er for hver av network card-ene, da kan "
+"man omstarte brannmuren med alle kablene på plass."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Different names for the network cards"
+msgstr "Forskjellige navn på network card-ene"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The two network cards got two different names in Coyote Linux. This is a bit "
+"confusing and not very consistent. Here is a summary:"
+msgstr ""
+"De to network card-ene har fote forskjellige navn i Coyote Linux. Det blir "
+"litt forvirrende og lite konsistent. Her følger en oversikt:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "The various names used for network cards in Coyote Linux"
+msgstr "De forskjellige navn brukt på network cards i Coyote Linux"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis>This is connected to the existing network</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis>Denne går til eksisterende nett</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis>Internet</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis>Internett</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis>Eth1</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis>Eth1</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis>WAN</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis>WAN</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "This goes to the Debian Edu network"
+msgstr "Denn går til Skolelinux-nettet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "LAN network"
+msgstr "LAN nettverket"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Eth0"
+msgstr "Eth0"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "LAN"
+msgstr "LAN"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Reboot the Coyote Linux machine and make sure the Coyote Linux floppy disk "
+"is present in the floppy station. Ensure that the machine is configured to "
+"boot from floppy drive."
+msgstr ""
+"Start Coyote Linux-maskinen omigjen og vær sikker på at floppydisken til "
+"Coyote Linux står i diskettstasjonen. Pass også på at maskinen er satt opp "
+"til å starte fra floppydisk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-12. Coyote Linux Login</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figur 3-12. Coyote Linux Login</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics35.png}}"
+msgstr "{{attachment:graphics35.png}}"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"You can log in. Use the user name \"root\" and the password you set when you "
+"created the floppy (if this was done from Windows). or press <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">Enter</emphasis> (blank password) for logging on floppy disk "
+"created by Linux"
+msgstr ""
+"Du kan logge inn. Bruk brukernavnet «root» og passordet som ble bestemt når "
+"floppydisken ble laget (om dette ble gjort fra Windows). Eller trykk "
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Enter</emphasis> (tomt passord) for innlogging på "
+"disketten laget med Linux"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Note: It is normal that you don't get any visible response when you type a "
+"password in a Linux system. This is to reveal as little information as "
+"possible about the password."
+msgstr ""
+"Notat: Det er vanlig at det ikke følger med noen tilbakemelding når man "
+"trykker passord i et Linux-system. Dette er for å avsløre så lite som mulig "
+"om passordet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">menu, status of the network, down</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">meny, status til nettveket, nede</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics37.png}}"
+msgstr "{{attachment:graphics37.png}}"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Once you have entered, press 'c' to get the status of the network. In case "
+"there is a problem:"
+msgstr ""
+"Når du har kommet inn, trykk «c» for å få statusen til nettverket. I "
+"tilfelle det er et problem:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-14. menu, status of the network, up </"
+#| "emphasis>"
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-14. menu, status of the network, up</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figur 3-14. meny, status til nettverket, opp </"
+"emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics38.png}}"
+msgstr "{{attachment:graphics38.png}}"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "If everything went well, both will be \"up\""
+msgstr "Om alt har gått bra vil begge være «oppe»"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Q: <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--AEN698\">It looks like the network "
+#| "card (LAN) going to to the Skolelinux/Debian-edu network is not working: "
+#| "DOWN</link>"
+msgid ""
+"Q: <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--AEN698\">It "
+"looks like the network card (LAN) going to to the Skolelinux/Debian-edu "
+"network is not working: DOWN</link>"
+msgstr ""
+"Q: <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--AEN698\">Det ser ut som network card "
+"(LAN) som går til Skolelinux/Debian-edu-nettet ikke virker: DOWN</link>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Q: <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--AEN704\">It looks like the network "
+#| "card (WAN) connected to the Internet, is not working: DOWN</link>"
+msgid ""
+"Q: <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--AEN704\">It "
+"looks like the network card (WAN) connected to the Internet, is not working: "
+"DOWN</link>"
+msgstr ""
+"Q: <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--AEN704\">Det ser ut som network card "
+"(WAN) som er tilkoblet Internett ikke virker: DOWN</link>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Q: <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--AEN724\">We have set up firewalls "
+#| "with many different driver modules for many network cards. We have yet to "
+#| "find anything not working properly.</link>"
+msgid ""
+"Q: <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--AEN724\">We have "
+"set up firewalls with many different driver modules for many network cards. "
+"We have yet to find anything not working properly.</link>"
+msgstr ""
+"Q: <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--AEN724\">Vi har satt opp brannmurer "
+"med mange forskjellige nettverkskort og driver-moduler for mange network "
+"card. Vi har til gode å finne noe som ikke virker riktig.</link>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Q: </emphasis>It looks like the network card "
+#| "(LAN) going to to the Skolelinux/Debian-edu network is not working: DOWN"
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Q:</emphasis>It looks like the network card (LAN) "
+"going to to the Skolelinux/Debian-edu network is not working: DOWN"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Q: </emphasis>Det ser ut som network card (LAN) "
+"som går til Skolelinux/Debian-edu-nettet ikke virker: DOWN"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<emphasis role=\"strong\">A: </emphasis>If you set up your network card "
+#| "according to <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--fwconf\">A</link>, but "
+#| "it still does not work. That may mean the wrong driver has been chosen "
+#| "for your network card"
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">A:</emphasis>If you set up your network card "
+"according to <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--fwconf"
+"\">A</link>, but it still does not work. That may mean the wrong driver has "
+"been chosen for your network card"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">A: </emphasis>Har du satt opp network card i "
+"henhold til <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--fwconf\">A</link>, men "
+"fortsatt virker det ikke. Det kan hende at man har valgt feil driver for "
+"network card"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Q: </emphasis>It looks like the network card "
+#| "(WAN) connected to the Internet, is not working: DOWN"
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Q:</emphasis>It looks like the network card (WAN) "
+"connected to the Internet, is not working: DOWN"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Q: </emphasis>Det ser ut som network card (WAN) "
+"som er tilkoblet Internett ikke virker: DOWN"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<emphasis role=\"strong\">A: </emphasis>There are usually two reasons why "
+#| "the WAN network card is not up (UP):"
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">A:</emphasis>There are usually two reasons why the "
+"WAN network card is not up (UP):"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">A: </emphasis>Det er vanligvis to grunner til at "
+"WAN network card ikke er oppe (UP):"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "You're using a connection with the wrong Internet configuration. Take "
+#| "another look at <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--clconnectiontype\">2."
+#| "b</link>"
+msgid ""
+"You're using a connection with the wrong Internet configuration. Take "
+"another look at <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--"
+"clconnectiontype\">2.b</link>"
+msgstr ""
+"Du bruker en tilkobling med feil Internett-tilkobling. Så du må ta en titt "
+"på ny på <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--clconnectiontype\">2.b</link>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you have a connection with a DHCP-assigned address, which is not static. "
+"Then it must be a physical connection through a network wire between Coyote "
+"Linux and the network socket."
+msgstr ""
+"Om du har en tilkobling med en adresse tildelt av DHCP, som ikke er statisk. "
+"Da må det være en fysisk tilkobling med en nettverkskabel mellom Coyote "
+"Linux og nettkontakten."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "You have chosen the wrong driver module for this network card."
+msgstr "Du har valgt feil driver-modul for dette network card."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"You should attempt to login to Coyote Linux and choose <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">q) quit</emphasis> to leave the Coyote Linux menu. Then you "
+"should run the command"
+msgstr ""
+"Du bør forsøke å logge inn på Coyote Linux og velge <emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">q) quit</emphasis> for å gå ut av Coyote Linux-menyen. Så bør du kjøre "
+"kommandoen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">dmesg|more</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">dmesg|more</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "then use <emphasis role=\"strong\">space</emphasis> to scroll. Look for "
+#| "references to <emphasis role=\"strong\">eth0</emphasis> and <emphasis "
+#| "role=\"strong\">eth1</emphasis>. Look at <link linkend="
+#| "\"ExtraConfiguration--clnicnames\">Different names to the network cards</"
+#| "link> for a reminder of what eth0 and eth1 means. Usually it is an "
+#| "indicator of what the problem is."
+msgid ""
+"then use <emphasis role=\"strong\">space</emphasis> to scroll. Look for "
+"references to <emphasis role=\"strong\">eth0</emphasis> and <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">eth1</emphasis>. Look at <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!"
+"ExtraConfiguration--clnicnames\">Different names to the network cards</link> "
+"for a reminder of what eth0 and eth1 means. Usually it is an indicator of "
+"what the problem is."
+msgstr ""
+"bruk så <emphasis role=\"strong\">mellomrom</emphasis> for å bla. Se på "
+"referansene til <emphasis role=\"strong\">eth0</emphasis> og <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">eth1</emphasis>. Se på <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--"
+"clnicnames\">Forskjellige navn på network card-ene</link> for en påminnelse "
+"om hva eth0 og eth1 betyr. Det er vanligvis en indikator for hva problemet "
+"er."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Q: </emphasis>We have set up firewalls with "
+#| "many different driver modules for many network cards. We have yet to find "
+#| "one that doesn't work properly."
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Q:</emphasis>We have set up firewalls with many "
+"different driver modules for many network cards. We have yet to find one "
+"that doesn't work properly."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Q: </emphasis>Vi har satt opp brannmurer med mange "
+"forskjellige nettverkskort og driver-moduler for mange network card. Vi har "
+"til gode å finne noe som ikke virker riktig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<emphasis role=\"strong\">A: </emphasis>Have you looked at this website "
+#| "for more information about network cards and corresponding driver modules "
+#| "for Coyote Linux? <ulink url=\"http://www.dalantech.com/\">http://www."
+#| "dalantech.com</ulink>"
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">A:</emphasis>Have you looked at this website for "
+"more information about network cards and corresponding driver modules for "
+"Coyote Linux? <ulink url=\"http://www.dalantech.com/\">http://www.dalantech."
+"com</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">A: </emphasis>Har du sett på dette nettstedet for "
+"mer informasjon om network card og passende driver-moduler for Coyote Linux? "
+"<ulink url=\"http://www.dalantech.com/\">http://www.dalantech.com</ulink>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The firewall works if you try to reach the Internet through the web browser "
+"on the main server or through a connected client."
+msgstr ""
+"Brannmuren virker om du kommer ut på Internett via nettleseren på "
+"hovedtjener eller en tilkoblet klient."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Firewall administration through the browser (Coyote)"
+msgstr "Administrasjon av brannmur i nettleser (Coyote)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use Case: We need to change the settings in the firewall. The firewall is "
+"locked in the computer room. Can I make the change over the network?"
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: Vi trenger å endre innstillingene i brannmuren. Brannmuren "
+"står innelåst på datarommet. Kan jeg gjøre endringen over nettverket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Co-author: Knut Yrvin"
+msgstr "Medforfatter: Knut Yrvin"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coyote Linux has a pretty and practical administration tool through a web "
+"portal. Here you can do everything. Type <ulink url=\"http://10.0.2.1:8180/"
+"\">http://10.0.2.1:8180</ulink> in the address field of your browser. The "
+"address will provide web administration for Coyote Linux. Click on the link "
+"and enter your user name <emphasis role=\"strong\">root</emphasis> and the "
+"password you created for the firewall."
+msgstr ""
+"Coyote Linux har en pen og et velfungerende administrasjonsverktøy via en "
+"nettside. Her kan man gjøre det meste. Skriv <ulink url="
+"\"http://10.0.2.1:8180/\">http://10.0.2.1:8180</ulink> i adressefeltet til "
+"nettleseren. Adressen vil gi vev-administrasjon av Coyote Linux. Klikk på "
+"lenken, og skriv brukernavnet <emphasis role=\"strong\">root</emphasis> og "
+"passordet du har laget for brannmuren."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Coyote Linux web administration</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Coyote Linux vev-administrasjon</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics42.png}}"
+msgstr "{{attachment:graphics42.png}}"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "All options and settings can be done in Main Menu on the left side."
+msgstr "Alle valg og innstillinger kan gjøres i Main Menu på venstresiden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Coyote Linux Main Menu</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Coyote Linux hovedmeny</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics43.png}}"
+msgstr "{{attachment:graphics43.png}}"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Information"
+msgstr "Informasjon"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Choosing this gives the status of your network cards, active IP addresses, "
+"uptime for Coyote Linux, Ist and the like."
+msgstr ""
+"Å velge denne gir status for network card-er, IP-adressene som er på plass, "
+"oppetid til Coyote Linux, lst og lignende."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "LAN setup"
+msgstr "LAN oppsett"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Here you have the possibility to reconfigure the LAN network card. It "
+#| "goes to the Skolelinux/Debian-edu network. Leave the values as they are. "
+#| "Referring to <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--fwconf\">A</link>."
+msgid ""
+"Here you have the possibility to reconfigure the LAN network card. It goes "
+"to the Skolelinux/Debian-edu network. Leave the values as they are. "
+"Referring to <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--fwconf"
+"\">A</link>."
+msgstr ""
+"Her har du mulighet til å endre oppsettet til LAN network card. Det er denne "
+"som går til Skolelinux/Debian-edu-nettet. Behold verdiene som de er. Viser "
+"til <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--fwconf\">A</link>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Warning: Do not make changes here! Doing so may reduce the performance of "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu network"
+msgstr ""
+"Varsel: Ikke gjør endringer her! Å gjøre det kan redusere ytelsen til "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu-nettet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<FIXME: Should describe the contents of change_ip_setup here, later>"
+msgid ""
+"< FIXME: Should describe the contents of change_ip_setup here, later>"
+msgstr "< FIXME: Bør vise inneholdet av change_ip_setup her, senere>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Internet setup"
+msgstr "Internett oppsett"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Here you have the possibility to change the values in the WAN network "
+#| "card connected to the Internet. If you have got a new ISP, or changed a "
+#| "dynamically assigned IP address by DHCP to a fixed one, this is the place "
+#| "to change the information without the need of creating a new Coyote Linux "
+#| "floppy from scratch. See <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--"
+#| "clconnectiontype\">2.b</link>"
+msgid ""
+"Here you have the possibility to change the values in the WAN network card "
+"connected to the Internet. If you have got a new ISP, or changed a "
+"dynamically assigned IP address by DHCP to a fixed one, this is the place to "
+"change the information without the need of creating a new Coyote Linux "
+"floppy from scratch. See <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!"
+"ExtraConfiguration--clconnectiontype\">2.b</link>"
+msgstr ""
+"Her har man muligheten til å endre veridene i WAN network card til det som "
+"går til Internett. Har du fått en ny Internett-leverandør, eller endrer "
+"dynamisk IP med DHCP til fast IP-adresse, så er dette stedet å endre "
+"informasjonen uten behov av å lage ny Coyote Linux-floppy fra bunnen av. Se "
+"<link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--clconnectiontype\">2.b</link>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "DHCP setup. Warning: Do not enable the DHCP server in Coyote Linux!"
+msgstr "DHCP oppsett. Varsel: Ikke sett opp DCHP-tjener i Coyote Linux!"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This provides the possibility to configure DHCP server as part of Coyote "
+"Linux"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette gir muligheten til å sette opp DHCP-tjener som en del av Coyote Linux"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Administrative settings"
+msgstr "Administrative innstillinger"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here it is possible to turn on and off services like the name server (DNS), "
+"ssh and web administration."
+msgstr ""
+"Her kan man skru på og av tjenester som navnetjener (DNS), ssh og vev-admin."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Port Forwarding"
+msgstr "Port Forwarding"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here you may change and enable port forwarding in Coyote Linux. This is a "
+"neat feature in a Skolelinux/Debian-edu network. Since Coyote Linux stops "
+"and blocks most connections for example ssh, it's nice to use port "
+"forwarding. This is a way to let ssh connections through Coyote Linux to a "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu- network."
+msgstr ""
+"Her kan man endre og skru på port forwarding i Coyote Linux. Dette er en "
+"kjekk funksjon i et Skolelinux/Debian-edu-nett. Siden Coyote Linux stopper "
+"og blokkerer de fleste tilkoblinger som f.eks. ssh, er det kjekt å bruke "
+"port forwarding. Dette er en måte å slippe ssh-tilknytninger gjennom Coyote "
+"Linux til et Skolelinux/Debian-edu-nettverk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use this rule for port forwarding"
+msgstr "Bruk denne regelen for port forwarding"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Yes TCP Any 22 10.0.2.2 22 No SSH straight into Mainserver"
+msgstr "Yes TCP Any 22 10.0.2.2 22 No SSH straight into Mainserver"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"all ssh-connections coming to Coyote Linux will be forwarded to the "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu main server. You need to decide if this is as wished."
+msgstr ""
+"alle ssh-tilkytninger som kommer til Coyote Linux vil bli videresendt til "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu hovedtjener. Du må bestemme om dette er ønsket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Simplified firewall configuration"
+msgstr "Forenklet oppsett av brannmur"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here you can set up and configure the firewall rules in Coyote Linux. There "
+"are many rules ready to use and can be used as an example."
+msgstr ""
+"Her kan man sette opp og stille inn brannmurregler i Coyote Linux. Det er "
+"mange regler som er klar til bruk, og kan brukes som eksempel."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Advanced firewall configuration"
+msgstr "Avansert brannmuroppsett"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "QOS configuration"
+msgstr "QOS oppsett"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here you can set up restrictions on network capacity"
+msgstr "Her kan man sette opp begrensninger på nettkapasiteten"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "System password"
+msgstr "Systempassord"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Here you can change the root password for Coyote Linux, also known as the "
+#| "system password. This is the same as using the command line <link linkend="
+#| "\"ExtraConfiguration--cllogin\">Section 3.6</link>."
+msgid ""
+"Here you can change the root password for Coyote Linux, also known as the "
+"system password. This is the same as using the command line <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--cllogin\">Section 3.6</link>."
+msgstr ""
+"Her kan man endre root-passordet Coyote Linux, også kjent som system-"
+"passordet. Dette er på samme måte som å bruke kommandolinja <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--cllogin\">Seksjon 3.6</link>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Configuration files"
+msgstr "Konfigurasjonsfiler"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "These are files that contain all settings."
+msgstr "Dette er filer som inneholder alle innstillinger."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Diagnostic tools"
+msgstr "Diagnoseverktøy"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here you would find useful tools like ping, testing ports (gateway), testing "
+"nameserver (DNS), and the status of the network."
+msgstr ""
+"Her finner man nyttige verktøy som ping, testing av porter (gateway), "
+"testing av navnetjener (DNS), og status for nettverket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Backup now"
+msgstr "Backup nå"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Are there any changes in Coyote Linux then those <emphasis>must</emphasis> "
+"be saved on the diskette. By selecting Main Menu in Coyote Linux users can "
+"choose to save the setup. The alternative is that all changes are lost when "
+"you reboot Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+"Er det gjort endringer Coyote Linux <emphasis>må</emphasis> disse lagres på "
+"disketten. Ved å velge Main Menu i Coyote Linux så kan man velge å lagre "
+"oppsettet. Alternativet er at alle endringer går tapt ved omstart av Coyote "
+"Linux."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Reboot the system"
+msgstr "Omstart av systemet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When you need to start again the Coyote Linux, this can be done from the "
+"\"Main Menu\". When choosing restart this must be confirmed."
+msgstr ""
+"Når man trenger å starte Coyote Linux på nytt kan dette gjøres fra «Main "
+"Menu». Når man velger omstart må dette bekreftes."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Restart or turn off Coyote Linux? </emphasis>"
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Restart or turn off Coyote Linux?</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Omstart eller skru av Coyote Linux? </emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics47.png}}"
+msgstr "{{attachment:graphics47.png}}"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Firewall as a DHCP server (Coyote)"
+msgstr "Brannmur som DHCP-tjener (Coyote)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Want to set up a good DHCP server with high stability regardless "
+"of the operating system. Notification: normal DHCP server in a non-"
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu network"
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertifelle: Ønsker å sette opp en god DHCP-tjener med høy stabilitet "
+"uavhengig av operativsystem i nettverket. Varsel: vanlig DHCP-tjener i et "
+"ikke-Skolelinux/Debian-edu-nettverk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coyote Linux is a good solution if you just need a DHCP server on the "
+"network regardless of what type of machines, be it Linux, Windows or Mac."
+msgstr ""
+"Coyote Linux er en god løsning om man bare trenger en DHCP-tjener på "
+"nettverket uavhengig av hva slags maskiner som brukes, være seg Linux, "
+"Windows eller Mac."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The only thing that needs to be configured differently, is to enable the "
+"DHCP server. < FIXME: create link to screenshot>"
+msgstr ""
+"Den eneste tingen som må konfigureres anderledes, er å skru på DHCP-"
+"tjeneren. < FIXME: lag lenke til skjermbilde>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "A brief summary about changing a Coyote Linux to a DHCP-server:"
+msgstr "En kort oppsummering om å gjøre om Coyote Linux til DHCP-tjener:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Coyote Linux as the default DHCP server</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Coyote Linux som en standard DHCP-tjener</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Remember to answer \"yes\" to the question \"Do you want to enable the "
+"Coyote DHCP-server [y/n]:\""
+msgstr ""
+"Husk å svar «Yes» på spørsmålet «Do you want to enable the Coyote DHCP-"
+"server [y/n]:»"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Once a DHCP server runs on Coyote Linux, you will probably need to use a "
+"different address for login, if you did not change the LAN setup:"
+msgstr ""
+"Straks en DHCP-tjener kjører på Coyote Linux, må man sannsynligvis bruke en "
+"annen adresse å logge på den, om man ikke endret noe på LAN-oppsettet:"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Configuring system for Ethernet based Internet connection\n"
+"\n"
+"\n"
+"By default, Coyote uses the following settings for the local network\n"
+"interface:\n"
+"\n"
+"IP Address: 192.168.0.1\n"
+"Netmask: 255.255.255.0\n"
+"Broadcast: 192.168.0.255\n"
+"Network: 192.168.0.0\n"
+"\n"
+"Would you like to change these settings? [Y/N]: n"
+msgstr ""
+"Configuring system for Ethernet based Internet connection\n"
+"\n"
+"\n"
+"By default, Coyote uses the following settings for the local network\n"
+"interface:\n"
+"\n"
+"IP Address: 192.168.0.1\n"
+"Netmask: 255.255.255.0\n"
+"Broadcast: 192.168.0.255\n"
+"Network: 192.168.0.0\n"
+"\n"
+"Would you like to change these settings? [Y/N]: n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "then you should use the address 192.168.0.1 instead of 10.0.2.1 when "
+#| "logging into the Coyote Linux web administration. See <link linkend="
+#| "\"ExtraConfiguration--clgui\">Section 3.7</link> and"
+msgid ""
+"then you should use the address 192.168.0.1 instead of 10.0.2.1 when logging "
+"into the Coyote Linux web administration. See <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--clgui\">Section 3.7</link> and"
+msgstr ""
+"så bør du bruke adressen 192.168.0.1 i steden for 10.0.2.1 når man logger "
+"inn på Coyote Linuxs vev-administrasjon. Se <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--clgui\">Seksjon 3.7</link> og"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">In this case the new address is:</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Ny adresse i dette tilfellet er:</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "ssh -l root 192.168.0.1"
+msgstr "ssh -l root 192.168.0.1"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://192.168.0.1:8180/\">http://192.168.0.1:8180</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://192.168.0.1:8180/\">http://192.168.0.1:8180</ulink>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Coyote firewall and Internet operators"
+msgstr "Coyote brannmur og Internett-operatører"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User Case: We have a firewall with Coyote Linux. Does it allow itself to "
+"connect to our ISP?"
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: Vi har en brannmur med Coyote Linux. Lar den seg koble til "
+"vår Internett-leverandør?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Note: We've seen no case where Coyote didn't work with an ISP in Norway. "
+"Tell us if you experience problems with an ISP."
+msgstr ""
+"Notat: Det har enda ikke vært en situasjon hvor Coyote ikke virker mot "
+"Internett-leverandører i Norge. Fortell oss om du har erfart problemer med "
+"en."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "This is a list of Internet providers that work well with Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er en liste med Internett-tilbydere som fungerer godt med Coyote Linux"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Nextgentel, Norway"
+msgstr "Nextgentel, Norway"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Tele2 ADSL Privat, Norway"
+msgstr "Tele2 ADSL Privat, Norway"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Tele2 ADSL Bedrift, Norway"
+msgstr "Tele2 ADSL Bedrift, Norway"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "UPC Chello Classis, Norway"
+msgstr "UPC Chello Classis, Norway"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The Department of Education in Oslo. Not tested on schools connected to "
+#| "Simens' InnsIKT-solution for Oslo schools"
+msgid ""
+"The Department of Education in Oslo. Not tested on schools connected to "
+"Simens' !InnsIKT-solution for Oslo schools"
+msgstr ""
+"Utdanningsetaten i Oslo (The Department of Education). Ikke testet på skoler "
+"koblet til Simens sin InnsIKT-løsning for Oslo-skolene"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Due to different network policies in The Department of Education in Oslo, "
+#| "you <emphasis>must</emphasis> make the following changes in <link linkend="
+#| "\"ExtraConfiguration--mainserver\">the main server</link>:"
+msgid ""
+"Due to different network policies in The Department of Education in Oslo, "
+"you <emphasis>must</emphasis> make the following changes in <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--mainserver\">the main server</"
+"link>:"
+msgstr ""
+"Grunnet anderledes nettverkspolitikk på Utdanningsetaten i Oslo "
+"<emphasis>må</emphasis> man gjøre følgende endringer på <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--mainserver\">hovedtjeneren</link>:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Change the following in the file<computeroutput>/etc/bind/named.conf</"
+#| "computeroutput> <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--FTN.AEN983\">[5</"
+#| "link>]"
+msgid ""
+"Change the following in the file<computeroutput>/etc/bind/named.conf</"
+"computeroutput> <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--FTN."
+"AEN983\">[5</link>]"
+msgstr ""
+"Endre følgende i filen <computeroutput>/etc/bind/named.conf</computeroutput> "
+"<link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--FTN.AEN983\">[5</link>]"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"// forwarders {\n"
+" // By special request from the good people inside the Dept of Education in\n"
+" // Oslo:\n"
+" // 193.156.192.40;\n"
+" // 193.156.192.50;\n"
+" // Dept. of Education in Oslo end of block\n"
+" // 0.0.0.0;\n"
+" // };"
+msgstr ""
+"// forwarders {\n"
+" // By special request from the good people inside the Dept of Education in\n"
+" // Oslo:\n"
+" // 193.156.192.40;\n"
+" // 193.156.192.50;\n"
+" // Dept. of Education in Oslo end of block\n"
+" // 0.0.0.0;\n"
+" // };"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "change this to"
+msgstr "endre dette til"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"forwarders {\n"
+" // By special request from the good people inside the Dept of Education in\n"
+" // Oslo:\n"
+" 193.156.192.40;\n"
+" 193.156.192.50;\n"
+" // Dept. of Education in Oslo end of block\n"
+" // 0.0.0.0;\n"
+" };"
+msgstr ""
+"forwarders {\n"
+" // By special request from the good people inside the Dept of Education in\n"
+" // Oslo:\n"
+" 193.156.192.40;\n"
+" 193.156.192.50;\n"
+" // Dept. of Education in Oslo end of block\n"
+" // 0.0.0.0;\n"
+" };"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "This means to remove the comment marker (#) in front of \"forwarders\"."
+msgstr "Det betyr å fjerne kommentator-merker (#) foran «forwarders»."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you don't do this, you will not be able to connect to the Internet due to "
+"problems with the name server (DNS) in The Department of Education in Oslo. "
+"Operating staff will also engage more people to get this changed to such as "
+"this service wants it."
+msgstr ""
+"Gjør du ikke dette vil man ikke være i stand til å koble utstyret til "
+"Internett som skyldes problemer med navnetjeneren (DNS) hos Utdanningsetaten "
+"i Oslo. Driftspersonalet vil også engasjere flere til å få dette endret til "
+"slik etaten vil ha det."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"After the changes are inserted in <computeroutput>/etc/bind/named.conf</"
+"computeroutput> one needs to restart bind with <emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">service bind9 restart</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"Etter endringene er lagt inn i <computeroutput>/etc/bind/named.conf</"
+"computeroutput> må man omstarte bind med <emphasis role=\"strong\">/etc/init."
+"d/bind9 restart </emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Telenor ADSL, Norway"
+msgstr "Telenor ADSL, Norway"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Oslo University College (Høgskolen i Oslo)"
+msgstr "Høgskolen i Oslo (Oslo College)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here, you must make the same bind-changes as the Department of Education in "
+"Oslo."
+msgstr "Her må man gjøre samme bind-endringer som for Utdanningsetaten i Oslo."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Support for network cards in the firewall"
+msgstr "Støtte for nettverkskort i brannmuren"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Are the two network cards in the machine supported by Coyote?"
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: Er de to nettverkskortene vi har i maskinen støttet av "
+"Coyote?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is a list of modules included in Coyote Linux. All driver modules for "
+"network cards are listed."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er en liste med moduler som følger med Coyote Linux. Alle driver-"
+"moduler for network carder er listet opp."
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~/coyote# ls data/kernel/drivers/\n"
+"3c501.o eth16i.o ne.o\n"
+"3c503.o ewrk3.o ni5010.o\n"
+"3c505.o fealnx.o ni52.o\n"
+"3c507.o forcedeth.o ni65.o\n"
+"3c509.o hp100.o pcnet32.o\n"
+"3c515.o hp.o ppp_async.o\n"
+"3c59x.o hp-plus.o ppp_deflate.o\n"
+"8139cp.o ip_conntrack_amanda.o ppp_generic.o\n"
+"8139too.o ip_conntrack_egg.o pppoe.o\n"
+"82596.o ip_conntrack_ftp.o pppox.o\n"
+"8390.o ip_conntrack_h323.o ppp_synctty.o\n"
+"ac3200.o ip_conntrack_irc.o sch_htb.o\n"
+"amd8111e.o ip_conntrack_mms.o sch_ingress.o\n"
+"at1700.o ip_conntrack_quake3.o sch_sfq.o\n"
+"b44.o ip_conntrack_rtsp.o sis900.o\n"
+"bridge.o ip_conntrack_tftp.o slhc.o\n"
+"bsd_comp.o ip_nat_amanda.o smc9194.o\n"
+"cls_fw.o ip_nat_cuseeme.o smc-ultra.o\n"
+"cls_u32.o ip_nat_ftp.o softdog.o\n"
+"cs89x0.o ip_nat_h323.o starfire.o\n"
+"de4x5.o ip_nat_irc.o sundance.o\n"
+"depca.o ip_nat_mms.o tlan.o\n"
+"dgrs.o ip_nat_quake3.o tulip.o\n"
+"dmfe.o ip_nat_rtsp.o typhoon.o\n"
+"e100.o ip_nat_tftp.o via-rhine.o\n"
+"e2100.o lance.o wd.o\n"
+"eepro100.o lp486e.o winbond-840.o\n"
+"eepro.o mii.o zlib_deflate.o\n"
+"eexpress.o natsemi.o zlib_inflate.o\n"
+"epic100.o ne2k-pci.o"
+msgstr ""
+"tjener:~/coyote# ls data/kernel/drivers/\n"
+"3c501.o eth16i.o ne.o\n"
+"3c503.o ewrk3.o ni5010.o\n"
+"3c505.o fealnx.o ni52.o\n"
+"3c507.o forcedeth.o ni65.o\n"
+"3c509.o hp100.o pcnet32.o\n"
+"3c515.o hp.o ppp_async.o\n"
+"3c59x.o hp-plus.o ppp_deflate.o\n"
+"8139cp.o ip_conntrack_amanda.o ppp_generic.o\n"
+"8139too.o ip_conntrack_egg.o pppoe.o\n"
+"82596.o ip_conntrack_ftp.o pppox.o\n"
+"8390.o ip_conntrack_h323.o ppp_synctty.o\n"
+"ac3200.o ip_conntrack_irc.o sch_htb.o\n"
+"amd8111e.o ip_conntrack_mms.o sch_ingress.o\n"
+"at1700.o ip_conntrack_quake3.o sch_sfq.o\n"
+"b44.o ip_conntrack_rtsp.o sis900.o\n"
+"bridge.o ip_conntrack_tftp.o slhc.o\n"
+"bsd_comp.o ip_nat_amanda.o smc9194.o\n"
+"cls_fw.o ip_nat_cuseeme.o smc-ultra.o\n"
+"cls_u32.o ip_nat_ftp.o softdog.o\n"
+"cs89x0.o ip_nat_h323.o starfire.o\n"
+"de4x5.o ip_nat_irc.o sundance.o\n"
+"depca.o ip_nat_mms.o tlan.o\n"
+"dgrs.o ip_nat_quake3.o tulip.o\n"
+"dmfe.o ip_nat_rtsp.o typhoon.o\n"
+"e100.o ip_nat_tftp.o via-rhine.o\n"
+"e2100.o lance.o wd.o\n"
+"eepro100.o lp486e.o winbond-840.o\n"
+"eepro.o mii.o zlib_deflate.o\n"
+"eexpress.o natsemi.o zlib_inflate.o\n"
+"epic100.o ne2k-pci.o"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Particularly old network cards in the firewall (ISA)"
+msgstr "Spesielt gamle nettverkskort i brannmuren (ISA)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: We want to try to use some network cards in the firewall that are "
+"almost 20 years old. They are using the so called ISA bus. Is this possible?"
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: Vi vil prøve å bruke noen nettverkskort i brannmuren som er "
+"nesten 20 år gamle. De har såkalt ISA-buss. Går dette?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Network cards with model number 3c509 from 3Com have been a very popular "
+"series. Many have Coyote Linux with such a network card built in which could "
+"have been produced for example in 1989, over 25 years ago. We've run these "
+"cards for three years with Coyote firewall without any problems. Once you "
+"have managed to get one running, it will probably run for a long time. But "
+"it is sometimes difficult to get the cards to work in the first place. This "
+"is because they have an ISA bus. This means that important addresses (I/O) "
+"and termination messages (IRQ) must be handled manually. This is done "
+"automatically with PCI cards, but using an ISA card requires extra effort. I/"
+"O and IRQ on these cards can be handled by an old DOS program. This can be "
+"somewhat difficult to obtain, since this software is over 25 years old."
+msgstr ""
+"Nettverkskot med typebetegnelsen 3c509 fra 3Com har vært en svært populær "
+"serie. Flere har Coyote Linux med slike nettverkskort produsert i f.eks. "
+"1989, snart 20 år siden. Vi har kjørt disse kortene i tre år med Coyote "
+"brannmur uten problemer. Straks man har fått kortene opp å kjøre, vil de "
+"sannsynligvis kjøre i lang tid. Men det er noen ganger vanskelig å få "
+"kortene til å virke. Dette er fordi de har ISA-buss. Det betyr at viktige "
+"adresser (IO) og avbruddsmeldinger (IRQ) må håndteres manuelt. Dette gjøres "
+"helt automatisk med PCI-kort. Men bruker man ISA-kort krever det ekstra "
+"innsats. IO og IRQ på disse kortene kan håndteres av et gammelt DOS-program. "
+"Dette kan være litt vanskelig å få tak i, siden dette er nesten 20 år gammel "
+"programvare."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The DOS configuration program is called <computeroutput>3c5x9cfg.exe</"
+"computeroutput>, and it is used in the following way:"
+msgstr ""
+"DOS-programmet for oppsett kalles <computeroutput>3c5x9cfg.exe</"
+"computeroutput>, og det brukes på følgende måte:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Start the machine with DOS. One can use FreeDOS or a boot floppy created "
+#| "with Windows 95 or 98."
+msgid ""
+"Start the machine with DOS. One can use !FreeDOS or a boot floppy created "
+"with Windows 95 or 98."
+msgstr ""
+"Start maskinen med DOS. Man kan bruke FreeDOS, eller en oppstartsdiskett "
+"laget med Windows 95 eller 98."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"As soon as the machine is booted using DOS, insert a floppy disk with the "
+"program <computeroutput>3c5x9cfg.exe</computeroutput>. Run the program "
+"3c5x9cfg.exe from the command line in DOS."
+msgstr ""
+"Straks maskinen er startet med DOS, sett inn en diskett med programmet "
+"<computeroutput>3c5x9cfg.exe</computeroutput>. Kjør programmet 3c5x9cfg.exe "
+"fra kommandolinja i DOS."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"When 3c5x9cfg.exe is started, each of the 3c509 network cards can be "
+"configured with the \"auto\" option"
+msgstr ""
+"Straks 3c5x9cfg.exe er startet, så kan hver av 3c509 network cardene settes "
+"opp med valget «auto»"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<computeroutput>3c5x9cfg.exe</computeroutput> can be found at Ruprecht-Karls-"
+"Universität Heidelberg: <ulink url=\"http://www.urz.uni-heidelberg.de/"
+"Netzdienste/nm/misc/3comnic/\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"<computeroutput>3c5x9cfg.exe</computeroutput> finner man hos Ruprecht-Karls-"
+"Universität Heidelberg: <ulink url=\"http://www.urz.uni-heidelberg.de/"
+"Netzdienste/nm/misc/3comnic/\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "FreeDOS can be found on: <ulink url=\"http://www.freedos.org/\"/>"
+msgid "!FreeDOS can be found on: <ulink url=\"http://www.freedos.org/\"/>"
+msgstr "FreeDOS finner man her: <ulink url=\"http://www.freedos.org/\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Warning: Many reports show problems with using two 3c509 card on the same "
+"machine if one of the cards is a combo type. This is a card type with "
+"different types of network cable plugs."
+msgstr ""
+"Varsel: Flere rapporter viser at det er problemer med å bruke to 3c509-kort "
+"på samme maskin om ett av kortene er av combo-typen. Det er en korttype med "
+"forskjellige typer nettverkskontakter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Do not use combo type ISA bus cards!"
+msgstr "Ikke bruk kort med ISA-buss av combo-typen!"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Useful links about the Coyote firewall"
+msgstr "Nyttige linker om brannmuren Coyote"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: I have not gotten enough help with using the firewall on these "
+"pages. Where can I get more help?"
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: Jeg har ikke fått nok hjelp om bruk av brannmuren på disse "
+"sidene. Hvor får jeg mere hjelp?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://www.coyotelinux.com/\">Coyote Linux home page</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://www.coyotelinux.com/\">Coyote Linux hjemmeside</ulink>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://www.vortech.net/phorums/list.php?8\">Coyote Linux user "
+"forum, high activity</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://www.vortech.net/phorums/list.php?8\">Coyote Linux "
+"brukerforum, høy aktivitet</ulink>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://www.coyotelinux.com/faq\">Coyote Linux, FAQ, choose 2.x "
+"- General</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://www.coyotelinux.com/faq\">Coyote Linux, FAQ, velg 2.x - "
+"General</ulink>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<ulink url=\"http://rzero.com/coyote/faq.html\">Another FAQ by Todd "
+#| "VerBeek</ulink>"
+msgid ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://rzero.com/coyote/faq.html\">Another FAQ by Todd !"
+"VerBeek</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://rzero.com/coyote/faq.html\">En annen FAQ av Todd "
+"VerBeek</ulink>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Config:"
+msgstr "Konfig:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "User case: What's should be configured"
+msgstr "Brukertilfelle: Hva ønskes konfigurert"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Setting up infrastructure"
+msgstr "Oppsett av infrastruktur"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Network architecture"
+msgstr "Nettverksarkitektur"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: Shall set up a computer network that scales so that one can "
+"either operate the system locally or connect to a centralized operational "
+"solution"
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: Skal sette opp et datanett som skalerer slik at man kan "
+"drifte systemet lokalt eller koble det til en sentralisert driftsløsning"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Server profiles"
+msgstr "Profiler for tjenermaskiner"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: How to install machines for an entire computer network for a "
+"school or many schools in a municipality."
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: Hvordan kan man installere maskinene som et helt datanett "
+"for en skole eller for flere skoler i en kommune."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "< FIXME: In with the drawing showing diskless clients>"
+msgstr "< FIXME: Inn med tegning som viser halvtykke klienter>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<ul> <li><p>{{attachment:bilder50.png}}</p> <p>"
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">The different profiles on different servers.</"
+"emphasis></p></li></ul>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Combi-server as a combined resolution"
+msgstr "Kombi-tjener som en samleløsing"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Two profiles with main server and thin client server in combination are "
+"called a combi-server"
+msgstr ""
+"To profiler med Hovedtjener og Tynnklienttjener i kobinasjon kalles en Kombi-"
+"tjener"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:bilder51.png}}"
+msgstr "{{attachment:bilder51.png}}"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is a fairly small step, which makes it easy to use an appropriate "
+"switch on the backbone network, and use a crossover cable to connect the "
+"firewall with a combi-server"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er et relativt lite steg, med kun noen håndgrep, som gjør det enkelt å "
+"bruke et passende svitsj på stamnettet, og bruke krysset kabel for å koble "
+"brannmuren med en kombi-tjener"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Note: Be aware that setting a printer on the address 192.168.0.0/24, which "
+"is the thin client network, does not work if the hostname is <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">printer00</emphasis>. Be sure to edit KDE printing manager to "
+"search for printers at 192.168.0.0/24-net. Not standard 10.0.2.0/23-net."
+msgstr ""
+"Merk: Vær klar over at det å plassere en skriver på adressen 192.168.0.0/24 "
+"som er tynnklient-nettet virker ikke om vertsnavnet er <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">printer00</emphasis>. Sørg for å redigere KDE Utskriftshåndterer "
+"som søker etter skrivere på 192.168.0.0/24-nettet. Ikke standard 10.0.2.0/23-"
+"nettet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Description of the profiles in Skolelinux/Debian-Edu"
+msgstr "Beskrivelse av profilene i Skolelinux/Debian-edu"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Profiles shown during the installation originate from the file "
+"<computeroutput>src/debian-edu-install/debian/debian-edu-install.templates</"
+"computeroutput> on alioth.debian.org"
+msgstr ""
+"Profiler som vises under installasjon kommer fra filen: <computeroutput>src/"
+"debian-edu-install/debian/debian-edu-install.templates</computeroutput> hos "
+"alioth.debian.org"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Graphical desktop</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Grafisk skrivebord</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One will increasingly see references to a graphical desktop. In short that "
+"means a modern desktop with point and click, windows, icons, and file "
+"folders. Graphical user interfaces were first made by Xerox Parc in 1973, 10 "
+"years before they came to personal computers that could be bought on the "
+"market. This was a <emphasis>very</emphasis> short presentation of graphical "
+"user interfaces."
+msgstr ""
+"Man vil stadig se referanser til grafisk skrivebord. I kortversjon betyr "
+"dette et moderne skrivebord med pek og klikk, vinduer, ikoner og filmapper. "
+"Grafisk brukergrensesnitt ble første gang laget av Xerox Parc i 1973, hele "
+"10 år før dette kom for personlige datamaskiner som man fikk kjøpt i "
+"butikken. Dette var en <emphasis>svært</emphasis> kort presentasjon av "
+"grafisk brukergrensesnitt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<emphasis role=\"strong\">A brief summary of the different profiles in "
+#| "Skolelinux/Debian-edu and how they can be combined </emphasis>"
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">A brief summary of the different profiles in "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu and how they can be combined</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">En kort oppsummering av forskjellige profiler i "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu og hvordan de kan kombineres </emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Every Skolelinux network needs one, and only one machine running the "
+#| "'Main Server'. This machine provides network services such as for example "
+#| "network login with the help of directory server (LDAP) etc. Without this "
+#| "machine the network does not work. Since this machine will save all data "
+#| "files, it needs a lot of disk space. You do not get graphical user "
+#| "interface by installing this profile. If you want a graphical user "
+#| "interface you must also install <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--"
+#| "workstationprofile\">workstation</link>-profile or <link linkend="
+#| "\"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile\">thin client server</link>."
+msgid ""
+"<ol style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\"> <li><p>Main "
+"server</p> <p>Warning: <emphasis>All</emphasis> Skolelinux/"
+"Debian-edu-networks <emphasis>must have</emphasis> only one main server, and "
+"only one machine with that profile. Most commonly that profile can be "
+"combined with thin client servers, or just a workstation.</p> <p>"
+"Every Skolelinux network needs one, and only one machine running the 'Main "
+"Server'. This machine provides network services such as for example network "
+"login with the help of directory server (LDAP) etc. Without this machine the "
+"network does not work. Since this machine will save all data files, it needs "
+"a lot of disk space. You do not get graphical user interface by installing "
+"this profile. If you want a graphical user interface you must also install "
+"<link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile"
+"\">workstation</link>-profile or <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!"
+"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile\">thin client server</link>.</"
+"p></li> <li><p>Workstation</p></li></"
+"ol>"
+msgstr ""
+"Hvert Skolelinux-nett trenger en, eller bare en maskin kjørende med profilen "
+"«Hovedtjener». Denne maskinen gir nettverkstjenester som f.eks. nettverk, "
+"innlogging med hjelp av katalogtjener (LDAP) osv. Uten denne profilen "
+"installert vil ikke datanettet virke. Siden denne maskinen også har lagret "
+"alle datafiler er det behov for mye diskplass. Man får ikke grafisk "
+"brukergrensesnitt ved å installere denne profilen. Skal man ha grafisk "
+"brukergrensesnitt må man også installere <link linkend="
+"\"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile\">arbeidsstasjon</link>-profilen "
+"eller <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile"
+"\">tynnklienttjener</link>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Machines running the 'workstation' profile is what we know as normal PCs. "
+#| "Users log on to workstations, and get storage space on <link linkend="
+#| "\"InfrastructureSetup--mainserverprofile\">The main server</link>. "
+#| "Documents, personal settings and many network services are on <link "
+#| "linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--mainserverprofile\">The main server</"
+#| "link>. User programs run on the workstation."
+msgid ""
+"Machines running the 'workstation' profile is what we know as normal PCs. "
+"Users log on to workstations, and get storage space on <link linkend="
+"\"InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--mainserverprofile\">The main "
+"server</link>. Documents, personal settings and many network services are on "
+"<link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--mainserverprofile"
+"\">The main server</link>. User programs run on the workstation."
+msgstr ""
+"Maskiner som kjører en Arbeidsstasjon-profil er det vi kjenner som normale "
+"PC-er. Brukerne logger inn på en arbeidsstasjon, og får lagerplass på <link "
+"linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--mainserverprofile\">hovedtjeneren</link>. "
+"Dokumenter, personlige innstillinger og mange nett-tjenester ligger på <link "
+"linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--mainserverprofile\">hovedtjeneren</link>. "
+"Brukerprogram kjøres på arbeidsstasjonen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "For access to CD/DVD-player/burner, digital cameras, scanners, this is "
+#| "the profile to\n"
+#| "install."
+msgid ""
+"For access to CD/DVD-player/burner, digital cameras, scanners, this is the "
+"profile to install."
+msgstr ""
+"Ønskes tilgang til CD/DVD-spiller/brenner, digitalkamera og skannere er "
+"dette profilen og installere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Machines running the thin client server support the thin clients. This "
+#| "profile also includes the <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--"
+#| "workstationprofile\">workstation</link> profile. To prevent saturating "
+#| "the network, two NICs are required. The profiles: main server, "
+#| "workstation and thin client server can be installed on the same machine."
+msgid ""
+"Machines running the thin client server support the thin clients. This "
+"profile also includes the <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!"
+"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile\">workstation</link> profile. To "
+"prevent saturating the network, two NICs are required. The profiles: main "
+"server, workstation and thin client server can be installed on the same "
+"machine."
+msgstr ""
+"Maskiner som kjører som tynnklient-tjener gir støtte til tynnklienter. Denne "
+"profilen har også med <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile"
+"\">arbeidsstasjon</link>-profilen. For å hindre kapasiteten på nettet blir "
+"brukt opp (metning) kreves to nettverkskort. Profilene hovedtjener, "
+"arbeidsstasjon og tynnklienttjener kan installeres på en og samme maskin."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This profile also contains <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--"
+#| "workstationprofile\">the work station</link>-profile"
+msgid ""
+"This profile also contains <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!"
+"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile\">the work station</link>-profile"
+msgstr ""
+"Denne profilen inneholder også <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--"
+"workstationprofile\">arbeidsstasjon</link>-profilen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Diskless workstations"
+msgstr "Halvtykke klienter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Machines running as thin client servers provide support for diskless "
+#| "clients if this is enabled. In Skolelinux 2.0 this must be enabled "
+#| "afterwards. This profile also includes <link linkend="
+#| "\"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile\">the workstation</link>-"
+#| "profile. Profiles main server, workstation and thin client server can be "
+#| "installed on the same machine."
+msgid ""
+"Machines running as thin client servers provide support for diskless clients "
+"if this is enabled. In Skolelinux 2.0 this must be enabled afterwards. This "
+"profile also includes <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!"
+"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile\">the workstation</link>-profile. "
+"Profiles main server, workstation and thin client server can be installed on "
+"the same machine."
+msgstr ""
+"Maskiner som kjører som tynnklient-tjener gir støtte til halvtykke klienter "
+"om dette er lagt inn. I Skolelinux 2.0 må dette legges inn etterpå.. Denne "
+"profilen har også med <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile"
+"\">arbeidsstasjon</link>-profilen. Profilene hovedtjener, arbeidsstasjon og "
+"tynnklienttjener kan installeres på en og samme maskin."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Main server + thin client server (including workstation)"
+msgstr "Hovedtjener + tynnklienttjener (med arbeidsstasjon inkludert)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This combination of profiles, also called combined profile, providing the "
+#| "ability to setup a complete Skolelinux / Debian-edu network <link linkend="
+#| "\"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile\">workstations</link> and <link "
+#| "linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--thinclientprofile\">thinclients</link> "
+#| "with only one server. This is an acceptable solution in a small "
+#| "Skolelinux/Debian-edu network, with maybe 10-15 thin clients and a few "
+#| "workstations. For larger installations, one must usually choose servers "
+#| "which are <emphasis>larger</emphasis>."
+msgid ""
+"This combination of profiles, also called combined profile, providing the "
+"ability to setup a complete Skolelinux / Debian-edu network <link linkend="
+"\"InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile"
+"\">workstations</link> and <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!"
+"InfrastructureSetup--thinclientprofile\">thinclients</link> with only one "
+"server. This is an acceptable solution in a small Skolelinux/Debian-edu "
+"network, with maybe 10-15 thin clients and a few workstations. For larger "
+"installations, one must usually choose servers which are <emphasis>larger</"
+"emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne kombinasjonen av profiler, også kalt kombi-profilen, gir muligheten "
+"til å sette opp komplette Skolelinux/Debian-edu-nettverk med <link linkend="
+"\"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile\">arbeidsstasjoner</link> og <link "
+"linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--thinclientprofile\">tynnklienter</link> med "
+"bare en tjenermaskin. Dette er en fullt ut brukbar løsning i et lite "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu-nettverk med kanskje 10-15 tynnklienter og noen "
+"arbeidsstasjoner. For større installasjoner må man vanligvis velge "
+"tjenermaskiner som er <emphasis>større</emphasis>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Main server + workstation"
+msgstr "Hovedtjener + arbeidsstasjon"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This combination of profiles mainly gives you a main server with a GUI. If "
+"you do not like the idea of administering your main server from the command "
+"line, this is a good combination."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne kombinasjonen av profiler gir i all hovedsak en hovedtjener med "
+"grafisk brukergrensesnitt. Om man ikke liker ideen med å administrere "
+"hovedtjeneren fra kommandolinjen, er dette en god kombinasjon."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The standalone profile is not part of Skolelinux/Debian-edu network. The "
+"purpose of this profile is to support the home PC or portables."
+msgstr ""
+"Frittstående-profilen er ikke en del av Skolelinux/Debian-edu-nettet. "
+"Hensikten med denne profilen er å støtte hjemme-PC-en eller bærbare maskiner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Stand alone"
+msgstr "Frittstående"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The standalone profile can not be installed together with the main server, "
+"workstation or thin client server."
+msgstr ""
+"Frittstående-profilen kan ikke installeres sammen med hovedtjener, "
+"arbeidsstasjon eller tynnklienttjener."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The standalone profile is best to use without linking it to a Skolelinux / "
+"Debian-edu network."
+msgstr ""
+"Frittstående-profilen er best å bruke uten at den knyttes til et Skolelinux/"
+"Debian-edu-nett."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"All programs in Skolelinux/Debian edu are included in the standalone profile"
+msgstr "Alle programmene i Skolelinux følger med i Frittstående-profilen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Hardware servers"
+msgstr "Maskinvare tjenermaskiner"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Client computers"
+msgstr "Klientmaskiner"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: Choice of client machines. Should you choose silent machines or "
+"machines for multimedia. Should one have laptops to all or desktops."
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: Valg av klientmaskiner. Skal man velge stillemaskiner eller "
+"maskiner til multimedia. Skal man ha bærbare til alle eller stasjonære."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Several types of technologies can provide application on the PC. Most "
+#| "common is thick clients operating locally on each computer. But there are "
+#| "other types of technology for applications on the desktop. Many have "
+#| "heard of graphic terminals. Examples include Citrix, FreeNX and Windows "
+#| "Terminal Server. There are also other options like lowfat clients and "
+#| "real thin clients. This article describes the options and provides an "
+#| "overview of where the various terminal technologies do best. The reason "
+#| "for the article is the experience of enterprise solutions with "
+#| "centralized operation of the computer in many different buildings with "
+#| "low, medium or high network capacity."
+msgid ""
+"Several types of technologies can provide application on the PC. Most common "
+"is thick clients operating locally on each computer. But there are other "
+"types of technology for applications on the desktop. Many have heard of "
+"graphic terminals. Examples include Citrix, !FreeNX and Windows Terminal "
+"Server. There are also other options like lowfat clients and real thin "
+"clients. This article describes the options and provides an overview of "
+"where the various terminal technologies do best. The reason for the article "
+"is the experience of enterprise solutions with centralized operation of the "
+"computer in many different buildings with low, medium or high network "
+"capacity."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er flere typer teknologier som kan gi brukerprogram på PC-en. Mest "
+"vanlig er tykke klienter med operativsystem lokalt på hver datamaskin. Men "
+"det finnes andre typer teknologi for brukerprogram på skrivebordet. Mange "
+"har hørt om grafiske terminaler. Eksempler på dette er Citrix, FreeNX og "
+"Windows Terminal Server. Det finnes også andre alternativer som halvtykke "
+"klienter og ekte tynnklienter. Denne artikkelen beskriver alternativene, og "
+"gir en oversikt over hvor de forskjellige terminal-teknologiene gjør best "
+"nytte. Bakgrunnen for artikkelen er erfaringer fra konsernløsninger med "
+"sentralisert drift av datamaskinen i mange forskjellige bygg med lav, "
+"middels eller høy nettkapasitet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Client technologies are described in the following order. Graphic "
+#| "terminals Citrix and FreeNX, thin clients with X Windows, thick clients "
+#| "with Linux and Windows, client in between with Linux, and laptops. The "
+#| "following are examples of what server systems are commonly used in "
+#| "various business-oriented installations. A key factor for calculating "
+#| "costs is the number of concurrent users and the number of servers. "
+#| "Centralized management of computer equipment at several schools may in "
+#| "practice be compared with how the operations of ICT systems is done in "
+#| "larger companies. Often schools have more computers than the rest of the "
+#| "council's activities. Failure to think things through in what one chooses "
+#| "for client solutions in schools can quickly lead to a doubling of the "
+#| "number of employees in IT services in the municipality."
+msgid ""
+"Client technologies are described in the following order. Graphic terminals "
+"Citrix and !FreeNX, thin clients with X Windows, thick clients with Linux "
+"and Windows, client in between with Linux, and laptops. The following are "
+"examples of what server systems are commonly used in various business-"
+"oriented installations. A key factor for calculating costs is the number of "
+"concurrent users and the number of servers. Centralized management of "
+"computer equipment at several schools may in practice be compared with how "
+"the operations of ICT systems is done in larger companies. Often schools "
+"have more computers than the rest of the council's activities. Failure to "
+"think things through in what one chooses for client solutions in schools can "
+"quickly lead to a doubling of the number of employees in IT services in the "
+"municipality."
+msgstr ""
+"Klient-teknologiene blir beskrevet i følgende rekkefølge. Grafiske "
+"terminaler som Citrix og FreeNX, tynnklienter med X Windows, tykke klienter "
+"med Linux og Windows, halvtykke klienter med Linux, og bærbare PC-er. "
+"Deretter følger eksempler på hva som er vanlig å bruke av tjenermaskiner i "
+"forskjellige konsern-orienterte installasjoner. En nøkkelfaktor for å "
+"beregne driftskostnader er antall samtidige brukere og antall "
+"tjenermaskiner. Sentralisert drift av datautstyret på flere skoler kan i "
+"praksis sammenlignes med hvordan drift av IKT-systemer gjøres i større "
+"bedrifter. Ofte har skolene flere datamaskiner enn resten av kommunens "
+"virksomhet. Det kan fort føre til en dobling av antall ansatte i IT-"
+"tjenesten i kommunen om man ikke tenker seg godt om i det man velger "
+"klientløsninger i skolen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Citrix is the most known product for <emphasis role=\"strong\">graphical "
+"clients</emphasis>. The company making this is product was established in "
+"1989. The first graphical clients were made for the operating system OS/2. "
+"First Windows product was launched with NT 3.51 in 1995. There are several "
+"competing products to Citrix. One of the most successful is the NX "
+"technology. Briefly, you may run applications from a server with Citrix or "
+"NX. The screen is exported over the network from a server to a graphical "
+"terminal on a thick client."
+msgstr ""
+"Citrix er det mest kjente produktet for <emphasis role=\"strong\">grafiske "
+"terminaler</emphasis>. Selskapet som lager dette produkter ble etablert i "
+"1989. De første grafiske klientene ble laget for operativsystemet OS/2. "
+"Første Windows-produkt ble lansert med NT 3.51 i 1995. Det er flere "
+"konkurrerende produkter til Citrix. En av de mest vellykkede er NX-"
+"teknologien. I korthet du kjøre brukerprogram fra en tjenermaskin med Citrix "
+"eller NX. Skjermbildet eksporteres over nettet fra en tjener til en grafisk "
+"terminal på en tykk klient."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Graphical clients</emphasis> have the strength "
+"that it would be seemless what ever kind of operating system that might be "
+"running on the client. One could use the applications on the server anyways. "
+"One can run standard office programs and client emails over an ISDN line "
+"with 64 kbps. That said, there are limitations in graphic software, whether "
+"it is used with multimedia or interactive graphics. The solution can quickly "
+"become of no practical use if a municipality distributes 30 or 50 graphic "
+"terminals at 5-6 schools with broadband with 2-8 Mbps. With this capacity "
+"one can not run interactive graphical applications. The Internet would be "
+"filled up with traffic, and the Citrix client would disconnect from the "
+"server machine."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Grafiske terminaler</emphasis> har den styrken at "
+"det er samme hva slags operativsystem som kjører på klienten. "
+"brukerprogrammene på tjenermaskinen kan man bruke uansett. Man kan kjøre "
+"standard kontorprogram og klient for e-post over en ISDN-linje med 64 kbps. "
+"Når det er sagt er det begrensninger i forhold til grafisk programvare, "
+"enten det brukes med multimedia eller interaktiv grafikk. Løsningen kan fort "
+"bli uten praktisk nytte om en kommune har plassert ut 30 eller 50 grafiske "
+"terminaler på 5-6 skoler med bredbånd på 2-8 Mpbs. Med denne kapasitetet kan "
+"man ikke kjøre interaktive grafiske programmer. Nettet blir fyllt opp med "
+"trafikk, og Citrix-klienten kobles av tjenermaskinen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"With <emphasis role=\"strong\">graphical clients</emphasis> the operations "
+"department must run two parallel paths for the maintenance of software. "
+"Maintenance occurs on all client computers and on local and central servers. "
+"For getting for example Citrix to work reasonably well, there must be "
+"deployed two additional server machines in each building, in addition to "
+"central application servers. In addition, it usually needs some thick "
+"clients also for use with multimedia. For example 1/3 of the machines in "
+"Oslo schools are thick clients to provide support for multimedia."
+msgstr ""
+"Med <emphasis role=\"strong\">grafiske terminaler</emphasis> må "
+"driftsavdelingen kjøre to parallelle løp for vedlikehold av programvaren. "
+"Vedlikehold skjer på alle klientmaskinene og på lokale og sentrale "
+"tjenermaskiner. For at f.eks. Citrix skal fungere rimelig godt må det "
+"utplasseres ut to ekstra tjenermaskiner i hvert bygg i tillegg til sentrale "
+"applikasjonstjenere. I tillegg er det som regel behov for en del tykke "
+"klienter også for bruk med multimedia. F.eks. er 1/3 av maskinene i Oslo-"
+"skolen tykke klienter for å gi støtte for multimedia."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Tynnklienter</emphasis> ble introdusert i 1984 på "
+"MIT. Dette var omtrent på samme tid som Apple lanserte Macintosh med grafisk "
+"brukergrensesnitt. Året etter kom første utgave av Windows fra Microsoft. "
+"Egentlig heter tynnklienter X Window System og kan brukes på alle mulige "
+"plattformer som f.eks. Linux, Mac eller Windows. X Windows snur verden på "
+"hode. I praksis kjører programmene på en tjenermaskin, og det grafiske "
+"brukergrensesnittet sendes over nettverket til klientmaskinen. "
+"Klientmaskinen kjører et tjenerprogram for framvising av grafiske vinduer. "
+"En X-tjener kan kjøre programvinduer fra forskjellige program som kjører på "
+"mange forskjellige tjenermaskiner. Tykke klienter kjører også X Window "
+"system, men da et lokalt nettverk på PC-en. Alle Unix-systemer med grafisk "
+"brukergrensesnitt kjører X-tjener."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The main advantage of <emphasis role=\"strong\">thin clients </emphasis> "
+#| "is the reuse of older equipment without increasing the complexity of "
+#| "operations. Many people use PCs with 233 MHz and 32 MB memory as thin "
+#| "clients. There is no need for local hard drive. Users can handle heavier "
+#| "graphics, sound and simple video. Several schools have opened up for the "
+#| "use of CD / DVD-Rom and USB memory stick at <emphasis role=\"strong\">the "
+#| "thin clients</emphasis>. Operating personnel do not have to keep track of "
+#| "a separate operating system on each of the PCs. Everything is handled "
+#| "from the server. Each thin client uses around 2 Mbps network capacity "
+#| "during normal use. The performance of thin clients is significantly "
+#| "better than graphic terminals. Thin clients need in average fewer servers "
+#| "than graphic clients with for example Citrix, as shown by a study of The "
+#| "Department of Education in Oslo."
+msgid ""
+"The main advantage of <emphasis role=\"strong\">thin clients</emphasis> is "
+"the reuse of older equipment without increasing the complexity of "
+"operations. Many people use PCs with 233 MHz and 32 MB memory as thin "
+"clients. There is no need for local hard drive. Users can handle heavier "
+"graphics, sound and simple video. Several schools have opened up for the use "
+"of CD / DVD-Rom and USB memory stick at <emphasis role=\"strong\">the thin "
+"clients</emphasis>. Operating personnel do not have to keep track of a "
+"separate operating system on each of the PCs. Everything is handled from the "
+"server. Each thin client uses around 2 Mbps network capacity during normal "
+"use. The performance of thin clients is significantly better than graphic "
+"terminals. Thin clients need in average fewer servers than graphic clients "
+"with for example Citrix, as shown by a study of The Department of Education "
+"in Oslo."
+msgstr ""
+"Den største fordelen med <emphasis role=\"strong\">tynnklienter </"
+"emphasis>er gjenbruk av eldre maskiner uten økning av kompleksiteten ved "
+"drift. Mange bruker PC-er med 233 MHz og 32 MB minne som tynnklienter. Det "
+"er ikke behov for lokal harddisk. Brukerne kan håndtere tyngre grafikk, lyd "
+"og enkel video. Flere skoler har åpnet for bruk av CD/DVD-rom og USB "
+"minnepenn på <emphasis role=\"strong\">tynnklientene</emphasis>. "
+"Driftspersonellet slipper å holde orden på et eget operativsystem på hver av "
+"PC-ene. Alt håndteres fra tjenermaskinen. Hver tynnklient bruker rundt 2 "
+"Mbps nettkapasitet ved vanlig bruk. Ytelsen på tynnklienter er betydelig "
+"bedre enn grafiske terminaler. Tynnklienter trenger i snitt færre "
+"tjenermaskiner enn grafiske terminaler med f.eks. Citrix viser en utredning "
+"av Utdanningsetaten i Oslo."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Tykke klienter</emphasis> eller vanlige PC-er er "
+"det de fleste bruker i dag. Første gang uttrykket Peronal Computer ble brukt "
+"var 3. november 1962. Den første PC-en med nettverk og grafisk "
+"brukergrensesnitt ble laget hos Xerox PARK i 1973. I dag er det PC-konseptet "
+"IBM lanserte i 1981 som er mest kjent og utbredt. Hele operativsystemet og "
+"alle brukerprogrammene er installert på hver klientmaskin på et lokalt "
+"datalager. De mest kjente operativsystemene PC-er er Microsoft Windows og "
+"Linux. Men det er også en rekke andre systemer som mange bruker, blant annet "
+"en eller annen utgave av BSD."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage of <emphasis role=\"strong\">Thick clients</emphasis> is that "
+"all programs are run locally, which can provide great flexibility and "
+"performance for users. Since most user programs run locally few central "
+"servers are needed. Solutions with thick clients can be relatively "
+"inexpensive to operate if one standardizes. On Windows, it is a great "
+"advantage to have mostly similar machines, which is difficult over time. It "
+"is quite common, for example, that the school has both 4 and 5 PC types. "
+"This affects operational costs. Linux is more flexible because the system "
+"can be more easily managed with many different PC types. Linux also requires "
+"less memory, and allows for longer use of older computers without loss of "
+"performance as the British Educational Communications and Technology Agency "
+"(BECTA) reports."
+msgstr ""
+"Fordelen med <emphasis role=\"strong\">tykke klienter</emphasis> er at alle "
+"programmene kjører lokalt, noe som kan gi stor fleksibilitet og god ytelse "
+"for brukerne. Siden de fleste brukerprogrammene kjører lokalt trenger man få "
+"sentrale tjenermaskiner. Løsninger med tykke klienter kan være relativt "
+"rimelig å drifte om man standardiserer. På Windows er det en stor fordel å "
+"ha mest mulig like maskiner, noe som er vanskelig over tid. Det er helt "
+"vanlig at f.eks. skolen at man både har 4 og 5 PC-typer. Dette påvirker "
+"driftskostnadene. Linux er mer fleksibel da systemet enklere kan "
+"administreres med mange forskjellige PC-typer. Linux krever også mindre "
+"minne, og tillater lengre bruk av eldre datamaskiner uten tap av ytelse "
+"rapporterer British Educational Communications and Technology Agency (BECTA)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Diskless clients</emphasis> is another exciting "
+"technology. Today supported on Linux with Lessdisks or new LTSP. Novell had "
+"a virtual monopoly on diskless clients 15 years ago. Simply explained, the "
+"entire operating system and applications are installed on a server. The "
+"operating system is uploaded from the server to the client over the network. "
+"File, print, and Web services are handled by an operating system designed "
+"for networks. By the introduction of Windows 95, Novell met a technological "
+"barrier. Microsoft changed controlling Windows with registry instead of text "
+"files. Now it's only Linux and other Unix variants offering diskless clients."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Halvtykke klienter</emphasis> er en annen "
+"spennende teknologi. I dag støttes dette på Linux med Lessdisks eller ny "
+"LTSP. Novell hadde nærmest monopol på halvtykke klienter for 15 år siden. "
+"Forenklet går dette ut på at hele operativsystemet og brukerprogrammene er "
+"installert på en tjenermaskin. Operativsystem lastes opp fra tjener til "
+"klienten over nettverket. Fil, utskrift og nett-tjenester blir håndtert av "
+"et operativsystem laget for nettverk. Ved introduksjon av Windows 95 møtte "
+"Novell en teknologisk sperre. Microsoft la om til å styre Windows med "
+"registry istedenfor tekstfiler. Nå er det bare Linux og andre Unix-varianter "
+"som tilbyr halvtykke klienter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage with <emphasis role=\"strong\">diskless clients</emphasis> is "
+"that you get the performance of thick clients with the operational advantage "
+"of thin clients. It means that the organisation can connect many client "
+"machines to a server, without installing locally an operating system on each "
+"client. Everything is handled from the server. The system supports audio, "
+"video, CD/DVD-Rom and USB memory stick. Today it is unusual to find used "
+"machines with less than 800 MHz processors and 256 MB of memories, which is "
+"well suited for the half thick clients. It is recommended to use local hard "
+"drive cache."
+msgstr ""
+"Fordelen med <emphasis role=\"strong\">halvtykke klienter</emphasis> er at "
+"man får ytelsen til tykke klienter med driftsfordelen til tynnklienter. Det "
+"betyr at virksomheten kan koble på svært mange klientmaskiner på en "
+"tjenermaskin, uten å installere lokalt operativsystem på hver klient. Alt "
+"håndteres fra tjenermaskinen. Systemet støtter lyd, video, CD/DVD-rom og USB "
+"minnepinne. I dag er det sjeldent at man får dårligere bruktmaskiner enn 800 "
+"MHz prosessor og 256 MB minne, noe som passer utmerket som halvtykk klient. "
+"Det er anbefalt å bruke lokal harddisk som mellomlager."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Portable machines</emphasis> are essentially thick "
+"clients. Laptops may in principle be used as thin clients, half thick "
+"clients or graphical terminals. But it is not very practical for several "
+"reasons. Portables should be used as thick client. In order to connect the "
+"laptop to a stationary computer network, one must choose what kind of "
+"services to be used."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Bærbare maskiner</emphasis> er i all hovedsak en "
+"tykke klient. Bærbare i prinsippet brukes som tynnklient, halvtykk klient "
+"eller grafisk terminal. Men det er ikke særlig praktisk av flere grunner. "
+"Bærbar bør brukes som tykk klient. Skal man koble den bærbare til et "
+"stasjonært datanett må man velge hva slags tjenester som kan brukes."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are significant challenges with portables in wireless networks with "
+"many users. Wireless networks have limited capacity. Portables are also "
+"subject to rough treatment, and require more frequent replacement than what "
+"is normal for stationary equipment. One should not run graphical terminals "
+"on laptops in wireless networks. This quickly becomes unstable when you have "
+"many users. Thick clients with Linux or Windows run fine. They can "
+"relatively easily be authenticated against the network. The user can access "
+"file directories, printing and other network services in a safe and secure "
+"manner. Several providers offer laptops in schools which connect to the "
+"computer network running Debian Edu."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er betydelige utfordringer med bærbare i trådløse nett med mange "
+"brukere. Trådløse nett har begrenset kapasitet. Bærbare maskiner er også "
+"utsatt for røff behandling, og krever oftere utskiftning enn hva som er "
+"vanlig for stasjonært utstyr. Man bør ikke kjøre grafiske terminaler på "
+"bærbare maskiner i i trådløse nett. Dette blir fort ustabilt når man har "
+"mange brukere. Tykke klienter med Linux eller Windows går fint. De kan "
+"relativt enkelt autentiseres mot datanettet. Brukeren får tilgang til "
+"filområder, utskrift og andre nett-tjenester på en trygg og sikker måte. Det "
+"er flere som tilbyr bærbare maskiner i skolen som kobles til datanettet som "
+"kjører Skolelinux."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Table of client types"
+msgstr "Tabell over klienttypene"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Main solution</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Hovedløsning</emphasis></emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Support for multimedia</emphasis></"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Støtte for multimedia</emphasis></"
+"emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Characteristics</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Kjennetegn</emphasis></emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Fat clients (Windows, Linux or Mac)"
+msgstr "Tykke klienter (Windows, Linux eller Mac)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Good support for sound, graphics and video with powerful enough processor "
+"and memory on the client machine."
+msgstr ""
+"God støtte for lyd, grafikk og video gitt kraftig nok prosessor og minne på "
+"klientmaskinen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "All user applications installed on the client machine. The user programs "
+#| "run on the client machine. The client machine may be stationary or "
+#| "portable. Running multiple services in networks such as email, file "
+#| "storage, case-filing system etc."
+msgid ""
+"All user applications installed on the client machine. The user programs run "
+"on the client machine. The client machine may be stationary or portable. "
+"Running multiple services in networks such as email, file storage, case-"
+"filing system etc.<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantage:</emphasis> Requires "
+"few server machines. Good support for multimedia<emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Need to install and maintain all the software on "
+"each client machine"
+msgstr ""
+"Alle brukerprogram installert på klientmaskinen. Brukerprogrammene kjører på "
+"klientmaskinen. Klientmaskinen kan være stasjonær eller bærbar. Kjører flere "
+"tjenester i nettverk som e-post, fillagring, sak-arkivsystem ol."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Diskless workstation (Linux. Earlier this was the solution from Novell with "
+"Windows 3.X)"
+msgstr ""
+"Halvtykk klient (Linux. Tidligere var dette løsningen til Novell med Windows "
+"3.X)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Good support for sound, graphics and video given a powerful enough processor "
+"and memory on the client machine."
+msgstr ""
+"God støtte for lyd, grafikk og video gitt kraftig nok prosessor på minne "
+"klientmaskinen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "All user applications are installed on the server machine. User programs "
+#| "run on the client machine. Client computer is usually stationary. Running "
+#| "multiple services on the network such as email, file storage, case-filing "
+#| "system etc."
+msgid ""
+"All user applications are installed on the server machine. User programs run "
+"on the client machine. Client computer is usually stationary. Running "
+"multiple services on the network such as email, file storage, case-filing "
+"system etc.<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantages:</emphasis> Same "
+"functionality as thick clients. Need few servers. The client computers do "
+"not have software installed."
+msgstr ""
+"Alle brukerprogram er installert på tjenermaskin. Brukerprogram kjører på "
+"klientmaskinen. Klientmaskin er vanligvis stasjonær. Kjører flere tjenester "
+"i nettverk som e-post, fillagring, sak-arkivsystem ol."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Thin client (X Window System)"
+msgstr "Tynnklient (X Windows System)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Decent audio, graphics and video support given a powerful enough processor "
+"memory on the server machine. Needs high capacity client network."
+msgstr ""
+"Grei støtte for lyd, grafikk og video gitt kraftig nok prosessor på minne på "
+"tjenermaskin. Trenger høy kapasitet på klientnettverket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "All user programs and services are installed on the server machine. The "
+#| "user programs running on servers. The client computer is usually "
+#| "stationary. Running multiple services in networks such as email, file "
+#| "storage, case-filing system etc."
+msgid ""
+"All user programs and services are installed on the server machine. The user "
+"programs running on servers. The client computer is usually stationary. "
+"Running multiple services in networks such as email, file storage, case-"
+"filing system etc.<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantage:</emphasis> Gives new "
+"life to reused computers. Client does not have installed software.<emphasis "
+"role=\"strong\">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Requires more servers than thick "
+"and diskless clients."
+msgstr ""
+"Alle brukerprogram og tjenester er installert på tjenermaskin. "
+"Brukerprogrammene kjører på tjenermaskiner. Klientmaskinen er vanligvis "
+"stasjonær. Kjører flere tjenester i nettverk som e-post, fillagring, sak-"
+"arkivsystem ol."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Graphical terminals (FreeNX, Citrix, RDP)"
+msgstr "Grafiske terminaler (FreeNX, Citrix, RDP)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Decent graphics support given powerful enough processor memory on the server "
+"machine, and high capacity network. Weak or little support for interactive "
+"graphics at medium capacity network."
+msgstr ""
+"Grei støtte grafikk gitt kraftig nok prosessor på minne på tjenermaskin, og "
+"høy kapasitet på nettverket. Svak eller liten støtte for interaktiv grafikk "
+"ved midlere nettkapasitet i nettverket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Must install and "
+#| "maintain the operating system on each client machine. Requires more "
+#| "servers than real thin clients. Requires significantly more servers than "
+#| "thick or diskless clients. Gives poor performance or no support for "
+#| "multimedia. The terminal disconnects with network overloads. This may "
+#| "happen several times an hour."
+msgid ""
+"All user programs and services are installed on the server machine. A full "
+"operating system with a graphical interface is usually installed on the "
+"client machine. The user programs run on the server. The client computer is "
+"usually stationary. Several network services such as email, file storage, "
+"case-filing system etc. are provided.<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantage:</"
+"emphasis> Gives new life to reused computers.<emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Must install and maintain the operating system "
+"on each client machine. Requires more servers than real thin clients. "
+"Requires significantly more servers than thick or diskless clients. Gives "
+"poor performance or no support for multimedia. The terminal disconnects with "
+"network overloads. This may happen several times an hour."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Ulempe:</emphasis> Må installere og vedlikeholde "
+"operativsystem på hver klientmaskin. Krever flere tjenermaskiner enn ekte "
+"tynnklienter. Krever betydelig flere tjenermaskiner enn tykke eller "
+"halvtykke klienter. Gir dårlig ytelse eller ingen støtte for multimedia. "
+"Terminalen kobles ned ved metning i nettverket. Dette kan skje flere ganger "
+"i timen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Must install and "
+#| "maintain the operating system on each client machine. Must set up and "
+#| "maintain services that make it easy to connect and disconnect machines on "
+#| "the network. There is considerable breakage with portable equipment, and "
+#| "lifetimes average 3 years; that's 2-5 years less than desktops. "
+#| "Administration of portable devices is expensive. "
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantage:</emphasis> Can take the PC anywhere "
+"suitable<emphasis role=\"strong\">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Must install and "
+"maintain the operating system on each client machine. Must set up and "
+"maintain services that make it easy to connect and disconnect machines on "
+"the network. There is considerable breakage with portable equipment, and "
+"lifetimes average 3 years; that's 2-5 years less than desktops. "
+"Administration of portable devices is expensive."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Ulempe:</emphasis> Må installere og vedlikeholde "
+"operativsystem på hver klientmaskin. Må sette opp og vedlikeholde tjenester "
+"som gjør det enkelt og koble til og fra maskiner i datanettet. Det er "
+"betydelig brekkasje med bærbart utstyr, og levetiden er i snitt 3 år, eller "
+"2-5 år mindre enn stasjonære maskiner. Drift av bærbart er dyrt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Switches"
+msgstr "Svitsjer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Wireless access points"
+msgstr "Trådløspunkter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Firewall(s)"
+msgstr "Brannmur(er)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Routers"
+msgstr "Rutere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Setting up a simple firewall"
+msgstr "Oppsett av enkel brannmur"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Setup:"
+msgstr "Oppsett:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Useful commands"
+msgstr "Nyttige kommandoer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Support for 4 GB memory <-- included in configuration management"
+msgstr "Støtte for 4 GB minne <-- inn under konfigurasjonstyring"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use Case: Because there is limited space on the Skolelinux/Debian-Edu CD "
+"only one Linux kernel is included, i.e. the lowest common denominator. That "
+"means a kernel <emphasis>working</emphasis> at as many as possible different "
+"types of hardware is included."
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: Fordi det er begrenset plass på Skolelinux/Debian-edu CD-en "
+"er det bare lagt med en Linux-kjerne, altså minste felles multiplum. Det "
+"betyr at det er lagt med en kernel som <emphasis>virker</emphasis> på flest "
+"mulig typer maskinvare."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"You can find out the type of kernel running with the command <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">uname -a</emphasis>. The command can be used later to ensure that "
+"you have upgraded to the required core. Then it may look like this:"
+msgstr ""
+"Hvilken type kernel som kjører finner man ut med kommandoen <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">uname -a</emphasis>. Kommandoen kan brukes senere for å sikre at "
+"man har oppgradert til ønsket kjerne. Da kan det se slik ut:"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# uname -a\n"
+"Linux tjener.intern 2.6.8-2-386 #1 Thu May 19 17:40:50 JST 2005 i686 GNU/Linux"
+msgstr ""
+"tjener:~# uname -a\n"
+"Linux tjener.intern 2.6.8-2-386 #1 Thu May 19 17:40:50 JST 2005 i686 GNU/Linux"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here runs a 386-core, which should work on just about all of the PCs. But it "
+"is not optimal for dual core processors or more than 940MB."
+msgstr ""
+"Her kjøres en 386-kjerne, som burde virke på omtrent alt av PC-er. Men den "
+"er ikke optimal for to prosessorkjerner eller mer enn 940 MB minne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you want a kernel for new servers with plenty of memory and multiple "
+"processors, you can download and install it afterwards. Debian's package "
+"system makes that easy."
+msgstr ""
+"Ønskes en kjerne for nye tjenermaskiner med masse minne og flere "
+"prosessorer, kan du laste ned og installere dette etterpå. Pakkesystemet til "
+"Debian gjør dette enkelt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Look at <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--apt-get\">Section 8.9</link> for "
+#| "a more detailed description of <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get</"
+#| "emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg</emphasis>."
+msgid ""
+"Look at <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--apt-get\">Section "
+"8.9</link> for a more detailed description of <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-"
+"get</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Se på <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--apt-get\">Seksjon 8.9</link> for en "
+"mer detaljert beskrivelse av <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get</emphasis> og "
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg</emphasis>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<emphasis role=\"strong\">smp</emphasis> is the keyword to look for when "
+#| "you want a Linux kernel with support for more RAM than 940MB of memory "
+#| "and dual processors. The acronym stands for <emphasis>Symmetric Multi-"
+#| "Processors</emphasis>. The command is run from a <link linkend="
+#| "\"UsefulCommands--shell\">shell</link> which lists the number of cores "
+#| "ready for installation:"
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">smp</emphasis> is the keyword to look for when you "
+"want a Linux kernel with support for more RAM than 940MB of memory and dual "
+"processors. The acronym stands for <emphasis>Symmetric Multi-Processors</"
+"emphasis>. The command is run from a <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--!"
+"UsefulCommands--shell\">shell</link> which lists the number of cores ready "
+"for installation:"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">smp</emphasis> er nøkkelordet man må se etter når "
+"man vil ha en Linux-kjerne med støtte for mere minne enn 940MB minne og "
+"doble prosessorer. Forkortelsen smp står for <emphasis>Symmetric Multi-"
+"Processors</emphasis>. Kommandoen kjøres fra et <link linkend="
+"\"UsefulCommands--shell\">skall</link> som lister ut antall kjerner klar for "
+"installasjon:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache search kernel-image | grep smp</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache search kernel-image | grep smp</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ". At the time this is written the following is listed:"
+msgstr ". Når dette skrives får man følgende utlisting:"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"kernel-image-2.4-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.4-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on AMD K7 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.4.27-2-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4.27 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.4.27-2-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4.27 on AMD K7 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP.\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-amd64-k8-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD64 SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-em64t-p4-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on Intel EM64T SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD K7 SMP.\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6.8-11-amd64-k8-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on AMD64 SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6.8-11-em64t-p4-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on Intel EM64T SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP.\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6.8-2-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on AMD K7 SMP."
+msgstr ""
+"kernel-image-2.4-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.4-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on AMD K7 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.4.27-2-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4.27 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.4.27-2-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4.27 on AMD K7 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP.\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-amd64-k8-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD64 SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-em64t-p4-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on Intel EM64T SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD K7 SMP.\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6.8-11-amd64-k8-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on AMD64 SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6.8-11-em64t-p4-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on Intel EM64T SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP.\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6.8-2-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on AMD K7 SMP."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There is no need to specify a specific kernel version like 2.4.27 or 2.6.8. "
+"Just use 2.4 or 2.6. This boils down to"
+msgstr ""
+"Det er ikke behov for å oppgi en bestemt kjerne-versjon som 2.4.27 eller "
+"2.6.8. Bare bruk 2.4 eller 2.6. Dette koker ned til"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"kernel-image-2.4-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.4-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on AMD K7 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP.\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-amd64-k8-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD64 SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-em64t-p4-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on Intel EM64T SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD K7 SMP."
+msgstr ""
+"kernel-image-2.4-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.4-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on AMD K7 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP.\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-amd64-k8-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD64 SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-em64t-p4-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on Intel EM64T SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD K7 SMP."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Now you just need to know what kind of processor you have eg. 686 (Intel), "
+"k7 (AMD) AMD64 or EM64T"
+msgstr ""
+"Nå trenger man kun å vite hva slags prosessor man har som f.eks. 686 "
+"(Intel), k7 (AMD), AMD64 eller EM64T"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As soon as which kernel fit the machine best it can be installed using the "
+"command"
+msgstr ""
+"Straks man vet vilken kjerne som passer på maskinen kan den installeres med "
+"kommandoen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-<your "
+"processor type>-smp</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-<din "
+"prosessortype>-smp </emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "If the machine contain an Intel Xeon one can use"
+msgstr "Er det en Intel Xeon i maskinen kan man bruke"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-686-smp</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-686-smp </"
+"emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "If a 2.4 kernel is used"
+msgstr "Bruker man en 2.4-kjerne"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install kernel-image-2.4-<your "
+"processor type>-smp</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install kernel-image-2.4-<din "
+"prosessortype>-smp </emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "With an AMD Athlon(TM) MP 2000 it is possible to use"
+msgstr "Har man en AMD Athlon(TM) MP 2000 kan man bruke"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-k7-smp</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-k7-smp </emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "When you install the new kernel, you may see something like this:"
+msgstr "Når man installerer ny kjerne kan man se noe som dette:"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get update\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-686-smp\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following extra packages will be installed:\n"
+" kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp\n"
+"Suggested packages:\n"
+" lilo kernel-doc-2.6.8 kernel-source-2.6.8\n"
+"Recommended packages:\n"
+" irqbalance\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" kernel-image-2.6-686-smp kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp\n"
+"0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 15.3MB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 44.9MB of additional disk space will be used.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp 2.6.8-16 [15.3MB]\n"
+"Get:2 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main kernel-image-2.6-686-smp 101 [2154B]\n"
+"Fetched 15.3MB in 1m13s (208kB/s)\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 80762 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp (from .../kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp_2.6.8-16_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package kernel-image-2.6-686-smp.\n"
+"Unpacking kernel-image-2.6-686-smp (from .../kernel-image-2.6-686-smp_101_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Setting up kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp (2.6.8-16) ...\n"
+"File descriptor 3 left open\n"
+"File descriptor 4 left open\n"
+"File descriptor 5 left open\n"
+"File descriptor 6 left open\n"
+"File descriptor 7 left open\n"
+" Finding all volume groups\n"
+" Finding volume group \"vg_data\"\n"
+" Finding volume group \"vg_system\"\n"
+"Searching for GRUB installation directory ... found: /boot/grub .\n"
+"Testing for an existing GRUB menu.list file... found: /boot/grub/menu.lst .\n"
+"Searching for splash image... none found, skipping...\n"
+"Found kernel: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.8-2-686-smp\n"
+"Found kernel: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.8-2-386\n"
+"Updating /boot/grub/menu.lst ... done\n"
+"Setting up kernel-image-2.6-686-smp (101) ..."
+msgstr ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get update\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-686-smp\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following extra packages will be installed:\n"
+" kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp\n"
+"Suggested packages:\n"
+" lilo kernel-doc-2.6.8 kernel-source-2.6.8\n"
+"Recommended packages:\n"
+" irqbalance\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" kernel-image-2.6-686-smp kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp\n"
+"0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 15.3MB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 44.9MB of additional disk space will be used.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp 2.6.8-16 [15.3MB]\n"
+"Get:2 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main kernel-image-2.6-686-smp 101 [2154B]\n"
+"Fetched 15.3MB in 1m13s (208kB/s)\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 80762 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp (from .../kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp_2.6.8-16_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package kernel-image-2.6-686-smp.\n"
+"Unpacking kernel-image-2.6-686-smp (from .../kernel-image-2.6-686-smp_101_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Setting up kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp (2.6.8-16) ...\n"
+"File descriptor 3 left open\n"
+"File descriptor 4 left open\n"
+"File descriptor 5 left open\n"
+"File descriptor 6 left open\n"
+"File descriptor 7 left open\n"
+" Finding all volume groups\n"
+" Finding volume group \"vg_data\"\n"
+" Finding volume group \"vg_system\"\n"
+"Searching for GRUB installation directory ... found: /boot/grub .\n"
+"Testing for an existing GRUB menu.list file... found: /boot/grub/menu.lst .\n"
+"Searching for splash image... none found, skipping...\n"
+"Found kernel: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.8-2-686-smp\n"
+"Found kernel: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.8-2-386\n"
+"Updating /boot/grub/menu.lst ... done\n"
+"Setting up kernel-image-2.6-686-smp (101) ..."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As shown, you were asked to install kernel-image-2.6-686-smp, and it "
+"automatically translated to install kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp. It was "
+"also suggested to install some other packages that might be useful."
+msgstr ""
+"Som det vises ble det spurt om å installere kernel-image-2.6-686-smp, og det "
+"ble automatisk oversatt til å installere kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp. Det "
+"ble også foreslått å installere noen andre pakker som kan være nyttige."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Reboot the machine with the command: shutdown -r now"
+msgstr "Start maskinen på ny med kommandoen: shutdown -r now"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "To activate a new kernel the machine need to be rebooted."
+msgstr "For å få brukt ny kjerne må man starte maskinen på nytt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Building the kernel for a Skolelinux / Debian-Edu machine, is the only time "
+"you ever need a restart. When installing other programs there is no need for "
+"a restart."
+msgstr ""
+"Bygge av kjerne på en Skolelinux/Debian-edu-maskin er eneste gang man "
+"behøver omstart. Når man installerer andre program er det ikke behov for "
+"omstart."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When running the command <emphasis role=\"strong\">uname -a</emphasis> after "
+"installation, the following is displayed"
+msgstr ""
+"Kjører man kommandoen <emphasis role=\"strong\">uname -a</emphasis> etter "
+"installasjon, så vil man se"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# uname -a\n"
+"Linux tjener.intern 2.6.8-2-686-smp #1 SMP Thu May 19 17:27:55 JST 2005 i686 GNU/Linux"
+msgstr ""
+"tjener:~# uname -a\n"
+"Linux tjener.intern 2.6.8-2-686-smp #1 SMP Thu May 19 17:27:55 JST 2005 i686 GNU/Linux"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"After the installation of the smp kernel and after the reboot, you can run "
+"the command <emphasis role=\"strong\">free</emphasis> and <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">cat /proc/cpuinfo</emphasis>. Then you can see if the new kernel "
+"uses all memory and both processors."
+msgstr ""
+"Etter installasjon av smp-kjerne, og omstart er utført, kan man kjøre "
+"kommandoen <emphasis role=\"strong\">free</emphasis> og <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">cat /proc/cpuinfo</emphasis>. Då kan man se om den nye kjernen "
+"bruker alt minne og begge prosessorer."
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"ltspserver00:~# free\n"
+" total used free shared buffers cached\n"
+"Mem: 4074752 4045556 29196 0 339248 2327780\n"
+"-/+ buffers/cache: 1378528 2696224\n"
+"Swap: 1835000 5852 1829148"
+msgstr ""
+"ltspserver00:~# free\n"
+" total used free shared buffers cached\n"
+"Mem: 4074752 4045556 29196 0 339248 2327780\n"
+"-/+ buffers/cache: 1378528 2696224\n"
+"Swap: 1835000 5852 1829148"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here is a shortened printing with the unnecessary printing removed ."
+msgstr "Her er en nedkortet utskrift som har fjernet unødvendig utskrift."
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, fuzzy, no-wrap
+#| msgid ""
+#| "ltspserver00:~# cat /proc/cpuinfo\n"
+#| "processor : 0\n"
+#| "vendor_id : GenuineIntel\n"
+#| "cpu family : 15\n"
+#| "model : 2\n"
+#| "model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz\n"
+#| "\n"
+#| "processor : 1\n"
+#| "vendor_id : GenuineIntel\n"
+#| "cpu family : 15\n"
+#| "model : 2\n"
+#| "model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz\n"
+#| "\n"
+#| "processor : 2\n"
+#| "vendor_id : GenuineIntel\n"
+#| "cpu family : 15\n"
+#| "model : 2\n"
+#| "model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz\n"
+#| "\n"
+#| "processor : 3\n"
+#| "vendor_id : GenuineIntel\n"
+#| "cpu family : 15\n"
+#| "model : 2\n"
+#| "model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz"
+msgid ""
+"ltspserver00:~# cat /proc/cpuinfo\n"
+"processor : 0\n"
+"vendor_id : !GenuineIntel\n"
+"cpu family : 15\n"
+"model : 2\n"
+"model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz\n"
+"\n"
+"processor : 1\n"
+"vendor_id : !GenuineIntel\n"
+"cpu family : 15\n"
+"model : 2\n"
+"model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz\n"
+"\n"
+"processor : 2\n"
+"vendor_id : !GenuineIntel\n"
+"cpu family : 15\n"
+"model : 2\n"
+"model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz\n"
+"\n"
+"processor : 3\n"
+"vendor_id : !GenuineIntel\n"
+"cpu family : 15\n"
+"model : 2\n"
+"model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz"
+msgstr ""
+"ltspserver00:~# cat /proc/cpuinfo\n"
+"processor : 0\n"
+"vendor_id : GenuineIntel\n"
+"cpu family : 15\n"
+"model : 2\n"
+"model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz\n"
+"\n"
+"processor : 1\n"
+"vendor_id : GenuineIntel\n"
+"cpu family : 15\n"
+"model : 2\n"
+"model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz\n"
+"\n"
+"processor : 2\n"
+"vendor_id : GenuineIntel\n"
+"cpu family : 15\n"
+"model : 2\n"
+"model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz\n"
+"\n"
+"processor : 3\n"
+"vendor_id : GenuineIntel\n"
+"cpu family : 15\n"
+"model : 2\n"
+"model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Administrating packages (apt-get)"
+msgstr "Administrasjon av pakker (apt-get)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Installing new programs or update programs"
+msgstr "Brukertilfelle: Installere nye programmer eller oppdatere programmer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To install packages one needs to tell from where they should be fetched. In "
+"other words, which package archive to use."
+msgstr ""
+"For å installere pakker trenger man å forteller hvor de skal hentes fra. "
+"Altså hvilket pakkearkiv som skal brukes."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One can specify package archives in the file <computeroutput>/etc/apt/"
+"sources.list</computeroutput>"
+msgstr ""
+"Man kan bestemme pakkearkiv i fila <computeroutput>/etc/apt/sources.list</"
+"computeroutput>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "You can work with package management on the command line. There is more "
+#| "graphical applications like for example KPackage <link linkend="
+#| "\"UsefulCommands--kpackage\">7</link> or Webmin <link linkend="
+#| "\"UsefulCommands--webmin\">12</link>"
+msgid ""
+"You can work with package management on the command line. There is more "
+"graphical applications like for example KPackage <link linkend="
+"\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--kpackage\">7</link> or Webmin <link "
+"linkend=\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--webmin\">12</link>"
+msgstr ""
+"Man kan arbeide med pakkeadministrasjon på kommandolinja. Det er flere "
+"grafiske program også som f.eks. KPackage <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--"
+"kpackage\">7</link> eller Webmin <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--webmin"
+"\">12</link>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This section provides a quick introduction to using the command line for "
+"administrating packages."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette avsnittet gir en rask introduksjon til bruk av kommandolinje for "
+"administrasjon av pakker."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is the content of a file with references to package repositories on the "
+"Internet or from a CD ROM:"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er innholdet av en fil med referanser til pakkearkiv på Internett "
+"eller fra en CD-rom:"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, fuzzy, no-wrap
+#| msgid ""
+#| "#deb file:///cdrom/ sarge main local\n"
+#| "\n"
+#| "deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux edu _Sarge_ - Unofficial i386 Binary-1 (20050808)]/ unstable contrib local main non-free\n"
+#| "\n"
+#| "# deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+#| "#deb http://security.debian.org/ sarge/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+#| "### Use (by uncommenting) either http or ftp, NOT both\n"
+#| "### http based apt source: ----------------\n"
+#| "# deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+#| "# deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+#| "# deb http://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local\n"
+#| "### ftp based apt source: -----------------\n"
+#| "# deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+#| "# deb ftp://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+#| "# deb ftp://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local"
+msgid ""
+"#deb file:///cdrom/ sarge main local\n"
+"\n"
+"deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux edu _Sarge_ - Unofficial i386 Binary-1 (20050808)]/ unstable contrib local main non-free\n"
+"\n"
+" 1. deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1.deb http://security.debian.org/ sarge/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. Use (by uncommenting) either http or ftp, NOT both\n"
+" 1. http based apt source: ----------------\n"
+" 1. deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. deb http://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local\n"
+" 1. ftp based apt source: -----------------\n"
+" 1. deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. deb ftp://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. deb ftp://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local"
+msgstr ""
+"#deb file:///cdrom/ sarge main local\n"
+"\n"
+"deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux edu _Sarge_ - Unofficial i386 Binary-1 (20050808)]/ unstable contrib local main non-free\n"
+"\n"
+"# deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+"#deb http://security.debian.org/ sarge/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+"### Use (by uncommenting) either http or ftp, NOT both\n"
+"### http based apt source: ----------------\n"
+"# deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+"# deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+"# deb http://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local\n"
+"### ftp based apt source: -----------------\n"
+"# deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+"# deb ftp://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+"# deb ftp://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Note that the lines <emphasis>without</emphasis> hashtag (#) can be used as "
+"reference to the package archive. The example shows that one only gets "
+"packets from the CD ROM used during installation. Other archives are not "
+"activated. When doing this, one should open for security upgrades. So you "
+"can try other archives for more packages."
+msgstr ""
+"Merk at linjene <emphasis>uten</emphasis> skigard ( # ) forran kan brukes "
+"som referanse til pakkearkiv. Eksemplet vise at man kun får pakker fra CD-"
+"rommen som ble brukt under installsjon. Andre arkiv er ikke aktivisert. Skal "
+"man gjøre dette bør man åpne for sikkerhetsoppgraderinger. Så kan man prøve "
+"seg på andre arkiver for flere pakker."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "As a start it should look something like this:"
+msgstr "Som en start bør det se ut som dette:"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, fuzzy, no-wrap
+#| msgid ""
+#| "#deb file:///cdrom/ sarge main local\n"
+#| "\n"
+#| "#deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux edu _Sarge_ - Unofficial i386 Binary-1 (20050808)]/ unstable contrib local main non-free\n"
+#| "\n"
+#| "#deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+#| "deb http://security.debian.org/ sarge/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+#| "### Use (by uncommenting) either http or ftp, NOT both\n"
+#| "### http based apt source: ----------------\n"
+#| "deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+#| "deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+#| "deb http://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local\n"
+#| "### ftp based apt source: -----------------\n"
+#| "# deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+#| "# deb ftp://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+#| "# deb ftp://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local"
+msgid ""
+"#deb file:///cdrom/ sarge main local\n"
+"\n"
+" 1.deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux edu _Sarge_ - Unofficial i386 Binary-1 (20050808)]/ unstable contrib local main non-free\n"
+"\n"
+" 1.deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+"deb http://security.debian.org/ sarge/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. Use (by uncommenting) either http or ftp, NOT both\n"
+" 1. http based apt source: ----------------\n"
+"deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+"deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+"deb http://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local\n"
+" 1. ftp based apt source: -----------------\n"
+" 1. deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. deb ftp://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. deb ftp://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local"
+msgstr ""
+"#deb file:///cdrom/ sarge main local\n"
+"\n"
+"#deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux edu _Sarge_ - Unofficial i386 Binary-1 (20050808)]/ unstable contrib local main non-free\n"
+"\n"
+"#deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+"deb http://security.debian.org/ sarge/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+"### Use (by uncommenting) either http or ftp, NOT both\n"
+"### http based apt source: ----------------\n"
+"deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+"deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+"deb http://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local\n"
+"### ftp based apt source: -----------------\n"
+"# deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+"# deb ftp://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+"# deb ftp://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Note that there is a # sign in front of the line containing \"deb: cdrom\". "
+"There is no need to load packages from a CD-ROM when one can get everything "
+"from the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+"Merk at det er plassert et #-tegn forran linjen som har «deb: cdrom». Det er "
+"ikke nødvendig å laste pakker fra CD-rom når man kan få alt og mer til fra "
+"Internett."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you add a new line to this file, you must update the database with "
+"information about what that is available."
+msgstr ""
+"Legges det til en ny linje i denne fila må man også oppdatere databasen som "
+"har informasjon om hva som er tilgjengelig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "See <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--sources.list\">chapter 13</link> for "
+#| "other lines to add as package sources."
+msgid ""
+"See <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--sources.list\">chapter "
+"13</link> for other lines to add as package sources."
+msgstr ""
+"Se <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--sources.list\">Kapittel 13</link> for "
+"andre linjer som kan legges inn som kilde for pakker."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Links to package archives have a specific form. Failure to follow this gives "
+"error messages when updating, asking to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+"Linkene til pakkearkiv har en bestemt utforming. Følger man ikke dette får "
+"man feilmelding ved oppdatering med oppfordring om å rette feilen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The comment sign (#) is also in place in front of several lines in the file. "
+"The technique of \"commenting out\" is typical for most configuration files "
+"in Linux. Other symbols to be used is the semicolon (;) and double slashes "
+"(//). But here, the hashtag is in force, and when removed, what is written "
+"on the line is operative."
+msgstr ""
+"Kommentartegnet ( # ) er også på plass forran flere linjer i fila. Teknikken "
+"med \"å kommentere ut\", er typisk for de fleste oppsettsfiler i Linux. "
+"Andre symbol som kan være i bruk er semikollon ( ; ) og doble skråstreker "
+"( // ). Men her er det altså skigard som gjelder, og fjernes dette gjelder "
+"det som står på linja."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Update the package archive"
+msgstr "Oppdater pakkearkivet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Update the package repository with a summary of updated programs."
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: Oppdater pakkearkivet med oversikt over oppdaterte "
+"programmer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The selection of available packages is constantly updated. The most common "
+"is new security updates. New versions of the software can also be posted. "
+"Therefore, one must update the package archives. This is done with the "
+"following command"
+msgstr ""
+"Utvalget av tilgjengelige pakker oppdateres stadig. Det mest vanlige er at "
+"det kommer sikkerhetsoppdateringer. Nye versjoner av programvaren kan også "
+"bli lagt ut. Derfor må man oppdatere informasjonen om pakkearkivene. Dette "
+"gjøres med følgende kommando"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get update\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.skolelinux.no sarge/local Packages [17.4kB]\n"
+"Ign http://ftp.skolelinux.no sarge/local Release\n"
+"Get:2 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/main Packages [20B]\n"
+"Get:3 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/main Release [102B]\n"
+"Get:4 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/contrib Packages [20B]\n"
+"Get:5 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/contrib Release [105B]\n"
+"Get:6 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/non-free Packages [20B]\n"
+"Get:7 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/non-free Release [106B]\n"
+"Get:8 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Packages [3347kB]\n"
+"Get:9 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/main Packages [155kB]\n"
+"Get:10 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/main Release [110B]\n"
+"Get:11 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/contrib Packages [538B]\n"
+"Get:12 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/contrib Release [113B]\n"
+"Get:13 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/non-free Packages [20B]\n"
+"Get:14 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/non-free Release [114B]\n"
+"Get:15 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Release [95B]\n"
+"Get:16 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/contrib Packages [56.2kB]\n"
+"Get:17 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/contrib Release [98B]\n"
+"Get:18 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/non-free Packages [58.4kB]\n"
+"Get:19 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/non-free Release [99B]\n"
+"Fetched 3635kB in 23s (157kB/s)\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done"
+msgstr ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get update\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.skolelinux.no sarge/local Packages [17.4kB]\n"
+"Ign http://ftp.skolelinux.no sarge/local Release\n"
+"Get:2 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/main Packages [20B]\n"
+"Get:3 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/main Release [102B]\n"
+"Get:4 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/contrib Packages [20B]\n"
+"Get:5 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/contrib Release [105B]\n"
+"Get:6 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/non-free Packages [20B]\n"
+"Get:7 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/non-free Release [106B]\n"
+"Get:8 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Packages [3347kB]\n"
+"Get:9 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/main Packages [155kB]\n"
+"Get:10 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/main Release [110B]\n"
+"Get:11 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/contrib Packages [538B]\n"
+"Get:12 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/contrib Release [113B]\n"
+"Get:13 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/non-free Packages [20B]\n"
+"Get:14 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/non-free Release [114B]\n"
+"Get:15 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Release [95B]\n"
+"Get:16 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/contrib Packages [56.2kB]\n"
+"Get:17 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/contrib Release [98B]\n"
+"Get:18 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/non-free Packages [58.4kB]\n"
+"Get:19 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/non-free Release [99B]\n"
+"Fetched 3635kB in 23s (157kB/s)\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This command must be executed <emphasis>before</emphasis> an upgrade or "
+"before adding new packages."
+msgstr ""
+"Man bør kjøre denne kommandoen <emphasis>før</emphasis> en oppgradering, "
+"eller før man legger til nye pakker."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Update to new packages"
+msgstr "Oppdater til nye pakker"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Updating the installed packages to a newer version if one is "
+"available"
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: Oppdatering av installerte pakker til nyere utgave om dette "
+"er tilgjengelig"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad"
+msgstr "Forfatter: Klaus Ade Johnstad"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"All installed packages can be upgraded to newer versions using the command"
+msgstr ""
+"Alle pakkene som allerede er installert kan oppgraderes til nyere versjoner "
+"med kommandoen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get upgrade</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get upgrade</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get upgrade\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be upgraded:\n"
+" apache apache-common apache2-utils bsdutils cfengine cfengine-doc courier-authdaemon courier-base courier-imap courier-imap-ssl courier-ldap\n"
+" courier-ssl cpio debian-edu-config debian-edu-install education-common education-main-server education-networked education-tasks libapr0 libice6\n"
+" libmysqlclient12 libpam-ldap libpcre3 libsensors3 libsm6 libsnmp-base libsnmp5 libssl0.9.7 libungif4g libx11-6 libxext6 libxft1 libxi6 libxmu6 libxmuu1\n"
+" libxp6 libxpm4 libxrandr2 libxt6 libxtrap6 libxtst6 localization-config lynx mount mysql-common ntp ntp-refclock ntp-server ntpdate openssl python2.3\n"
+" slbackup snmp squid squid-common tcpdump util-linux xdebconfigurator xfree86-common xlibs xlibs-data\n"
+"62 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 23.7MB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 225kB disk space will be freed.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]"
+msgstr ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get upgrade\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be upgraded:\n"
+" apache apache-common apache2-utils bsdutils cfengine cfengine-doc courier-authdaemon courier-base courier-imap courier-imap-ssl courier-ldap\n"
+" courier-ssl cpio debian-edu-config debian-edu-install education-common education-main-server education-networked education-tasks libapr0 libice6\n"
+" libmysqlclient12 libpam-ldap libpcre3 libsensors3 libsm6 libsnmp-base libsnmp5 libssl0.9.7 libungif4g libx11-6 libxext6 libxft1 libxi6 libxmu6 libxmuu1\n"
+" libxp6 libxpm4 libxrandr2 libxt6 libxtrap6 libxtst6 localization-config lynx mount mysql-common ntp ntp-refclock ntp-server ntpdate openssl python2.3\n"
+" slbackup snmp squid squid-common tcpdump util-linux xdebconfigurator xfree86-common xlibs xlibs-data\n"
+"62 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 23.7MB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 225kB disk space will be freed.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Just press <emphasis role=\"strong\">Enter</emphasis> or 'Y' and "
+#| "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Enter</emphasis>. \n"
+#| "The packages will be downloaded and installed automatically. One will get "
+#| "a change log when the upgrade begins."
+msgid ""
+"Just press <emphasis role=\"strong\">Enter</emphasis> or 'Y' and <emphasis "
+"role=\"strong\">Enter</emphasis>. The packages will be downloaded and "
+"installed automatically. One will get a change log when the upgrade begins."
+msgstr ""
+"Bare trykk <emphasis role=\"strong\">Enter</emphasis> eller 'Y' og så "
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Enter</emphasis>. Pakkene vil lastes ned og "
+"installeres automatisk. Man vil få en endringslogg i det oppgraderingen "
+"starter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Once you have upgraded, you can delete the packages downloaded in the "
+"directory<computeroutput>/var/cache/apt/archives/</computeroutput>. Use the "
+"command"
+msgstr ""
+"Straks man har oppgradert kan man slette pakkene som er lasted ned i "
+"katalogen <computeroutput>/var/cache/apt/archives/</computeroutput>. Bruk "
+"kommandoen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get clean</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get clean</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"to clear the archive. This should be done occasionally. Otherwise "
+"<computeroutput>/var</computeroutput> becomes full."
+msgstr ""
+"for å rydde i arkivet. Dette bør gjøres av og til. Ellers blir "
+"<computeroutput>/var</computeroutput> fylt opp."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Warning"
+msgstr "Varsel"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Sometimes it's OK to see what is going to happen <emphasis>before</"
+#| "emphasis> upgrading. \n"
+#| "If judging whether it is necessary to download several large packages, "
+#| "maybe you need to wait until there is more bandwidth available. If you run"
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes it's OK to see what is going to happen <emphasis>before</emphasis> "
+"upgrading. If judging whether it is necessary to download several large "
+"packages, maybe you need to wait until there is more bandwidth available. If "
+"you run"
+msgstr ""
+"Noen ganger er det greit å se hva som kommer til å skje <emphasis>før</"
+"emphasis> man oppgraderer. Man vil gjøre en vurdering om det er behov for å "
+"laste ned flere store pakker. Kanskje må man vente til det er mer "
+"tilgjengelig nettkapasitet. Kjører man"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get upgrade --simulate</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get upgrade --simulate</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"if one will simulate what will happen, without it actually happens. Is it "
+"too much information on the screen, one can run"
+msgstr ""
+"vil man simulere hva som vil skje, uten at det faktisk skjer. Er dette for "
+"mye informasjon på skjermen kan man kjøre"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get upgrade --simulate | more</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get upgrade --simulate | more</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If it looks good, one can run the command again without the <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">--simulate</emphasis> parameter"
+msgstr ""
+"Ser det greit ut, kan man kjøre kommandoen igjen uten paramteret <emphasis "
+"role=\"strong\">--simulate</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is also possible to use <emphasis role=\"strong\">aptitude dist-upgrade</"
+"emphasis> in combination with <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get upgrade</"
+"emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Det går også å bruke <emphasis role=\"strong\">aptitude dist-upgrade</"
+"emphasis> i kombinasjon med <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get upgrade</"
+"emphasis>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes you will get a message about changes affecting packages to upgrade "
+"or install, as in here"
+msgstr ""
+"Noen ganger vil man få en melding om endringer som berører pakker som skal "
+"oppgraderes eller installeres, som her"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, fuzzy, no-wrap
+#| msgid ""
+#| "kdeaddons (4:3.1.0-4) unstable; urgency=low\n"
+#| "\n"
+#| " * Rebuilt against libvorbis0a (closes: #184713).\n"
+#| " * Removed alpha compile flags.\n"
+#| " * Fresh admin/ sync.\n"
+#| "\n"
+#| " -- Ben Burton <bab at debian.org> Sun, 16 Mar 2003 16:00:19 +1100\n"
+#| "\n"
+#| "kdeaddons (4:3.1.0-2) unstable; urgency=low\n"
+#| "\n"
+#| " * First KDE3 upload to debian!\n"
+#| " * Applied Ewald Snel's patch for xine support.\n"
+#| " * Rolled the epoch to aid upgrades from the unofficial repository on\n"
+#| " ftp.kde.org.. *sigh*"
+msgid ""
+"kdeaddons (4:3.1.0-4) unstable; urgency=low\n"
+"\n"
+" * Rebuilt against libvorbis0a (closes: #184713).\n"
+" * Removed alpha compile flags.\n"
+" * Fresh admin/ sync.\n"
+"\n"
+" -- Ben Burton <bab at debian.org> Sun, 16 Mar 2003 16:00:19 +1100\n"
+"\n"
+"kdeaddons (4:3.1.0-2) unstable; urgency=low\n"
+"\n"
+" * First KDE3 upload to debian!\n"
+" * Applied Ewald Snel's patch for xine support.\n"
+" * Rolled the epoch to aid upgrades from the unofficial repository on\n"
+" ftp.kde.org.. *sigh*"
+msgstr ""
+"kdeaddons (4:3.1.0-4) unstable; urgency=low\n"
+"\n"
+" * Rebuilt against libvorbis0a (closes: #184713).\n"
+" * Removed alpha compile flags.\n"
+" * Fresh admin/ sync.\n"
+"\n"
+" -- Ben Burton <bab at debian.org> Sun, 16 Mar 2003 16:00:19 +1100\n"
+"\n"
+"kdeaddons (4:3.1.0-2) unstable; urgency=low\n"
+"\n"
+" * First KDE3 upload to debian!\n"
+" * Applied Ewald Snel's patch for xine support.\n"
+" * Rolled the epoch to aid upgrades from the unofficial repository on\n"
+" ftp.kde.org.. *sigh*"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use <emphasis role=\"strong\">Space</emphasis> on the keyboard to browse "
+"through the message. Then you will see"
+msgstr ""
+"Bruk <emphasis role=\"strong\">Mellomrom</emphasis> på tastaturet for å "
+"rulle gjennom meldingen. Da vil du se"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"quanta (1:3.0pr1-1) unstable; urgency=low\n"
+"\n"
+" * New upstream release.\n"
+" * Built for KDE3.\n"
+"\n"
+" -- Ben Burton <benb at acm.org> Wed, 4 Sep 2002 10:36:12 +1000\n"
+"\n"
+"(END)"
+msgstr ""
+"quanta (1:3.0pr1-1) unstable; urgency=low\n"
+"\n"
+" * New upstream release.\n"
+" * Built for KDE3.\n"
+"\n"
+" -- Ben Burton <benb at acm.org> Wed, 4 Sep 2002 10:36:12 +1000\n"
+"\n"
+"(END)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Press the <emphasis role=\"strong\">q</emphasis> key to quit and you get"
+msgstr ""
+"Trykk <emphasis role=\"strong\">q</emphasis>-tasten for å avslutte, og man "
+"får"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Fetched 60.2MB in 11m24s (87.9kB/s)\n"
+"Reading changelogs... Done\n"
+"apt-listchanges: Do you want to continue? [Y/n]?"
+msgstr ""
+"Fetched 60.2MB in 11m24s (87.9kB/s)\n"
+"Reading changelogs... Done\n"
+"apt-listchanges: Do you want to continue? [Y/n]?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To continue you need to press <emphasis role=\"strong\">Y</emphasis> for Yes."
+msgstr ""
+"For å fortsette må man trykke <emphasis role=\"strong\">Y</emphasis> for Ja."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Summary of installed packages"
+msgstr "Oversikt over installerte pakker"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Want a summary of installed packages"
+msgstr "Brukertilfelle: Ønsker oversikt over installerte pakker"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "To get a summary of the installed packages run this command"
+msgstr "Man kan få en oversikt over installerte pakker med å bruke kommandoen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --list | more</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --list | more</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Note that when the first letters in the list is \"ii\" it mean the package "
+"is fully installed."
+msgstr ""
+"Vær klar over at de to første bokstavene til pakken: \"ii\" betyr at en "
+"pakke er fullt installert."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To get the status of one particular package one can use <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">grep</emphasis> to search for it:"
+msgstr ""
+"Er man ute etter status på en bestemt pakke kan man bruke <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">grep</emphasis> i søket etter den:"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# dpkg --list | grep apache\n"
+"ii apache 1.3.33-6 versatile, high-performance HTTP server\n"
+"ii apache-common 1.3.33-6 support files for all Apache webservers\n"
+"ii apache2-utils 2.0.54-4 utility programs for webservers"
+msgstr ""
+"tjener:~# dpkg --list | grep apache\n"
+"ii apache 1.3.33-6 versatile, high-performance HTTP server\n"
+"ii apache-common 1.3.33-6 support files for all Apache webservers\n"
+"ii apache2-utils 2.0.54-4 utility programs for webservers"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Find the name of a particular package"
+msgstr "Finn navn til bestemt pakke"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Often it is hard to remember the name of a package."
+msgstr "Brukertilfelle: Ofte er det vanskelig å huske navnet på en pakke."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To find a particular package one can use a search term with this command:"
+msgstr "For å finne en bestemt pakke kan man bruke et søkeord med kommandoen:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache search <package name></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache search <pakkenavn></emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Try this if there is too much text on the screen"
+msgstr "Blir det for mye tekst på skjermen kan man prøve"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache search <package name>|more</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache search <pakkenavn>|more</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The two symbols < and > must <emphasis>not</emphasis> be used. They "
+"are only used in this example."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er to symboler < og > må <emphasis>ikke</emphasis> brukes. De er "
+"bare brukt i dette eksemplet."
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-cache search apache\n"
+"apache - versatile, high-performance HTTP server\n"
+"apache-common - support files for all Apache webservers\n"
+"apache-dbg - debug versions of the Apache webservers\n"
+"apache-dev - development kit for the Apache webserver\n"
+"apache-doc - documentation for the Apache webserver\n"
+"apache-perl - versatile, high-performance HTTP server with Perl support\n"
+"apache-ssl - versatile, high-performance HTTP server with SSL support\n"
+"apache-utils - utility programs for webservers (transitional package)"
+msgstr ""
+"tjener:~# apt-cache search apache\n"
+"apache - versatile, high-performance HTTP server\n"
+"apache-common - support files for all Apache webservers\n"
+"apache-dbg - debug versions of the Apache webservers\n"
+"apache-dev - development kit for the Apache webserver\n"
+"apache-doc - documentation for the Apache webserver\n"
+"apache-perl - versatile, high-performance HTTP server with Perl support\n"
+"apache-ssl - versatile, high-performance HTTP server with SSL support\n"
+"apache-utils - utility programs for webservers (transitional package)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As the screen dump show there are a lot more related to apache than the "
+"packages already installed."
+msgstr ""
+"Som skjerbildet viser er det mye som er relatert til apache enn de pakkene "
+"som allerede er installert."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Show available information about packages"
+msgstr "Vis tilgjengelig informasjon om pakker"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: Want to get information about the package. There may be "
+"dependencies to other packages etc.."
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: Ønsker å få opplysninger om pakken. Det kan være "
+"avhengigheter til andre pakker ol."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "The command"
+msgstr "Kommandoen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache showpkg <package name></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache showpkg <packagename></emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "and"
+msgstr "og"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\"><apt-cache policy <package name></"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\"><apt-cache policy <packagename></emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "gives details about the package."
+msgstr "vil gi detaljer om pakken."
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-cache showpkg kdissert\n"
+"Package: kdissert\n"
+"Versions:\n"
+"0.3.8-1(/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.debian.org_debian_dists_sarge_main_binary-i386_Packages)\n"
+"\n"
+"Reverse Depends:\n"
+"Dependencies:\n"
+"0.3.8-1 - kdelibs4 (2 4:3.3.2-4.0.2) libc6 (2 2.3.2.ds1-4) libgcc1 (2 1:3.4.1-3) libqt3c102-mt (2 3:3.3.3) libstdc++5 (2 1:3.3.4-1)\n"
+"Provides:\n"
+"0.3.8-1 -\n"
+"Reverse Provides:\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-cache policy kdissert\n"
+"kdissert:\n"
+" Installed: (none)\n"
+" Candidate: 0.3.8-1\n"
+" Version Table:\n"
+" 0.3.8-1 0\n"
+" 500 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Packages"
+msgstr ""
+"tjener:~# apt-cache showpkg kdissert\n"
+"Package: kdissert\n"
+"Versions:\n"
+"0.3.8-1(/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.debian.org_debian_dists_sarge_main_binary-i386_Packages)\n"
+"\n"
+"Reverse Depends:\n"
+"Dependencies:\n"
+"0.3.8-1 - kdelibs4 (2 4:3.3.2-4.0.2) libc6 (2 2.3.2.ds1-4) libgcc1 (2 1:3.4.1-3) libqt3c102-mt (2 3:3.3.3) libstdc++5 (2 1:3.3.4-1)\n"
+"Provides:\n"
+"0.3.8-1 -\n"
+"Reverse Provides:\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-cache policy kdissert\n"
+"kdissert:\n"
+" Installed: (none)\n"
+" Candidate: 0.3.8-1\n"
+" Version Table:\n"
+" 0.3.8-1 0\n"
+" 500 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Packages"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "So one notices that the package kdissert is not installed, but available "
+#| "for installation in version 0.3.8-1 from <computeroutput>http://ftp."
+#| "debian.org sarge/main</computeroutput>"
+msgid ""
+"So one notices that the package kdissert is not installed, but available for "
+"installation in version 0.3.8-1 from `<ulink url=\"http://ftp.debian.org\"/> "
+"sarge/main`"
+msgstr ""
+"Så man ser pakken kdissert ikke er installert, men tilgjengelig for "
+"installasjon i versjon 0.3.8-1 fra <computeroutput>http://ftp.debian.org "
+"sarge/main</computeroutput>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Installation of packages"
+msgstr "Installasjon av pakker"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Want to install a program or a program package."
+msgstr "Brukertilfelle: Ønsker å installere et program eller programpakke."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "When you have found the package to be installed, run the command"
+msgstr "Når man har funnet pakken som skal installeres, kjøres kommandoen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install <package name></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install <packagename></emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you want to see what happened during the installation you should run a "
+"simulation first with the command"
+msgstr ""
+"Ønsker man å se hva som skjedde under installasjon bør man kjøre en "
+"simulering først med kommandoen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install <package name> --simulate</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install <pakkenavn> --simulate </"
+"emphasis>"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get install aterm --simulate\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" aterm\n"
+"0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Inst aterm (0.4.2-11 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf aterm (0.4.2-11 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get install aterm\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" aterm\n"
+"0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 91.6kB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 287kB of additional disk space will be used.\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main aterm 0.4.2-11 [91.6kB]\n"
+"Fetched 91.6kB in 1s (71.0kB/s)\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package aterm.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking aterm (from .../aterm_0.4.2-11_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Setting up aterm (0.4.2-11) ..."
+msgstr ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get install aterm --simulate\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" aterm\n"
+"0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Inst aterm (0.4.2-11 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf aterm (0.4.2-11 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get install aterm\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" aterm\n"
+"0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 91.6kB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 287kB of additional disk space will be used.\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main aterm 0.4.2-11 [91.6kB]\n"
+"Fetched 91.6kB in 1s (71.0kB/s)\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package aterm.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking aterm (from .../aterm_0.4.2-11_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Setting up aterm (0.4.2-11) ..."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Removal of installed packages"
+msgstr "Fjerning av installerte pakker"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Wants to remove certain packages that will not be used."
+msgstr "Brukertilfelle: Ønsker å fjerne bestemte pakker som ikke skal brukes."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To find a specific package to be removed, use the commands listed above."
+msgstr ""
+"For å finne en bestemt pakke som skal fjernes brukes kommandoer som er nevnt "
+"over."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "When you have found the name of the package run the command"
+msgstr "Når man har funnet navnet på pakken kjører man kommandoen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get remove <package name></emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get remove <pakkenavn></emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you want to see what happens when you remove the package, you may "
+"simulate this with the command"
+msgstr ""
+"Ønsker man å se hva om skjer ved pakkefjerning kan man simulere dette med "
+"kommandoen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get remove <package name> --simulate</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get remove <pakkename> --simulate </"
+"emphasis>"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get remove aterm --simulate\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be REMOVED:\n"
+" aterm\n"
+"0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Remv aterm (0.4.2-11 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get remove aterm\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be REMOVED:\n"
+" aterm\n"
+"0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 0B of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 287kB disk space will be freed.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32936 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Removing aterm ..."
+msgstr ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get remove aterm --simulate\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be REMOVED:\n"
+" aterm\n"
+"0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Remv aterm (0.4.2-11 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get remove aterm\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be REMOVED:\n"
+" aterm\n"
+"0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 0B of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 287kB disk space will be freed.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32936 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Removing aterm ..."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Install a specific package version"
+msgstr "Installer bestemt versjon av en pakke"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: Want a specific version of a package. It can for example be a "
+"previous release of a program."
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: Ønsker en bestemt versjon av en pakke. Det kan f.eks være en "
+"tidligere utgave av et program."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "When installing a package with the command"
+msgstr "Når man installerer en pakke med kommandoen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"then the newest package is installed. Sometimes an older version instead of "
+"the newest version is wanted."
+msgstr ""
+"er det den nyeste pakken som blir installert. Noen ganger ønsker man ikke "
+"den nyeste utgaven, men en eldre versjon."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install <package name>"
+"=older_version_number</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install <pakkenavn>"
+"=eldre_versjonsnummer</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "To get an older version of the Webmin backup module one can run"
+msgstr "Ønskes en eldre utgave av backup-modulen Webmin kan man kjøre"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache showpkg webmin-slbackup</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache showpkg webmin-slbackup</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "to get a summary of the available version"
+msgstr "for å få en oversikt over tilgjengelig utgave"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-cache policy webmin-slbackup\n"
+"webmin-slbackup:\n"
+" Installed: 0.0.10-1\n"
+" Candidate: 0.0.10-1\n"
+" Version Table:\n"
+" *** 0.0.10-1 0\n"
+" 500 http://ftp.skolelinux.no sarge/local Packages\n"
+" 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status\n"
+" 0.0.9-1 0\n"
+" 500 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Packages"
+msgstr ""
+"tjener:~# apt-cache policy webmin-slbackup\n"
+"webmin-slbackup:\n"
+" Installed: 0.0.10-1\n"
+" Candidate: 0.0.10-1\n"
+" Version Table:\n"
+" *** 0.0.10-1 0\n"
+" 500 http://ftp.skolelinux.no sarge/local Packages\n"
+" 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status\n"
+" 0.0.9-1 0\n"
+" 500 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Packages"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here one can see that there are two versions available. Both 0.0.9-1 and "
+"0.0.10-1"
+msgstr ""
+"Her kan man se at det er to utgaver tilgjengelig. Både 0.0.9-1 og 0.0.10-1"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the 0.0.9-1 version of the program is wanted it can be installed using "
+"the following command"
+msgstr ""
+"Ønskes versjon 0.0.9-1 av programmet kan den installeres med følgende "
+"kommando"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install webmin-slbackup=0.0.9-1</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install webmin-slbackup=0.0.9-1</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get install webmin-slbackup=0.0.9-1 --simulate\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be DOWNGRADED:\n"
+" webmin-slbackup\n"
+"0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 downgraded, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Inst webmin-slbackup [0.0.10-1] (0.0.9-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf webmin-slbackup (0.0.9-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get install webmin-slbackup=0.0.9-1\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be DOWNGRADED:\n"
+" webmin-slbackup\n"
+"0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 downgraded, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 22.0kB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 131kB of additional disk space will be used.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main webmin-slbackup 0.0.9-1 [22.0kB]\n"
+"Fetched 22.0kB in 0s (23.6kB/s)\n"
+"dpkg - warning: downgrading webmin-slbackup from 0.0.10-1 to 0.0.9-1.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Preparing to replace webmin-slbackup 0.0.10-1 (using .../webmin-slbackup_0.0.9-1_all.deb) ...\n"
+"Unpacking replacement webmin-slbackup ...\n"
+"Setting up webmin-slbackup (0.0.9-1) ..."
+msgstr ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get install webmin-slbackup=0.0.9-1 --simulate\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be DOWNGRADED:\n"
+" webmin-slbackup\n"
+"0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 downgraded, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Inst webmin-slbackup [0.0.10-1] (0.0.9-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf webmin-slbackup (0.0.9-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get install webmin-slbackup=0.0.9-1\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be DOWNGRADED:\n"
+" webmin-slbackup\n"
+"0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 downgraded, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 22.0kB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 131kB of additional disk space will be used.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main webmin-slbackup 0.0.9-1 [22.0kB]\n"
+"Fetched 22.0kB in 0s (23.6kB/s)\n"
+"dpkg - warning: downgrading webmin-slbackup from 0.0.10-1 to 0.0.9-1.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Preparing to replace webmin-slbackup 0.0.10-1 (using .../webmin-slbackup_0.0.9-1_all.deb) ...\n"
+"Unpacking replacement webmin-slbackup ...\n"
+"Setting up webmin-slbackup (0.0.9-1) ..."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Install a package using dpkg"
+msgstr "Installer pakke med dpkg"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: Sometimes it is needed to download a package from other places, "
+"not located in a Debian web archive. Opera browser is such a package."
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: Noen ganger er det ønsket å laste ned en pakke fra andre som "
+"ikke ligger i et Debian nettarkiv. Operas nettleser et en slik pakke."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Download the package from the home page of the creators of the program. This "
+"could for example be Opera. The program is installed using the following "
+"command:"
+msgstr ""
+"Last ned pakken fra hjemmesiden til de som har laget programmet. Det kan f."
+"eks være Opera. Programmet installeres med følgende kommando:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg -i <full path to the package></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg -i <pakkens fulle filnavn></emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ". If you first want to simulate this try"
+msgstr ". Ønsker man først å simulere dette prøv"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --no-act -i <full path to package></"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --no-act -i <pakkens fulle filnavn></"
+"emphasis>"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# dpkg --install --no-act opera_8.51-20051114.5-sharedqt_en_sarge_i386.deb\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package opera.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking opera (from opera_8.51-20051114.5-shared-qt_en_sarge_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"tjener:~# dpkg --install opera_8.51-20051114.5-shared-qt_en_sarge_i386.deb\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package opera.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking opera (from opera_8.51-20051114.5-shared-qt_en_sarge_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of opera:\n"
+" opera depends on libqt3c102-mt; however:\n"
+" Package libqt3c102-mt is not installed.\n"
+"dpkg: error processing opera (--install):\n"
+" dependency problems - leaving unconfigured\n"
+"Errors were encountered while processing:\n"
+" opera"
+msgstr ""
+"tjener:~# dpkg --install --no-act opera_8.51-20051114.5-sharedqt_en_sarge_i386.deb\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package opera.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking opera (from opera_8.51-20051114.5-shared-qt_en_sarge_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"tjener:~# dpkg --install opera_8.51-20051114.5-shared-qt_en_sarge_i386.deb\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package opera.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking opera (from opera_8.51-20051114.5-shared-qt_en_sarge_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of opera:\n"
+" opera depends on libqt3c102-mt; however:\n"
+" Package libqt3c102-mt is not installed.\n"
+"dpkg: error processing opera (--install):\n"
+" dependency problems - leaving unconfigured\n"
+"Errors were encountered while processing:\n"
+" opera"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"dpkg requires more manipulations than apt-get because it does not handle "
+"package dependencies. This means you may need to run <emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">apt-get</emphasis> immediately afterwards with additional parameter. For "
+"example, it helps to run <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get --fix-broken</"
+"emphasis> to tidy up"
+msgstr ""
+"dpkg krever mer håndtering enn apt-get fordi den ikke håndterer "
+"pakkeavhengigheter. Det betyr at man kanskje må kjøre <emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">apt-get</emphasis> umiddelbart etterpå med ekstra paramter. F.eks. "
+"hjelper det å kjøre <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get --fix-broken</"
+"emphasis> for å ordne opp"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get install --fix-broken --simulate\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"Correcting dependencies... Done\n"
+"The following extra packages will be installed:\n"
+" libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2\n"
+"Suggested packages:\n"
+" nas liblcms-utils libqt3c102-mt-psql libqt3c102-mt-mysql libqt3c102-mt-odbc\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2\n"
+"0 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"1 not fully installed or removed.\n"
+"Inst libaudio2 (1.7-2 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst liblcms1 (1.13-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst libmng1 (1.0.8-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst libxcursor1 (1.1.3-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst libxft2 (2.1.7-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst libqt3c102-mt (3:3.3.4-3 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libaudio2 (1.7-2 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf liblcms1 (1.13-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libmng1 (1.0.8-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libxcursor1 (1.1.3-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libxft2 (2.1.7-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libqt3c102-mt (3:3.3.4-3 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf opera (8.51-20051114.5 )\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get install --fix-broken\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"Correcting dependencies... Done\n"
+"The following extra packages will be installed:\n"
+" libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2\n"
+"Suggested packages:\n"
+" nas liblcms-utils libqt3c102-mt-psql libqt3c102-mt-mysql libqt3c102-mt-odbc\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2\n"
+"0 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"1 not fully installed or removed.\n"
+"Need to get 3489kB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 8753kB of additional disk space will be used.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libaudio2 1.7-2 [71.5kB]\n"
+"Get:2 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main liblcms1 1.13-1 [123kB]\n"
+"Get:3 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libmng1 1.0.8-1 [171kB]\n"
+"Get:4 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libxcursor1 1.1.3-1 [23.7kB]\n"
+"Get:5 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libxft2 2.1.7-1 [54.4kB]\n"
+"Get:6 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libqt3c102-mt 3:3.3.4-3 [3045kB]\n"
+"Fetched 3489kB in 16s (212kB/s)\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libaudio2.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 33027 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking libaudio2 (from .../libaudio2_1.7-2_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package liblcms1.\n"
+"Unpacking liblcms1 (from .../liblcms1_1.13-1_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libmng1.\n"
+"Unpacking libmng1 (from .../libmng1_1.0.8-1_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libxcursor1.\n"
+"Unpacking libxcursor1 (from .../libxcursor1_1.1.3-1_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libxft2.\n"
+"Unpacking libxft2 (from .../libxft2_2.1.7-1_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libqt3c102-mt.\n"
+"Unpacking libqt3c102-mt (from .../libqt3c102-mt_3%3a3.3.4-3_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Setting up libaudio2 (1.7-2) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up liblcms1 (1.13-1) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up libmng1 (1.0.8-1) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up libxcursor1 (1.1.3-1) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up libxft2 (2.1.7-1) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up libqt3c102-mt (3.3.4-3) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up opera (8.51-20051114.5) ..."
+msgstr ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get install --fix-broken --simulate\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"Correcting dependencies... Done\n"
+"The following extra packages will be installed:\n"
+" libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2\n"
+"Suggested packages:\n"
+" nas liblcms-utils libqt3c102-mt-psql libqt3c102-mt-mysql libqt3c102-mt-odbc\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2\n"
+"0 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"1 not fully installed or removed.\n"
+"Inst libaudio2 (1.7-2 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst liblcms1 (1.13-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst libmng1 (1.0.8-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst libxcursor1 (1.1.3-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst libxft2 (2.1.7-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst libqt3c102-mt (3:3.3.4-3 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libaudio2 (1.7-2 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf liblcms1 (1.13-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libmng1 (1.0.8-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libxcursor1 (1.1.3-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libxft2 (2.1.7-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libqt3c102-mt (3:3.3.4-3 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf opera (8.51-20051114.5 )\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get install --fix-broken\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"Correcting dependencies... Done\n"
+"The following extra packages will be installed:\n"
+" libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2\n"
+"Suggested packages:\n"
+" nas liblcms-utils libqt3c102-mt-psql libqt3c102-mt-mysql libqt3c102-mt-odbc\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2\n"
+"0 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"1 not fully installed or removed.\n"
+"Need to get 3489kB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 8753kB of additional disk space will be used.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libaudio2 1.7-2 [71.5kB]\n"
+"Get:2 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main liblcms1 1.13-1 [123kB]\n"
+"Get:3 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libmng1 1.0.8-1 [171kB]\n"
+"Get:4 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libxcursor1 1.1.3-1 [23.7kB]\n"
+"Get:5 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libxft2 2.1.7-1 [54.4kB]\n"
+"Get:6 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libqt3c102-mt 3:3.3.4-3 [3045kB]\n"
+"Fetched 3489kB in 16s (212kB/s)\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libaudio2.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 33027 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking libaudio2 (from .../libaudio2_1.7-2_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package liblcms1.\n"
+"Unpacking liblcms1 (from .../liblcms1_1.13-1_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libmng1.\n"
+"Unpacking libmng1 (from .../libmng1_1.0.8-1_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libxcursor1.\n"
+"Unpacking libxcursor1 (from .../libxcursor1_1.1.3-1_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libxft2.\n"
+"Unpacking libxft2 (from .../libxft2_2.1.7-1_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libqt3c102-mt.\n"
+"Unpacking libqt3c102-mt (from .../libqt3c102-mt_3%3a3.3.4-3_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Setting up libaudio2 (1.7-2) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up liblcms1 (1.13-1) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up libmng1 (1.0.8-1) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up libxcursor1 (1.1.3-1) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up libxft2 (2.1.7-1) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up libqt3c102-mt (3.3.4-3) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up opera (8.51-20051114.5) ..."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Armed with different commands from earlier in this chapter, we can now "
+"confirm that Opera is already installed"
+msgstr ""
+"Rustet med forskjellige kommandoer fra tidligere i kapitlet, kan man nå "
+"bekrefte at Opera allerede er installert"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-cache policy opera\n"
+"opera:\n"
+" Installed: 8.51-20051114.5\n"
+" Candidate: 8.51-20051114.5\n"
+" Version Table:\n"
+" *** 8.51-20051114.5 0\n"
+" 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status\n"
+"tjener:~# dpkg --list|grep opera"
+msgstr ""
+"tjener:~# apt-cache policy opera\n"
+"opera:\n"
+" Installed: 8.51-20051114.5\n"
+" Candidate: 8.51-20051114.5\n"
+" Version Table:\n"
+" *** 8.51-20051114.5 0\n"
+" 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status\n"
+"tjener:~# dpkg --list|grep opera"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "ii opera 8.51-20051114. The Opera Web Browser"
+msgstr "ii opera 8.51-20051114. The Opera Web Browser"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Search through files in a package"
+msgstr "Søk gjennom filer i en pakke"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Want to find a program name or file in a package"
+msgstr "Brukertilfelle: Ønsker å finne et programnavn eller fil i en pakke"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "You get an overview with the command"
+msgstr "Man får en oversikt med kommandoen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --listfiles <package name></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --listfiles <pakkenavn></emphasis>"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# dpkg --listfiles opera\n"
+"/usr/bin\n"
+"/usr/bin/opera\n"
+".\n"
+".\n"
+".\n"
+"/etc\n"
+"/etc/opera6rc\n"
+"/etc/opera6rc.fixed"
+msgstr ""
+"tjener:~# dpkg --listfiles opera\n"
+"/usr/bin\n"
+"/usr/bin/opera\n"
+".\n"
+".\n"
+".\n"
+"/etc\n"
+"/etc/opera6rc\n"
+"/etc/opera6rc.fixed"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Find which package a file came from"
+msgstr "Finn hvilken pakke en fil kom fra"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "User case: Want to find the package a file came from."
+msgstr "Brukertilfelle: Ønsker å finne pakken en fil har kommet fra."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --search <filename></emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --search <filename></emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "This can look like this"
+msgstr "Dette kan se slik ut"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# dpkg --search /etc/opera6rc.fixed\n"
+"opera: /etc/opera6rc.fixed"
+msgstr ""
+"tjener:~# dpkg --search /etc/opera6rc.fixed\n"
+"opera: /etc/opera6rc.fixed"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Unpackaging files from a package without installing the package"
+msgstr "Utpakking av filer fra en pakke uten å installere disse."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Perhaps an important system file was deleted by accident, and "
+"there is no backup."
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: Kanskje man ved et uhell har slettet en viktig systemfil, og "
+"at man ikke har tatt backup."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "When using the command"
+msgstr "Bruker man kommandoen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Warning: <emphasis>Never</emphasis> unpack packages in the root directory "
+msgid ""
+"Warning: <emphasis>Never</emphasis> unpack packages in the root directory"
+msgstr ""
+"Advarsel: Pakk <emphasis>aldri</emphasis> ut pakker i root-katalogen "
+"<computeroutput>/</computeroutput>!"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"if one finds which package a file came from. One can extract the package to "
+"get back the systemfile like shown later."
+msgstr ""
+"finner man hvilken pakke filen kom fra. Så kan man pakke ut pakken å få "
+"tilbake systemfilen slik vi viser videre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"First you need to fetch the deb package in question. This can be done by "
+"placing it in the <computeroutput>/tmp</computeroutput> directory. Use this "
+"command to unpack the files in this directory"
+msgstr ""
+"Først må man få tak i den aktuelle deb-pakken. Man kan gjøre dette ved å "
+"plassere det i <computeroutput>/tmp</computeroutput>-katalogen. Man kan "
+"pakke ut filene i denne katalogen med kommandoen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --vextract <package name> /tmp</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --vextract <packagename> /tmp</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+". Then the required directories will be created in <computeroutput>/tmp</"
+"computeroutput> and the files are placed there."
+msgstr ""
+". Da vil det lages nødvendige kataloger i <computeroutput>/tmp</"
+"computeroutput> og filene plasseres der."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Make your own package mirror"
+msgstr "Lag ditt eget pakkespeil"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Some packages are often installed. For others it is useful to "
+"avoid downloading them from the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: Noen pakker blir stadig installert. Andre pakker vil man "
+"unngå å laste ned fra Internett."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get</emphasis> command makes it easy to "
+"install packages from the Internet. But <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get</"
+"emphasis> will use significant network capacity when programs are downloaded "
+"from Debian archives on the Internet. Because of that, it is possible to "
+"tell <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get</emphasis> to use a local package "
+"repository. This way it is possible to install already downloaded packages "
+"simply by using <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get</emphasis>. This provides "
+"<emphasis>quick</emphasis> installation."
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandoen <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get</emphasis> gjør det enkelt å "
+"installere pakker fra Internett. Men <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get</"
+"emphasis> vil også bruke betydelig med nettkapasitet når program lastes ned "
+"fra debian-arkiv på Internett. Derfor kan man sende <emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">apt-get</emphasis> avgårde til et lokalt pakkearkiv. På den måten kan man "
+"installere pakker som allerede er lastet ned med enkel bruk av <emphasis "
+"role=\"strong\">apt-get</emphasis>. Dette gir <emphasis>rask</emphasis> "
+"installasjon."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">mkdir /var/www/dpkg</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">mkdir /var/www/dpkg</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">cp /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb /var/www/dpkg</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">cp /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb /var/www/dpkg</"
+"emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">cd /var/www/</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">cd /var/www/</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg-scanpackages dpkg /dev/null | gzip -9c > "
+"dpkg/Packages.gz</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg-scanpackages dpkg /dev/null | gzip -9c > "
+"dpkg/Packages.gz</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"After that, add a new line to the file <computeroutput>/etc/apt/sources."
+"list</computeroutput>:"
+msgstr ""
+"Etter dette legges en ny line til fila <computeroutput>/etc/apt/sources."
+"list</computeroutput>:"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "deb file:///var/www dpkg/"
+msgstr "deb file:///var/www dpkg/"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"And then the command <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get update</emphasis> "
+"must be executed as usual to update the packages in the database."
+msgstr ""
+"Så må man kjøre kommandoen <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get update</"
+"emphasis> som vanlig for å uppdatere pakkene i databasen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Secure login to the firewall (ssh)"
+msgstr "Sikker innlogging på brannmur (ssh)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Some times it is required to log into Coyote Linux when no web "
+"browser is available. Perhaps the command line is preferred? Then ssh can be "
+"used to connect to Coyote Linux."
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: Noen ganger er det nødvendig å logge inn på Coyote Linux "
+"uten nettleser tilgjengelig. Kanskje kommandolinjen er å foretrekke?. Da kan "
+"man bruke ssh for å koble til Coyote Linux."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you are logged into a machine in a Skolelinux / Debian Edu network you "
+"can use"
+msgstr "Er du logget inn på en maskin i et Skolelinux/Debian-edu kan man bruke"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ssh -l root 10.0.2.1</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ssh -l root 10.0.2.1</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "to log in on Coyote Linux"
+msgstr "til å logge inn på Coyote Linux"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If you are outside a Skolelinux / Debian Edu network, the value 10.0.2.1 "
+#| "can be replaced with the appropriate value for the network card <link "
+#| "linkend=\"UsefulCommands--clguishow\">with the WAN in</link>. In this "
+#| "case it might be <emphasis role=\"strong\">ssh -l root 192.168.1.10 </"
+#| "emphasis>"
+msgid ""
+"If you are outside a Skolelinux / Debian Edu network, the value 10.0.2.1 can "
+"be replaced with the appropriate value for the network card <link linkend="
+"\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--clguishow\">with the WAN in</link>. In "
+"this case it might be <emphasis role=\"strong\">ssh -l root 192.168.1.10</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"Er du utenfor et Skolelinux/Debian-edu-nett, kan man erstatte verdien "
+"10.0.2.1 med en passende verdi for network card for WAN-et i <link linkend="
+"\"UsefulCommands--clguishow\">i</link>. I dette tilfellet kan det være "
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">ssh -l root 192.168.1.10 </emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here you will meet the same options present as when logged into the Coyote "
+"Linux web administration. This is presented in a text based menu."
+msgstr ""
+"Her vil man møtes med samme valg som om man var logget inn på Coyote Linux "
+"vev-administrasjon. Dette presenterer i en tekstbasert meny."
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Coyote Linux Gateway -- Configuration Menu\n"
+"\n"
+"\n"
+" 1) Edit main configuration file 2) Change system password\n"
+" 3) Edit rc.local script file 4) Custom firewall rules file\n"
+" 5) Edit firewall configuration 6) Edit port forward configuration\n"
+"\n"
+" c) Show running configuration f) Reload firewall\n"
+" r) Reboot system w) Write configuration to disk\n"
+"\n"
+" q) quit e) Exit\n"
+" ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"
+" Selection:"
+msgstr ""
+"Coyote Linux Gateway -- Configuration Menu\n"
+"\n"
+"\n"
+" 1) Edit main configuration file 2) Change system password\n"
+" 3) Edit rc.local script file 4) Custom firewall rules file\n"
+" 5) Edit firewall configuration 6) Edit port forward configuration\n"
+"\n"
+" c) Show running configuration f) Reload firewall\n"
+" r) Reboot system w) Write configuration to disk\n"
+"\n"
+" q) quit e) Exit\n"
+" ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"
+" Selection:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The options will be approximately the same as those provided when logged "
+#| "into Coyote Linux for web administration. See <link linkend="
+#| "\"UsefulCommands--clgui\">section 3.7</link> for a quick description of "
+#| "the menu choices."
+msgid ""
+"The options will be approximately the same as those provided when logged "
+"into Coyote Linux for web administration. See <link linkend="
+"\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--clgui\">section 3.7</link> for a quick "
+"description of the menu choices."
+msgstr ""
+"Man vil ha omtrent samme valg som når man er logget inn på Coyote Linux med "
+"vev-administrasjon. Se <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--clgui\">Seksjon 3.7</"
+"link> for en kort beskrivelse av meyvalgene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When selecting <emphasis role=\"strong\">q) quit</emphasis> you will end up "
+"on the command line in Coyote Linux. If you need to get back to the main "
+"menu in Coyote Linux, write <emphasis role=\"strong\">menu</emphasis> and "
+"press <emphasis role=\"strong\">Enter</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Når man velger <emphasis role=\"strong\">q) quit</emphasis> vil man ende opp "
+"med en kommandolinje i Coyote Linux. Må man tilbake til hovedmenyen i Coyote "
+"Linux, skriver man <emphasis role=\"strong\">menu</emphasis> og trykker "
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Enter</emphasis>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "If you see this when you try to log into Coyote Linux"
+msgstr "Ser du dette når man forsøker å logge inn på Coyote Linux"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"klaus at tjener:~$ ssh 10.0.2.1 -l root\n"
+"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\n"
+"@ WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED! @\n"
+"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\n"
+"IT IS POSSIBLE THAT SOMEONE IS DOING SOMETHING NASTY!\n"
+"Someone could be eavesdropping on you right now (man-in-the-middle attack)!\n"
+"It is also possible that the RSA host key has just been changed.\n"
+"The fingerprint for the RSA key sent by the remote host is\n"
+"34:b7:a3:9b:06:4c:e2:30:1b:0d:03:45:7b:22:b7:dd.\n"
+"Please contact your system administrator.\n"
+"Add correct host key in /skole/tjener/home0/klaus/.ssh/known_hosts to get rid of this message.\n"
+"Offending key in /skole/tjener/home0/klaus/.ssh/known_hosts:27\n"
+"RSA host key for 10.0.2.1 has changed and you have requested strict checking.\n"
+"Host key verification failed."
+msgstr ""
+"klaus at tjener:~$ ssh 10.0.2.1 -l root\n"
+"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\n"
+"@ WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED! @\n"
+"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\n"
+"IT IS POSSIBLE THAT SOMEONE IS DOING SOMETHING NASTY!\n"
+"Someone could be eavesdropping on you right now (man-in-the-middle attack)!\n"
+"It is also possible that the RSA host key has just been changed.\n"
+"The fingerprint for the RSA key sent by the remote host is\n"
+"34:b7:a3:9b:06:4c:e2:30:1b:0d:03:45:7b:22:b7:dd.\n"
+"Please contact your system administrator.\n"
+"Add correct host key in /skole/tjener/home0/klaus/.ssh/known_hosts to get rid of this message.\n"
+"Offending key in /skole/tjener/home0/klaus/.ssh/known_hosts:27\n"
+"RSA host key for 10.0.2.1 has changed and you have requested strict checking.\n"
+"Host key verification failed."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is most likely because one logged in earlier into another machine with "
+"the IP address 10.0.2.1, or because the network card in Coyote Linux has "
+"been changed. It could also be an attack from an unknown man in the middle. "
+"The solution is to remove the key, in this case line number 27 in the "
+"<computeroutput>/skole/tjener/home0/klaus/.ssh/known_hosts</computeroutput> "
+"file."
+msgstr ""
+"Er det mest sannsynlig at man tidligere har logget inn fra en annen maskin, "
+"med IP-adressen 10.0.2.1, eller man har endret network card i Coyote Linux. "
+"Det kan også være attakk fra en ukjent mellomman. Løsningen er å fjerne "
+"nøkkelen, i dette tilfellet linje nummer 27 i fila <computeroutput>/skole/"
+"tjener/home0/klaus/.ssh/known_hosts</computeroutput>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Status summary for the firewall (Coyote)"
+msgstr "Statusoversikt for brannmur (Coyote)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Which commands can be used to get the menu or to get an overview "
+"of the status of the firewall?"
+msgstr ""
+"Brukertilfelle: Hvilke kommandoer kan brukes for å få meny eller få en "
+"oversikt over tilstanden til brannmuren?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Main author: Klaus Ade Johnstad"
+msgstr "Hovedforfatter: Klaus Ade Johnstad"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Useful commands in Coyote Linux</emphasis>"
+msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Nyttige kommando i Coyote Linux</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "ping"
+msgstr "ping"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Useful to figure out if the network is working. The command checks if there "
+"is a connection to the Skolelinux / Debian Edu main server."
+msgstr ""
+"Nyttig for å finne ut om nettverket fungerer. Kommandoen ser om det er "
+"tilkobling til Skolelinux/Debian-edu-hovedtjener"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"coyote# ping -c5 10.0.2.2\n"
+"PING 10.0.2.2 (10.0.2.2): 56 data bytes\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.2: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.9 ms\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.5 ms"
+msgstr ""
+"coyote# ping -c5 10.0.2.2\n"
+"PING 10.0.2.2 (10.0.2.2): 56 data bytes\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.2: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.9 ms\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.5 ms"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "uptime"
+msgstr "uptime"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "This command gives the duration since the last reboot for Coyote Linux."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne kommandoen gir tiden Coyote Linux har kjørt siden forrige omstart."
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, fuzzy, no-wrap
+#| msgid ""
+#| "coyote# uptime\\\n"
+#| " 2:37pm up 80 days, 7:55, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00"
+msgid "coyote# uptime\\n 2:37pm up 80 days, 7:55, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00"
+msgstr ""
+"coyote# uptime\\\n"
+" 2:37pm up 80 days, 7:55, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "dmesg"
+msgstr "dmesg"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This command displays information about the Linux kernel running on the "
+#| "machine. It lists things like memory, processor and network card. If "
+#| "there is too much output from <emphasis role=\"strong\">dmesg</emphasis> "
+#| "you can send the output through a so called pager program like \"more\" "
+#| "and use <emphasis role=\"strong\">Space</emphasis> to read everything, "
+#| "<emphasis role=\"strong\">dmesg|more </emphasis>"
+msgid ""
+"This command displays information about the Linux kernel running on the "
+"machine. It lists things like memory, processor and network card. If there "
+"is too much output from <emphasis role=\"strong\">dmesg</emphasis> you can "
+"send the output through a so called pager program like \"more\" and use "
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Space</emphasis> to read everything, <emphasis "
+"role=\"strong\">dmesg|more</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"Denne kommandoen skriver ut informasjon om Linux-kernen som er kjører på "
+"maskinen. Man får ut ting som minne, prosessor, network carder. Er det for "
+"mye utdata fra <emphasis role=\"strong\">dmesg</emphasis> kan man kjøre "
+"dette gjennom et såkalt bla-program som f.eks. «more», og bruk <emphasis "
+"role=\"strong\">Mellomrom</emphasis> for å lese alt, <emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">dmesg|more </emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "ifconfig"
+msgstr "ifconfig"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Show extra information about the network cards."
+msgstr "Viser ekstra informasjon om network cardene."
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, fuzzy, no-wrap
+#| msgid ""
+#| "coyote# ifconfig\n"
+#| "eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:FC:F8:D2:44\n"
+#| " inet addr:10.0.2.1 Bcast:10.0.3.255 Mask:255.255.254.0\n"
+#| " UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1\n"
+#| " RX packets:314723 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0\n"
+#| " TX packets:312105 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0\n"
+#| " collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000\n"
+#| " RX bytes:53700845 (51.2 MiB) TX bytes:277496136 (264.6 MiB)\n"
+#| " Interrupt:11 Base address:0x7000\n"
+#| "\n"
+#| "eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:E0:18:A8:B1:BA\n"
+#| " inet addr:192.168.100.133 Bcast:192.168.100.255 Mask:255.255.255.0\n"
+#| " UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1\n"
+#| " RX packets:307395 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0\n"
+#| " TX packets:281202 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0\n"
+#| " collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000\n"
+#| " RX bytes:272404311 (259.7 MiB) TX bytes:47880640 (45.6 MiB)\n"
+#| " Interrupt:10 Base address:0xb800 Memory:e3000000-e3000038\n"
+#| "\n"
+#| "lo Link encap:Local Loopback\n"
+#| " inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0\n"
+#| " UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1\n"
+#| " RX packets:14565 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0\n"
+#| " TX packets:14565 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0\n"
+#| " collisions:0 txqueuelen:0\n"
+#| " RX bytes:1290756 (1.2 MiB) TX bytes:1290756 (1.2 MiB)\n"
+msgid ""
+"coyote# ifconfig\n"
+"eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:FC:F8:D2:44\n"
+" inet addr:10.0.2.1 Bcast:10.0.3.255 Mask:255.255.254.0\n"
+" UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1\n"
+" RX packets:314723 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0\n"
+" TX packets:312105 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0\n"
+" collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000\n"
+" RX bytes:53700845 (51.2 !MiB) TX bytes:277496136 (264.6 !MiB)\n"
+" Interrupt:11 Base address:0x7000\n"
+"\n"
+"eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:E0:18:A8:B1:BA\n"
+" inet addr:192.168.100.133 Bcast:192.168.100.255 Mask:255.255.255.0\n"
+" UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1\n"
+" RX packets:307395 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0\n"
+" TX packets:281202 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0\n"
+" collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000\n"
+" RX bytes:272404311 (259.7 !MiB) TX bytes:47880640 (45.6 !MiB)\n"
+" Interrupt:10 Base address:0xb800 Memory:e3000000-e3000038\n"
+"\n"
+"lo Link encap:Local Loopback\n"
+" inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0\n"
+" UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1\n"
+" RX packets:14565 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0\n"
+" TX packets:14565 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0\n"
+" collisions:0 txqueuelen:0\n"
+" RX bytes:1290756 (1.2 !MiB) TX bytes:1290756 (1.2 !MiB)"
+msgstr ""
+"coyote# ifconfig\n"
+"eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:FC:F8:D2:44\n"
+" inet addr:10.0.2.1 Bcast:10.0.3.255 Mask:255.255.254.0\n"
+" UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1\n"
+" RX packets:314723 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0\n"
+" TX packets:312105 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0\n"
+" collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000\n"
+" RX bytes:53700845 (51.2 MiB) TX bytes:277496136 (264.6 MiB)\n"
+" Interrupt:11 Base address:0x7000\n"
+"\n"
+"eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:E0:18:A8:B1:BA\n"
+" inet addr:192.168.100.133 Bcast:192.168.100.255 Mask:255.255.255.0\n"
+" UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1\n"
+" RX packets:307395 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0\n"
+" TX packets:281202 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0\n"
+" collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000\n"
+" RX bytes:272404311 (259.7 MiB) TX bytes:47880640 (45.6 MiB)\n"
+" Interrupt:10 Base address:0xb800 Memory:e3000000-e3000038\n"
+"\n"
+"lo Link encap:Local Loopback\n"
+" inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0\n"
+" UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1\n"
+" RX packets:14565 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0\n"
+" TX packets:14565 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0\n"
+" collisions:0 txqueuelen:0\n"
+" RX bytes:1290756 (1.2 MiB) TX bytes:1290756 (1.2 MiB)\n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "lsmod"
+msgstr "lsmod"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This command lists up driver modules. This is useful to see which modules "
+"are used by network cards."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne kommandoen lister opp driver-moduler. Det er nyttig når man vil se "
+"hvilke moduler som er i bruk med network carder."
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"coyote# lsmod\n"
+"Module Size Used by\n"
+"eepro100 17516 1\n"
+"3c59x 24408 1\n"
+"mii 1852 0 [eepro100]\n"
+"ip_nat_quake3 1608 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_mms 2448 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_h323 2044 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_amanda 1020 0 (unused)"
+msgstr ""
+"coyote# lsmod\n"
+"Module Size Used by\n"
+"eepro100 17516 1\n"
+"3c59x 24408 1\n"
+"mii 1852 0 [eepro100]\n"
+"ip_nat_quake3 1608 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_mms 2448 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_h323 2044 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_amanda 1020 0 (unused)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This is a list showing that the driver modules for the network card are "
+#| "loaded. For Intel pro100 the module is named eepro100 and for 3Com the "
+#| "module is named 3c59x (which is valid for cards with type names 3c590, "
+#| "3c595, 3c900, 3c905). See <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--clmodules"
+#| "\">section 3.12</link>"
+msgid ""
+"This is a list showing that the driver modules for the network card are "
+"loaded. For Intel pro100 the module is named eepro100 and for 3Com the "
+"module is named 3c59x (which is valid for cards with type names 3c590, "
+"3c595, 3c900, 3c905). See <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--"
+"clmodules\">section 3.12</link>"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er en listing som viser at driver-modulenene for network card er "
+"lastet. For Intel pro100 er det modulen eepro100 og 3Com har modulen 3c59x "
+"(som gjelder for kort med typebetegnelse 3c590, 3c595, 3c900, 3c905). Se "
+"<link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--clmodules\">Seksjon 3.12</link>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "route"
+msgstr "route"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "traceroute"
+msgstr "traceroute"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Is useful to figure out where the Internet packages move. If there are "
+"problems, it is useful to see the path the Internet packages use."
+msgstr ""
+"Er nyttig for å finne hvor Internett-pakker tar veien. Ved eventuelle "
+"problemer er det kjent å se hvor Internett-pakkene tar veien."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "showcfg"
+msgstr "showcfg"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Another command giving information about the state of the network cards."
+msgstr "Enda en kommando som gir informasjon om tilstanden til network carder."
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Coyote running configuration display utility.\n"
+"\n"
+"Internet (eth1): UP\n"
+"LAN network (eth0): UP\n"
+"\n"
+"-------------Internet configuration--------------\n"
+"IP Address 192.168.100.133 (Static)\n"
+"Netmask 255.255.255.0\n"
+"Gateway 192.168.100.2\n"
+"----------------LAN configuration----------------\n"
+"IP Address 10.0.2.1\n"
+"Netmask 255.255.254.0\n"
+"Broadcast 10.0.3.255\n"
+"----------------DNS configuration----------------\n"
+"domain localdomain\n"
+"nameserver 213.184.200.1\n"
+"nameserver 213.184.200.2\n"
+"-------------------------------------------------\n"
+"10:51am up 7 days, 20:53, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00\n"
+"\n"
+"Press enter to return to system menu."
+msgstr ""
+"Coyote running configuration display utility.\n"
+"\n"
+"Internet (eth1): UP\n"
+"LAN network (eth0): UP\n"
+"\n"
+"-------------Internet configuration--------------\n"
+"IP Address 192.168.100.133 (Static)\n"
+"Netmask 255.255.255.0\n"
+"Gateway 192.168.100.2\n"
+"----------------LAN configuration----------------\n"
+"IP Address 10.0.2.1\n"
+"Netmask 255.255.254.0\n"
+"Broadcast 10.0.3.255\n"
+"----------------DNS configuration----------------\n"
+"domain localdomain\n"
+"nameserver 213.184.200.1\n"
+"nameserver 213.184.200.2\n"
+"-------------------------------------------------\n"
+"10:51am up 7 days, 20:53, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00\n"
+"\n"
+"Press enter to return to system menu."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "free"
+msgstr "free"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The command is used to see how much memory is available and how much is "
+"used. This machine has 32 MB memory."
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandoen brukes for å se hvor mye minne som er tilgjengelig, og hvor mye "
+"som er i bruk. Denne maskinen har 32 MB minne."
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"coyote# free\n"
+" total used free shared buffers\n"
+" Mem: 30860 6004 24856 0 0\n"
+" Swap: 0 0 0\n"
+"Total: 30860 6004 24856"
+msgstr ""
+"coyote# free\n"
+" total used free shared buffers\n"
+" Mem: 30860 6004 24856 0 0\n"
+" Swap: 0 0 0\n"
+"Total: 30860 6004 24856"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "menu"
+msgstr "menu"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "This command starts the Coyote Linux menu"
+msgstr "Denne kommandoen starter menyen til Coyote Linux"
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Coyote Linux Gateway -- Configuration Menu\n"
+"\n"
+"\n"
+" 1) Edit main configuration file 2) Change system password\n"
+" 3) Edit rc.local script file 4) Custom firewall rules file\n"
+" 5) Edit firewall configuration 6) Edit port forward configuration\n"
+"\n"
+" c) Show running configuration f) Reload firewall\n"
+" r) Reboot system w) Write configuration to disk"
+msgstr ""
+"Coyote Linux Gateway -- Configuration Menu\n"
+"\n"
+"\n"
+" 1) Edit main configuration file 2) Change system password\n"
+" 3) Edit rc.local script file 4) Custom firewall rules file\n"
+" 5) Edit firewall configuration 6) Edit port forward configuration\n"
+"\n"
+" c) Show running configuration f) Reload firewall\n"
+" r) Reboot system w) Write configuration to disk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "reboot"
+msgstr "reboot"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "coyote#reboot"
+msgstr "coyote#reboot"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "This command does a reboot of Coyote Linux"
+msgstr "Denne kommandoen gjør en omstart av Coyote Linux"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "shutdown"
+msgstr "shutdown"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "coyote#halt"
+msgstr "coyote#halt"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here is Coyote Linux turned off"
+msgstr "Her skrur man av Coyote Linux"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Next"
+msgstr "Neste"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case:"
+msgstr "Brukertilfelle:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Last"
+msgstr "Siste"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix A - Contract on operating Debian Edu / Skolelinux"
+msgstr "Vedlegg A - Avtale om drift av Skolelinux"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid "Contract no.: .................."
+msgstr "Avtale nr: .................."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid "Customer no.: .................."
+msgstr "Kunde nr: .................."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "CONTRACT ON OPERATING DEBIAN EDU / SKOLELINUX"
+msgstr "AVTALE OM DRIFT AV SKOLELINUX"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "between"
+msgstr "mellom"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Driftselskapet AS, Maskinrommet 1, 0313 Oslo"
+msgstr "Driftselskapet AS, Maskinrommet 1, 0313 Oslo"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Org.no.: 989 313 313"
+msgstr "Org.nr.: 989 313 313"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "(hereafter called The Vendor)"
+msgstr "(heretter kalt Leverandøren)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "NN"
+msgstr "NN"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Org.No:"
+msgstr "Org.nr:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "(hereafter called The Customer)"
+msgstr "(heretter kalt Kunden)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The parties have reached an agreement on the delivery of operational "
+"services (hereinafter The Agreement) on subsequent contractual terms. The "
+"following appendixes are part of The Agreement:"
+msgstr ""
+"Partene har inngått avtale om levering av driftsytelser (heretter kalt "
+"Avtalen) på etterfølgende avtalebetingelser. Følgende bilag inngår som en "
+"del av Avtalen:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix 1 - Definitions"
+msgstr "Bilag 1 - Definisjoner"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix 2 - Customer Obligations"
+msgstr "Bilag 2 - Kundens forpliktelser"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix 3 - The Vendor's obligations"
+msgstr "Bilag 3 - Leverandørens forpliktelser"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix 4 - Prices and terms of payment"
+msgstr "Bilag 4 - Priser og betalingsbetingelser"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix 5 - General provisions"
+msgstr "Bilag 5 - Generelle bestemmelser"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Appendix 6 - The proxy Persons"
+msgstr "Bilag 6 - Fullmaktspersoner"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The agreement is valid from the signing date and a minimum of 12 months from "
+"The Delivery date. The agreement is then renewed automatically for periods "
+"lasting 12 months unless one of the parties denounces the Agreement in "
+"writing, three months before the expiry of a contract period."
+msgstr ""
+"Avtalen gjelder fra signeringsdato og i minimum 12 måneder fra Leveringsdag. "
+"Avtalen fornyes deretter automatisk for perioder á 12 måneder, med mindre en "
+"av partene skriftlig, tre måneder før utløpet av en avtaleperiode, har sagt "
+"opp Avtalen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The contract is signed in two - 2 - copies, and each of the parties keeps "
+"one - 1 - copy."
+msgstr ""
+"Avtalen er undertegnet i to - 2 - eksemplarer, hvorav hver av partene "
+"beholder ett - 1 - eksemplar."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Place: ............................."
+msgstr "Sted: ............................."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Date: .................. 2006"
+msgstr "Dato: .................. 2006"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "For The Vendor: ...................................................."
+msgstr "For Leverandøren: ...................................................."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "For The Customer: ...................................................."
+msgstr "For Kunden: ...................................................."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Term"
+msgstr "Begrep"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Operating period"
+msgstr "Driftsperioden"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"From the Delivery day to the day when the agreement ceases to apply, "
+"regardless of the reason."
+msgstr ""
+"Fra Leveringsdag til den dag da Avtalen opphører å gjelde, uansett grunn."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Services provided"
+msgstr "Driftsytelsene"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Services from The Vendor in the Operating period. The services provided are "
+"further described in Appendix 3."
+msgstr ""
+"Tjenester fra Leverandør i Driftsperioden. Driftsytelsene er nærmere "
+"beskrevet i Bilag 3."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "ICT manager"
+msgstr "IKT-ansvarlig"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Competence person(s) at the customer serving as liaison(s) to the supplier."
+msgstr ""
+"Kompetanseperson(er) hos Kunden som er kontaktperson(er) mot Leverandøren."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Delivery day"
+msgstr "Leveringsdag"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "The day the customer can use the services provided."
+msgstr "Den dag Kunden kan ta i bruk Driftsytelsene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Skolelinux"
+msgstr "Skolelinux"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Linux distribution built on Debian Linux and adjusted for use in Norwegian "
+"schools."
+msgstr ""
+"Linux-distribusjon som bygger på Debian Linux og er tilpasset bruk i norsk "
+"skole."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "1. ICT skill requirements"
+msgstr "1.Krav til IKT-kompetanse"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"ICT administrator (1 - 3 named persons at the customer) to deal with "
+"inquiries from users related to the use of the applications included in "
+"Skolelinux/Debian Edu. ICT administrator shall have sufficient expertise to "
+"make a qualified assessment of whether a problem is related to the use or "
+"operation of the system."
+msgstr ""
+"IKT-ansvarlig (1-3 navngitte personer hos Kunden) skal håndtere henvendelser "
+"fra brukerne som er relatert til bruk av applikasjonene som inngår i "
+"Skolelinux. IKT-ansvarlig skal ha tilstrekkelig kompetanse til å gjøre en "
+"kvalifisert vurdering av om et problem er relatert til bruken eller driften "
+"av systemet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The ICT administrator should contact the supplier's the user support center "
+"by phone or e-mail. The customer's users should not contact the supplier "
+"directly."
+msgstr ""
+"IKT-ansvarlig skal kontakte Leverandøren på telefon eller e-post til "
+"brukerstøttesenter. Kundens brukere skal ikke kontakte Leverandøren direkte."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "2. Machine requirements"
+msgstr "2.Krav til maskinutstyr"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Customer should have installed and tested that the equipment operates "
+"satisfactorily before the delivery day."
+msgstr ""
+"Kunden skal før Leveringsdag ha installert og testet at maskinutstyr "
+"fungerer tilfredsstillende."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "3. Program requirements"
+msgstr "3.Krav til programvare"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The customer shall, before delivery day, have installed Skolelinux / "
+#| "Debian Edu to get a verified, satisfactory functioning installation. "
+msgid ""
+"The customer shall, before delivery day, have installed Skolelinux / Debian "
+"Edu to get a verified, satisfactory functioning installation."
+msgstr ""
+"Kunden skal før Leveringsdag ha installert Skolelinux og verifisert at "
+"installasjonen fungerer tilfredsstillende."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "4. Communication requirements"
+msgstr "4.Krav til kommunikasjon"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Customer shall, before the delivery date, have installed and configured "
+"communication with the Internet and tested it works satisfactorily. To make "
+"it possible to provide services, the customer must arrange for the "
+"contractor to be able to access the customer's ICT-facilities via the "
+"Internet."
+msgstr ""
+"Kunden skal før Leveringsdag ha installert og konfigurert kommunikasjon mot "
+"Internett og testet at denne fungerer tilfredsstillende. Kunden må legge "
+"til rette for at Leverandøren får tilgang til Kundens IT-anlegg gjennom "
+"Internett for å kunne utføre Driftsytelsene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5. Information from The Vendor"
+msgstr "5.Informasjon til Leverandøren"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When all the above requirements are met, the customer shall notify the "
+"contractor, in writing or by e-mail, that the ICT-system is prepared for the "
+"contractor for provide services."
+msgstr ""
+"Når alle ovenstående krav er oppfylt, skal Kunden underrette Leverandøren "
+"skriftlig eller pr e-post om at IKT-anlegget er klargjort for at "
+"Leverandøren kan levere Driftsytelsene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A list of all the users of the system including full name, username and "
+"wanted password should be sent electronically to the Vendor at the latest "
+"together with this message."
+msgstr ""
+"Liste over alle brukere av systemet med fullt navn, brukernavn og passord "
+"skal sendes elektronisk til Leverandøren senest samtidig med denne meldingen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "1. Delivery day requirements"
+msgstr "1.Krav til Leveringsdag"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The supplier shall, after receiving notification from the customer in "
+"accordance with Appendix 2, paragraph 5, as soon as possible arrange for the "
+"Customer to receive the provided services. Delivery date shall be no later "
+"than 4 weeks after such notice is received by the supplier."
+msgstr ""
+"Leverandøren skal etter å ha mottatt melding fra Kunden i henhold til Bilag "
+"2, punkt 5, snarest mulig legge til rette for at Kunden kan ta "
+"Driftsytelsene i bruk. Leveringsdag skal være senest 4 uker etter at slik "
+"melding er mottatt av Leverandøren."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "2. Information to The Customer"
+msgstr "2.Informasjon til Kunden"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When all the above requirements are met, the contractor shall notify the "
+"customer, in writing or by e-mail, that the ICT-system is prepared for the "
+"customer to receive the provided services."
+msgstr ""
+"Leverandøren ska underrette Kunden skriftlig eller pr e-post om hva som er "
+"Leveringsdag, dvs den dagen Kunden kan ta i bruk Driftsytelsene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "3. Service requirements"
+msgstr "3.Krav til tjenester"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The following table shows all relevant services related to operating "
+#| "Skolelinux/DebianEdu. The crosses in the table show the responsibilities "
+#| "between the Supplier and the Customer for the different services:"
+msgid ""
+"The following table shows all relevant services related to operating "
+"Skolelinux/!<ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu#\">DebianEdu</"
+"ulink>. The crosses in the table show the responsibilities between the "
+"Supplier and the Customer for the different services:"
+msgstr ""
+"Etterfølgende tabell viser alle relevante tjenester i tilknytning til drift "
+"av Skolelinux. Kryssene i tabellen viser ansvarsforholdet mellom "
+"Leverandøren og Kunden for de enkelte tjenestene:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Delivered (incl.) are carried out by the supplier and included in the "
+"Agreement price. Delivered (running) performed by the Supplier at the "
+"Customer's account in accordance with the rates in Chapter 7. The Customer, "
+"is done by the Supplier at the Customer's expense."
+msgstr ""
+"Lev. (inkl) utføres av Leverandøren og inkludert i Avtalens pris. Lev. "
+"(løpende) utføres av Leverandøren på Kundens regning i henhold til satsene "
+"i Kapittel 7. Kunden utføres av Kunden på Kundens regning."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Service"
+msgstr "Tjeneste"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Delivered (incl.)"
+msgstr "Lev. (inkl.)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Delivered (running)"
+msgstr "Lev. (løpende)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "The Customer"
+msgstr "Kunden"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Troubleshooting and user support over the phone and email"
+msgstr "Feilhåndtering og brukerstøtte på telefon og e-post"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "x"
+msgstr "x"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Participation in the user forum"
+msgstr "Deltakelse i Brukerforum"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"Supplier's responsibility is limited to managing the a change of hardware. "
+"The supplier is not responsible for hardware and warranties, pricing, "
+"shipping costs etc. which must bee agreed separately with machine supplier."
+msgstr ""
+"Leverandoerens ansvar er begrenset til aa administrere skiftet av "
+"maskinvare. Leverandoeren har ikke ansvar for maskinvaren og garantier, "
+"priser, fraktkostnader osv maa avtales separat med maskinleverandoer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Replacing the hardware<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr "Utskifting av maskinutstyr<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"The customer can do this using a separate application in Debian Edu. The "
+"supplier can do this server for NOK 50 per user excluding vat."
+msgstr ""
+"Kan gjoeres av Kunden gjennom en egen applikasjon i Skolelinux. "
+"Leverandoeren kan utfoere tjenesten for kr 50 pr bruker eks mva."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Add, change and remove users<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Legge til, endre og slette brukere<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "(x)"
+msgstr "(x)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Changing password when the password is forgotten"
+msgstr "Passordbytte ved glemt passord"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Security updates on Skolelinux"
+msgstr "Sikkerhetsoppgraderinger på Skolelinux"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Version updates on Skolelinux"
+msgstr "Versjonsoppgraderinger på Skolelinux"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Change the user permissions"
+msgstr "Endre rettigheter på brukere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Monitoring of filling on disks"
+msgstr "Overvåking av fyllingsgrad på disker"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Monitoring of the lifetime for the relevant components"
+msgstr "Overvåking av levetid på relevante komponenter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Extending disk partitions"
+msgstr "Utvidelse av filområder på disker"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Operation and monitoring of firewall"
+msgstr "Drift og overvåking av brannmur"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Operation and monitoring of network"
+msgstr "Drift og overvåking av nettverk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Deleting print jobs stuck in the queue at the request of the ICT "
+"administrator"
+msgstr ""
+"Sletting av utskrifter som sitter fast i køen på anmodning fra IKT-ansvarlig"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Monitoring to ensure backup copies are taken"
+msgstr "Overvåking av at sikkerhetskopiering blir utført"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Data deletion under request from the ICT administrator"
+msgstr "Sletting av data på forespørsel fra IKT-ansvarlig"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Replacing backup medium and storing backup copies"
+msgstr "Skifte av medium for sikkerhetskopiering og lagring av sikkerhetskopi"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Restore with a security backup, at the request of the ICT administrator."
+msgstr "Tilbakekopiering av sikkerhetskopi på anmodning av IKT-ansvarlig"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Set up new printers and printer queues"
+msgstr "Etablering av nye skrivere og skriverkøer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Stopping and restarting the printer queues at the request of the ICT "
+"administrator"
+msgstr "Stoppe og omstarte skriverkøer på anmodning fra IKT-ansvarlig"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Stopping hanging processes on the server as a result of application errors"
+msgstr ""
+"Stoppe prosesser som ”henger” på tjenermaskin som følge av applikasjonsfeil"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "4. Response time requirements"
+msgstr "4.Krav til responstid"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The supplier shall without undue delay, start troubleshooting and problem "
+"solving. ICT administrator should be held continuously updated on the status "
+"and progress of error correction."
+msgstr ""
+"Leverandøren skal uten ugrunnet opphold starte feilsøking og "
+"problemløsning. IKT-ansvarlig skal holdes fortløpende oppdatert om status "
+"og fremdrift på feilretting."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5. Skill requirements"
+msgstr "5.Krav til kompetanse"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The supplier shall at all times have sufficient resources with relevant "
+"expertise to provide services in a professional manner"
+msgstr ""
+"Leverandøren skal til enhver tid ha tilstrekkelig ressurser med relevant "
+"kompetanse til å utføre Driftsytelsene på en profesjonell måte."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "1. Compensation for services provided"
+msgstr "1.Vederlag for Driftsytelsene"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The compensation for the services provided is calculated on the basis of the "
+"number of workstations on the network. The agreement includes a minimum of "
+"60 workstations. The Customer shall pay the Supplier £78 per year per "
+"workstation, excluding VAT, in compensation for the services provided, i.e. "
+"£390 per month excluding VAT for 60 workstations."
+msgstr ""
+"Vederlaget for Driftsytelsene beregnes på grunnlag av antall "
+"arbeidsstasjoner i nettverket. Avtalen omfatter minimum 60 "
+"arbeidsstasjoner. Kunden skal betale Leverandøren kr 900 pr år eks mva i "
+"vederlag for Driftsytelsene, altså kr 4.500 pr måned eks mva for 60 "
+"arbeidsstasjoner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the number of workstations changes the customer shall give the supplier a "
+"written notice thereof with the corresponding dates for the change. "
+"Adjustment of the billing basis with a possible recalculation will be "
+"included in the next invoice"
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis antallet arbeidsstasjoner endres skal Kunden gi Leverandøren skriftlig "
+"melding om dette med tilhørende dato for endringen. Justering av "
+"faktureringsgrunnlaget med eventuell etterberegning vil bli tatt med i neste "
+"faktura"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "2. Consultant support"
+msgstr "2.Konsulentbistand"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Hourly rate for consultancy is NOK 800 (65 £) ex Moms (VAT). All work on an "
+"ongoing bill should be approved by the customer before work starts. "
+"Documented travel expenses are charged to the client. Compensation for "
+"travel time calculated by the elapsed time with hourly rate NOK 400 ex Moms."
+msgstr ""
+"Timepris for konsulentbistand er kr 800 eks mva. Alt arbeid på løpende "
+"regning skal være godkjent av Kunden før arbeidet starter. Dokumenterte "
+"reiseutgifter belastes Kunden. Vederlag for reisetid beregnes etter medgått "
+"tid med timepris kr 400 eks mva."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "3. Payment conditions"
+msgstr "3.Betalingsbetingelser"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Compensation for the services provided is billed in advance for each "
+"quarter. For the first quarter, billing starts from the delivery date and "
+"runs until the end of the current quarter."
+msgstr ""
+"Vederlag for Driftsytelsene faktureres forskuddsvis for hvert kvartal. For "
+"første kvartal faktureres fra Leveringsdag og til og med utløpet av "
+"inneværende kvartal."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Compensation for consultancy is billed as after-payment on the basis of "
+"agreed and work performed."
+msgstr ""
+"Vederlag for konsulentbistand faktureres etterskuddsvis på grunnlag av "
+"avtalt og utført arbeid."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "All invoicing is done within a 30 days deadline."
+msgstr "All fakturering skjer med 30 dagers forfall."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "4. Price regulation"
+msgstr "4.Prisregulering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Prices may be adjusted every year with the increase in the national consumer "
+"price index (SSB CPI). This can take place for the first time one year after "
+"signing the agreement."
+msgstr ""
+"Priser kan reguleres hvert år med økningen i SSBs konsumprisindeks. Dette "
+"kan første gang skje ett år etter signering av Avtalen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "1. The parts' cooperation and duties"
+msgstr "1.Partenes samarbeid og plikter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "General"
+msgstr "Generelt"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The parties shall cooperate to achieve the most efficient implementation of "
+"the Agreement. Both parties may, in writing, summon one another to meet with "
+"five business days' notice to discuss matters arising in connection with the "
+"implementation of the Agreement. The parties are obliged, without delay, to "
+"notify each other about matters that they understand or should understand "
+"may affect the implementation of the Agreement. Such notification does not "
+"relieve the parties from the responsibilities resulting from the Agreement."
+msgstr ""
+"Partene skal samarbeide for å oppnå en mest mulig effektiv gjennomføring av "
+"Avtalen. Begge parter kan skriftlig innkalle den annen til møte med fem "
+"Virkedagers varsel for å drøfte forhold som oppstår i forbindelse med "
+"gjennomføringen av Avtalen. Partene plikter uten opphold å underrette "
+"hverandre om forhold som de forstår eller bør forstå kan ha betydning for "
+"gjennomføring av Avtalen. Slik underretning fritar likevel ikke partene for "
+"det ansvar som følger av Avtalen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "The suppliers duties"
+msgstr "Leverandørens plikter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Supplier undertakes to supply the contract business performance at the "
+"terms of the Agreement. The supplier undertakes to allocate the resources "
+"necessary to implement the commitments in the Agreement."
+msgstr ""
+"Leverandøren plikter å levere avtalte Driftsytelser på de betingelser som "
+"fremgår av Avtalen. Leverandøren plikter å allokere nødvendige ressurser for "
+"å gjennomføre forpliktelsene i Avtalen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Customer duties"
+msgstr "Kundens plikter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The customer shall pay the agreed compensation. The customer must assist the "
+"supplier so that the supplier will not be delayed or otherwise prevented "
+"from fulfilling the obligations. The customer undertakes to allocate the "
+"necessary resources, and ensure the necessary assistance from a third party "
+"where this is agreed."
+msgstr ""
+"Kunden plikter å betale avtalt vederlag. Kunden plikter å bistå Leverandøren "
+"slik at Leverandøren ikke blir forsinket eller på annen måte forhindret i å "
+"oppfylle sine forpliktelser. Kunden plikter å allokere nødvendige ressurser, "
+"samt sørge for nødvendig bistand fra Tredjepart der dette er avtalt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "2.Confidentiality"
+msgstr "2.Konfidensialitet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The parties are mutually obliged to keep confidentiality and not disseminate "
+"information which they become aware of in connection with carrying out the "
+"out the Agreement, to the extent that such information is not considered "
+"public. The same applies to all the material which is marked confidential. "
+"personal matters, and information that could harm the parties or that can be "
+"exploited by outsiders in business. This duty of confidentiality applies to "
+"the parties and their employees and others acting on behalf of the parties "
+"in connection with carrying out the of the Agreement. The duty of "
+"confidentiality applies correspondingly after the termination of the "
+"Agreement."
+msgstr ""
+"Partene er gjensidig forpliktet til å bevare taushet og ikke spre "
+"informasjon som de får kjennskap til i forbindelse med gjennomføring av "
+"Avtalen, i den utstrekning slik informasjon ikke er å betrakte som offentlig "
+"kjent. Tilsvarende gjelder alt materiale som er merket med konfidensielt, "
+"samt opplysninger om noens personlige forhold, opplysninger som kan skade "
+"partene eller som kan utnyttes av utenforstående i næringsvirksomhet. "
+"Taushetsplikten gjelder partene og deres ansatte og andre som handler på "
+"vegne av partene i forbindelse med gjennomføring av Avtalen. Taushetsplikten "
+"gjelder tilsvarende etter opphør av Avtalen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "3.Force majeure"
+msgstr "3.Force majeure"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In the event of an extraordinary situation outside control of the parties, "
+"which could not be foreseen at inception and which significantly hampers the "
+"fulfilment of a party duties, the other party shall be notified without "
+"undue delay. The affected party's obligations are suspended to the extent "
+"that is relevant so long as the extraordinary situation prevails. The other "
+"party in return suspended for the same period. Either party may terminate "
+"the Agreement by giving one month's written notice if the force majeure "
+"situation makes it particularly burdensome to maintain the Agreement."
+msgstr ""
+"Dersom det skulle inntreffe en ekstraordinær situasjon som ligger utenfor "
+"partenes kontroll, som ikke kunne forutses ved avtaleinngåelse og som i "
+"vesentlig grad vanskeliggjør oppfyllelse av en parts plikter, skal motparten "
+"varsles om dette uten ugrunnet opphold. Den rammede parts forpliktelser "
+"suspenderes i den utstrekning som er relevant så lenge den ekstraordinære "
+"situasjonen varer. Den annen parts motytelse suspenderes i samme tidsrom. "
+"Hver av partene kan si opp Avtalen med en måneds skriftlig varsel dersom "
+"force majeure situasjonen gjør det særlig byrdefullt å opprettholde Avtalen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "4. Transfer of the agreement"
+msgstr "4.Overdragelse av Avtalen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Parties may only reassign their rights and obligations under the agreement "
+"with the written consent of the counterparties. Consent may not be "
+"unreasonably withheld. It is not considered as transfer if one of the "
+"parties mergea with one or more other companies or the assignment is to a "
+"subsidiary. Right to compensation under this Agreement may be assigned "
+"freely, but such transfer does not relieve the Contractor from its "
+"obligations and responsibilities."
+msgstr ""
+"Partene kan bare overdra sine rettigheter og plikter etter Avtalen med "
+"skriftlig samtykke fra den annen part. Samtykke kan ikke nektes uten saklig "
+"grunn. Det regnes ikke som overdragelse hvis en av partene slås sammen med "
+"ett eller flere andre selskaper eller overdragelsen skjer til et "
+"datterselskap. Rett til vederlag etter denne Avtalen kan fritt overdras, men "
+"slik overdragelse fritar ikke vedkommende part fra hans forpliktelser og "
+"ansvar."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5. Non-fulfilment"
+msgstr "5.Mislighold"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5.1 Delay of the delivery date"
+msgstr "5.1 Forsinkelse av Leveringsdag"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "a. Liquidated damages"
+msgstr "a. Dagbot"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If delivery does not happen on the date agreed between the parties, and this "
+"is not due to the circumstances mentioned in Clause 3 or circumstances the "
+"Customer is responsible for, then a daily penalty is applied from the agreed "
+"delivery date. The penalty fee is 0.1% of the agreed annual compensation for "
+"the portion of services provided that are delayed, calculated per calendar "
+"day of delay and up to a maximum of 60 days. As long as daily penalties are "
+"being applied, the customer may neither terminate the Agreement nor demand a "
+"discount or other compensation for the delay."
+msgstr ""
+"Dersom Leveringsdag ikke forekommer på det tidspunkt som avtalt mellom "
+"partene, og dette ikke skyldes forhold som nevnt i pkt. 3 eller forhold "
+"Kunden har ansvaret for, begynner en dagbot å løpe fra avtalt Leveringsdag. "
+"Dagboten utgjør 0,1 % av det avtalte årlige vederlag for den del av "
+"Driftsytelsene som er forsinket, regnet per kalender dag forsinkelsen varer "
+"og løper til sammen maksimalt i 60 dager. Så lenge dagboten løper kan Kunden "
+"ikke heve Avtalen, kreve prisavslag eller annen erstatning for forsinkelsen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "b. Canceling"
+msgstr "b. Heving"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the delivery date has not occurred by the end of liquidated damages "
+"period, you may terminate the Agreement with immediate effect."
+msgstr ""
+"Dersom Leveringsdag ikke har inntruffet ved utløpet av dagbotperioden, kan "
+"Kunden heve Avtalen med øyeblikkelig virkning."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "c. Delay caused by customer"
+msgstr "c. Forsinkelse som skyldes Kunden"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In case of delay caused by customer the supplier may, by written notice, "
+"cancel their work until the customer takes corrective action. The supplier "
+"is entitled to recover their additional costs as a result of customer's "
+"breach, and a reasonable time to the reassignment of resources."
+msgstr ""
+"Ved forsinkelse som skyldes Kunden kan Leverandøren med skriftlig varsel "
+"avbryte sitt arbeid inntil Kunden retter opp forholdet. Leverandøren har "
+"krav på å få dekket sine merkostnader som følge av Kundens mislighold, samt "
+"rimelig tid til omdisponering av ressurser."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5.2 Defaults in the operating period"
+msgstr "5.2 Mislighold i Driftsperioden"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5.2.1 The suppliers non-fullfillment"
+msgstr "5.2.1 Leverandørens mislighold"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "a. Shortcomings"
+msgstr "a. Mangler"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There is a shortcoming of the supplier if services provided do not meet the "
+"requirements and specifications stipulated in the Agreement, and this causes "
+"a circumstance for which the supplier is responsible. If there is a "
+"shortcoming in operating performance, the supplier shall without undue delay "
+"remedy the defect. Where a defect can not be repaired within a reasonable "
+"time the Customer shall be entitled to a proportionate discount, ref. "
+"Section b. Below."
+msgstr ""
+"Det foreligger en mangel fra Leverandørens side dersom Driftsytelsene ikke "
+"dekker de krav og spesifikasjoner som følger av Avtalen, og dette skyldes et "
+"forhold som Leverandøren er ansvarlig for. Dersom det foreligger en mangel i "
+"Driftsytelsene, skal Leverandøren uten ugrunnet opphold avhjelpe mangelen. "
+"Der mangelen ikke kan utbedres innen rimelig tid har Kunden krav på et "
+"forholdsmessig prisavslag, ref. pkt. b nedenfor."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "b. Price discount for shortcomings"
+msgstr "b. Prisavslag for mangler"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the client has not been able to use the services provided, fully or "
+"partially, as a result of the defect, the customer has the right, in the "
+"period from when the error or defect was notified in writing until the "
+"defect is corrected, to receive a proportionate discount. Any refund due to "
+"lack of availability due to the same circumstance, is deducted when "
+"calculating the discount."
+msgstr ""
+"Dersom Kunden ikke har kunnet utnytte Driftsytelsene, helt eller delvis, som "
+"en følge av mangelen, har Kunden rett til i perioden fra feilen/mangelen ble "
+"skriftlig meddelt Leverandøren og frem til mangelen er rettet, å motta et "
+"forholdsmessig prisavslag. Eventuell refusjon som følge av manglende "
+"tilgjengelighet for det samme forholdet, kommer til fradrag ved beregning av "
+"prisavslag."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "c. Canceling"
+msgstr "c. Heving"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In the event of any other shortcoming, that is significant to the customer's "
+"use of the services provided, and is not corrected within 30 business days "
+"after the Customer notified the supplier in writing about the shortcoming, "
+"the Customer may notify the supplier in writing of intent to terminate the "
+"Agreement. If the supplier, after such notice, has not rectified the "
+"situation within 14 business days, the customer is entitled to terminate the "
+"Agreement with immediate effect."
+msgstr ""
+"Oppstår det forøvrig en mangel som er av en slik art at den har vesentlig "
+"betydning for Kundens bruk av Driftsytelsene og mangelen ikke rettes innen "
+"30 Virkedager etter at Kunden skriftlig gjorde Leverandøren oppmerksom på "
+"mangelen, kan Kunden skriftlig varsle Leverandøren om at Kunden ønsker å "
+"heve Avtalen. Dersom Leverandøren etter et slikt varsel ikke har utbedret "
+"forholdet innen 14 Virkedager, har Kunden rett til å heve Avtalen med "
+"øyeblikkelig virkning."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5.2.2 The customers non-fullfillment"
+msgstr "5.2.2 Kundens mislighold"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the customer does not pay on time, the supplier is entitled to interest "
+"for the amount that is overdue. (In Norway, this arises from a law relating "
+"to interest on late payment of 19. Dec. 1976 no. 100, § 3, first paragraph.) "
+"In cases where the payments plus interest are not paid within 14 days of the "
+"due date, the supplier can issue written notice that the services provided "
+"will be discontinued, or that the agreement will be terminated, unless the "
+"customer settles all outstanding bills within 7 days of receipt of this "
+"notification. Upon termination of the Agreement due to the customer's fault, "
+"the supplier shall be indemnified by the customer for the costs and "
+"liabilities undertaken in connection with the Agreement."
+msgstr ""
+"Dersom Kunden ikke betaler til avtalt tid, har Leverandøren krav på rente i "
+"henhold til lov om renter ved forsinket betaling av 19. des. 1976 nr. 100, § "
+"3, første ledd, av det beløpet som er forfalt til betaling. I de tilfeller "
+"der forfalt vederlag med tillegg av renter ikke er betalt innen 14 dager fra "
+"forfall, kan Leverandøren sende Kunden skriftlig varsel om at Driftsytelsene "
+"vil bli stanset eller at avtalen vil bli hevet, dersom oppgjør ikke har "
+"skjedd innen 7 dager etter at Kunden mottok varselet. Ved heving av Avtalen "
+"som skyldes Kunden, skal Leverandøren holdes skadesløs av Kunden for de "
+"kostnader og forpliktelser som Leverandøren har påtatt seg i forbindelse med "
+"Avtalen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "6.Replacement"
+msgstr "6.Erstatning"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The customer may demand compensation for losses that can be reasonably "
+"attributed to the shortcoming, unless the supplier can demonstrate that the "
+"breach, or the cause of the breach, not attributed to him. Any liquidated "
+"damages caused by delay in accordance with Clause 5a for the same breach is "
+"deducted by calculating compensation. If the customer defaults on its "
+"obligations under this Agreement, supplier shall be entitled to recover "
+"their additional costs that may reasonably be attributed to the Customer "
+"defaults, unless the Customer can prove that the breach, or cause of the "
+"breach can not be attributed to him."
+msgstr ""
+"Kunden kan kreve erstattet tap som med rimelighet kan tilbakeføres til "
+"misligholdet, med mindre Leverandøren kan godtgjøre at misligholdet, eller "
+"årsaken til misligholdet, ikke kan tilskrives ham. Eventuell dagbot som "
+"følge av forsinkelse i henhold til pkt. 5 a for det samme misligholdet "
+"kommer til fradrag ved erstatningsberegningen. Dersom Kunden misligholder "
+"sine forpliktelser under denne Avtalen, har Leverandøren krav på å få dekket "
+"sine merkostnader som med rimelighet kan tilbakeføres til Kundens "
+"mislighold, med mindre Kunden kan godtgjøre at misligholdet, eller årsaken "
+"til misligholdet ikke kan tilskrives ham."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Parties are not responsible for the other party's indirect losses, including "
+"expected savings or gains. Indirect losses included among others"
+msgstr ""
+"Partene er ikke ansvarlige for den annen parts indirekte tap, herunder "
+"forventet besparelse eller gevinst. Som indirekte tap inngår blant annet:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Losses due to reduced or lost production or sales (operational interruption);"
+msgstr ""
+"Tap som følge av minsket eller bortfalt produksjon eller omsetning "
+"(driftsavbrudd);"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Losses arising because the services provided can not be used as intended "
+"(consequential losses);"
+msgstr ""
+"Tap som følge av at driftsytelsene ikke kan benyttes som forutsatt (avsavn);"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Lost profits as a result of a contract with a third party that is dropped or "
+"not fulfilled properly."
+msgstr ""
+"Tapt fortjeneste som følge av at en kontrakt med tredjemann faller bort "
+"eller ikke blir riktig oppfylt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Parties liability towards each other is limited to the agreed annual "
+"compensation, or a maximum of NOK 1 million, regardless of the number of "
+"damage cases. The limitations of the parties' liability does not apply, if "
+"the party or anyone he is responsible for, has shown gross negligence or "
+"willful misconduct."
+msgstr ""
+"Partenes erstatningsplikt overfor hverandre er oppad begrenset til det "
+"avtalte årlige vederlaget, eller maksimalt NOK 1 million, uavhengig av "
+"antall skadetilfeller. Begrensningene i partenes erstatningsansvar gjelder "
+"ikke hvis parten eller noen han har ansvaret for, har utvist grov uaktsomhet "
+"eller forsett."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "7. Legal defects"
+msgstr "7.Rettsmangler"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If a third party asserts that the use of software that the Customer or "
+"Vendor has license responsibility goes against the third party's rights, the "
+"Party shall ensure that appropriate rights are retained or acquired, or that "
+"other equivalent software functionality is obtained without charge to the "
+"other party. Should claims arise from a third party against the Customer or "
+"Vendor on the basis of defects inherent in the relationship of the other "
+"Party, that Party undertakes its own expense to assist and eventually lead "
+"case for both parties. From the time a party takes over the case, the other "
+"party is obliged to assist the special compensation."
+msgstr ""
+"Dersom tredjemann gjør gjeldende at anvendelse av programvare som Kunden "
+"eller Leverandøren har lisensansvar for strider mot tredjemanns rettigheter, "
+"skal vedkommende part sørge for at nødvendige rettigheter beholdes eller "
+"skaffes, eller at annen tilsvarende programvare/ funksjonalitet skaffes til "
+"veie uten omkostning for den annen part. Dersom det skulle bli reist krav "
+"fra Tredjepart mot Kunden eller Leverandøren på grunnlag av rettsmangler som "
+"har sammenheng med forhold hos den annen part, plikter denne part for egen "
+"regning å bistå og eventuelt føre saken for begge parter. Fra det tidspunkt "
+"en part overtar saken, plikter den annen part å bistå mot særskilt "
+"godtgjørelse."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "8. Responsibility for subcontractors"
+msgstr "8.Ansvar for underleverandører"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Parties are fully accountable for agreed services that are performed by "
+"subcontractors."
+msgstr ""
+"Partene er selv fullt ut ansvarlige for avtalte ytelser som utføres av egne "
+"underleverandører."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "9. Regulating the termination of the Agreement"
+msgstr "9.Regulering ved Avtalens opphør"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Upon termination, the parties shall draw up a joint plan of liquidation of "
+"the customer relationship and obligations by mutual to assist each other in "
+"the practical work in this liquidation. The vendor is obliged by termination "
+"of this Agreement to return Client software and current data in the agreed "
+"format. The Customer chooses the means of transport and is responsible for "
+"transportation from the Vendors' premises. The Customer undertakes "
+"immediately after termination of the Agreement to return all equipment "
+"belonging to the Vendor. The Vendor chooses the mode of transport and is "
+"responsible for transportation from the Vendor's premises."
+msgstr ""
+"Ved opphør av Avtalen skal partene utarbeide en felles plan for avvikling av "
+"kundeforholdet og plikter gjensidig å bistå den annen part i det praktiske "
+"arbeidet med å avvikle kundeforholdet. Leverandøren plikter etter Avtalens "
+"opphør å levere tilbake Kundens programvare og gjeldende data i avtalt "
+"format. Kunden velger transportmåte og har ansvar for transport fra "
+"Leverandørens lokaler. Kunden plikter umiddelbart etter Avtalens opphør å "
+"levere tilbake alt utstyr som tilhører Leverandøren. Leverandøren velger "
+"transportmåte og har ansvaret for transport fra Kundens lokaler."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "10. Legalities and solving disagreements"
+msgstr "10. Rettsvalg og tvisteløsning"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The rights and obligations under this Agreement shall completely follow the "
+"Norwegian law. Upcoming Disagreements in connection with this Agreement "
+"shall be resolved by negotiation between the parties. If the parties fail "
+"within two weeks not to solve the disagreement through negotiations, either "
+"party may require the dispute to be resolved by arbitration under the rules "
+"of the law of 13 August 1915 No. 6, Chap. 32 (Civil Procedure). Each party "
+"shall appoint one arbitrator who together appoint the arbitration tribunal. "
+"If a party fails to designate its representative within two weeks after the "
+"other has demanded arbitration and appointed its representative, he will be "
+"appointed by the Chief Justice of the Oslo District Court. The same applies "
+"for the election of the chairman if the two arbitrators members have not "
+"chosen the President within 14 days after both being appointed."
+msgstr ""
+"Partenes rettigheter og plikter etter denne Avtale bestemmes i sin helhet av "
+"norsk rett. Tvister som oppstår i tilknytning til denne Avtalen skal "
+"forsøkes løst ved forhandlinger mellom partene. Dersom partene ikke innen 2 "
+"uker klarer å løse tvisten ved forhandlinger, kan hver av partene forlange "
+"tvisten løst ved voldgift etter reglene i lov av 13. august 1915 nr 6, Kap. "
+"32 (tvistemålsloven). Hver av partene oppnevner en voldgiftsmann som sammen "
+"utpeker voldgiftsrettens formann. Dersom en part ikke har oppnevnt sin "
+"representant innen to uker etter at den andre har krevd voldgift og oppnevnt "
+"sin representant, utpekes vedkommende av justitiarius ved Oslo tingrett. "
+"Tilsvarende gjelder for valg av formannen dersom de to voldgiftsmedlemmene "
+"ikke har valgt formannen innen 14 dager etter at begge er oppnevnt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix 6 - Contacts and addresses"
+msgstr "Bilag 6 - Kontaktpersoner og adresser"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"1. Correspondence Requests regarding the agreement shall be in writing and "
+"addressed as follows:"
+msgstr ""
+"1.Korrespondanse Henvendelser vedrørende avtalen skal være skriftlige og "
+"adresseres slik:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "To Vendor"
+msgstr "Til Leverandøren"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "To Customer"
+msgstr "Til Kunden"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operating company <ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian.org/LtdBy#\">LtdBy</"
+"ulink> authorized personMachine room 10313 Oslo"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "By authorized person"
+msgid "NNBy authorized person"
+msgstr "v/fullmaktsperson"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "2. Authorized persons"
+msgstr "2.Fullmaktspersoner"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The following persons do have authority to sign on their part according to "
+"the agreement."
+msgstr ""
+"Følgende personer har fullmakt til å binde sin part i forhold til avtalen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Name"
+msgstr "Navn"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Position/Function"
+msgstr "Funksjon/Stilling"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Telephone"
+msgstr "Telefon"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Telefax"
+msgstr "Telefaks"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "E-mail"
+msgstr "E-mail"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "The vendor"
+msgstr "Leverandøren"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Petter Smart"
+msgstr "Petter Smart"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "CEO"
+msgstr "Daglig leder"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "+47 22 31 31 31"
+msgstr "+47 22 31 31 31"
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<ulink url=\"mailto:ps at driftselskapet.no\">ps at driftselskapet.no</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+"<ulink url=\"mailto:ps at driftselskapet.no\">ps at driftselskapet.no</ulink>"
+
+#~ msgid "Machine room 1"
+#~ msgstr "Maskinrommet 1"
+
+#~ msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantages:</emphasis> Same functionality as thick clients. Need few servers. The client computers do not have software installed. "
+#~ msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Fordeler:</emphasis> Samme funksjonalitet som tykke klienter. Trenger få tjenermaskiner. Klientmaskinene har ikke installert programvare."
+
+#~ msgid "3-4 h"
+#~ msgstr "3-4 t"
+
+#~ msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Remote operation</emphasis>"
+#~ msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Fjerndrift</emphasis>"
+
+#~ msgid "Accounting "
+#~ msgstr "Regnskapsføring"
+
+#~ msgid "<anchor id=\"Delivery--content-service-level-agreement\"/>"
+#~ msgstr "<anchor id=\"Delivery--content-service-level-agreement\"/>"
+
+#~ msgid "All user programs and services are installed on the server machine. A full operating system with a graphical interface is usually installed on the client machine. The user programs run on the server. The client computer is usually stationary. Several network services such as email, file storage, case-filing system etc. are provided."
+#~ msgstr "Alle brukerprogram og tjenester er installert på tjenermaskin. Fullt operativsystem med vindussystem er vanligvis installert på klientmaskin. Brukerprogrammene kjører på tjenermaskiner. Klientmaskinen er vanligvis stasjonær. Kjører flere tjenester i nettverk som e-post, fillagring, sak-arkivsystem ol."
+
+#~ msgid "100 % FTE"
+#~ msgstr "100 % stilling"
+
+#~ msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Lockdown of thick clients</emphasis>"
+#~ msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Nedlåsing av tykke klienter</emphasis>"
+
+#~ msgid "Development and maintenance of ICT strategies and processes for deployment and implementation of appropriate solutions in the ICT infrastructure of the organisation."
+#~ msgstr "Utvikling og vedlikehold av IT-strategier og prosesser for utrulling og sammensetting (implementasjon) av passende løsninger i IT-infrastrukturen i organisasjonen."
+
+#~ msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Requires more servers than thick and diskless clients."
+#~ msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Ulempe:</emphasis> Krever flere tjenermaskiner enn tykke og halvtykke klienter."
+
+#~ msgid "Concerns implementation and deployment of activities and / or ICT solutions designed and planned with a minimum of disruption to the organisation"
+#~ msgstr "Dreier seg om sammensetting (implementasjon) og utrulling av virksomhet, og/eller IT-løsninger designet og planlagt med et minimum av forstyrrelser for virksomheten."
+
+#~ msgid "Operating process"
+#~ msgstr "Driftsprosess"
+
+#~ msgid "<anchor id=\"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile\"/> <emphasis role=\"strong\">Thick clients</emphasis> or standard PCs is what is mostly used today. The term Personal Computers were used for the first time November the third 1962. The first PC with network and graphical user interface was created at Xerox PARK in 1973. Today it is the PC concept IBM launched in 1981 that is known and widespread. The entire operating system and all the software applications are installed on [...]
+#~ msgstr "<anchor id=\"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile\"/> <emphasis role=\"strong\">Tykke klienter</emphasis> eller vanlige PC-er er det de fleste bruker i dag. Første gang uttrykket Peronal Computer ble brukt var 3. november 1962. Den første PC-en med nettverk og grafisk brukergrensesnitt ble laget hos Xerox PARK i 1973. I dag er det PC-konseptet IBM lanserte i 1981 som er mest kjent og utbredt. Hele operativsystemet og alle brukerprogrammene er installert på hver klientmaskin [...]
+
+#~ msgid "Warning: <emphasis>All</emphasis> Skolelinux/Debian-edu-networks <emphasis>must have</emphasis> only one main server, and only one machine with that profile. Most commonly that profile can be combined with thin client servers, or just a workstation."
+#~ msgstr "VARSEL: <emphasis>Alle</emphasis> Skolelinux/Debian-edu-nettverk <emphasis>må ha</emphasis> kun en hovedtjener, og kun en installasjon med denne profilen. Profilen kan kombineres med tynnklienttjener som er det vanligste, eller bare en arbeidstasjon."
+
+#~ msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Need to install and maintain all the software on each client machine"
+#~ msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Ulempe:</emphasis> Må installere og vedlikeholde all programvare på hver klientmaskin"
+
+#~ msgid "Technical support process"
+#~ msgstr "Teknisk støtteprosess"
+
+#~ msgid "8,5 % FTE"
+#~ msgstr "8,5 % stilling"
+
+#~ msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Centralisation of all operations</emphasis>"
+#~ msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Sentralisering av all drift</emphasis>"
+
+#~ msgid "Design and planning process"
+#~ msgstr "Design og planleggingsprosess"
+
+#~ msgid "Recommendations of UNINETT ABC: http://www.uninettabc.no/?p=veiledning&sub=annet"
+#~ msgstr "Anbefalinger fra UNINETT ABC: http://www.uninettabc.no/?p=veiledning&sub=annet"
+
+#~ msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Thin or diskless clients against local servers</emphasis>"
+#~ msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Tynne eller havltykke klienter mot lokale tjenere</emphasis>"
+
+#~ msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Local server machines</emphasis>"
+#~ msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Lokale tjenermaskiner</emphasis>"
+
+#~ msgid "Deployment process"
+#~ msgstr "Utrullingsprosess"
+
+#~ msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantage:</emphasis> Can take the PC anywhere suitable"
+#~ msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Fordel: </emphasis>Kan ta med PC-en hvor det måtte passe"
+
+#~ msgid "https://wiki.debian.org//htdocs/debwiki/img/alert.png"
+#~ msgstr "https://wiki.debian.org//htdocs/debwiki/img/alert.png"
+
+#~ msgid "<anchor id=\"InfrastructureSetup--thinclientprofile\"/> <emphasis role=\"strong\"> Thin clients </emphasis> was introduced in 1984 at MIT. This was around the same time Apple released the Macintosh GUI. The following year Microsoft shipped the first edition of MS-Windows. Actually thin clients are named X Window Systems and can be used on all possible platforms like Linux, Mac or Windows. X Windows turned things upside down. In practice applications run on a server, and the GUI [...]
+#~ msgstr "<anchor id=\"InfrastructureSetup--thinclientprofile\"/> <emphasis role=\"strong\">Tynnklienter</emphasis> ble introdusert i 1984 på MIT. Dette var omtrent på samme tid som Apple lanserte Macintosh med grafisk brukergrensesnitt. Året etter kom første utgave av Windows fra Microsoft. Egentlig heter tynnklienter X Window System og kan brukes på alle mulige plattformer som f.eks. Linux, Mac eller Windows. X Windows snur verden på hode. I praksis kjører programmene på en tjenermask [...]
+
+#~ msgid "0313 Oslo"
+#~ msgstr "0313 Oslo"
+
+#~ msgid "2-3 h"
+#~ msgstr "2-3 t"
+
+#~ msgid "{{attachment:bilder50.png}}"
+#~ msgstr "{{attachment:bilder50.png}}"
+
+#~ msgid "RT: Request Tracker: http://www.bestpractical.com/"
+#~ msgstr "RT: Request Tracker: http://www.bestpractical.com/"
+
+#~ msgid "RT Essentials: http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/rtessentials/chapter/index.html"
+#~ msgstr "RT Essentials: http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/rtessentials/chapter/index.html"
+
+#~ msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantage:</emphasis> Requires few server machines. Good support for multimedia"
+#~ msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Fordel:</emphasis> Trenger få tjenermaskiner. God støtte for multimedia"
+
+#~ msgid "Main server"
+#~ msgstr "Hovedtjener"
+
+#~ msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">The different profiles on different servers. </emphasis>"
+#~ msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">De forskjellige profilene på forskjellige tjenermaskiner. </emphasis>"
+
+#~ msgid "ITIL documentation for centralised administration of Skolelinux and Debian Edu"
+#~ msgstr "ITIL-dokumentasjon for sentralisert drift av Skolelinux og Debian Edu"
+
+#~ msgid "Workstation"
+#~ msgstr "Arbeidsstasjon"
+
+#~ msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantage:</emphasis> Gives new life to reused computers."
+#~ msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Fordel:</emphasis> Gir nytt liv til gjenbrukte datamaskiner."
+
+#~ msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantage:</emphasis> Gives new life to reused computers. Client does not have installed software."
+#~ msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Fordel:</emphasis> Gir nytt liv til gjenbrukte datamaskiner. Klienten har ikke installert programvare."
+
+#~ msgid "Operating company Ltd"
+#~ msgstr "Driftselskapet AS"
+
+#~ msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Centralisation of some functions</emphasis>"
+#~ msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Sentralisering av enkelte funksjoner</emphasis>"
diff --git a/documentation/debian-edu-itil/debian-edu-itil-manual.pot b/documentation/debian-edu-itil/debian-edu-itil-manual.pot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a8f554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documentation/debian-edu-itil/debian-edu-itil-manual.pot
@@ -0,0 +1,10849 @@
+# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL at ADDRESS>, YEAR.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-10-02 21:51+0200\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL at ADDRESS>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL at li.org>\n"
+"Language: \n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+
+#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <article>
+msgid "en"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><title>
+msgid "Debian Edu / Skolelinux ITIL Manual"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Knowledge sharing for centralised administration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Small organisations are in practice dependent on individuals and therefore "
+"vulnerable if someone leaves. A thorough and quality assured system "
+"administration handbook is therefore essential to ensure stability and "
+"continuity in operating practices. The Program for Digital Literacy has the "
+"primary objective of developing a set of recommended operating solutions, "
+"with guidelines that provide schools and educational institutions with "
+"stability and predictability so that computers, networks and basic services "
+"function properly."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The ITIL book contains guidelines based on \"best practices\", adapted for "
+"municipalities using free software like Skolelinux to run centralized "
+"networks across multiple schools. These guidelines are adapted for municipal "
+"and regional administrative centres. Many municipalities have only one part-"
+"time position for ICT operations in schools. In Norway there are more than "
+"300 small and medium sized municipalities; usually they have 1-4 persons "
+"working full time with ICT in each municipality. Therefore, sharing "
+"expertise and experience between operating organisations is essential for "
+"all."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "License"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This document is written under the GNU General Public License version 3. It "
+"means that you have:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "The freedom to use the documentation for any purpose (Freedom 0)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The freedom to study documentation and adapt it to your needs (Freedom 1)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The freedom to forward copies so you can help your neighbour (Freedom 2)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The freedom to improve the document and distribute it with your improvements "
+"to the public, so that the whole community benefits (Freedom 3)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"These freedoms are explained on Wikipedia. Torgeir Kielland at the "
+"University of Bergen's Faculty of Law has analysed the GNU license or terms "
+"of Copyleft. He states that the GNU license is copyright relevant. In short, "
+"you can use everything in this documentation as appropriate. You must ensure "
+"that your contributions also receive a General Public License."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Thanks"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Many have contributed to the documentation. Essentially it was written by "
+"Knut Yrvin and Andreas Johansen with many contributions from Klaus Ade "
+"Johnstad. Halvor Dahl, Skolelinux Drift AS is on the committee, and has made "
+"several contributions to structure and form, and content. In addition, there "
+"are contributions Snorre Løvås, UNINETT ABC, Finn-Arne Johansen from BzzWare "
+"AS, Ragnar Wissløff from LinuxLabs AS, and the reference group who "
+"participated in writing the documentation. The following participated in the "
+"reference group:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Monica Larssen - Harstad municipality"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Aksel Celasun - Hurum municipality"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Trond Mæhlum - Kongsvinger municipality"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Bjarne Nielsen - Nittedal municipality"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Stein Lier - Akershus county"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This documentation is maintained in a wiki. This is to ensure that "
+"operations staff can easily search for solutions to problems, update "
+"configurations, and so on."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Background"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Program for Digital Competence is the Norwegian Ministry of Education's "
+"ICT plan from 2004 to 2008. One objective is to develop a set of recommended "
+"operating solutions and appropriate guidelines. It will provide schools and "
+"educational facilities with stability and predictability, so that computers, "
+"networks and basic services function properly. Operating solutions must be "
+"adapted to the institutions' size and needs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This documentation contains guidelines based on practices customised for ICT-"
+"services within municipalities and counties. It is also applicable for "
+"commercial operators. Many municipalities have only one part-time position "
+"for computer networking operations within the schools. Overall just 13% of "
+"the municipalities in Norway have more than 20,000 inhabitants; 73 % have "
+"less than 10,000. Usually 1-4 people work full time in ICT within the "
+"municipal administration. When it comes to schools, there is often only one "
+"part-time ICT position, which can cover approximately 500-800 client "
+"computers at 5-10 schools, with around 1700-3200 students and teachers using "
+"the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The documentation is also suitable for larger organisations. It is based on "
+"the ISO 20000 standard for ICT operations, also known as the ICT "
+"Infrastructure Library. See Wikipedia for more information about the "
+"standard itself: <ulink url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITIL\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "The first edition of this document was finished 19th July 2006."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The document is maintained in a wiki and can be updated at <ulink url="
+"\"https://wiki.debian.org/!DebianEdu/Documentation/nb/ITIL\"/>. The previous "
+"version is available from <ulink url=\"http://developer.skolelinux.no/itil/"
+"oldindex.html\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The document will be translated into English using <ulink url=\"https://www."
+"transifex.com/projects/p/itil-revitalization/\"/> from March 2015."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Service support"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As mentioned in the introduction, it is recommended to begin by establishing "
+"an office for centralized operations to allow you to manage tickets. The "
+"benefits of this come quickly and are visible, which is important for "
+"customer and user satisfaction."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Once the office is up and running with a sensible workflow for tickets (user "
+"requests and troubleshooting) you will move on to the biggest challenge for "
+"the organisation. As a rule, this is either change management or problem "
+"solving. Organisations with \"cowboy\" system administrators who come up "
+"with smart ideas and implement them without much testing, often begin with "
+"change management. For organisations suffering recurring outages, problem "
+"solving comes first."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Whatever you choose to start with, a certain amount of configuration "
+"management will be necessary. Managing configuration is critical to "
+"delivering the software and services for the user. Software must work as "
+"expected. In order to make beneficial changes, one must know the "
+"configuration of the different programs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To manage configuration changes you may use a database (Configuration "
+"Management Data Base (CMDB)). Few people use a database for all the "
+"configurations, and neither do you have to add all configurations to one "
+"single database. It's fine to place configurations into multiple smaller and "
+"partly independent repositories. Some people, for example, store "
+"configurations and setups in version control. But even if you have different "
+"repositories, you may get greater benefits if you connect information from "
+"the different processes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For users of Debian Edu, most service configurations lie within a specific "
+"directory (/etc). These may benefit from being collected and stored in a "
+"central version controlled directory. This makes it easier to restore lost "
+"services and setup machines if they are reinstalled. This applies both to "
+"servers and user laptops or workstations. As part of the backup system in "
+"Debian Edu, a backup is made of the setup directory /etc. But the backup "
+"system is nothing more than a database or a version controlled directory for "
+"configurations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Service Desk"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Service Desk is where users ask questions or report problems. At school, "
+"the ICT-contact often forwards operational reports to the Service Desk. "
+"There may also be requests like setting up a new PC, or installing a program."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"At school the ICT contact is the link to the Service Desk. The ICT contact "
+"also responds to the most common questions. Some questions are too difficult "
+"to manage at each school and must be forwarded to the Service Desk. It is "
+"important to have good cooperation between the school ICT contact and "
+"Service Desk operators. Tasks that are too extensive or too difficult to "
+"solve locally should be passed to the Service Desk."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Users may also get direct answers from an operator at the Service Desk. All "
+"operational enquiries go to the Service Desk. Enquiries will be assigned a "
+"case number. Anyone who has registered a case will receive an e-mail "
+"confirming that the inquiry has been received. During consideration of the "
+"case, those working with it at the Service Desk may send status updates to "
+"the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This way, users get one point of contact, and service desk operators get an "
+"overview of all of issues. Operations can be expected to troubleshoot across "
+"all parts of the organisation. Periodically the team leader needs to go "
+"through all issues and solutions in order to prioritize debugging and to "
+"prevent re-occurrence of errors, in order to provide schools with a stable "
+"operating environment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Incidents can be reported by phone, fax, email or web form. Incidents that "
+"are more urgent must be prioritized. Incidents that need to be resolved "
+"quickly are usually reported by telephone. Less important events are usually "
+"reported via e.g. email. A member of the support staff should be assigned to "
+"the incident and will need to ask the user questions to investigate the "
+"problem."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Remember to be an active listener, not a passive one."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"All enquiries should be logged, and an email confirmation should be sent. It "
+"is important that the user should feel safe, and information about what "
+"might be the problem should be communicated to them. When the enquiry "
+"arrives at the service desk, a brief description of the incident should be "
+"logged. The enquiry may be from the ICT contact at the school, or from "
+"someone with an agreement to use the service desk. The event logging should "
+"happen as soon as possible, and it should be assigned a case number. The "
+"user should get a confirmation by email copy that the matter has been "
+"received and assigned an appropriate case number."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Previously, enquiries were written in paper logbooks. Today software is used "
+"to record the enquiries in a \"Request Tracker\". It is crucial for "
+"operations to log enquiries. This is basically for error handling, user "
+"requests, and prioritization of the various incidents. Log entries are "
+"important to prevent recurring errors. Because operational events are "
+"periodically reviewed, an assessment of fixes and priorities can be made. "
+"The log also provides a basis for improving the service by debugging problem "
+"services and applications based on what users perceive as problematic."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Thus the log of requests is a basic and necessary tool for both users and "
+"the service desk. There are several freely available systems for logging "
+"requests with good documentation <<<ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian."
+"org/FootNote#\">FootNote</ulink>(RT Essentials: <ulink url=\"http://www."
+"oreilly.com/catalog/rtessentials/chapter/index.html\"/> )>>. "
+"Skolelinux Drift uses RT <<<ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian.org/"
+"FootNote#\">FootNote</ulink>(RT: Request Tracker: <ulink url=\"http://www."
+"bestpractical.com/\"/> )>> to handle requests."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One important thing when starting up support is not to get too tough a "
+"start. Do not try to achieve everything at once; bet rather on \"quick wins"
+"\" that keep the user informed, and aim for quick response times. It is also "
+"important to clarify who the service desk should forward events to, if they "
+"can not solve the issue themselves. The support desk must also check whether "
+"there will be disruptions for the user. This makes it quick and easy to give "
+"feedback."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For users it is important that incidents are dealt with. For the service "
+"office it is important that the incidents are handled correctly according to "
+"the service level agreement, and that work requested beyond what was agreed "
+"to is handled between management at the school and the system administration "
+"organisation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Tasks and roles"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We recommend getting agreement on what duties the school's ICT contact has "
+"and which responsibilities those who work at the Service Desk shall look "
+"after. Schools often have little resources compared to what is common in "
+"municipal administrations or private companies. At the same time, schools "
+"usually have many more users and often more client machines than are in use "
+"in the rest of the municipality."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Tasks are distributed according to roles. By having clearly established "
+"roles it is easier to distribute tasks and ascertain the working capacity "
+"necessary to resolve operational tasks. Operational experience in "
+"municipalities and professional organisations shows that the following roles "
+"are common."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"ICT contact at each school. This is often a teacher with ICT-teaching and/or "
+"technical background."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operator(s) working in the central IT service. This is a person skilled in "
+"operations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"ICT coordinator who organises the educational use of IT, and contributes "
+"towards plans for developmental, operational and educational use. Often this "
+"is a teacher."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"ICT responsible. This is usually the principal who is responsible for IT "
+"operations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There follows an overview of the various everyday tasks, some of which are "
+"contracted out by municipalities."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "ICT contact(s) tasks at each school:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Oversee the school's server room."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Be the school's contact at the municipality - report errors and outages."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Perform simple maintenance tasks such as replacing mice and keyboards, "
+"upgrading thin clients, and simple patching."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Be the school's superuser - able to advise colleagues about: user "
+"interfaces, e-mail, video projectors and relevant applications."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Participate in ICT gatherings."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Create and administer local users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Perform simple maintenance of printers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Create and manage email accounts."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Perform simple commands and operations under guidance of an ICT-tutor."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Facilitate the use of ICT in teaching."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "The operator's tasks:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Receiving incident reports and service requests."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Mentor ICT contacts by telephone and e-mail."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"By arrangement, visit schools to troubleshoot defects and malfunctions on "
+"computers, printers and servers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Backups."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Security software updates on the school's computers (servers and clients)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "ICT coordinator's duties:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Assist school management and ICT contacts in developing technical and "
+"teaching plans for ICT."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Provide the service desk and management with guidance when selecting "
+"software and similar."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Ensure that schools have appropriate ICT tools for teaching, and that "
+"computers and networks are appropriate for school subjects."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Provide advice and guidance to operational services on the technical and "
+"pedagogical requirements for ICT in schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"ICT-responsible duties (principal, headmaster, head of operational services):"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Make joint purchases of computer equipment and enter into joint agreements "
+"etc."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Develop competence plans."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Provide schools with courses in the educational use of ICT."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Operations course."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Negotiate contracts for operations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Ensure that the ICT contact and the ICT service have the necessary resources."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage of settling in advance who does these tasks is that "
+"expectations on the individual are known, giving a good basis for planning "
+"and managing ICT services. Usually these ICT tasks are only done part-time "
+"by staff who also have teaching duties."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A business might well have two staff members working full time to operate "
+"100 standard client machines for 100 users. In schools there may be a 30% "
+"position in total, divided among several persons, operating 100 client "
+"computers used by 320 students and teachers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When schools have so few resources for operations, it is crucial to manage "
+"those resources well. Agreeing on who handles which tasks can make it easier "
+"to assess whether you need additional resources, or to reduce expectations "
+"of IT initiatives in schools due to budget constraints. An IT administrator "
+"with a good overview of the ICT tasks in the school is better able to ask "
+"for an increase in resources if necessary. There may be a need for increased "
+"resources to implement ICT-based exams, or a need for new equipment like "
+"digital whiteboards as teaching aids."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Expected time usage"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We've created a table showing time spent on operations and maintenance. The "
+"table is based on the experiences of municipalities which implement a "
+"centrally operated Debian Edu of 9-10 schools with 250-500 client computers. "
+"Several things are not included in the table. Therefore extra time is "
+"required for projects where schools develop their own ICT solutions with "
+"networking and more equipment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Role</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Operational responsibility</emphasis></"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Time spend per school per week</"
+"emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Time spent in total for all schools</"
+"emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Centralised operations staff"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Monitoring, debugging and operation of 500 machines, for example, 10 schools "
+"with 3,200 students and teachers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2-3 h(50 clients)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "½ position(500 clients)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "ICT contact at each school"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Oversight of equipment, easy maintenance, and reporting of incidents and "
+"requests"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "3-4 h(50 clients)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1 position(10 schools / 500 clients)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Central ICT-coordinator"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Assist in planning and implementation of educational and technical ICT work "
+"in schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1-2 h"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "½ position"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "ICT manager (principal)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Make joint purchases, and ensure compliance with the service level "
+"agreement. Schedule updates, or development of solutions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1 h"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "¼ position"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Overall for a school</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">50 client machines (concurrent users)</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">6 - 10 h</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Overall for all schools</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">10 schools, 500 client machines (concurrent "
+"users)</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2 ¼ positions</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Experience shows that the scope of work of the ICT contact is affected by "
+"the number of concurrent users. The term \"concurrent users\" is new to "
+"many. To illustrate with an example: A school may have 250 students but not "
+"more than 50 computers. Then a maximum of 50 students can use computers at "
+"the same time. This is much less than the total 250 users who have an "
+"account on the system. It is these 50 logged in users that provide work for "
+"IT service. The other 200 people not logged in give little extra work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Therefore, it is common to calculate IT costs from the maximum number of "
+"concurrent users. Other calculation methods are also possible, for example "
+"when paying for proprietary software. But since Debian Edu has no license "
+"costs, the number of concurrent users is the most crucial figure for "
+"operating costs. To calculate costs from user accounts provides little or no "
+"meaning for a school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For users of Debian Edu the cost difference to manage 100 or 250 user "
+"accounts is very small. There are a few exceptions. With 250 students "
+"instead of 100, some students may repeatedly forget their password. "
+"Therefore, it is wise to authorise the teacher responsible for the class to "
+"give these students new passwords."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the school has 50 client machines, the ICT contact needs less time on "
+"their operational tasks than if the school has 150 clients. With more "
+"clients, the overall time spent on operations increases, but operating time "
+"per client machine goes down a bit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Several municipalities have set aside 3-4 hours a week to the ICT contacts "
+"tasks at each school with 30-70 client machines. The Education Department in "
+"Oslo has set aside a day and a half per week, or a 30% position, to support "
+"150 client machines. Experiences from other municipalities suggests that a "
+"20% position is enough for the tasks of a local ICT contact when a school "
+"has 160 thin or diskless clients with Debian Edu."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In addition there are costs associated with centralized operations, ICT "
+"management, and building up the educational use of ICT tools in school "
+"subjects. One position is probably sufficient for the operation of 1000 "
+"client machines. As regards educational support, several principals have a "
+"50-100% position in the school for this work. There may be a 10-20% position "
+"as an ICT contact and a 40-80% position as an educational support for the "
+"teachers. Many teachers perceive IT tools in schools as something new. Some "
+"principals wish to give more backing to the educational side by making "
+"teachers more confident in using IT tools across the different subjects."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Check list"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We now give a check-list of what's needed to get a new service office up and "
+"running."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Arrange people in different roles like IT manager, IT contact in each "
+"school, central operations and IT coordinator for all schools. It is "
+"important to distinguish technical operations and maintenance from teaching "
+"work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Establish the service desk such that every school has a service agreement "
+"regulating what is standard operating activities, and what is extra. It is "
+"imperative that ICT-responsible principals are a part of this process."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Establish a system for handling incoming requests (a request tracker). All "
+"enquiries by email need a case number. Almost all enquiries from users or IT "
+"contacts from schools also need a case number."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Ensure that ICT budget reflects the contribution necessary to ensure proper "
+"operation of school computer equipment and networks. The requirement today "
+"is that the ICT systems will be used for national and local tests with use "
+"of ICT tools with or without the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Basically use the standard edition of Debian Edu with the same version on "
+"all schools. From this make the changes you want. These changes must be "
+"taken care of in a configuration database with documentation of the changes "
+"made. Version management can be used to save the changes and documentation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Incident Management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The purpose of the ICT service is to prevent disturbances like shutdowns or "
+"software issues. Users will experience few problems with the ICT system if "
+"the ICT service has enough resources to handle operations, equipment and for "
+"enquiries to the Service Desk. Small or big problems will cause "
+"interruptions for users, so good handling of incidents is necessary."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In parachuting they call near-accidents \"incidents\". It is perhaps not "
+"quite the same in computer operations when something is not working. The "
+"purpose of dealing with incidents is to restore services as quickly as "
+"possible so that everything works normally. If something goes wrong, it must "
+"have the least possible impact on users. What is a \"normal service\" is "
+"agreed through an operating agreement describing the service level."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Statistics of incidents is important, especially if several people work "
+"within the organisation. When several people work together, it is easy to "
+"lose track of the work. Statistics will point out problem areas that must be "
+"addressed more thoroughly than a quick fix from the service desk. For "
+"example, there may be many requests to replace forgotten passwords, so it "
+"may be wise to let the teacher change passwords for pupils in their class."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "An operational disturbance is defined as:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"an event which is not part of normal operations and causes, or can cause, an "
+"interruption or reduction in the quality of the service."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Examples of operational disturbances may be:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Programs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "the office program (OpenOffice.org) does not start"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "the web browser (Firefox) crashes"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "the hard drive is full"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Hardware"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "the server is down"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "unable to print"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "unable to log in"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Requests"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "requests for information, advice or documentation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "forgotten password"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The examples show some of the most common operational issues. These are "
+"problems that prompt users to contact the school or the service desk. The "
+"ICT service must prioritize what must be handled straight away, and which "
+"problems need more time to resolve. To prioritize which problems need more "
+"comprehensive debugging, it is important to log all enquiries about "
+"malfunctions. Once one has an overview of the most common problems, "
+"appropriate actions can be taken."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We have made a short check list to ensure procedures and systems for good "
+"event handling are in place."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The operator doing the debugging will report the status back to the ICT "
+"contact at the school and/or the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The system for logging events must be available and working (both "
+"technically and functionally) for those working with event handling in "
+"schools and at the service desk."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The event logging system must be used for virtually all operational events."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Statistics of the log of events should be made periodically. The statistics "
+"can be used to identify and eliminate recurring problems, which are "
+"irritating to users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning and implementation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To set up a workable system for logging events requires something more than "
+"installing the system. Everyone in the operations department must use the "
+"system. Those reporting errors must also receive feedback by email with a "
+"ticket number. This requires significant efforts in configuring the system "
+"for event logging. In addition, one must ensure basic user training for "
+"those who receive the requests."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Large and comprehensive plans are not required to implement proper event "
+"handling. Event handling is a completely standard task for those who work at "
+"the service desk or as ICT contacts at the schools. Setting up a computer "
+"tool for logging events may require up to a few weeks for a correct "
+"configuration, and users may also report events via e-mail and by phone."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The user interface to the logging system is relatively self-explanatory, so "
+"it should not take too long to get started. Daily use of the system will get "
+"users comfortable with what should be logged. It is crucial that everyone in "
+"the operations department uses the logging system for operational messages."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Activities related to operational events"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To get an idea of activities done following a reported event, we use an "
+"example."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A user contacts the service office with a problem, and reports that printing "
+"is not working. Operations logs the event immediately after the call is "
+"completed. A case is opened for the issue, and automatically given a case "
+"number."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operations at the service desk make a quick analysis. Has the spooler "
+"stopped again, or is it something else? Is the paper or toner missing? The "
+"operator examines the spooler and sees that queue has filled up. She deletes "
+"the queue and tests whether the next job is printed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This time the print queue fills back up again. Operations contact the "
+"school's ICT contact asking to check whether the paper tray is empty. This "
+"is listed in the event log. The ICT contact replies that they have refilled "
+"the paper tray, and printing is normal. The case is closed, and is noted in "
+"the system event log."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If printing had not started again, the toner might have be missing or there "
+"might have been a printer error. If there was an error, operations would "
+"have to escalate the issue. This means that someone other than the operator "
+"or the ICT contact is needed to resolve the problem - in this example, a "
+"technician who can fix printers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This example shows the whole workflow that needs to be investigated to get a "
+"printer working again. If a printer does not work even after checking that "
+"paper and toner are available, the issue needs to be escalated. The "
+"operations department must call in an expert to fix the problem - this time "
+"it was a service technician for printers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"What was wrong and what the fix was are noted in the event logging system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Roles"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A variety of roles are involved when the ICT service deals with reported "
+"issues. In the example above, the school's ICT contact and the operator "
+"cooperate to solve the printing problem. Had the issue been more difficult, "
+"they would have had to call a technician. If the printer could not be fixed, "
+"a new one would have to be purchased. If the school needed to buy a new "
+"printer, the ICT managers might need to arrange payment. In many "
+"organisations, the principal has the last word."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In short, it is easy for many people to get involved when something does not "
+"work. If possible, problems should be solved on the spot, trying to avoid "
+"including unnecessary people. Escalating problems which could be solved "
+"locally quickly becomes costly. Many enquiries are easy to deal with there "
+"and then, but other requests involve more complex problems which involve "
+"more people. If additional or external help is needed to solve the problem, "
+"this must as a rule be clarified with the operations manager. The important "
+"thing is to be aware of these points when handling operating events, so as "
+"to use resources appropriately."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Key points"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We have sat up some key points for handling incidents. These points can be "
+"helpful in evaluating whether or not things are going well by using "
+"measurable and well-defined requirements. Such measurement points are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Total number of operational incidents."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Average time from receiving an inquiry to when the issue is resolved, "
+"classified with codes (a well organized operation department has codes for "
+"different types of events and errors)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Percentage of incidents handled within agreed response time (as agreed in "
+"the service level agreement)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Average cost for each event"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Percentage of incidents solved by the service desk without escalation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Events per client machine (workplace)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Number and percentage of incidents solved by the operations center without "
+"the need for visits to school"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Tools"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "A number of tools can make it easier to handle operational incidents."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Automatic logging"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Automatic routing of events to the right persons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Automatic retrieving of data from the database for configuration management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Phone and email are used in conjunction with tools for registering requests "
+"and incidents."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Problem Management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Problem management is an \"investigative\" process. Known bugs are most "
+"often handled directly by the service desk. This is the most common form of "
+"event handling. To investigate unknown errors requires both common sense and "
+"instinct. Good operating people use instinct to go straight to the problem, "
+"find the solution and restore service as quickly as possible so that "
+"everything works normally."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Problem management is;</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Problem management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Checking errors"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Proactive control to prevent problems"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Identify error patterns, using information from, for example, event "
+"management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Problem control</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Identify problems"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Classify problems"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Examine/research problems"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Error control</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Identify and register known errors"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Find temporary solutions if possible"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Contacting those with responsibility for Change Management to remove the "
+"error permanently"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Proactive control</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Identify and solve problems and errors before the incident is reported by "
+"users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use logs and information from event handling to see how problems may arise"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Procedures for problem management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Skolelinux/Debian Edu manual is a comprehensive collection of solutions "
+"for solving problems and configuring systems. Everything is on the Debian "
+"wikipedia pages. Solutions are maintained with the help of staff in schools, "
+"municipal ICT services, professional individuals and volunteers. See links "
+"to the English pages: <ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian.org/!DebianEdu/"
+"Documentation/Manuals\"/> The pages are being translated to Norwegian "
+"bokmål. We are working to link the pages to bokmål too."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Wiki technology has proven to be a great success for maintaining "
+"catalogued information on the internet. It's easy to contribute to and all "
+"changes are logged. It is also possible to import OpenOffice.org documents, "
+"and export documents as PDF."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Configuration Management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The resources spent on IT systems in schools must be handled in a "
+"financially prudent manner in order to control the services used and the "
+"equipment / infrastructure. The equipment, software and services have a "
+"whole range of settings - this is configuration, or a logical model of how "
+"infrastructure and services are set up."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To manage configuration it must be identified, saved and maintained. One "
+"must also be able to keep track of different versions of the configurations. "
+"We call each part of a setup for a Configuration Item (CI). A configuration "
+"file may, for example, ensure that certain users have access to a few "
+"printers in the network. Another can make sure you get a buffer on diskless "
+"clients."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"An updated database for configuration management is essential to ensure "
+"rapid and controlled handling of operational issues, or changes in the "
+"layout of machines, programs or services."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It takes planning to set up a database for configuration management. One "
+"must decide in which areas to use the system, the objective, policies and "
+"processes for storage and maintenance of configurations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Identify and select a structure for configuration according to the important "
+"parts of the ICT infrastructure. Configuration owners, name tags "
+"(attributes), dependencies, and relations between configurations all need to "
+"be considered."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Only approved configurations are managed in the database through the "
+"lifetime of the system. Control over access to the configurations can be "
+"done with group permissions, and can be done through the process of Change "
+"Management."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Status logging - keeps track of the condition and status of the various "
+"subsystems. This applies throughout the lifetime of the service, software or "
+"hardware. There may be a configuration in production, disconnected or "
+"discontinued."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Checking and revision. Each configuration must be checked to confirm that "
+"the correct information is stored in the configuration database (CMDB). This "
+"is followed up with periodic reviews to ensure that the database is up to "
+"date."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As we see, there is a lot of planning needed in order to have configuration "
+"management in the IT system. The purpose of planning as part of IT "
+"operations is to ensure that systems are fixed quickly when they go down. "
+"With a good configuration management, it is easy to replace a defective "
+"machine with a new one. The configurations can be quickly transferred to the "
+"new computer and the IT system functions just as well as before."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Management of Configuration Items (CI)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A configuration item is a part of the infrastructure. It is normally the "
+"configuration of a service or a program. Some times users want to change how "
+"a service work. One need to keep track of the configurations if changes are "
+"made."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To get this down to earth we can imagine the configuration of the printer "
+"server. You want to add a new printer to the computer network and will add "
+"this to the printing system CUPS. When changing one configuration through a "
+"web application or via configuration in KDE. CUPS config file will change, "
+"and you must restart the printer server again. This can be done in KDE tools "
+"or through a web application. The modified setup file is copied to a "
+"directory where the file can be handled by a version system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Of many different choices there are a few common ones. This is if a service "
+"should: run, stop, terminate, start, be interrupted or taken out."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One should be cautious in changing configurations without a proper plan. It "
+"is easy to forget what you have done on a server or a PC. Therefore it is "
+"important to document the changes made in a change log."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning and installation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The configuration of the computer network is connected to the architecture. "
+"Much of the planning is done with Debian Edu. This is because it may take "
+"both 3 and 4 weeks to set up servers with corresponding service level with "
+"Windows server, RedHat or other GNU/Linux distributions. Debian Edu takes "
+"this with 1-2 hours. If you want a fixed IP address for the network a "
+"professional uses ½ hour extra on this. This is because web services are set "
+"up with reusable names."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"What then must be planned is which additional user program to use, and which "
+"subsystems should interact with Debian Edu. It may, for example. be that the "
+"school has an electronic whiteboard."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We have made a list of activities and solutions that are important in good "
+"configuration management."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Establish a version-controlled area for saving configurations for all "
+"servers and selected workstations and laptops. Git and SVN are often used "
+"for this. Remember to take daily backup of the area, and make sure to save "
+"all changes in configurations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use an electronic system for taking care of recipes explaining "
+"configurations of different type machines, the network and services. Such "
+"recipes contributes to others who help or take over operations can read up "
+"on what is done. A wiki can be suitable for this."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use one specific version of the operating system and software on all "
+"machines. This is to avoid maintaining many different versions of the "
+"software. Ensure that the software is well tested. Therefore, it may be wise "
+"to wait 6-12 months before adopting latest edition of a program."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Relations to other processes"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Management of configurations are closely connected with the handling of "
+"problems and if the systems are available. If printing stops to often, it "
+"may be that a configuration change solves the problem. It may, for example, "
+"be to establish a routine for deleting the print queue and restart the print "
+"service anew."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The aim of the changes you make in the configurations are usually to "
+"increase the availability of services or programs. It may also be to "
+"restrict access to certain programs or services to specific times. To "
+"achieve this, one must reconfigure the service. In addition, it may cost "
+"money beyond what was agreed on as service level or capacity of the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The examples show that the managing configurations engages a number of other "
+"areas. Therefore there is much to gain by putting in place good practices "
+"for managing changes in configurations. Also automation is advisable if you "
+"want greater stability, or access to certain services in specific periods."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Tools for configuration management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "As mentioned under Check list one may use"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Saving the configuration files in a version-control system, for example "
+"subversion."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Wiki for storing documentation of setup and wizards"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use a common directory for operational documentation on the internet, "
+"maintained by Skolelinux/Debian edu staff in the schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Change Management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Many ICT services are not clever in handling changes in ICT systems. Leading "
+"to many disgruntled users. Surveys in the public sector in Denmark show that "
+"operating costs go down when you have good control on the changes. "
+"Therefore, it pays to involve users with training and participation related "
+"to the changes made."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Change-messages is entirely dependent on proper processes. This applies "
+"regardless of whether the changes are small or big. Therefore it is "
+"important to have in place the right people when making changes, both to "
+"give training and to have people to answer questions. This becomes "
+"especially important when adopting new releases of software and services. "
+"This is independent of whether one uses free or proprietary software."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Change Management should ensure that all changes are made in a standardized "
+"and right manner. It is important to anchor the decision about amending at "
+"the appropriate level in the organisation, Standard changes can often be pre-"
+"approved when they are done a few times. But major changes will often "
+"involve a higher decision level between school management and operator."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The reason why the management should be included is that an upgrade will "
+"often require training of users. It may be upgrading to a new browser or a "
+"new version of office software. This can quickly lead to a half day training "
+"in what is new in a program. Such changes must be agreed with the "
+"management. The changes must also be done without the other parts of the "
+"system stops working."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Those with responsibility for approving changes receives a so-called change "
+"message or RFC (Request For Change). When you have a RFC you can assess "
+"whether the change should be performed. Many times you have to clarify with "
+"management if optional changes should be made, and if so, when it will "
+"happen."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"By changes one must also cooperate with the school's ICT responsible. One "
+"must ensure that changes occur when it fits with the schools plans. To "
+"implement significant changes without Change Management can lead to much "
+"dissatisfaction and additional inquiries to the Service Desk. This would "
+"provide significant extra work without this being planned. In addition, it "
+"may lead to a change that would soon be rolled back. You fast get twice as "
+"much work without ending anywhere else than back to start. Had one made the "
+"necessary approvals, may the change be done in a planned and straightforward "
+"manner."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Change Management is done to avoid more extra work than what's necessary. "
+"Making changes obviously requires more work, but you will get less extra "
+"work on the changes planned. One also avoids the need to roll back changes, "
+"because problems arise where users are unprepared for substantial changes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When you for example update the entire system to a new version, make sure "
+"that everyone is informed. One must look into whether those affected by the "
+"change need training. The right professionals must prepare it all, so there "
+"are no surprises."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"All responsibility must not land on the person responsible for managing "
+"versions of software, the release manager. Release handling is a process "
+"which preferably should work with changes that contains many minor changes. "
+"This usually happens when rolling out new systems and services, or the "
+"upgrading of the entire system to a new version."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Activities"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"See change message, or RFC (Request For Change) above, and check it also has "
+"got a unique number."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Prioritize and categorize the changes"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Remove not possible changes. This can be done by marking them as not "
+"possible."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Give feedback to the one giving the change message"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Make sure you have a Change Advisory Board, where the change is dealt with, "
+"discussed and evaluated. This consulting group can be selected ICT contacts "
+"and operations personnel with long experience."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coordinate changes with the Release Management which handle different "
+"versions of applications and services."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Look over and finish the changing message (RFC)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Remember to save modified configurations in the repository for configuration "
+"files."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Reports"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Even what may look like a small insignificant change message can have major "
+"consequences for if the change is implemented. We have examples of schools "
+"that have a stable Debian Edu network where all the programs work. A test "
+"version of a popular program crashing constantly, is installed, and Debian "
+"Edu get blamed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"An example is schools that have installed the test version of the latest "
+"OpenOffice.org before the program was finally finished. Several thought it "
+"could be fun and try out. The problem is that the test editions are usually "
+"released to find errors and instability in applications. They are not "
+"intended for production use"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In production, the general rule is that you don't install test versions of "
+"software. Most operators recommend using the next to latest version of a "
+"program intended for production. After 6-12 months are usually the worst "
+"errors picked out of a new main version of an application."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It means one often wait until summer before updating to a program that were "
+"reissued just before New Year. This fits well with the school year. The "
+"alternative may be instability and irritated users. Therefore the advisory "
+"group plays a key role when done small or large changes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Release Management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Release handling is management and planning activities preparing for wanted "
+"changes. The changes can be small or large, where large changes can consist "
+"of many smaller changes. Release management goes on before initiating the "
+"actual job of installing software and hardware into production."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"First the planning and testing of new releases are carried out. Then it all "
+"is rolled out it into production. Deployment is part of the infrastructure "
+"management. The procedure is to implement what is planned, tested and is "
+"ready within the systems for Configuration Management. Once everything is "
+"planned, tested and configurations are stored, then roll out the solution in "
+"production."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Usually, many service providers and suppliers are involved. This applies "
+"both to the acquisition of machines, the software used, and the recommended "
+"configurations. Good resource planning is crucial to package and distribute "
+"a new release in a good way for users. Cutting corners in this area can lead "
+"to equipment that doesn't work, or that goes unused because of deficiencies "
+"in the installation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Release Management takes a comprehensive approach by the change in a "
+"service, and ensure that all parts of a publication is seen in context. This "
+"applies to both technical and non-technical factors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Basic"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As you can see, for computers, software and network to work as planned, "
+"release-management is crucial. Proper handling of releases prevents "
+"disruptions. New releases or changes can be introduced while operations "
+"continue as normal, without interruption or reduction in quality."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Implementing changes or new releases can be compared to building a new road. "
+"Cars must still get past even if you build a new road on top of the old. "
+"Good signs must be in place. One must also have the necessary resources to "
+"rebuild the road. If you lack the resources to make changes, it's better to "
+"let it be."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Some might think that proper release management is boring as one doesn't get "
+"to implement the latest version every time something new is released. But "
+"often the operations department lacks the resources to handle a flood of "
+"complaints should an upgrade fail. High uptime requires established "
+"technology, as said by Linux expert David Elboth in the Linux Magazine "
+"(1/2004). He writes:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The more you demand of the system the more stringent are the requirements of "
+"the individual components. High requirements for uptime results also show "
+"that the choices you are left with are old technology. Only empirical data "
+"over time can say anything about downtime. We have all noticed how far "
+"behind are Red Hat and !SuSE with their server products."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To get few complaints, with a stable and reliable environment, requires "
+"solid release management. Alternatively, a bunch of complaints and "
+"dissatisfied users emerge, caused by installing insufficiently tested "
+"cutting-edge software. Amateurs have a tendency to underestimate the "
+"consequences of software upgrades. If something works fine on your home "
+"computer, it does not mean that this will work in a wide network with 500 "
+"client computers and 3200 users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Definitive Software Library (DSL)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A software archive in an operational context is a collection of original "
+"copies of the software in use. If you use Skolelinux 2.0, this is the "
+"software package. The phrase software archive is used differently in some "
+"other contexts, especially among programmers. When it comes to operations, "
+"we would be talking about the original software package of a particular "
+"version which is used for the installation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"By using free software, the software archive may be Skolelinux 2.0 plus the "
+"extra programs you have added from various sources. There may be certain "
+"versions of Macromedia Flash, Java and decoders which make it possible to "
+"run national tests in the browser, or to watch broadcasts from a national TV "
+"station."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you plan to upgrade to the next version of Debian Edu when released, this "
+"new version shall be the main program archive. The new archive shall also "
+"include appropriate versions of all additional applications beyond Debian "
+"Edu."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Set-up files customized or created locally by the operations department are "
+"not included in the main program archive. Configurations are saved "
+"separately in a version-control system or database."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Database for configurations and hardware"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As mentioned in the chapter on configuration management, you must create a "
+"database or a version-controlled directory to take care of set-up files. One "
+"should also keep track of all computers, what kinds of machines are in use, "
+"performance, and unique standard addresses on the network cards (MAC "
+"addresses)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are many reasons to have an overview of the equipment. One of the main "
+"reasons is to keep track of how many machines are in operation, how many are "
+"not in use and how many are being repaired. Another reason is planning for "
+"upgrades."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Build management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A variety of applications in addition to browser and office suite are "
+"installed in schools. Educational programs for learning, browser plug-ins, "
+"and programs for multimedia are needed. The systems also have network set-up "
+"and changed settings in specific programs. When you have many servers and "
+"perhaps thousands of clients, the need for effective tools for deployment, "
+"soon makes itself felt. Such tools are standard in Debian Edu."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Build management is about ensuring that you always install the required "
+"software packages, services and proper settings both of individual programs "
+"and for the network. Many people have heard about the so-called \"images\". "
+"One installs the operating system with all needed programs and configures "
+"the network. Then one uses an image program to make a copy of the hard disk. "
+"This \"disk image\" can then be copied to other computers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is not necessary to build such disk images. Debian Edu is based on Debian "
+"which has an excellent package management system. There is no need to "
+"compile applications, as ready-made packages can be installed directly from "
+"the Internet. It is enough to work out what changes you want to the default "
+"set-up of Debian Edu or the main program archive in use. Then you make one "
+"or more scripts to run on each machine that get everything installed and set "
+"up."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For most situations, scripting is an easy way to \"build\" and roll out "
+"programs and configurations. But there are situations where building disk "
+"images may be the solution, e.g. for installation on many laptops."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As demonstrated, handling the build process is about facilitating deployment "
+"on many computers. In exceptional cases, this may involve building a tailor-"
+"made Debian package. But in most situations, everything is ready-packaged. "
+"Then you must write and deploy a script which installs additional programs "
+"and certain settings. One can also create disk images if you have many "
+"similar machines, such as laptops for all students."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Testing"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is essential to test new applications, configurations, and new services "
+"before they are put into production. Several schools have experienced "
+"instability when they have installed software without making the necessary "
+"adjustments. Therefore it is crucial to test changes in configurations or "
+"new versions of the software before the change is made on all machines."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Testing generally takes place in three steps."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"First, do an installation of the changes on a test network. This is "
+"technical testing to check that everything functions in a system without "
+"users. Take care to include all changes in the configuration files."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"When you are sure that everything works on the technical side, try "
+"installing the solution in one school. It is very important to book the "
+"testing with the school's ICT contact. Users must also be fully briefed on "
+"changes made for the sake of testing. Take care to preserve current "
+"adjustments in the set-up files, which may have been made in the course of "
+"normal maintenance."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"When you are sure everything works, you can roll out the solution to all "
+"schools. It is easiest to create a script that simplifies upgrading of "
+"software packages, services and configurations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Fall-back solution"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Much can go wrong during a new installation or upgrade. Therefore, one must "
+"have ready a fall-back solution. This lets one quickly get back to the "
+"system as it was before the upgrade. In technical terms, this is called roll-"
+"back."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When rolling back it is absolutely essential to have the previous version of "
+"the software archive and configuration files ready. This means that you can "
+"install for example Edu 1.0 in under an hour, and put in place the "
+"appropriate configuration files."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"But roll-back takes time. Therefore, it may be prudent to have a server "
+"ready with the previous version of the software, the right configurations, "
+"and a recent copy of the users' home directories. This server can quickly "
+"replace any machines on which the upgrade does not work according to plan. "
+"Having server machines in reserve can ensure high availability even if "
+"something goes wrong."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Advantages and possible problems"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage of having records of the software in production can't be "
+"underestimated. Many rely on having the software on their respective CDs and "
+"DVDs. This a inefficient method of distribution. To save time and trouble "
+"all the software in Debian Edu is available online."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Your operations department can create a copy of the Debian Edu archive on a "
+"central server. From here, all the software can quickly and smoothly be "
+"installed on other machines. The advantage is that your ICT service has a "
+"constant overview of the versions of the software they have made available "
+"to schools. This also prevents the installation of software that has not "
+"been reviewed by the Change Management."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There may be considerable problems if you do not maintain the software "
+"archive and configurations. It might happen as well that one makes mistakes "
+"with a configuration or software package. Then this gets rolled out to all "
+"machines. In addition, some schools may install insufficiently tested "
+"software or use beta releases in production. So one must have good processes "
+"and have someone to take responsibility for maintenance of the program "
+"archive and configurations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It may seem like one needs a lot of extra things in place in order to "
+"install and maintain the services and programs that are in use. However, if "
+"you skip the tools that provide management of upgrades, you give yourself a "
+"lot of extra work. The ICT service must spend a lot of time on manual "
+"installation on each machine. The danger of making mistakes increases. When "
+"things do not work you get disgruntled users, and much time is spent fixing "
+"problems."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Many of those administrating big IT systems have inadequate plans for the "
+"upcoming changes. Some have no plans at all, but just upgrading the software "
+"to the latest releases. Changes made can be perceived as problematic for "
+"some users, because functions they are comfortable with could change "
+"location on the user interface. For operations it can go completely wrong. "
+"For example when they tried upgrading from older to newer version of Windows "
+"in the Arendal municipality, mostly everything stopped working. The IT "
+"department said they had several computer programs that were held together "
+"with \"wire and tape.\" It took half a year to clean it up."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The reason for planning before implementing changes is to avoid weeks or "
+"months of delay due to problems. The time used for planning is quickly "
+"regained because one avoids additional problems. There will always be people "
+"who say they have had no problems with ad hoc changes in the systems; but "
+"closer examination reveals that there are problems after such changes, they "
+"merely don't get communicated."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In our eyes, ad-hoc solutions are only a detour through changes, and only an "
+"emergency measure. An ad-hoc solution is like a temporary repair with \"wire "
+"and tape.\" One must in due course clean up such solutions to ensure stable "
+"operations without constant surprises. Skipping a planning phase leads to "
+"many more ad hoc solutions, and several operational problems when changes or "
+"upgrades are done. Therefore it is essential that professionals and "
+"management understand the value of a good planned process for changes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Therefore, we recommend that you convene a meeting for planning, and make a "
+"stepwise plan for changes in the system. A stepwise plan will naturally vary "
+"according to the change. Upgrading the OpenOffice.org suite is quite "
+"different from upgrading the whole system. When upgrading to a new office "
+"application, a 2-3 hour tour of the office suite may be enough for the "
+"teacher in each school. When upgrading the entire system one must both "
+"provide user training and test that the technical details work as intended."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The main point is that it is straightforward when it comes to planning and "
+"implementation. Studies show that those who plan properly and ensure that "
+"people have the right skills, have lower operating costs for the operations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is crucial to plan new releases. Most modifications of the system should "
+"be clarified with the management. The following list of activities is "
+"designed to support the upgrades in a planning and implementation phase."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Tasks</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Details</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Prioritization of the release:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Check if the necessary decisions are made before a change or upgrade would "
+"be deployed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Definitive Software Library"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Ensure that the appropriate software packages to be installed are in place "
+"in the definitive software library."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Configuration database"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Be sure to have in place all configuration files. This applies both to those "
+"who are in use, and the new ones supplied in systems to be changed or "
+"updated."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"All scripts and systems used to deploy or create disk images must be in "
+"place."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"First, run trials on the test equipment. When this works without any "
+"problems, it can be tested at a school. The school must be fully informed "
+"about this, and fully aware about trying out new software. When one is sure "
+"that everything works, you can upgrade for all the others."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Even with extensive testing, new releases may go wrong. Therefore it is "
+"essential to have a fallback. The easiest solution is to spare the old "
+"installation with its data on a separate server machine. Such a machine can "
+"be plugged in again if the change or upgrade does not work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As seen from the activity list, one needs several tools to keep track of "
+"different releases of software, services and hardware in the system. Some of "
+"these tools were mentioned previously. But we repeat this anyway:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Debian tools for the definitive software library"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Configuration and hardware asset database (subversion setup files and "
+"spreadsheets providing an overview over all hardware and their respective "
+"physical locations)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Build management (the system which builds Debian packages)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Hardware for testing and backup-solution"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Release management fits directly into the core of the ICT services. It is "
+"about implementing appropriate security updates, changes in the services or "
+"upgrades of computer software. Requests for new releases may be due to "
+"operational problems or wishes for new software. An assessment on whether "
+"the change is necessary is done prior to committing the new release."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the change is straightforward one would make the necessary changes in the "
+"configurations and make the application packages ready for deployment. This "
+"would be tested, and one would have in place backup solutions. When the "
+"changes are made, one should perhaps alter parts of the operational "
+"routines. It would be easy to see how change management affects all parts of "
+"the operational support."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Tools for operational support"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The first thing you should ask yourself: \"Do we really need software tools?"
+"\" If that's true, it is crucial to examine the options thoroughly."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Taking a glossy brochure, and listening to sales talks, one is totally "
+"dependent on such tools. But good people, good process descriptions, good "
+"procedures and job descriptions are a basis for good service management. The "
+"need for, and how complicated the tools are, depend on the organsation's "
+"need for computer systems, and the size of the organisation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In a small organisation, will a single freely accessible database be enough "
+"for logging and management of events (request tracker). But in larger "
+"organisations will one almost certainly need a sophisticated distributed and "
+"integrated tools for service management. It means linking all processes to a "
+"system for event handling."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Although tools can be important, they are not important in themselves. It's "
+"the tasks and processes to be done, and the information needed which are "
+"important. They will provide the necessary information to specify which "
+"tools are best suited to support the operations. Here are some reasons why "
+"one may use software for operational and service management:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "increased demands from users"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "lack of ICT knowledge"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "budget limitations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "organisations is entirely dependent on the quality of service"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "integration of systems from multiple vendors"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "increased complexity of ICT infrastructure"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "emergence of international standards"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Extended scope and changes in ICT"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Automatic tools allow:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Centralisation of key functions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Automation of functions in the service delivery"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Analysis of data"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Identification of trends"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Preventive measures may be implemented"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Type of tool"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In this chapter we have proposed a number of tools to improve operational "
+"support. Here follows a summary of the tools:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Request Tracker"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "System for monitoring (Munin)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As the operations department gains further experience with systematic "
+"routines, additional and different types of tools will be developed or "
+"acquired."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Evaluation criteria when selecting tools"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Although it's been used large amounts of money on creating evaluation "
+"criteria for software, the result is only experience-based guidelines. There "
+"is no final answer to what's good or less good software. As much else, it "
+"revolves partly about taste. Different solutions do the same job just as "
+"well, but may have quite different forms. However, here may some rules of "
+"thumb be useful."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The main evaluation criterion is whether one needs to execute a job at all. "
+"Many IT tools are absolutely perfect and work without error, but might solve "
+"tasks that are not needed to be fixed. So the main criterion is whether it "
+"resolves the right problem, and if at all it is necessary to do anything."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "So the first thing one asks is whether the tool is needed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If it turns out that one should complete a task, the solution might be as "
+"simple as to run some commands manually. The simplest way is best. But when "
+"one gets many machines to operate, automation becomes crucial. It's too much "
+"work to log into 20 similar server machines to do a security upgrade. Then "
+"automation is the thing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "So here one must ask whether the tool is useful to solve the task"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Then one must ask whether the tool is usable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are often a wide range of programs and procedures to solve a specific "
+"task. But some problems are solved completely differently when maintaining "
+"500 computers and 11 servers, than when fixing your home PC. An example "
+"might be tools that allow the teacher to see the desktop of each student on "
+"his or her client machine. The teacher can stop and start programs for all "
+"pupils, and prevent individual pupils from using for example IMs when this "
+"interferes with school work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Regarding the choice of operating tools, it's about automation and "
+"simplification of operational tasks. It is about making and reducing manual "
+"work to a minimum. So the motivation is to just to maintain the automatics. "
+"Also here it is possible to make things easy, which can be a considerable "
+"job to fulfill."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As you can see, it is not easy to set up good criteria for the selection of "
+"operating tool for large installations. Mainly this is because software "
+"developers often lack experience in the operations of IT systems. They are "
+"known only to create new things, but to create good and relevant tools for "
+"operations, requires many years of experience."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Some general operational tools have not been replaced the last 20 years. But "
+"the products used may have been replaced. Also some software may, in a few "
+"years time, be irrelevant to use. Therefore, one must be ready to get some "
+"training in new editions of the applications used for operations, and in "
+"upgrades and changes in end user software."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Product training"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Thorough user training makes that a lot of support issues can be resolved "
+"informally in direct communication between the end users themselves. Often, "
+"training costs as little as 1% of the total operating costs. It is well "
+"worth spending a little more on training. The effect is very positive. The "
+"same applies to proper training of the ICT contacts at schools, and the "
+"operators. Training of ICT contacts to use simple systems for password "
+"change, error messages, etc.. will provide better quality of calls to the IT "
+"service."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Education and product training are in Norway regulated according to the "
+"Labour Act (§ 4-2)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Employees and their union representatives will be kept informed of systems "
+"used in the planning and implementation phases. They should be given the "
+"necessary training to familiarize themselves with these systems, and they "
+"shall take part in designing them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"So in short terms it can be advantageous to increase efforts in training, "
+"which will improve ICT service quality and provide a significant cost "
+"reduction. This is because users and IT contacts become more confident and "
+"better in helping each other. It should also be noted that the transition to "
+"new software can also provide an opportunity to simplify some of the "
+"operating practices. Simplification can reduce the requirement for product "
+"training."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning at the start of the implementation of service support"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A growing number of organisations sees the necessity of service control. It "
+"is often a usual practice to base decisions on historical and political "
+"considerations, rather than the current organisation's needs. Therefore it "
+"is important to ensure that the management commits to participating in and "
+"understanding the working methods in the organisation, and go through the "
+"existing processes and compare those with the organization's needs and "
+"\"best practices\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Implementing service support"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Health check"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Feasibility study"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "< FIXME>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Determine current situation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "General guidelines for project planning"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Business case for the project"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Critical success factors and possible problems"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Project costs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Organisation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Product"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Communication plan"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Project review and reporting"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Progress"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Evaluation of the project"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Supplementary work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Reviewing to check the compliance with the quality parameters"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Reviewing in regards to key factors"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Service Delivery"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The main purpose of service delivery is to ensure proactive operations and "
+"that the ICT services deliver appropriate support for users. The purpose of "
+"service delivery is to focus on your organisation's needs. It is active "
+"learning, with use of ICT tools in the different subjects, the school needs. "
+"This chapter describes in order:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Service level management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Economy management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Capacity management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Capacity planning"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Access control"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Operational continuity"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Service Level Management is often shortened to the acronym SLA. Managing the "
+"the service level is about the quality of the operational services, measured "
+"in relation to what is agreed in a contract. There are definitely concrete "
+"figures for availability, response times, support, error correction etc."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The objective is to have control over the service level and improve the "
+"quality of the operational services. By repeating rounds the quality level "
+"is determined, monitored and reported. The purpose is to improve the contact "
+"between ICT administrators and users, to get an ICT service, to the agreed "
+"quality, delivered."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is important to understand the different types of SLAs. One can choose "
+"from many types of agreements. The three most common types are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Agreement per service for all customers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Agreement per customer for all services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Agreement per service per customer"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"All SLAs are to be administerated, reported and maintained. It can quickly "
+"become confusing and produce much work that does not provide a particular "
+"benefit. The purpose is to get an agreement that helps to improve the "
+"quality of service. Therefore it is useful to think carefully about that, "
+"when the agreement is made. Here is an overview of what is important to make "
+"sure about when you create an agreement for the service level management."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "General checklist"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The agreement between the user and the operations of what's actually being "
+"measured. This must be seen from the users' perspective and not the ICT "
+"services perspective."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Measurement and clarity about the metrics included in the SLA"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Decide realistic targets for the service level (there is no point in "
+"promising more than one can keep)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Continuous focus on the control of the service - monitoring and periodic "
+"reporting of results achieved"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is essential that the operations center has the technical capability to "
+"measure the values included in the SLA. This must be taken into account from "
+"the beginning."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Furthermore, it is important to define the services where one is dependent "
+"on subcontractors and therefore can't provide service guarantees, or relies "
+"on a similar agreement with the subcontractor. The definition of "
+"dependencies is made because it should be clear who should rectify the "
+"problems, and to avoid never ending negotiations until the error could be "
+"corrected."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Level of service may be different for different user groups, or during "
+"different periods of the school year. For example, there may be differences "
+"between teachers and students, or a higher service quality when carrying out "
+"exams. Dialogue with all relevant users is important to ensure measuring of "
+"what's most important for each user group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Implementation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A service catalogue with all services included in the SLA must be prepared. "
+"A service will often be an application (program) in this directory. It will "
+"often be different requirements for different services, and it will be "
+"reflected in different objectives in the agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Establishing and continually adjusting the users' expectations can't be "
+"overestimated. Often users have exaggerated expectations to the system and "
+"the services included. ICT services' responsibility is to adjust "
+"expectations down to realistic levels before the service-level agreement "
+"(SLA) is signed. Operations management must also ensure that all users "
+"actually are notified and know about the expected service level through the "
+"agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For the structure of the SLA, see <link linkend=\"Delivery--Delivery--"
+"content-service-level-agreement\">section in the service level agreement</"
+"link>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "The operational situation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Monitoring of the actually achieved service levels, and reporting back to "
+"the customer, are essential to preserve a good relationship between the "
+"Service Desk and the users. Format and levels of detail for reporting, "
+"should be dealt with in the SLA."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It must be held periodic, for example quarterly or semiannually, meetings "
+"with the client. These meetings should result in concrete plans for the next "
+"period and, possibly, agreements for the implementation of new services."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Content of the Service Level Agreement (SLA)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Introduction"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Name and contact information for the Contracting Parties, description of the "
+"services included, duration of the agreement, responsibilities between the "
+"customer and the supplier."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Service time"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"During which time period would the agreement be valid (like from Monday to "
+"Friday, from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.), any special requirements at defined "
+"dates and times (for example exams) and routines to order an expansion of "
+"the service time limits."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Availability"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Access to the services. Is best measured as the period of time when one or "
+"more services have been unavailable, for example a calendar month. Different "
+"levels for different services may be agreed, for example depending on the "
+"degree of importance for users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Important to emphasise that this is availability within the agreed period of "
+"service, not the overall availability all day, all week and all year round "
+"(called 24/7/365). For example, it may be agreed that the system should be "
+"available between 8:00 and 18:00 on workdays, after that and on weekends it "
+"is more uncertain whether one can use the computer system, unless otherwise "
+"agreed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Availability also means getting support via phone or email. For example, "
+"whether the Service Desk can be reached between 08 and 16 during the day "
+"time, or if it can be reached the whole day, or in the afternoons and "
+"evenings, or even during specific weekends."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Stability"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Is often measured according to the amount of downtime in a period of time, "
+"or the average time between downtimes. One can also measure the time it "
+"takes the system to come up again after downtime."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Support"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Often measured as response times by phone (for example 1 minute) or email "
+"(for example 30 minutes) to requests from users. When the operator gets a "
+"request for support, the message will be categorized by severity with a time "
+"guarantee for answers. There may also be an agreement about how quickly "
+"error correction will start, which will depend on what kind of inquiry was "
+"received."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The support is also about when during the day or night one can reach people. "
+"Should support be available during school hours between 08 and 16 o'clock, "
+"or should one also have support throughout the evening or on weekends. Some "
+"will have support also on certain holidays."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The period when support is available is usually in the SLA. It is also "
+"agreed what support will be available, with a fixed price, and what must be "
+"resolved additionally on an assignment basis. The agreement regulates the "
+"process of handling enquiries, both what to fix, and when this will happen."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Capacity"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Can be measured as the average response time by certain operations in "
+"specific applications. Will measure user experience of the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Change management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Measurement for the management, approval and implementation times of change "
+"requests from the users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Security"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Can be measured as the number of ascertained security incidents in a period. "
+"It is very important to be clear on each user's responsibility to ensure "
+"that warranties will apply."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Billing"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Prices, times for billing and settlement provisions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Reporting and follow-up"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Description of rules and periods for reporting of measured service levels. "
+"Regular meetings are recommended, for example quarterly, to go through the "
+"report and plan ahead."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Sanctions and possible incentives"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Rules for price reduction if the agreed service is not met. Escalation "
+"procedures and rules for cancellation of agreement by continuous violations "
+"of guaranteed service level. Possible incentives for achievement or better "
+"than expected service."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "See Appendix A for SLA."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Financial Management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Organisations rarely have a full overview of their ICT spending. A 2001-"
+"survey of Norwegian municipalities showed that only 1 of 8 municipalities "
+"had an ICT budget. It is probably not better for schools. Putting in place "
+"an ICT budget is important. Often users think they pay too much for a "
+"service they are not happy with. This often creates conflicts between users "
+"and the ICT department."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is very useful for both the operations center and the users to document "
+"the real ICT costs. Without this, it is difficult to budget appropriately. "
+"And mostly, it is difficult to make a cost/benefit assessment of existing "
+"ICT solutions. The rector should know the ICT budget as well as she would "
+"know the salary budget, or the budget for the teaching aids."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are three major key processes related to financial management of ICT "
+"services:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Budgeting"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Accounting"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The objective of the budget is to make a realistic estimate of the expected "
+"ICT costs. Budgeting usually contains various alternative solutions. It "
+"applies both to equipment and software, and the level you aspire to. The "
+"budget is the starting point for subsequent budget negotiations with the "
+"director of education and/or politicians."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Budget must include both personnel and equipment costs. Some organisations "
+"only count the cost to buy equipment, omitting as much as 60 - 70 % in "
+"personnel costs for the operation of an ICT-solution. One must also get all "
+"of the equipment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are examples of municipalities forgetting to count the cost of power "
+"connectors and computer networks in schools. Then you have forgotten about "
+"2000 NOK (10 NOK = 0.85 GBP/1.18 EUR) per client machine. For 70 new "
+"computers, we need about 140,000 NOK for computer networks and power."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Alternative solutions are also important to include in the budget. This "
+"applies both for the operation and the equipment. Today there are several "
+"vendors who specialize in the operation of computer equipment in schools "
+"with varying prices and quality. The number of simultaneous users, and type "
+"of machines and software to be maintained, is important."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If one would like to have laptops for all teachers and students one will "
+"easily get 5-6 times higher costs than if one had desktops with three "
+"students for each client machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Accounting will mainly consist of invoices for purchased equipment, cabling, "
+"repair, operations and extra services. When the accounting period is over, "
+"it is important to go through the numbers and compare this with the budget."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning the accounting and billing"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Not all municipalities have accounting systems that show ICT costs detailed "
+"by school. There may be practical reasons for that, such as discounts and "
+"similar that the municipality gets centrally. Therefore it is important to "
+"do some planning so that you get an overview of what were the costs for "
+"operations and procurement when the accounting is assessed against the "
+"budget."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Some organisations may have cumbersome and costly accounting procedures. You "
+"quickly get extra charges if you pay bills late, or there are many who must "
+"approve a payment, for instance. So it is important to agree on good billing "
+"practices in procurement and operations in order to have control, as well as "
+"to handle payments on time without long decision processes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The payment method is regulated by the SLA. When it gets to the accounting "
+"system, one must agree with the finance department for a convenient way to "
+"get out the reports, in order to get the necessary accounting overview of "
+"ICT costs without it taking a long time to be generated."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Daily operation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Regarding contracts one will usually have a fixed monthly billing consisting "
+"of a fixed amount and possible additional services. Billing is done from the "
+"accounting office based on the current operations' contracts, and the extra "
+"services performed. It is important to have good and frequent contact with "
+"the accounting service based on the tasks carried out for the customer."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Capacity Management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Capacity planning is used to ensure that all parts of the ICT solution have "
+"sufficient capacity to safeguard users' requirements. This includes:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Monitoring the performance of ICT services and their related infrastructure"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Configuration of the systems to ensure they are optimally utilised to what "
+"the users actually do"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Understanding the user needs and planning for possible changes in the "
+"systems to take care of future needs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Resource planning in cooperation with the budget officer"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Preparation of a capacity plan to ensure delivery of operations in "
+"accordance with the agreed upon service level"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Capacity planning is all about balance:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Costs against capacity. The budget limits what kind of possible solutions "
+"one can implement"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Supply and demand. The systems must have the capacity to handle the demands "
+"set by the users"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "The objective of capacity planning is to avoid surprises."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Monitoring"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is essential for good capacity planning that the systems are continuously "
+"monitored to obtain the necessary data."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Typical data that is monitored is:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Processor utilization"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Memory utilization"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "CPU usage per task"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Response time per task for users"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Printer management - the number of prints, queue length, time for print outs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Storage capacity"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Number of clients"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Number of logins"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Number of simultaneous users"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "In Debian Edu, Nagios is used as a monitoring tool."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Analysis"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"On the basis of data collected from monitoring routines, one tries to "
+"identify any bottlenecks in the systems. Examples:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Poor or varying utilization of the hardware"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Poorly designed software"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Poor utilization of memory capacity"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Bottlenecks on data storage, memory or processor"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Bottlenecks in the network"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Configuration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the data analysis uncovers bottlenecks, one needs to try to set up the "
+"system in a way that better caters for the users' needs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here is a list of commonly encountered bottlenecks and what to do to get rid "
+"of them:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Bottlenecks</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Actions</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Missing sound, USB stick support and DVD on thin clients."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. RAW HTML: >
+#. RAW HTML: >
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Install diskless workstations (> 800 MHz processor, > 256 MB RAM)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Has 60 thin clients connected to the server and wants more PCs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Go for diskless clients, or install another thin client server"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Thin clients run slowly after we expanded with 20 pieces without acquiring a "
+"new server machine"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Install 2GB more memory on the server machine"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Thin clients with 32MB memory do not start after upgrading to Skolelinux 2.0"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Turn on swapping on the thin clients, or downgrade to LTSP 4.2 which is set "
+"up with swap."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Flash animations make the thin clients slow when 50 students are logged into "
+"the same server machine"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Install diskless clients"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Implementation of possible changes to the system configuration must be done "
+"in accordance with the guidelines set for changes of the system. A well-"
+"planned function and performance test must also be done before changes can "
+"be made in the production system. Testing is done to avoid operational "
+"disturbances when changes are set into production."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Preparing the capacity plan"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A capacity plan is basically an investment plan for the ICT system based on "
+"knowledge of the users' current needs and future plans."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The capacity plan should be updated and processed once a year, normally in "
+"conjunction with the budget process. The plan should include the following "
+"themes:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Preconditions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Summary"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Current and future user needs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Service summary"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Resource summary"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Areas for improvement"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Cost model"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Recommendation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Availability management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Good and stable availability of ICT services is obviously crucial for users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Availability, seen from the user perspective, depends on the following "
+"assumptions:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Availability of technical components"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Failure tolerance"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Quality of maintenance and support"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Procedures and routines for processing operational services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Security, integrity and availability of data"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Availability can be measured in several ways. But before we show examples "
+"we'll point out what may be difficult targeting figures. If we should make "
+"systematic efforts to availability, we have to clarify what the different "
+"things mean. What means for example a percentage of availability."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Let's say a \"computer with computer program\" is a service. If the computer "
+"program does not work one day, then the service is unavailable if all the "
+"other programs work fine. What if the computer program is unavailable for a "
+"classroom, but available for the rest of the school (because of an "
+"underlying service). This is a difficult matter to clarify and work on in "
+"practice."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Availability measurements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Availability can be measured using several methods. Here are some examples:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Value</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Meaning</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "% available"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"The value can be availability between hours 08:00 and 18:00. If the system "
+"is down 1 hour during one day, than the system is available in 90% of the "
+"agreed upon time. If availability is measured over a month with 20 work "
+"days, then the system is available 95% of the time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "% unavailable"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Is the system down one hour during an agreed uptime, for example 10 hours a "
+"day, the system is unavailable in 10% of the time. Measured over 20 days, we "
+"may assume the system has been unavailable for 5% of the time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Downtime"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"One can agree on the number of times one accepts the system to be "
+"unavailable during, for example, one month (20 days). It can be a maximum of "
+"one hour unavailability in that period, and between 08:00 until 18:00."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Error frequency"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Even error frequency can be measured per day or for each month. 3 errors in "
+"the month because the system was down between 08:00 and 18:00, is an example."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Error consequences"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Measured values are a common starting point for judging how to respond to an "
+"error beyond ordinary error correction. The customer or the school for "
+"example, may ask to pay less for the operating agreement for the current "
+"month."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The most important is that your measurements describe the user experience in "
+"the best possible way. Therefore, one should measure what is important for "
+"the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The feedback from the schools is that printers give most problems. This "
+"includes everything from the print queue has stopped, to missing paper or "
+"toner. Some have also experienced some instability with the browser, and "
+"that OpenOffice.org suite is hanging. It may happen when your broadband "
+"connection is unstable and you have links in documents going to the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Infrastructure"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To have a stable computing environment, one is dependent on a good enough "
+"technical quality of the network. Several schools have experienced "
+"instability because the physical computer network is provisional and of poor "
+"quality."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Today many invest in wireless networks. Doing so, one must also be aware of "
+"wireless networks having significant weaknesses. Wireless networks have "
+"limited capacity. It can be quite choppy when about 30 students are to see a "
+"film from the Internet simultaneously. Wireless networks also have shadows. "
+"Meaning areas may not get coverage, which allows some to end up in blind "
+"zones. This would provide poor or no net connection at all."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Availability requirements for the maintenance company and ICT service "
+"providers should specify good quality of network services to schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "«Single points of failure»"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Some parts of the system simply must work. Failures in a firewall, for "
+"example, may compromise security or (if you're lucky) shut down the whole "
+"network. This last can also result from problems with the DHCP (Dynamic Host "
+"Configuration Protocol) system for sharing out addresses."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The operating department has a responsibility to know which parts may stop "
+"the entire system. It is important to find these points, and remove the "
+"errors one by one, to the extent you can afford. If one can't afford to "
+"remove these sources of errors, one must live with the risk of the entire "
+"computer network suddenly grinding to a halt."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Sources of errors making everything stop, may also be logical rather than "
+"physical. This is especially true for computer networks and databases. So it "
+"is important to have a broader perspective when it comes to such errors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Risk management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One must consider what risks one accepts in the network. Is it acceptable "
+"that users lose personal files and data, when a hard drive fails? How "
+"quickly should one replace broken equipment? Some schools have spent several "
+"days getting a server up and running again after a virus attack. The "
+"municipality may have no resources to allocate to fix errors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Much of the operations work goes on to maintain the agreed service level. "
+"It's about avoiding and losing confidence and user satisfaction. Risk "
+"management is about having in place the appropriate resources to keep the "
+"entire computer system on the air, and have resources ready if something "
+"should go wrong, and needs to be fixed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is a big difference to install equipment and software on a single PC and "
+"to do it on hundreds, even thousands of computers. With the responsibility "
+"for hundreds of machines, a small error that one can live with on a PC, "
+"means much instability and discontent if it affects hundreds of users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To avoid making mistakes during installation and to contribute to stability, "
+"it is essential to test the equipment and software to be used. It's about "
+"following up the expected quality. If you want stable operations one must "
+"often choose next to the last edition of equipment and software."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One should avoid adopting software with a version number ending with a zero. "
+"For example you should avoid OpenOffice.org 4.0. One should adopt the office "
+"program when version 4.0.2 has arrived or later. Then the program has been "
+"fixed for several errors. The same applies to hardware."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Server machines have usually a slightly older version of processors, and "
+"more robust memory, and hard drives. This is because many people use this "
+"hardware simultaneously. A small error that would not mean anything for one "
+"user, can provide downtime if 30 users are logged into the machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"So testing is about to use proven equipment and editions of software running "
+"well a half or a year. Testing is also about trying out the different parts "
+"in a smaller but realistic context, to ensure that everything works. "
+"Adopting the latest version, or even beta versions of software or completely "
+"latest hardware usually lead to much trouble and extra work with "
+"maintenance. Setting systems in production without a small test in realistic "
+"environments usually lead to significant firefighting and dissatisfied users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When testing in a smaller scale on equipment in production, it is essential "
+"to coordinate that with those affected. In addition, one must choose when to "
+"test. One should not test new things, for example, under ongoing exams, with "
+"the use of ICT tools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Design improvements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is often worth an operations department's while to enhance systems that "
+"produce many operational messages. If users get much spam, then it might be "
+"wise to install spam-filters. There might be a lot of extra work with "
+"students who constantly forget their passwords, if teachers have to get "
+"central sysadmin staff to help them out. To avoid extra emailing and double "
+"work, the teacher can be authorised to give the student a new password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"These are two examples of design improvements that simplified maintenance "
+"and made users happier. A well-run maintenance team has a prioritised list "
+"of such improvements. Prioritising these, as a rule, is based on how often "
+"relevant issues show up in the service office's message log and estimates of "
+"how much work each improvement shall involve."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning for availability"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It means having realistic expectations to the ICT service based on what "
+"operations costs. Plan for what's the expected accessibility. For example, "
+"when schools require one should be up and running in less than 1 hour after "
+"the server crashes, one must have a standing pre-installed machine in "
+"reserve, to be inserted as a replacement for the faulty machine. What should "
+"be done during one hour is to copy your backup files to the backup machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For when a diskless or thin client fails, the school should have a small "
+"store of machines and monitors prepared. The school ICT contact can fetch "
+"and install a replacement machine. This can be done easily without waiting "
+"days for an equipment order to be filled."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Planning for recovery"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As for equipment standing ready to replace any that develop defects, users "
+"also expect to be able to retrieve lost files and data. Therefore it is "
+"crucial to back up user data regularly and keep a copy of the configuration "
+"files. One must also have architectural diagrams, and descriptions of "
+"systems, to enable ICT staff to quickly set systems up when something goes "
+"wrong."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is crucial to schedule backup of user data and settings. One must plan "
+"ahead in order to have proper equipment and appropriate services. Routines "
+"must be planned to be followed when certain error situations occur and "
+"systems must be restored."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Service Continuity"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operating continuity or continuity management is often the most costly part "
+"of the work. High demands to operational continuity will require huge "
+"investments, which must be agreed upon whilst making the SLA. For example it "
+"can be agreed that there is no disaster plan for certain services. If you "
+"have a disaster plan the value is very low if not tested once in a while. "
+"Usually this is expensive. There are examples where customers and management "
+"have blocked the engine room and turned off power to test readiness of the "
+"IT department."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operating continuity may be more needed in certain periods like under the "
+"examination periods. Then extra requirements can be needed in order to have "
+"equipments with backup ready in case of a hard disk failure on the server. "
+"But even this will require considerable additional work for the operational "
+"staff."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"An IT coordinator told us that it might be just as well to postpone the exam "
+"one day, if something went wrong with the computer system. This costs a lot "
+"less than having a double number of servers at each school. There are "
+"examples of schools having had water leakage. Then it is usual to defer "
+"examination a day or two to repair the damage . One might think the same way "
+"when it comes to school data solutions. If you have a backup of home "
+"directories for pupils and teachers, you have time to consider without "
+"doubling the systems at each school. Then it is sufficient with one or two "
+"servers in reserve located at the municipality building, which quickly can "
+"be moved and connected at the school if something goes wrong."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "ICT Infrastructure Management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This part of the operational documentation is to a greater extent about "
+"technology. The other chapters about service support and service delivery, "
+"are about work processes and procedures. Infrastructure management, are "
+"about planning, design, deployment, and ongoing maintenance of ICT systems. "
+"The purpose is to provide ICT solutions adapted to the organisation's needs, "
+"which can be operated over time to a cost one can afford."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Good planning, administration, and management are the key to ensure a well-"
+"developed ICT service, and that the service can be adapted to changing "
+"organisational needs over time. It is about using resources well and having "
+"skills and competences required to offer a good ICT service."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Even with a well-developed infrastructure, one must expect 60-70% of the "
+"cost to go on operations, i.e. service support and service delivery. "
+"Likewise, infrastructure constitutes around 20-30% of the total costs, and "
+"one must take this part just as seriously as operations. The infrastructure "
+"chosen also has a major impact on what operations will cost and what the "
+"systems can deliver."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Most people associate infrastructure with roads, water and sewage, and power "
+"supply. Building a house requires infrastructure in place if we are to have "
+"a certain housing standard. In the computer world infrastructure is often "
+"associated with the data network. This was in the 1980s. Over the next two "
+"decades infrastructure extended to networks, computers, software and "
+"maintenance. So in this part of the documentation is all network, hardware "
+"and significant portions of the software part of the infrastructure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Even here we focus on practical planning and implementation. We have "
+"gathered concrete planning data from different municipalities with good ICT "
+"plans by budgetting and procurement. We went through design and planning, "
+"deployment process, operations process and support. It is important to keep "
+"in mind the difference in operational terms of what Service Desk does with, "
+"for example. support, and the support operations does for example with "
+"network cables to the school. It is basically four processes that recur at "
+"infrastructure management:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<ol style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\"> <li><p>Design and "
+"planning process</p> <p>Development and maintenance of ICT "
+"strategies and processes for deployment and implementation of appropriate "
+"solutions in the ICT infrastructure of the organisation.</p></"
+"li> <li><p>Deployment process</p> <p>Concerns "
+"implementation and deployment of activities and / or ICT solutions designed "
+"and planned with a minimum of disruption to the organisation</p></"
+"li> <li><p>Operating process</p> <p>All "
+"activities and initiatives to deliver and/or maintain the desired use of ICT "
+"infrastructure.</p></li> <li><p>Technical support "
+"process</p> <p>The development of knowledge for evaluation, "
+"support and quality assurance of all current and future infrastructure "
+"solutions.</p></li></ol>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Design and planning"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Design and planning is about providing pervasive strategic guidelines for "
+"the development and installation of an ICT infrastructure to the "
+"institution's needs. It applies not only to infrastructure networks, "
+"computers, and applications. Also basic processes must be in place to get "
+"the technology to work. It applies to both Service Desk and processes for "
+"service management."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Avoiding scheduling, or cutting corners, is very risky. Therefore it is "
+"often wise to spend a little more time and effort on planning, which will "
+"reduce risk and provide significant benefits during implementation. Most "
+"projects that get stranded do so for lack of planning. Putting in place an "
+"ITIL process in an organisation depends entirely on preparation and "
+"planning, along with effective use of people, processes, and products (tools "
+"and technology)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is very important to communicate with and talk to every part of the "
+"organisation while planning ITIL. In Norway this is regulated by the labour "
+"act §4-2:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Employees and their representatives should be kept informed of "
+"systems used in the planning and execution of the work. They should be given "
+"the necessary training to be familiar with these systems, and take part in "
+"designing them.</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The objective is to deliver the right ICT solutions for your organisation. "
+"These must be easy to maintain and adapted to the school's needs. The "
+"solution must be reasonable over a long time, also when the systems expand. "
+"During a design and planning process should one relate generally to a "
+"steering group and a reference group. A good project ensures to have skilled "
+"people in the steering group and people who contribute to the reference "
+"group. A good planner is clever to use those groups and other employees to "
+"bring up the good solutions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We created a check list over activities and deliveries in an infrastructure "
+"project."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Feedback"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Plan for the schools, both curricula and activity plans"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Existing ICT strategies"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "What's expected of operational services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Current ICT systems and operations management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Processes"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "go through all the suggestions and documents"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "look at others performing design- and planning activities"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "making and maintaining ICT plans and decisions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "making and maintaining ICT architecture"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "making and maintaining the ICT strategy"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Deliveries"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "ICT-strategy"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "ICT decisions (with justifications)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "IT plans"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "the entire IT architecture"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Design and planning of processes and procedures"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "organisational structure and framework"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Design, planning standards and decisions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "user cases and usability studies"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Requirement lists and tender documents"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Project plans"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Technical drawings, plans and maps"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Comments and feedback"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As you can see extensive planning is carried out for an infrastructure "
+"project. An ICT project for schools in the municipality can quickly reach "
+"several million NOK (hundreds of thousands pounds) should one deliver "
+"500-1000 computers with power, computer networks and software. With such "
+"amounts, it is important to have good and feasible plans with realistic "
+"budgets."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are several examples of municipalities that have underestimated the "
+"need for funding for ICT in schools. They have installed lots of nice "
+"equipments remaining unused. Maybe the software could be missing. The "
+"network might be of poor quality or lacking power connectors. The "
+"municipality gets quickly an additional expense of 2 million NOK (around 165 "
+"000 pounds) if 800 machines in 10 schools should have a computer network and "
+"power connectors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Good development plans are made to avoid surprises. Plans are also made to "
+"ensure a proper level of ambition with a realistic budget."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Deployment"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Definition:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Is about implementation and deployment of activities and/or ICT solutions "
+"designed and planned with a minimum of disturbance for the organisation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The planning project shall have assessed what equipment schools have, and "
+"how much is available. From that, one creates a plan to roll out new "
+"equipment, or replace equipment, at each school and at the central operating "
+"service."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is about placing the equipment where it is to be used. Set each PC on a "
+"table and connect it to the computer network with a network cable. Plug the "
+"power cable in to the electrical outlet. Connect the screen and put network "
+"cables in the correct switches."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The term roll-out (or deployment) is used both for placing the equipment, "
+"and for installing and configuring software on many machines. Rolling out "
+"software may also be referred to as \"release management\". But the word "
+"roll-out is short and fine, although one should make clear whether you are "
+"talking about hardware or software, which require totally different "
+"procedures."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Rollout management is about implementing what has been planned and designed "
+"in the release process. Getting out the equipment where it should be is "
+"often harder than we think, and takes considerable time. This is because "
+"many parties are involved either to deliver the equipment, or being among "
+"the many to receive it. In a way you could say that rollout is the same as a "
+"wheel bolt that holds the vehicle wheel in place on the shaft."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To get everything in place, is totally dependent on a lot of coordination. "
+"One must make good tactical planning, which involves both change management "
+"and project management. One must make sure that the roll out is associated "
+"with the design and planning process."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Danger may often occur by underestimating how deployment affects existing "
+"systems. Taking in use new solutions or upgrades will affect or change the "
+"organisation. Work routines are changed and one gets new ways to solve tasks."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In the school , the change means introducing ICT tools in school subjects. "
+"This is new and different for teachers. Many are unfamiliar with how the "
+"equipment can be used in teaching. At the same time, an operating and "
+"maintenance service should be in place to give schools a safe and stable ICT "
+"solution. This leads to changes in the organisation, which must be planned "
+"and requires resources. Therefore it is important to take this into "
+"consideration both under planning and rollout.."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Roles during roll-out"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Building an IT infrastructure can be likened to building a house. When "
+"building a house one really needs an architect, a builder, an owner, masons, "
+"carpenters, plumbers, electricians and one or more supervisors (foremen). "
+"Much the same applies to deploying infrastructure. We have summed up the "
+"roles recommended as part of the operating standards ITIL."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Owner of the deployment process - is responsible for the deployment process, "
+"and for it happening in a good and efficient manner."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Project manager for the roll-out - is responsible for developing appropriate "
+"plans for deployment of the ICT system and day-to-day directing of the roll-"
+"out."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coordinator for the roll-out - is responsible for coordinating roll-out "
+"activities. The Coordinator shall ensure that the project attains the "
+"objectives and acceptance requirements for the system and ensure an orderly "
+"handover."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Roll-out analyst - responsible for ensuring that equipment is installed in "
+"suitable settings. Shall verify that the equipment and premises are suitable "
+"for the standards, tests and deployment agreed upon.."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Employees in the rollout team - are responsible for the ICT solution and the "
+"work environment, and support the acceptance and test processes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As we see, roll-out touches many parts of an organisation. Technically it "
+"affects configurations and versions of software and equipment. It also "
+"influences the process of change and how work is done at the service."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One must think carefully about who gets assigned each of these roles. Even "
+"in a full-scale roll-out project costing several hundred thousand pounds, "
+"one person might have several roles. But it is not always prudent to give "
+"one person several roles, because it can be very demanding to follow up with "
+"both suppliers and customers of the equipment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For minor upgrades and adjustments, there might be soon too many roles. For "
+"example, one needs not to have a project manager to place a new server, or "
+"replace a switch. This is part of the infrastructure, but is very close to "
+"the operations and maintenance. The important thing here is to distinguish "
+"between a rollout in infrastructure, and operational services. The "
+"operations department will not take over the equipment before it operates as "
+"agreed. In other words, you have a transfer document where one acknowledges "
+"that the equipment is delivered as agreed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Operations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The development of knowledge for evaluation, support and quality assurance "
+"of all current and future infrastructure solutions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operations of the equipment is about having tools and machines in place as "
+"the basis for delivering the agreed upon ICT services. Operations of "
+"equipment has a strong focus on technology. This supports all other "
+"activities being done with the ICT systems. Often operations are seen as "
+"support tucked away in an office at the end of the corridor. As a hygiene "
+"service\" .First when something goes wrong, operations personnel are "
+"contacted. A good operational service is still crucial for ICT tools to work "
+"properly. Without good operations one accepts the loss of time and that "
+"tasks cannot be solved. For example a school can get problems when using "
+"tests done with ICT tools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One may ask whether one needs operations. Needing people to operate in "
+"today's high tech world? Is there no one who has found a way to solve "
+"operational tasks automatically? Why should you have people in the "
+"operations? The answer is usually that balancing between what is done "
+"automatically, and what people have to follow up with. An important "
+"realization is that most people want someone to talk to when a problem "
+"occurs. They want the error to be fixed, and they want feedback that "
+"everything goes smoothly. This type of error correction is not particularly "
+"easy to replace with machines."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A good operations department chooses to automate where possible. "
+"Simultaneously one needs people to monitor and keep control of the automated "
+"solutions. The automation must be further developed. There are also "
+"situations where automation is insufficient. Equipment breaks, and "
+"applications crash. You need someone who is handy and can rectify errors, or "
+"obtain substitutes for what cannot be repaired."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A poorly organised operations service wastes a lot of time fighting fires "
+"and working through manual procedures which could have been avoided with "
+"automation. Time spent automating can quickly pay for itself by freeing up "
+"time. This time can be used to improve support, provide more services and "
+"raise the quality for users. To get a permanent fix of errors, sometimes "
+"people might have to delay upgrades or remove services for temporary repair. "
+"This makes time to fix problems properly when monitoring the system manually "
+"would otherwise take up all the time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operations is mostly about preventing errors, or correcting equipments with "
+"reported errors. One is often not entirely familiar with causes of an error. "
+"One must troubleshoot to find the fault. Good operations' employees have "
+"flair. They use past experience to uncover errors. Then they go almost right "
+"to problem solution and correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Configuration item"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A Configuration Item (CI) is part of an infrastructure. It often describes a "
+"wish for change or a question. Maybe to put in place a new service, or make "
+"adjustments to the services you already have in production. Often it is a "
+"question of upgrading some equipment, or obtaining something new."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Configuration items are important in configuration management when it comes "
+"to equipment and infrastructure. Often a configuration item is about whether "
+"systems shall:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "be run"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "be closed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "be shut down"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "be started"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "be interrupted"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "be removed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Technical support"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Technical support ensures staff are available with the right skills to "
+"support services provided in the computer network, as well as staff to work "
+"at the Service Desk. As part of technical support one should have in-depth "
+"documentation with technical advice. The advice should provide information, "
+"guidance and examples of roll-out activities, and describe support and "
+"maintenance of all parts of the ICT service. To achieve this, the staff must "
+"know, or be able to obtain information, about the technologies, processes "
+"and documentation in use. As listed below, technical support consists of "
+"several activities:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Research and development related to new technology."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Third line service in response to incident reports from the Service Desk and "
+"general handling of problems."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Delivery management - technical support lack in-depth knowledge or "
+"understanding of the technology in use and need technical support from "
+"others."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coherence of design and planning. Especially in support and documentation. "
+"For example, when preparing tender documents."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coherence with the deployment of new system versions, and acceptance in the "
+"operating environment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Analysis, interpretation and distribution of information from reports and "
+"logs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Tactical assembly of improvements in the quality of the ICT service "
+"delivered."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As an example of how infrastructure can be made, we have taken significant "
+"portions of the ICT plan for schools in Nittedal 2005-2008. We have made "
+"some adjustments, to make it more general and easier for others to copy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Background for the plan"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "What's expected of the ICT tools and services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Skills needs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Investments"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Objectives"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Students and teachers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Status and objectives"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Costs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Other purchasing options"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Software, learning platforms, and services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Software and learning platforms"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Online services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Resource usage"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Centralized operations and roles"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Operation and support costs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Attachment"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In its \"Program for Digital Competence 2004-2008\", the Ministry of "
+"Education and Research sets objectives for the use of digital technology in "
+"the Norwegian school. \"By 2008 we will have an infrastructure, an "
+"organisation and a culture that makes our school system to one of the world "
+"leaders when it comes to development and educational use of ICT in teaching "
+"and learning.\""
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Being able to use digital tools is defined as a basic skill for all 13 "
+"school years. Pupils' development of basic skills is to be given priority in "
+"all subjects. The new curricula will mean that students must increasingly "
+"make use of digital tools when learning. Pupils should be able to use the "
+"same technology in work, that forms the basis for the final assessment, as "
+"they use when learning. When the examination is carried out using digital "
+"tools, this provides better coherence between the learning process and the "
+"final assessment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A national survey in Norway (Skolenes digitale tilstand 2003, ITU, Feb. "
+"2004) shows computers are seldom included in the subjects in primary school "
+"and computers are barely used by pupils in the school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This plan builds on \"Competence Plan for schools in Nittedal (2005-2008)\" "
+"and implements that competence plan's objectives for digital knowledge in "
+"Nittedal's schools. In addition, this is a plan for investment and resource "
+"requirements associated with the operation of our Linux network."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We have different objectives for different groups in the school and to "
+"different aspects of the ICT commitments. Briefly put, our goals are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Get increased use of ICT among both students and teachers by increasing "
+"physical access to ICT equipment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Be tools-oriented, and therefore emphasise the use of ICT tools in the "
+"school's subjects."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Give full access to educational software for everything from musical "
+"composition and use of the Internet to learning to write, simulations and "
+"games."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Be thrifty and utilise the financial resources we have in the best possible "
+"way."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Through these main objectives we will achieve:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Teachers get good working and communication tools at work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Students get the opportunity to be personal users of ICT and use ICT as a "
+"natural tool in everyday school life."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The school will be physically able to fulfill various aspects of the "
+"curriculum related to ICT."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operating and maintenance costs are not greater than what the school budget "
+"can allow."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To build and maintain the infrastructure you need a collaboration between "
+"many different professionals. As an example, we show what equipment areas "
+"you need expertise in. These are equipment areas that form part of the "
+"infrastructure in an ordinary school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Network infrastructure with local area network (LAN) and wide area network "
+"(WAN). Mostly it is easy to obtain switches and other network equipment. "
+"This is off-the-shelf kit. But it must be set up for the planned "
+"architecture designed for centralized operations. This is a job for "
+"professionals. The municipality building department must approve the changes "
+"made."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Power supply (230V/110V) supporting client computers, servers and network "
+"equipment. Many schools have not installed outlets for all computers to be "
+"placed in classrooms, computer labs or the library. It is a job for "
+"professionals to plan a power grid with enough sockets, and follow given "
+"regulations. The municipality building department must approve the changes "
+"made."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Servers and clients support a greater variety of network services and end-"
+"user applications. To obtain the right equipment is a considerable job. It "
+"is about finding equipment with appropriate capacity, good quality, decent "
+"guarantee schemes, and low prices."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Machine setup and systems for monitoring hardware. To be sure that all "
+"equipment is running, it is normally accompanied by remote monitoring "
+"systems. That way you can have an overview of the health status of the "
+"equipment in a centralized operations center."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Designing appropriate environment or room for placement of equipment that "
+"needs cooling. Computers and network electronics emit considerable heat. "
+"First recently, manufacturers of equipment have addressed the ever-"
+"increasing power consumption. Therefore, one must sometimes ensure that the "
+"excess heat gets transported away. Such cooling systems need to be installed "
+"by professionals."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. RAW HTML: >
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Knowledge of different performance requirements for software. A program for "
+"video editing must run on a workstation with >1.5 Ghz processor and ample "
+"memory. Other programs may easily be used on a thin client. One must have "
+"relatively good knowledge of what can be expected of different types of "
+"client machines to choose the right mix of equipment. This requires insight "
+"into how computers are intended to be used in different subjects and in "
+"different rooms of the school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Installation and setup of optional equipment such as printers, video "
+"projectors, computer boards and the like. To set up accessories may quickly "
+"take considerable time. For example video projectors need to be screwed into "
+"the ceiling, and one must arrange for both screen cables and power to reach "
+"them. Printers must have a network point and be connected to the network. "
+"This type of installation usually requires professionals for both "
+"installation and setup."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Besides to the different professionals needed to build the infrastructure, "
+"you will additionally need:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Owner of the deployment process - is responsible for the deployment process, "
+"and for it happening in a good and efficient manner. This may be the "
+"steering group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coordinator for the roll-out - responsible for coordinating deployment "
+"activities. Coordinator shall ensure the project fulfils the objectives and "
+"acceptance requirements that apply to the solution, and ensure an orderly "
+"handover. This may be an assistant to the project leader."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Deployment analyst - responsible for ensuring an appropriate environment at "
+"the locations where the equipment will stand. Shall verify that the "
+"equipment and premises are suitable for the agreed standards, tests and "
+"deployment. This may be an assistant to the project leader, with the task of "
+"reporting deviations from plans to the steering group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Employees in the roll-out team - responsible for ICT solution and the "
+"working environment, and support for acceptance and test processes. This is "
+"employees who participate in one or more sub-projects."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Organizationally it will look like this"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Organisational part</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Reference group</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"shall represent users of the system. They will advise on measures to promote "
+"a good and everyday ICT solution for schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Steering group</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"whose mission is to ensure the project has enough resources and that project "
+"management gets the roll-out carried out according to the plans. The group "
+"will consist of skilled professionals who are well acquainted with project "
+"implementation, system solutions, and the use of ICT tools in schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">The project</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"has the task of building the solution. The project usually consists of many "
+"sub-projects, which deliver their part of the solution."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To meet a new curriculum, schools must have sufficient computers available "
+"for their students and staff. This investment plan includes the actual costs "
+"of increasing the stock of computers at schools to reach national "
+"objectives. Those objectives call for at least one client machine or PC per "
+"four students. The requirements for equipment shall probably increase in a "
+"few years, so we expand that to a PC workstation per three students. All "
+"teachers should have access to a computer in their daily work at school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Today the school net consists of servers and thin clients at the schools, "
+"and a shared server for backup in the municipality. Since we can use used "
+"computers as client machines in our network, the users' computers are not "
+"the most expensive (we buy used equipment and receive donated equipment from "
+"industry). The major costs lie in increased need for power outlets in "
+"classrooms, and possibly an increase in electricity bills in the schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The increased number of concurrent users will also increase support and "
+"operational costs. There will also be a need for tables and chairs for the "
+"new PC workplaces. In addition, all schools received a broadband connection "
+"at a fixed price. Later, we shall illustrate the total cost by doubling the "
+"stock of equipment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Status for pc coverage 01.06.2005 is:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "8.9 students per computer in primary schools"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "4.4 students per computer in secondary schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Objectives for the students:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Each student group (formerly called classes) should have access to at least "
+"five computers, plus the school should have a computer room with a minimum "
+"of 15 PCs. In addition the school needs some special equipment for video "
+"editing, special education and reading/writing courses."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Objectives for the teachers:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"All teachers should have access to a computer in their daily work at school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Total number of machines:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Status per 01.06.05"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Needs 2008"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Server status"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Clients"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Laptops"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "File servers + thin client server:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Holumskogen"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "25"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "5"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "68"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "15"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Ulverud"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "35"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "111"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Slattum"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "44"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "8"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "87"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Rotnes"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "80"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Sørli"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "31"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "60"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Kirkeby"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "94"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Hagen"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "7"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "46"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Li"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "70"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "130"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "30"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Nittedal"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "55"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "20"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "110"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Hakadal"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "45"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "52"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Sum"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "11"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "378"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "29"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "838"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "195"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We envisage a combination of thin clients, diskless clients and laptops. "
+"Schools should have an infrastructure making it possible to roll out thin "
+"clients in every classroom. Here students can write, calculate, using the "
+"internet and make presentations. In addition the school will have the "
+"opportunity to lend laptops to different groups. In this way students get "
+"close to full PC coverage in certain work situations. The laptops are "
+"connected to servers in wireless networks. In this way teaching becomes more "
+"flexible."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Pupils"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We recommend an investment providing at least one client computer per third "
+"student, something the government has stated as a goal for ICT tools in "
+"schools. To achieve this we need nearly a doubling of the number of client "
+"machines."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To reach our target we need to increase the machine park from 506 to 1033 "
+"machines. This is an increase of just under 600 machines. (thin clients, "
+"diskless clients and notebooks)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "We have counted with these prices, which might be subject to changes:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Thin Client: 700 NOK, per piece"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Server: approx. 50,000, per piece"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Monitors: 500, per piece"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Portables: 8,000, per piece"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Power plug 750, per piece"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Table/chair: 700, -"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Increased resource here means increased number of hours for ICT contacts in "
+"schools. Here we consider an hourly rate per teacher of NOK 270 (£22.5) - "
+"per hour, or NOK 467,100 (£38,925) a year. We also consider somewhat "
+"increased resources to central operations of the municipality. We expect "
+"slightly less than one new hire in centralized operations for over 1,000 "
+"client machines. In addition, ICT contact at each school, training and ICT "
+"coordinator."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Licence costs. Today, we can install Linux on laptops using the school's "
+"existing network. Thus we avoid the rent of Microsoft products such as "
+"Windows and Office. School Rates for rental of Microsoft program cost as "
+"much as all computers over a period of 5-6 years."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Broadband agreement, all schools have broadband connection. Price depends on "
+"the individual school agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Recently used equipment have more performance than the machines that were "
+"available for 3-4 years ago. If the users machines had 256 MB of memory and "
+"800 MHz processor then those would fit as diskless clients. This simplifies "
+"support for using the CD / DVD player, audio, USB stick and similar."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2006</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2007</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2008</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Total</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Thin clients and diskless workstations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "130,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "322,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Servers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "500,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1,000,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Monitors"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "80,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "230,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "340,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1,020,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Other: switches, cables,"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "150,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "450,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Power plug/cables"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "290,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "870,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Tables/chairs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "190,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "570,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Increased resources, operations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "700,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Licence costs for portable machines"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "40,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "120,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Broadband agreements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "100,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "300,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "5,582,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There has been a growing interest from politicians, parents and teachers to "
+"go over to laptops in secondary schools. Laptops and a wireless network will "
+"give schools a completely different flexibility in room layout and teaching."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "The problem with only focusing on laptops is:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "We have to buy Microsoft licenses in addition to the machines."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The machines have a lifespan of approximately 3 years. Thus the municipality "
+"incurs an annual expenditure to cover new classes in secondary schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Increased insurance costs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"A greater need for power outlets when all laptops must have access to "
+"electricity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Increased need for the schools ICT-contact resources"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Doubling of central operating costs of preparing the disk images etc. for "
+"laptops, and maintenance of a locally-installed system on 266 additional "
+"laptops."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This option has a total price tag of roughly 12 million NOK, just over 1 "
+"million pounds. (This does not include any increase in insurance costs.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Teachers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Each teacher should have access to a client machine at the school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Status: Schools today have approximately 65 PCs divided among approximately "
+"266 employees. This gives a PC coverage of 4 teachers per PC."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We want to give credits to the teachers in Nittedal. The new curriculum sets "
+"high requirements for teachers' ICT skills. It will be necessary to ensure "
+"that all teachers in Nittedal have access to a computer. Today's teacher "
+"plans and implements teaching on and with data. They document and report, "
+"write weekly plans, work plans, annual plans and IEPs. More and more "
+"teachers use e-mail for contact both at home and school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Schools have already arranged to buy computers for their staff. As a result, "
+"the number of computers varies from school to school. We aim to give each "
+"teacher access to a computer at work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here we outline two options to achieve full PC coverage for teachers in "
+"Nittedal."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Option 1: Thin clients in combination with portables. This will give each "
+"teacher access to a thin client + that 3.3 teachers share access to one "
+"laptop."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "cost"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Total cost"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Alternative 1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Thin clients"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "140,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "640,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Tables, chairs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "400,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "License costs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Total"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1,540,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Additional for flatscreen"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "200,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Totally with LCD"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1,740,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage of the thin clients to teachers are the low cost of "
+"procurement. We can also expect a longer lifetime of the thin clients "
+"compared to laptops."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"But reused equipment is often without flatscreen. Client machines' cabinets "
+"can be large, giving space shortage in the workplace for teachers. Should we "
+"obtain a flatscreen to all teachers, one must triple the cost, going from "
+"500, - NOK ( 43 £ ) to 1500, - NOK. The total cost would increase by 200,000 "
+"NOK. Overall equipment to teachers cost 1.74 million NOK ( 150,000 £ )."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Option 2: Portables for all teachers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Alternative 2"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2,128,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Wireless switches"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Power plug"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "75,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "117,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2,400,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The problem we see is the actual location of the thin clients. Teachers have "
+"small work desks often in large common rooms. A thin client per teacher with "
+"old-style (CRT) monitors would create a space problem in all schools. The "
+"problem is greatly reduced with modern flat screens."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage of portables is that they require little space. Teachers can "
+"easily bring their work home. The disadvantage is the lifespan of a "
+"portable, around half that of stationary equipment. It is reasonable to "
+"assume that laptops are twice as expensive to maintain as desktop PCs, and "
+"three to four times more costly to operate than the thin or diskless clients."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Recommended technical development budget"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In the period 2005 to 2008 we put up the following recommendation for an IT "
+"infrastructure at the schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Number</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Article</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Cost</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "600"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Thin clients and diskless workstations including all infrastructure"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "200"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Thin clients or diskless workstations with flat screen and all infrastructure"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">800 client machines in total</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">7,322,000</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Where software runs, depends on infrastructure and capacity of the network. "
+"It's fine to operate all installations on schools from a central location, "
+"for example from ICT services in the municipality or a centrally located "
+"operation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One must take into account that network capacity to schools can provide "
+"limits to how much schools can download at the same time, or where it is "
+"best to place servers to get the equipment's full functionality. There is a "
+"big difference between a single teacher downloading a film from for example "
+"NRK, compared to about 30 students doing the same simultaneously. If the "
+"shool has 1.5 Mbit/s broadband capacity, it is not possible for 30 "
+"simultaneous users to download the movie directly from NRK. Then you must "
+"have cacheing proxies in place at the school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Check list centralisation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"UNINETT ABC has made a document with recommendations <<<ulink url="
+"\"https://wiki.debian.org/FootNote#\">FootNote</ulink>(Recommendations of "
+"UNINETT ABC: <ulink url=\"http://www.uninettabc.no/?p=veiledning&"
+"sub=annet\"/> )>> related to the centralisation of ICT operations. It "
+"gives advice about the placement of servers and which operational tasks may "
+"be centralised from the available capacity of the bandwidth to the school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">General measures to improve the operation of "
+"clients and servers</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Thin or diskless clients against local servers</"
+"emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Lockdown of thick clients</"
+"emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Local server machines</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Remote operation</emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">Centralisation of some functions</emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">Local server machines</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Server machines regionally/nationally</"
+"emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Centralisation of all operations</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Capacity of the schools' network</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Low bandwidth (ISDN)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Medium bandwidth (ADSL and similar)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "High bandwidth (fibre and similar)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Software"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The new curriculum (L2006) highlights the use of digital tools as one of the "
+"\"basic skills\". We wish that the use of ICT should go beyond teaching, and "
+"increasingly provide educational and administrative tools to support "
+"learning activity and new forms of learning while providing easy access to "
+"knowledge. Giving experience with digital learning platforms is one of the "
+"objectives of the competence plan. The aim was for one or more schools to "
+"try this out in 2006."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Research shows computer equipment being used to a limited extent for "
+"teaching in schools. Computer usage has stagnated and in some subjects "
+"declined, research shows (ITU Monitor 2005). The use of ICT in schools is "
+"often individualized, and students learn to become consumers. Teaching "
+"methods are hindering the sharing of knowledge in school. Few teachers use "
+"ICT daily. Internet and text-related services are the most important forms "
+"of computer use in schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Simply put, teachers focus too much on using tools for office administrative "
+"work such as MS Office or OpenOffice.org. What they ought to focus on was "
+"the use of simulations, editing pictures, audio and video communication on "
+"the Internet, and games."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Home use is often quite different. At home students are producers and use "
+"ICT mostly collectively and for communication. They put together and send "
+"each other pictures, exchanging content, using the major opportunities for "
+"recording, editing and sharing of movies which is possible with today's "
+"computers with broadband. Children and young people also play video games "
+"more at home than at school (ITU Monitor 2005)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Researchers say that video games are one of the main leisure activities for "
+"children and young people. One child in four plays every day (Youth Agency "
+"2006). Video games are a social activity. In the wake of the games both "
+"virtual and physical communities arise, from playing together on consoles to "
+"participating in gatherings where youth can play."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"An important task is that the school development contributes to update "
+"general education perspective in the general part of the curriculum. "
+"Allowing digital judgement or digital education developed in relation to "
+"steps and learning strategies, as stated by the national Research and "
+"Resource Centre for ICT in education."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To get equipment more in use requires considerable effort by the teacher. "
+"They must be continually educated in new forms of learning to use the new "
+"ICT tools for teaching. There must be more emphasis on youth's actual use of "
+"media and forms of communication. It is not enough to provide a teaching "
+"platform and e-mail. The tools should fully support the new ways of using "
+"media."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To achieve this, the equipment must be adapted to the software and the "
+"online services that teachers and students use in their school work. The "
+"browser is arguably the most important program students use in learning. "
+"Many will also be surprised that office programs as OpenOffice.org or MS "
+"Office are irrelevant in lower grades. At those grades, simple programs for "
+"practicing writings, drawings, communication, simulations and music forming "
+"apply. So what is important in the choice of software is to provide good "
+"access to the Internet and support for active learning using ICT tools that "
+"are relevant to the school subjects."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"With diskless clients you get full support for multimedia, film, USB sticks "
+"and more. The advantage of thin clients is that they allow reuse from as far "
+"back as 1995. At that time the machines had no video capabilities. The USB "
+"standard was not fully developed. Computers from 2000 and later usually have "
+"a much higher capacity. Such machines can easily show video clips from NRK, "
+"DVDs, and one can play games."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage of diskless clients is that they provide the same performance "
+"as the so-called thick clients or computers with most of the software "
+"installed locally. At the same time one gets the same low operating costs "
+"with diskless clients as with thin clients. This is because all the software "
+"is managed on the central server machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Today Skolelinux comes with over 50 school-relevant programs. In addition, "
+"it has browser, email client and OpenOffice.org with 8 different office "
+"applications. This is much more than what comes with Microsoft which mostly "
+"offers browser, e-mail and 5 current office tools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"With Debian Edu, it is also relatively easy to customize menus for the "
+"various stages of education so that we can reduce the number of educational "
+"programs. Especially since some applications are introduced in 4th-5th "
+"grade. While programs may be popular at first or second stages of education "
+"will be too easy when students have gotten older and learned more. In "
+"addition, there is an increasing number of educational programs on the "
+"Internet. This is software that works on any platform. So you can use the "
+"programs at home on Apple or Windows, and the school's Debian Edu. Students "
+"handle this just fine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Learning platforms"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Various digital learning platforms are found on the market. Some cost money, "
+"others are free. They all offer teachers and students an area where they can "
+"share and store documents, send and receive information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Price example:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Digital learning platform"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "It`s learning"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "3300,- NOK per school per year"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "School network"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Free"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Regardless of the bandwidth the following functions can be centralized:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Configuration management, i.e. having oversight and control of the "
+"configuration of machines, networks, applications and services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Program management, i.e. having oversight and control of access to, usage "
+"and performance of applications and services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Updates and patching"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"User administration, preferably with a FEIDE compatible user management "
+"system (BAS)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Licence administration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Monitoring and measurement"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Checklist for services that can be centralized or replicated. For example "
+"can backup be centralized. The same applies to the user database with a "
+"central directory server (LDAP) with replication to each school."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Description"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Local"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Central"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Apache"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Webserver allows all users to create a website"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "CUPS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Print server. The aim is that it will also manage print quotas"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "DHCP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Automatic connection of computers in the network"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "DNS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Name server"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "LDAP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Directory server containing user data for logon, file sharing and group "
+"information"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "LTSP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Thin client server"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NFS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Network file system"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NTP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Clock server so that all machines have the correct time"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "SMTP/IMAP over SSL"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Email to everyone locally at the school"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "SSH"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Remote control over encrypted connection"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Squid"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Cache for web sites (to save bandwidth)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Webmin"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "System management via the web browser"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "User administration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Simplified user administration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Backup"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Backup (should be done on a separate machine)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "SMB"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Samba for connecting Windows-computers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "cfengine"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Automatic control of the system setup"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Host and service monitoring"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Monitoring the health of the server machine"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Appletalk"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Connecting Macs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "SQL-server"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Supplied (not set up)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Use of resources in operations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For day-to-day operation of its computers, each school has an ICT contact. "
+"ICT contacts have from 2 to 4 hours allocated to this work per week. In "
+"addition, the municipality has an ICT tutor in a 50% position working with, "
+"among other things, competence and operations. The operation of the Linux "
+"network would gradually be transferred to the municipal ICT service in the "
+"school year 2005-2006."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"On behalf of Debian Edu, Kapp næringshage (business park) made a calculation "
+"program which estimates the use of resources for ICT in schools. Today we "
+"operate the school network for over 3000 users with 2.1 FTEs. (Schools' ICT "
+"contacts allocate a total of 1.6 FTEs for their work, and 0.5 FTEs in the "
+"municipality.) When Kapp næringshage calculates our resource requirements "
+"for operation, they estimate the current needs to be 4.6 FTEs. This shows "
+"that the school has managed much with few resources."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Increased resources must primarily be placed in schools, because the "
+"schools' ICT contacts get busier when the number of PCs goes up. Increased "
+"number of pcs means increased use, and increased need for guidance in "
+"educational use of ICT tools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Maintenance will increase faster than number of simultaneous users, but "
+"maintenance of the machines themselves will increase almost linearly with "
+"the number of machines. We want to focus more on the educational use of the "
+"equipment, and want most of the increase to be go towards use of ICT tools "
+"in school subjects."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There will also be a somehow greater need for increased resources for the "
+"municipality's ICT service, but because of economies of scale, the increase "
+"here will be small."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Today it is difficult for schools to prioritize hours to an ICT contact. "
+"Both because money for this must be taken from already stressed school "
+"finances, and because schools have lacked guidance on what and how much ICT "
+"contacts at schools will perform."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Operations' roles"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "The duties of ICT contact at each school:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"From experience, we reckon these tasks take a minimum of 4 hours a week for "
+"a school with 50 thin or diskless clients. If the school has fewer machines, "
+"this reduces the number of hours a bit. With more machines, for example 150 "
+"machines, the local ICT contact at each school needs around a 30% position "
+"to easily handle technical maintenance."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the school can't set aside a sufficient number of hours to the ICT "
+"contact, duties in the work list above must be removed, and the opposite if "
+"the school can use more hours."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Tasks beyond this, for example updating a website, being an instructor "
+"(beyond normal collegial guidance), must be agreed individually for "
+"compensation/taking time off."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The ICT supervisor recommends the following tasks for ICT and ICT service "
+"supervisor."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Operations:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Visit the school for troubleshooting defects and errors on computers, "
+"printers and servers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Continuous updating of software on school servers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Procurement of equipment and software with tenders in the market."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Skills:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Develop the competence plan."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Training of ICT contacts in schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Introduction to user interface and standard programs for teachers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"How much of the central operating resources are required, depends on which "
+"client types you have selected. Operation of workstations is almost twice as "
+"expensive for the operation of diskless clients."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "The definition of operating costs:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"All activities and initiatives to deliver and/or maintain the desired use of "
+"ICT infrastructure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We have described what is a realistic operating environment, considering a "
+"moderate level of service with proactive operation. The Norwegian \"Program "
+"for digital kompetanse\" is the basis for our assessments."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Proactive operation is to discover and rectify errors before they affect "
+"users. An example of proactive operation is to update laptops with new disk "
+"images once a week. When teachers log in the morning after, all the machines "
+"will have been reset to the school's preferences."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operations get messages about defects in the system before it goes wrong for "
+"users. Defects are rectified and bugs fixed before users notice anything. A "
+"system example that provides messages used to proactive operation is disk "
+"store. They can notify when a hard disk is defective, or if the disk cache "
+"is full. Operations can also get information if the computer network is "
+"available, or whether processes must be terminated when users logs out."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Advantage: One achieves very high stability of the system, supposing one has "
+"access to the right tools and the right skills. It becomes easier to "
+"maintain multiple types of computers because they know if they work or fail "
+"and can replace faulty equipment. Disadvantage 1: Requires higher technical "
+"expertise. Higher costs of establishing and managing operations. "
+"Disadvantage 2: Proactive operation is more costly than reactive operation "
+"if one does not count the loss of working hours for equipment that is "
+"defective. What you focus on depends on what the consequences are if the "
+"system is down. It is difficult to calculate the loss of teaching when ICT "
+"tools do not work. If it is required that the pupils and teachers have "
+"little downtime, one must invest in high uptime."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When we expand the fleet in schools this must have an impact on both ICT "
+"contacts' working resource and municipal ICT service for schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To quantify the need, we have estimated increased resource requirements in "
+"some of our investment options:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "The number of clients/portables"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Users:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Stipulated resource needs in 2008"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Today's real resource:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Today's need 2005:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "506"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "More than 3000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "4.6 FTEs (man-year)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2,1 FTEs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Pupils in 2008"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1033"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "6,9 FTEs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Teachers in 2008"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "280"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "266"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "4,3 FTEs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Alternative 2 (laptop)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "5,9 FTEs*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ") Additional FTEs for maintenance of 266 laptops"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Costs for the administration of all the computers for students and teachers. "
+"We go out from Alternative 1 in regards to the thin clients for students and "
+"teachers, and some laptops."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Year</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Number of PCs</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Central operator</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">ICT guide for the entire municipality</"
+"emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">ICT-contact at each school (average)</"
+"emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">In total</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2005"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1/2 FTE"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "8,5 % FTE(3:30 hours per week)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2005</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Human resources' costs for operations*</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">NOK 980 910,-</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "2008"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1333"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1 position"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "100 % FTE(26 hours per week)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "11,5 FTE"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">NOK 5 400 00,-</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+") NOK 270, - per teacher hour 1730 hours a year. ICT contact at each school "
+"uses 75% of the time on pedagogical support."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Alternative 2 with laptops for every teacher:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "1 + 4/5 FTE*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "12,8 FTEs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">NOK 6,000,000.-</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ") An additional position for maintenance of laptops."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Training costs for students and teachers is roughly the same with Windows "
+"and Linux, according to surveys done in schools in Norway and the UK. This "
+"is because the training is related to the use by end user programs in "
+"everyday school life."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Usually, at a school with 300 students and teachers only one or two persons "
+"need training in operating computer systems. This refers to both an ICT "
+"contact at school, and an operator in the municipality."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We have included additional training costs for Linux. When all teachers have "
+"one day going through the Linux desktop option, the transition to the new "
+"system goes easier for those who think they can only manage Windows. The "
+"cost for displays like LærerIKT and similar are not included as we have done "
+"in the cost overview from the municipalities in this survey."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Summary of the options"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To achieve the objective of one computer per third student and one pc per "
+"teacher Option 1 is recommended. This option requires over 800 additional "
+"computers compared to current coverage of 506 client machines. Overall, we "
+"will then get just over 1300 client computers with emphasis on thin and "
+"diskless clients. Some machines will also be portable to provide additional "
+"flexibility in everyday school life."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Alternatives</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Cost over 3 years</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Option 1: Development of 800 clients"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 7,322,000.-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Option 2: Portable to all teachers + Option 1."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 12,000,000.-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Operating costs:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Yearly cost</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Alternative 0. Administrating 506 client machine"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 1,000,000.-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Option 1. Increases with about 800 to 1300 PCs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 5,400,000.-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Option 2. Portables to to all teachers*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 6,000,000.-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Option 3. Portable room layout*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 8,000,000.-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The large increase in operating expenses from current option 0 to option 1 "
+"is due to investment in ICT contact at schools. This increases from 10% to a "
+"full 100% FTE. The maintenance ICT contacts do today is around 10% FTE. This "
+"will probably increase to 20% with a doubling of the number of client "
+"machines. On increase to a full-time position, 80% will be used to support "
+"the educational use of ICT tools in school subjects. This means that "
+"principals at school must allocate resources for this, so that one follows "
+"the national curriculum from 2006."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Alternative 1:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Type of cost</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Amount</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Of this is the administration of 1300 client computers:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 2,000,000.-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Annual investment in three years:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 2 440 667,-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Support for educational use of ICT tools:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 3,400,000.-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Annual cost for Option 1 with investment and operations:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NOK 7,841,000.-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Many schools have developed an activity plan for the use of ICT in the "
+"school. This should be included as attachment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Extra configurations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <article><section><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata>
+msgid "./images/alert.png"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase>
+msgid "/!\\"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid "Graphics in the document must be inserted and updated"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Simple firewall"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Debian Edu's architecture suits centralized operations with the placement of "
+"services centrally, and can be operated locally at each school. A firewall "
+"makes it easier to start with Debian Edu's if you want to try out a small "
+"installation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Simple firewall with floppy (Coyote)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use Case: To get started with Debian Edu's we need to make a simple "
+"firewall. The purpose is to separate Debian Edu's network from the second "
+"network that is set up."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Main author Klaus Ade Johnstad"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Regardless of whether you choose to Coyote Linux floppy on a Linux or "
+"Windows machine, the following configuration must be used. This applies to "
+"any other firewall router than Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Local network interface:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"IP adresse (IP Address): 10.0.2.1\n"
+" Nettmaske (Netmask): 255.255.254.0\n"
+" Kringkasting (Broadcast): 10.0.3.255\n"
+" Nettverk (Network): 10.0.2.0"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Install the Big Pond login software? [y/n]:n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Press \"n\""
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This refers to some extra stuff you need if you want to have access from the "
+"provider Big Pond, but we are not sure. Is there anyone who knows that for "
+"sure?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Do you want to enable the Coyote DHCP-server [y/n]: n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use 10.0.2.2 as a syslog server. This is the IP address of the main server"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Warning: Since Skolelinux/Debian-Edu already has a DHCP server running, you "
+"must disable the DHCP server on your firewall/router. The same applies to "
+"all other machines that may be connected to a Skolelinux/Debian-Edu network. "
+"Having two DHCP servers on the same network usually just leads to trouble"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If a new version of Coyote Linux exists when you read this, it might replace "
+"the version 2.24 in the commands above with the version downloaded."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"After that the Coyote Linux was downloaded, the files must be unpacked. One "
+"must be the root user to unpack."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">tar zvxf coyote-2.24.tar.gz</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">cd coyote</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">./makefloppysh</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"When creating Coyote Linux on a Linux machine, one needs to answer several "
+"questions. Here is a summary of the answers that can be supplied:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"a. Coyote floppy builder script v2.9\n"
+"\n"
+" Please choose the desired capacity for the created floppy:\n"
+" 1) 1.44MB (Safest and most reliable but may lack space needed for\n"
+" some options)\n"
+" 2) 1.68MB (Good reliability with extra space) - recommended\n"
+" 3) 1.72MB (Most space but may not work on all systems or with all\n"
+" diskettes)\n"
+"\n"
+" Enter selection:2"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "The recommended choice is «1.68MB»"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"b. Please select the type of Internet connection that your system uses.\n"
+"\n"
+" 1) Standard Ethernet Connection\n"
+" 2) PPP over Ethernet Connection\n"
+" 3) PPP Dialup Connection\\n\\nEnter Selection:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here it is best to select 1)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"c. Configuring system for Ethernet based Internet connection.\n"
+" By default, Coyote uses the following settings for the local network\n"
+" interface:\n"
+"\n"
+" IP Address: 192.168.0.1\n"
+" Netmask: 255.255.255.0\n"
+" Broadcast: 192.168.0.255\n"
+" Network: 192.168.0.0\n"
+"\n"
+" Would you like to change these settings? [Y/N]: y\n"
+" Enter local IP Address [192.168.0.1]: 10.0.2.1\n"
+" Enter local Netmask [255.255.255.0]: 255.255.254.0\n"
+" Enter local Broadcast [192.168.0.255]: 10.0.3.255\n"
+" Enter local network number [192.168.0.0]: 10.0.2.0"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"These network settings for local network must be changed. See <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--fwconf\">A</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Is this version of Coyote Linux used from <ulink url=\"http://www.skolelinux."
+"no/~klaus/coyote-2.24-slx.tar.gz\"/> you will see a screen with the correct "
+"network values:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"IP Address: 10.0.2.1\n"
+" Netmask: 255.255.254.0\n"
+" Broadcast: 10.0.3.255\n"
+" Network: 10.0.2.0\n"
+"\n"
+"e. Does your Internet connection get its IP via DHCP? [y/n]:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Answer yes(y) or no(n) in accordance with what the network configuration is."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If one gets an IP via DHCP, the following information should be filled out:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Please enter the information for your static IP configuration\n"
+" Internet IP Address:\\nInternet Subnet Mask [255.255.255.0]:\n"
+" Internet Broadcast [Enter = Default]:\n"
+" Internet Gateway Address:\n"
+" Domain Name:\n"
+" DNS Server 1:\n"
+"\n"
+" DNS Server 2 (optional):"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Enter the DHCP hostname:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Usually, this one can be blank"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Install the Big Pond login software? [y/n]:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"We think that this refers to some extra stuff that comes from the provider "
+"Big Pond, but is not sure. If anyone who knows better then send us an email."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "h. Do you want to enable the Coyote DHCP server? [y/n]: n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here <emphasis>must</emphasis> the answer be «n»!"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "i. If you don't know what a DMZ is, just answer NO\\nDo you want to configure a De-Militarized Zone? [Y/N]: n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Just choose \"n\""
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"j. You now need to specify the module name and parameters for your\n"
+" network cards.\n"
+"\n"
+" If you are using PCI or EISA cards, leave the IO and IRQ lines\n"
+" blank.\n"
+"\n"
+" Enter the module name for you local network card:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is the tricky part. Knowing which module to use for network cards is "
+"sometimes difficult. See <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!"
+"ExtraConfiguration--clmodules\">Section 3.12</link> to get an overview of "
+"the available modules. Remember to not use .o at the end of the module name. "
+"Use only \"first name\" of the module."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Many prefer 3Com. Almost all use this module <emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">3c59x</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"k. The default language of the Coyote Web Administrator is English\n"
+" Do you like to configure a different language ? [Y/N]: n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use English. It is much easier to get help. Search for example using Google "
+"to find solutions to problems."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "l. Syslog server address:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here you can use the main server as syslog server. Use 10.0.2.2"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"You must insert a floppy disk in the machine. Remember to turn the write "
+"protection. It takes a few minutes to write to the disk."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Be sure not to get any error messages to unknown NIC modules, like this:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Checking module deps for (wrong,bad)...\n"
+" Copying module: drivers/wrong.o\n"
+"\n"
+" Unable to copy module (drivers/wrong.o): No such file or directory"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Be sure you get something like this instead:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Checking module deps for (e100,3c59x)...\n"
+" Module 3c59x dep =\n"
+" Module e100 dep =\n"
+" Copying module: drivers/e100.o\n"
+" Copying module: drivers/3c59x.o"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Solution 2 Create a Coyote Linux Floppy on a Windows machine"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To create a floppy on a Windows machine is done almost the same way as on "
+"Linux."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Download the source files for Windows. They can be obtained from <ulink url="
+"\"http://www.coyotelinux.com/downloads/channel.php?!ChannelID=5\">Disk "
+"Creation Wizard v2.24.0</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figur 3-2. Coyote Linux Windows Creator Welcome "
+"Image</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics22.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here you can just press \"Next\""
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-3. Local LAN network setup</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics23.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Fill in the necessary network information here: See <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--fwconf\">A</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Fill in the correct IP address and subnet mask (Netmask) and Coyote Linux "
+"will give the correct calculation of the broadcast address (Broadcast) and "
+"the network address (Network)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-4. Insert a password on the Coyote Linux "
+"floppy disk</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics24.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Without this password you can't log into the Coyote Linux on a later "
+"occasion. See <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--"
+"cllogin\">Section 3.6</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figur 3-5. Syslog-server</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics25.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Leave the field blank, or look at <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!"
+"ExtraConfiguration--clsyslog\">2.l</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-6. Type of Internet connection (WAN)</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics26.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Choose what suits you. Do you have access to DHCP server, which is very "
+"likely, then you do not need more information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-7. Static IP configuration</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics27.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Do you have a fixed address, fill in the appropriate values here."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-8. Do not enable the Coyote Linux DHCP "
+"server!</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics28.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Do not turn on the Coyote Linux DHCP server. There is already one running on "
+"<link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--mainserver\">main "
+"server</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-9. Select a driver module for the network "
+"card (NIC)</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics29.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Drag and drop to choose the correct network card at the Coyote Linux machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In this particular screen, we use the module for 3Com on the LAN side of the "
+"grid (Debian Edu's) and Intel pro 100 card for the WAN (Internet) connection."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-10. Select language</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics30.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "If you want to get good support from the Internet, choose English."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-11. Make the disc</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics31.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Place a floppy disk in the disc station and press 'Next'."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Exception handling"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Our clear advice is to make at least two copies of the floppy disk. It is "
+"nice to have a couple copies ready if anything should happen."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Verification"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Update the configuration database"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Simple firewall with CD"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Solution"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coyote Linux is a product in constant development and maintenance. Just like "
+"Skolelinux / Debian-edu. Meaning that new versions are released constantly, "
+"with new features and security fixes. Especially due to security fixes, you "
+"should always use the latest stable version of Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Since Coyote Linux runs solely from a floppy disk, there is no system to "
+"upgrade. You must create a new floppy as described in <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--makefloppy\">Section 3.3</link>. "
+"To make this process as simple as possible, there are some things to "
+"remember."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Find out what kind of network you have. If this is unknown, one can use the "
+"command <emphasis role=\"strong\">lsmod</emphasis> to list all loaded "
+"modules (drivers) in use. Maybe this will give an idea of what kind of "
+"network cards are used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"coyote# lsmod\n"
+"Module Size Used by\n"
+"3c509 7732 2\n"
+"ip_nat_quake3 1768 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_mms 2608 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_h323 2060 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_amanda 876 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_irc 1904 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_ftp 2384 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_conntrack_quake3 1848 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_mms 2704 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_h323 2065 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_egg 2280 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_conntrack_amanda 1488 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_irc 2672 1\n"
+"ip_conntrack_ftp 3440 1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In this list of modules that are loaded, the module for the network card "
+"3com509 is loaded twice. For a list of available modules, look at"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is best practice to write on the machine itself what kind of network card "
+"it contains."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "What kind of \"port forwarding\" is it?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Information about the \"port forwarding\" rules, if you have made any, is in "
+"the file<computeroutput>/etc/coyote/portforwards</computeroutput>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "coyote# more /etc/coyote/portforwards\\nport Y 10.0.2.2 tcp 2333 22 # Example - Secondary SSH"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Starting the Coyote firewall"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: After a simple firewall is installed, it shall be installed on "
+"the network and be effective."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are two network cards in Coyote Linux, one (LAN) is connected to the "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu server, the other is connected with a crossed cable, "
+"or via a switch to another network (WAN). Sometimes it can be a bit "
+"difficult to decide which network card is which, especially if they are both "
+"connected to the same address. The method we use to determine which card is "
+"which, is to use a crossed cable and connect it to the network card in the "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu main server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "First you start Coyote Linux without any wired network card"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Then use the crossed cable to connect Coyote Linux with the Skolelinux / "
+"Debian-edu main server (make sure it goes to the NIC labeled eth0 if the "
+"main server is a combined server)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Login to the main server. Try to <emphasis role=\"strong\">ping</emphasis> "
+"the Coyote Linux machine. Use the command <emphasis role=\"strong\">ping -"
+"c10 10.0.2.1</emphasis>, or alternatively, try to ping the main server from "
+"Coyote Linux with the command <emphasis role=\"strong\">ping -c10 10.0.2.2</"
+"emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Then you get a response like this if it works:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"ping -c10 10.0.2.1\n"
+"PING 10.0.2.1 (10.0.2.1): 56 data bytes\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=63 time=0.6 ms\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=0.3 ms\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=0.3 ms"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When you have found the network card on the Coyote Linux that must be "
+"labelled LAN, then we know that the other network card is WAN. This "
+"procedure will only work as long as the network card on the LAN is set up "
+"properly. As shown during startup on the line"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "LAN network: UP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "That is normal what is shown"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"WAN network: \n"
+" down"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Since you have started without any wires connected to the network card."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When the role of each of the network cards is decided, it is time to reboot "
+"the firewall with all the cables in place."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Different names for the network cards"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The two network cards got two different names in Coyote Linux. This is a bit "
+"confusing and not very consistent. Here is a summary:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "The various names used for network cards in Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis>This is connected to the existing network</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis>Internet</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis>Eth1</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis>WAN</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "This goes to the Debian Edu network"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "LAN network"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Eth0"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "LAN"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Reboot the Coyote Linux machine and make sure the Coyote Linux floppy disk "
+"is present in the floppy station. Ensure that the machine is configured to "
+"boot from floppy drive."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-12. Coyote Linux Login</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics35.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"You can log in. Use the user name \"root\" and the password you set when you "
+"created the floppy (if this was done from Windows). or press <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">Enter</emphasis> (blank password) for logging on floppy disk "
+"created by Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Note: It is normal that you don't get any visible response when you type a "
+"password in a Linux system. This is to reveal as little information as "
+"possible about the password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">menu, status of the network, down</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics37.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Once you have entered, press 'c' to get the status of the network. In case "
+"there is a problem:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Figure 3-14. menu, status of the network, up</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics38.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "If everything went well, both will be \"up\""
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Q: <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--AEN698\">It "
+"looks like the network card (LAN) going to to the Skolelinux/Debian-edu "
+"network is not working: DOWN</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Q: <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--AEN704\">It "
+"looks like the network card (WAN) connected to the Internet, is not working: "
+"DOWN</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Q: <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--AEN724\">We have "
+"set up firewalls with many different driver modules for many network cards. "
+"We have yet to find anything not working properly.</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Q:</emphasis>It looks like the network card (LAN) "
+"going to to the Skolelinux/Debian-edu network is not working: DOWN"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">A:</emphasis>If you set up your network card "
+"according to <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--fwconf"
+"\">A</link>, but it still does not work. That may mean the wrong driver has "
+"been chosen for your network card"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Q:</emphasis>It looks like the network card (WAN) "
+"connected to the Internet, is not working: DOWN"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">A:</emphasis>There are usually two reasons why the "
+"WAN network card is not up (UP):"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"You're using a connection with the wrong Internet configuration. Take "
+"another look at <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--"
+"clconnectiontype\">2.b</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you have a connection with a DHCP-assigned address, which is not static. "
+"Then it must be a physical connection through a network wire between Coyote "
+"Linux and the network socket."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "You have chosen the wrong driver module for this network card."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"You should attempt to login to Coyote Linux and choose <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">q) quit</emphasis> to leave the Coyote Linux menu. Then you "
+"should run the command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">dmesg|more</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"then use <emphasis role=\"strong\">space</emphasis> to scroll. Look for "
+"references to <emphasis role=\"strong\">eth0</emphasis> and <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">eth1</emphasis>. Look at <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!"
+"ExtraConfiguration--clnicnames\">Different names to the network cards</link> "
+"for a reminder of what eth0 and eth1 means. Usually it is an indicator of "
+"what the problem is."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Q:</emphasis>We have set up firewalls with many "
+"different driver modules for many network cards. We have yet to find one "
+"that doesn't work properly."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">A:</emphasis>Have you looked at this website for "
+"more information about network cards and corresponding driver modules for "
+"Coyote Linux? <ulink url=\"http://www.dalantech.com/\">http://www.dalantech."
+"com</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The firewall works if you try to reach the Internet through the web browser "
+"on the main server or through a connected client."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Firewall administration through the browser (Coyote)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use Case: We need to change the settings in the firewall. The firewall is "
+"locked in the computer room. Can I make the change over the network?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Co-author: Knut Yrvin"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coyote Linux has a pretty and practical administration tool through a web "
+"portal. Here you can do everything. Type <ulink url=\"http://10.0.2.1:8180/"
+"\">http://10.0.2.1:8180</ulink> in the address field of your browser. The "
+"address will provide web administration for Coyote Linux. Click on the link "
+"and enter your user name <emphasis role=\"strong\">root</emphasis> and the "
+"password you created for the firewall."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Coyote Linux web administration</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics42.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "All options and settings can be done in Main Menu on the left side."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Coyote Linux Main Menu</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics43.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Information"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Choosing this gives the status of your network cards, active IP addresses, "
+"uptime for Coyote Linux, Ist and the like."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "LAN setup"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here you have the possibility to reconfigure the LAN network card. It goes "
+"to the Skolelinux/Debian-edu network. Leave the values as they are. "
+"Referring to <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--fwconf"
+"\">A</link>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Warning: Do not make changes here! Doing so may reduce the performance of "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu network"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"< FIXME: Should describe the contents of change_ip_setup here, later>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Internet setup"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here you have the possibility to change the values in the WAN network card "
+"connected to the Internet. If you have got a new ISP, or changed a "
+"dynamically assigned IP address by DHCP to a fixed one, this is the place to "
+"change the information without the need of creating a new Coyote Linux "
+"floppy from scratch. See <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!"
+"ExtraConfiguration--clconnectiontype\">2.b</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "DHCP setup. Warning: Do not enable the DHCP server in Coyote Linux!"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This provides the possibility to configure DHCP server as part of Coyote "
+"Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Administrative settings"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here it is possible to turn on and off services like the name server (DNS), "
+"ssh and web administration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Port Forwarding"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here you may change and enable port forwarding in Coyote Linux. This is a "
+"neat feature in a Skolelinux/Debian-edu network. Since Coyote Linux stops "
+"and blocks most connections for example ssh, it's nice to use port "
+"forwarding. This is a way to let ssh connections through Coyote Linux to a "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu- network."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use this rule for port forwarding"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Yes TCP Any 22 10.0.2.2 22 No SSH straight into Mainserver"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"all ssh-connections coming to Coyote Linux will be forwarded to the "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu main server. You need to decide if this is as wished."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Simplified firewall configuration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here you can set up and configure the firewall rules in Coyote Linux. There "
+"are many rules ready to use and can be used as an example."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Advanced firewall configuration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "QOS configuration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here you can set up restrictions on network capacity"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "System password"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here you can change the root password for Coyote Linux, also known as the "
+"system password. This is the same as using the command line <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--cllogin\">Section 3.6</link>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Configuration files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "These are files that contain all settings."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Diagnostic tools"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here you would find useful tools like ping, testing ports (gateway), testing "
+"nameserver (DNS), and the status of the network."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Backup now"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Are there any changes in Coyote Linux then those <emphasis>must</emphasis> "
+"be saved on the diskette. By selecting Main Menu in Coyote Linux users can "
+"choose to save the setup. The alternative is that all changes are lost when "
+"you reboot Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Reboot the system"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When you need to start again the Coyote Linux, this can be done from the "
+"\"Main Menu\". When choosing restart this must be confirmed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Restart or turn off Coyote Linux?</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:graphics47.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Firewall as a DHCP server (Coyote)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Want to set up a good DHCP server with high stability regardless "
+"of the operating system. Notification: normal DHCP server in a non-"
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu network"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Coyote Linux is a good solution if you just need a DHCP server on the "
+"network regardless of what type of machines, be it Linux, Windows or Mac."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The only thing that needs to be configured differently, is to enable the "
+"DHCP server. < FIXME: create link to screenshot>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "A brief summary about changing a Coyote Linux to a DHCP-server:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Coyote Linux as the default DHCP server</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Remember to answer \"yes\" to the question \"Do you want to enable the "
+"Coyote DHCP-server [y/n]:\""
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Once a DHCP server runs on Coyote Linux, you will probably need to use a "
+"different address for login, if you did not change the LAN setup:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Configuring system for Ethernet based Internet connection\n"
+"\n"
+"\n"
+"By default, Coyote uses the following settings for the local network\n"
+"interface:\n"
+"\n"
+"IP Address: 192.168.0.1\n"
+"Netmask: 255.255.255.0\n"
+"Broadcast: 192.168.0.255\n"
+"Network: 192.168.0.0\n"
+"\n"
+"Would you like to change these settings? [Y/N]: n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"then you should use the address 192.168.0.1 instead of 10.0.2.1 when logging "
+"into the Coyote Linux web administration. See <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--clgui\">Section 3.7</link> and"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">In this case the new address is:</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "ssh -l root 192.168.0.1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://192.168.0.1:8180/\">http://192.168.0.1:8180</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Coyote firewall and Internet operators"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User Case: We have a firewall with Coyote Linux. Does it allow itself to "
+"connect to our ISP?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Note: We've seen no case where Coyote didn't work with an ISP in Norway. "
+"Tell us if you experience problems with an ISP."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "This is a list of Internet providers that work well with Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Nextgentel, Norway"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Tele2 ADSL Privat, Norway"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Tele2 ADSL Bedrift, Norway"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "UPC Chello Classis, Norway"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Department of Education in Oslo. Not tested on schools connected to "
+"Simens' !InnsIKT-solution for Oslo schools"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Due to different network policies in The Department of Education in Oslo, "
+"you <emphasis>must</emphasis> make the following changes in <link linkend="
+"\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--mainserver\">the main server</"
+"link>:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Change the following in the file<computeroutput>/etc/bind/named.conf</"
+"computeroutput> <link linkend=\"ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--FTN."
+"AEN983\">[5</link>]"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"// forwarders {\n"
+" // By special request from the good people inside the Dept of Education in\n"
+" // Oslo:\n"
+" // 193.156.192.40;\n"
+" // 193.156.192.50;\n"
+" // Dept. of Education in Oslo end of block\n"
+" // 0.0.0.0;\n"
+" // };"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "change this to"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"forwarders {\n"
+" // By special request from the good people inside the Dept of Education in\n"
+" // Oslo:\n"
+" 193.156.192.40;\n"
+" 193.156.192.50;\n"
+" // Dept. of Education in Oslo end of block\n"
+" // 0.0.0.0;\n"
+" };"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "This means to remove the comment marker (#) in front of \"forwarders\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you don't do this, you will not be able to connect to the Internet due to "
+"problems with the name server (DNS) in The Department of Education in Oslo. "
+"Operating staff will also engage more people to get this changed to such as "
+"this service wants it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"After the changes are inserted in <computeroutput>/etc/bind/named.conf</"
+"computeroutput> one needs to restart bind with <emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">service bind9 restart</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Telenor ADSL, Norway"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Oslo University College (Høgskolen i Oslo)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here, you must make the same bind-changes as the Department of Education in "
+"Oslo."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Support for network cards in the firewall"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Are the two network cards in the machine supported by Coyote?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is a list of modules included in Coyote Linux. All driver modules for "
+"network cards are listed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~/coyote# ls data/kernel/drivers/\n"
+"3c501.o eth16i.o ne.o\n"
+"3c503.o ewrk3.o ni5010.o\n"
+"3c505.o fealnx.o ni52.o\n"
+"3c507.o forcedeth.o ni65.o\n"
+"3c509.o hp100.o pcnet32.o\n"
+"3c515.o hp.o ppp_async.o\n"
+"3c59x.o hp-plus.o ppp_deflate.o\n"
+"8139cp.o ip_conntrack_amanda.o ppp_generic.o\n"
+"8139too.o ip_conntrack_egg.o pppoe.o\n"
+"82596.o ip_conntrack_ftp.o pppox.o\n"
+"8390.o ip_conntrack_h323.o ppp_synctty.o\n"
+"ac3200.o ip_conntrack_irc.o sch_htb.o\n"
+"amd8111e.o ip_conntrack_mms.o sch_ingress.o\n"
+"at1700.o ip_conntrack_quake3.o sch_sfq.o\n"
+"b44.o ip_conntrack_rtsp.o sis900.o\n"
+"bridge.o ip_conntrack_tftp.o slhc.o\n"
+"bsd_comp.o ip_nat_amanda.o smc9194.o\n"
+"cls_fw.o ip_nat_cuseeme.o smc-ultra.o\n"
+"cls_u32.o ip_nat_ftp.o softdog.o\n"
+"cs89x0.o ip_nat_h323.o starfire.o\n"
+"de4x5.o ip_nat_irc.o sundance.o\n"
+"depca.o ip_nat_mms.o tlan.o\n"
+"dgrs.o ip_nat_quake3.o tulip.o\n"
+"dmfe.o ip_nat_rtsp.o typhoon.o\n"
+"e100.o ip_nat_tftp.o via-rhine.o\n"
+"e2100.o lance.o wd.o\n"
+"eepro100.o lp486e.o winbond-840.o\n"
+"eepro.o mii.o zlib_deflate.o\n"
+"eexpress.o natsemi.o zlib_inflate.o\n"
+"epic100.o ne2k-pci.o"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Particularly old network cards in the firewall (ISA)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: We want to try to use some network cards in the firewall that are "
+"almost 20 years old. They are using the so called ISA bus. Is this possible?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Network cards with model number 3c509 from 3Com have been a very popular "
+"series. Many have Coyote Linux with such a network card built in which could "
+"have been produced for example in 1989, over 25 years ago. We've run these "
+"cards for three years with Coyote firewall without any problems. Once you "
+"have managed to get one running, it will probably run for a long time. But "
+"it is sometimes difficult to get the cards to work in the first place. This "
+"is because they have an ISA bus. This means that important addresses (I/O) "
+"and termination messages (IRQ) must be handled manually. This is done "
+"automatically with PCI cards, but using an ISA card requires extra effort. I/"
+"O and IRQ on these cards can be handled by an old DOS program. This can be "
+"somewhat difficult to obtain, since this software is over 25 years old."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The DOS configuration program is called <computeroutput>3c5x9cfg.exe</"
+"computeroutput>, and it is used in the following way:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Start the machine with DOS. One can use !FreeDOS or a boot floppy created "
+"with Windows 95 or 98."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"As soon as the machine is booted using DOS, insert a floppy disk with the "
+"program <computeroutput>3c5x9cfg.exe</computeroutput>. Run the program "
+"3c5x9cfg.exe from the command line in DOS."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"When 3c5x9cfg.exe is started, each of the 3c509 network cards can be "
+"configured with the \"auto\" option"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<computeroutput>3c5x9cfg.exe</computeroutput> can be found at Ruprecht-Karls-"
+"Universität Heidelberg: <ulink url=\"http://www.urz.uni-heidelberg.de/"
+"Netzdienste/nm/misc/3comnic/\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "!FreeDOS can be found on: <ulink url=\"http://www.freedos.org/\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Warning: Many reports show problems with using two 3c509 card on the same "
+"machine if one of the cards is a combo type. This is a card type with "
+"different types of network cable plugs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Do not use combo type ISA bus cards!"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Useful links about the Coyote firewall"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: I have not gotten enough help with using the firewall on these "
+"pages. Where can I get more help?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://www.coyotelinux.com/\">Coyote Linux home page</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://www.vortech.net/phorums/list.php?8\">Coyote Linux user "
+"forum, high activity</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://www.coyotelinux.com/faq\">Coyote Linux, FAQ, choose 2.x "
+"- General</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://rzero.com/coyote/faq.html\">Another FAQ by Todd !"
+"VerBeek</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Config:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "User case: What's should be configured"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Setting up infrastructure"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Network architecture"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: Shall set up a computer network that scales so that one can "
+"either operate the system locally or connect to a centralized operational "
+"solution"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Server profiles"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: How to install machines for an entire computer network for a "
+"school or many schools in a municipality."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "< FIXME: In with the drawing showing diskless clients>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<ul> <li><p>{{attachment:bilder50.png}}</p> <p>"
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">The different profiles on different servers.</"
+"emphasis></p></li></ul>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Combi-server as a combined resolution"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Two profiles with main server and thin client server in combination are "
+"called a combi-server"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "{{attachment:bilder51.png}}"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is a fairly small step, which makes it easy to use an appropriate "
+"switch on the backbone network, and use a crossover cable to connect the "
+"firewall with a combi-server"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Note: Be aware that setting a printer on the address 192.168.0.0/24, which "
+"is the thin client network, does not work if the hostname is <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">printer00</emphasis>. Be sure to edit KDE printing manager to "
+"search for printers at 192.168.0.0/24-net. Not standard 10.0.2.0/23-net."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Description of the profiles in Skolelinux/Debian-Edu"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Profiles shown during the installation originate from the file "
+"<computeroutput>src/debian-edu-install/debian/debian-edu-install.templates</"
+"computeroutput> on alioth.debian.org"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Graphical desktop</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One will increasingly see references to a graphical desktop. In short that "
+"means a modern desktop with point and click, windows, icons, and file "
+"folders. Graphical user interfaces were first made by Xerox Parc in 1973, 10 "
+"years before they came to personal computers that could be bought on the "
+"market. This was a <emphasis>very</emphasis> short presentation of graphical "
+"user interfaces."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">A brief summary of the different profiles in "
+"Skolelinux/Debian-edu and how they can be combined</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<ol style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\"> <li><p>Main "
+"server</p> <p>Warning: <emphasis>All</emphasis> Skolelinux/"
+"Debian-edu-networks <emphasis>must have</emphasis> only one main server, and "
+"only one machine with that profile. Most commonly that profile can be "
+"combined with thin client servers, or just a workstation.</p> <p>"
+"Every Skolelinux network needs one, and only one machine running the 'Main "
+"Server'. This machine provides network services such as for example network "
+"login with the help of directory server (LDAP) etc. Without this machine the "
+"network does not work. Since this machine will save all data files, it needs "
+"a lot of disk space. You do not get graphical user interface by installing "
+"this profile. If you want a graphical user interface you must also install "
+"<link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile"
+"\">workstation</link>-profile or <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!"
+"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile\">thin client server</link>.</"
+"p></li> <li><p>Workstation</p></li></"
+"ol>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Machines running the 'workstation' profile is what we know as normal PCs. "
+"Users log on to workstations, and get storage space on <link linkend="
+"\"InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--mainserverprofile\">The main "
+"server</link>. Documents, personal settings and many network services are on "
+"<link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--mainserverprofile"
+"\">The main server</link>. User programs run on the workstation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"For access to CD/DVD-player/burner, digital cameras, scanners, this is the "
+"profile to install."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Machines running the thin client server support the thin clients. This "
+"profile also includes the <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!"
+"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile\">workstation</link> profile. To "
+"prevent saturating the network, two NICs are required. The profiles: main "
+"server, workstation and thin client server can be installed on the same "
+"machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"This profile also contains <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!"
+"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile\">the work station</link>-profile"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Diskless workstations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Machines running as thin client servers provide support for diskless clients "
+"if this is enabled. In Skolelinux 2.0 this must be enabled afterwards. This "
+"profile also includes <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!"
+"InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile\">the workstation</link>-profile. "
+"Profiles main server, workstation and thin client server can be installed on "
+"the same machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Main server + thin client server (including workstation)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This combination of profiles, also called combined profile, providing the "
+"ability to setup a complete Skolelinux / Debian-edu network <link linkend="
+"\"InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile"
+"\">workstations</link> and <link linkend=\"InfrastructureSetup--!"
+"InfrastructureSetup--thinclientprofile\">thinclients</link> with only one "
+"server. This is an acceptable solution in a small Skolelinux/Debian-edu "
+"network, with maybe 10-15 thin clients and a few workstations. For larger "
+"installations, one must usually choose servers which are <emphasis>larger</"
+"emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Main server + workstation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This combination of profiles mainly gives you a main server with a GUI. If "
+"you do not like the idea of administering your main server from the command "
+"line, this is a good combination."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The standalone profile is not part of Skolelinux/Debian-edu network. The "
+"purpose of this profile is to support the home PC or portables."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Stand alone"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The standalone profile can not be installed together with the main server, "
+"workstation or thin client server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The standalone profile is best to use without linking it to a Skolelinux / "
+"Debian-edu network."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"All programs in Skolelinux/Debian edu are included in the standalone profile"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Hardware servers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Client computers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: Choice of client machines. Should you choose silent machines or "
+"machines for multimedia. Should one have laptops to all or desktops."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Several types of technologies can provide application on the PC. Most common "
+"is thick clients operating locally on each computer. But there are other "
+"types of technology for applications on the desktop. Many have heard of "
+"graphic terminals. Examples include Citrix, !FreeNX and Windows Terminal "
+"Server. There are also other options like lowfat clients and real thin "
+"clients. This article describes the options and provides an overview of "
+"where the various terminal technologies do best. The reason for the article "
+"is the experience of enterprise solutions with centralized operation of the "
+"computer in many different buildings with low, medium or high network "
+"capacity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Client technologies are described in the following order. Graphic terminals "
+"Citrix and !FreeNX, thin clients with X Windows, thick clients with Linux "
+"and Windows, client in between with Linux, and laptops. The following are "
+"examples of what server systems are commonly used in various business-"
+"oriented installations. A key factor for calculating costs is the number of "
+"concurrent users and the number of servers. Centralized management of "
+"computer equipment at several schools may in practice be compared with how "
+"the operations of ICT systems is done in larger companies. Often schools "
+"have more computers than the rest of the council's activities. Failure to "
+"think things through in what one chooses for client solutions in schools can "
+"quickly lead to a doubling of the number of employees in IT services in the "
+"municipality."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Citrix is the most known product for <emphasis role=\"strong\">graphical "
+"clients</emphasis>. The company making this is product was established in "
+"1989. The first graphical clients were made for the operating system OS/2. "
+"First Windows product was launched with NT 3.51 in 1995. There are several "
+"competing products to Citrix. One of the most successful is the NX "
+"technology. Briefly, you may run applications from a server with Citrix or "
+"NX. The screen is exported over the network from a server to a graphical "
+"terminal on a thick client."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Graphical clients</emphasis> have the strength "
+"that it would be seemless what ever kind of operating system that might be "
+"running on the client. One could use the applications on the server anyways. "
+"One can run standard office programs and client emails over an ISDN line "
+"with 64 kbps. That said, there are limitations in graphic software, whether "
+"it is used with multimedia or interactive graphics. The solution can quickly "
+"become of no practical use if a municipality distributes 30 or 50 graphic "
+"terminals at 5-6 schools with broadband with 2-8 Mbps. With this capacity "
+"one can not run interactive graphical applications. The Internet would be "
+"filled up with traffic, and the Citrix client would disconnect from the "
+"server machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"With <emphasis role=\"strong\">graphical clients</emphasis> the operations "
+"department must run two parallel paths for the maintenance of software. "
+"Maintenance occurs on all client computers and on local and central servers. "
+"For getting for example Citrix to work reasonably well, there must be "
+"deployed two additional server machines in each building, in addition to "
+"central application servers. In addition, it usually needs some thick "
+"clients also for use with multimedia. For example 1/3 of the machines in "
+"Oslo schools are thick clients to provide support for multimedia."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Tynnklienter</emphasis> ble introdusert i 1984 på "
+"MIT. Dette var omtrent på samme tid som Apple lanserte Macintosh med grafisk "
+"brukergrensesnitt. Året etter kom første utgave av Windows fra Microsoft. "
+"Egentlig heter tynnklienter X Window System og kan brukes på alle mulige "
+"plattformer som f.eks. Linux, Mac eller Windows. X Windows snur verden på "
+"hode. I praksis kjører programmene på en tjenermaskin, og det grafiske "
+"brukergrensesnittet sendes over nettverket til klientmaskinen. "
+"Klientmaskinen kjører et tjenerprogram for framvising av grafiske vinduer. "
+"En X-tjener kan kjøre programvinduer fra forskjellige program som kjører på "
+"mange forskjellige tjenermaskiner. Tykke klienter kjører også X Window "
+"system, men da et lokalt nettverk på PC-en. Alle Unix-systemer med grafisk "
+"brukergrensesnitt kjører X-tjener."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The main advantage of <emphasis role=\"strong\">thin clients</emphasis> is "
+"the reuse of older equipment without increasing the complexity of "
+"operations. Many people use PCs with 233 MHz and 32 MB memory as thin "
+"clients. There is no need for local hard drive. Users can handle heavier "
+"graphics, sound and simple video. Several schools have opened up for the use "
+"of CD / DVD-Rom and USB memory stick at <emphasis role=\"strong\">the thin "
+"clients</emphasis>. Operating personnel do not have to keep track of a "
+"separate operating system on each of the PCs. Everything is handled from the "
+"server. Each thin client uses around 2 Mbps network capacity during normal "
+"use. The performance of thin clients is significantly better than graphic "
+"terminals. Thin clients need in average fewer servers than graphic clients "
+"with for example Citrix, as shown by a study of The Department of Education "
+"in Oslo."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Tykke klienter</emphasis> eller vanlige PC-er er "
+"det de fleste bruker i dag. Første gang uttrykket Peronal Computer ble brukt "
+"var 3. november 1962. Den første PC-en med nettverk og grafisk "
+"brukergrensesnitt ble laget hos Xerox PARK i 1973. I dag er det PC-konseptet "
+"IBM lanserte i 1981 som er mest kjent og utbredt. Hele operativsystemet og "
+"alle brukerprogrammene er installert på hver klientmaskin på et lokalt "
+"datalager. De mest kjente operativsystemene PC-er er Microsoft Windows og "
+"Linux. Men det er også en rekke andre systemer som mange bruker, blant annet "
+"en eller annen utgave av BSD."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage of <emphasis role=\"strong\">Thick clients</emphasis> is that "
+"all programs are run locally, which can provide great flexibility and "
+"performance for users. Since most user programs run locally few central "
+"servers are needed. Solutions with thick clients can be relatively "
+"inexpensive to operate if one standardizes. On Windows, it is a great "
+"advantage to have mostly similar machines, which is difficult over time. It "
+"is quite common, for example, that the school has both 4 and 5 PC types. "
+"This affects operational costs. Linux is more flexible because the system "
+"can be more easily managed with many different PC types. Linux also requires "
+"less memory, and allows for longer use of older computers without loss of "
+"performance as the British Educational Communications and Technology Agency "
+"(BECTA) reports."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Diskless clients</emphasis> is another exciting "
+"technology. Today supported on Linux with Lessdisks or new LTSP. Novell had "
+"a virtual monopoly on diskless clients 15 years ago. Simply explained, the "
+"entire operating system and applications are installed on a server. The "
+"operating system is uploaded from the server to the client over the network. "
+"File, print, and Web services are handled by an operating system designed "
+"for networks. By the introduction of Windows 95, Novell met a technological "
+"barrier. Microsoft changed controlling Windows with registry instead of text "
+"files. Now it's only Linux and other Unix variants offering diskless clients."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The advantage with <emphasis role=\"strong\">diskless clients</emphasis> is "
+"that you get the performance of thick clients with the operational advantage "
+"of thin clients. It means that the organisation can connect many client "
+"machines to a server, without installing locally an operating system on each "
+"client. Everything is handled from the server. The system supports audio, "
+"video, CD/DVD-Rom and USB memory stick. Today it is unusual to find used "
+"machines with less than 800 MHz processors and 256 MB of memories, which is "
+"well suited for the half thick clients. It is recommended to use local hard "
+"drive cache."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Portable machines</emphasis> are essentially thick "
+"clients. Laptops may in principle be used as thin clients, half thick "
+"clients or graphical terminals. But it is not very practical for several "
+"reasons. Portables should be used as thick client. In order to connect the "
+"laptop to a stationary computer network, one must choose what kind of "
+"services to be used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There are significant challenges with portables in wireless networks with "
+"many users. Wireless networks have limited capacity. Portables are also "
+"subject to rough treatment, and require more frequent replacement than what "
+"is normal for stationary equipment. One should not run graphical terminals "
+"on laptops in wireless networks. This quickly becomes unstable when you have "
+"many users. Thick clients with Linux or Windows run fine. They can "
+"relatively easily be authenticated against the network. The user can access "
+"file directories, printing and other network services in a safe and secure "
+"manner. Several providers offer laptops in schools which connect to the "
+"computer network running Debian Edu."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Table of client types"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Main solution</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Support for multimedia</emphasis></"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis><emphasis role=\"strong\">Characteristics</emphasis></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Fat clients (Windows, Linux or Mac)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Good support for sound, graphics and video with powerful enough processor "
+"and memory on the client machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"All user applications installed on the client machine. The user programs run "
+"on the client machine. The client machine may be stationary or portable. "
+"Running multiple services in networks such as email, file storage, case-"
+"filing system etc.<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantage:</emphasis> Requires "
+"few server machines. Good support for multimedia<emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Need to install and maintain all the software on "
+"each client machine"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Diskless workstation (Linux. Earlier this was the solution from Novell with "
+"Windows 3.X)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Good support for sound, graphics and video given a powerful enough processor "
+"and memory on the client machine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"All user applications are installed on the server machine. User programs run "
+"on the client machine. Client computer is usually stationary. Running "
+"multiple services on the network such as email, file storage, case-filing "
+"system etc.<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantages:</emphasis> Same "
+"functionality as thick clients. Need few servers. The client computers do "
+"not have software installed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Thin client (X Window System)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Decent audio, graphics and video support given a powerful enough processor "
+"memory on the server machine. Needs high capacity client network."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"All user programs and services are installed on the server machine. The user "
+"programs running on servers. The client computer is usually stationary. "
+"Running multiple services in networks such as email, file storage, case-"
+"filing system etc.<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantage:</emphasis> Gives new "
+"life to reused computers. Client does not have installed software.<emphasis "
+"role=\"strong\">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Requires more servers than thick "
+"and diskless clients."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Graphical terminals (FreeNX, Citrix, RDP)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Decent graphics support given powerful enough processor memory on the server "
+"machine, and high capacity network. Weak or little support for interactive "
+"graphics at medium capacity network."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"All user programs and services are installed on the server machine. A full "
+"operating system with a graphical interface is usually installed on the "
+"client machine. The user programs run on the server. The client computer is "
+"usually stationary. Several network services such as email, file storage, "
+"case-filing system etc. are provided.<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantage:</"
+"emphasis> Gives new life to reused computers.<emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Must install and maintain the operating system "
+"on each client machine. Requires more servers than real thin clients. "
+"Requires significantly more servers than thick or diskless clients. Gives "
+"poor performance or no support for multimedia. The terminal disconnects with "
+"network overloads. This may happen several times an hour."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Advantage:</emphasis> Can take the PC anywhere "
+"suitable<emphasis role=\"strong\">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Must install and "
+"maintain the operating system on each client machine. Must set up and "
+"maintain services that make it easy to connect and disconnect machines on "
+"the network. There is considerable breakage with portable equipment, and "
+"lifetimes average 3 years; that's 2-5 years less than desktops. "
+"Administration of portable devices is expensive."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Switches"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Wireless access points"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Firewall(s)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Routers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Setting up a simple firewall"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Setup:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Useful commands"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Support for 4 GB memory <-- included in configuration management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use Case: Because there is limited space on the Skolelinux/Debian-Edu CD "
+"only one Linux kernel is included, i.e. the lowest common denominator. That "
+"means a kernel <emphasis>working</emphasis> at as many as possible different "
+"types of hardware is included."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"You can find out the type of kernel running with the command <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">uname -a</emphasis>. The command can be used later to ensure that "
+"you have upgraded to the required core. Then it may look like this:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# uname -a\n"
+"Linux tjener.intern 2.6.8-2-386 #1 Thu May 19 17:40:50 JST 2005 i686 GNU/Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here runs a 386-core, which should work on just about all of the PCs. But it "
+"is not optimal for dual core processors or more than 940MB."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you want a kernel for new servers with plenty of memory and multiple "
+"processors, you can download and install it afterwards. Debian's package "
+"system makes that easy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Look at <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--apt-get\">Section "
+"8.9</link> for a more detailed description of <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-"
+"get</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">smp</emphasis> is the keyword to look for when you "
+"want a Linux kernel with support for more RAM than 940MB of memory and dual "
+"processors. The acronym stands for <emphasis>Symmetric Multi-Processors</"
+"emphasis>. The command is run from a <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--!"
+"UsefulCommands--shell\">shell</link> which lists the number of cores ready "
+"for installation:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache search kernel-image | grep smp</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ". At the time this is written the following is listed:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"kernel-image-2.4-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.4-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on AMD K7 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.4.27-2-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4.27 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.4.27-2-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4.27 on AMD K7 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP.\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-amd64-k8-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD64 SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-em64t-p4-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on Intel EM64T SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD K7 SMP.\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6.8-11-amd64-k8-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on AMD64 SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6.8-11-em64t-p4-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on Intel EM64T SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP.\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6.8-2-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on AMD K7 SMP."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There is no need to specify a specific kernel version like 2.4.27 or 2.6.8. "
+"Just use 2.4 or 2.6. This boils down to"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"kernel-image-2.4-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.4-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on AMD K7 SMP\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP.\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-amd64-k8-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD64 SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-em64t-p4-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on Intel EM64T SMP systems\n"
+"kernel-image-2.6-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD K7 SMP."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Now you just need to know what kind of processor you have eg. 686 (Intel), "
+"k7 (AMD) AMD64 or EM64T"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As soon as which kernel fit the machine best it can be installed using the "
+"command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-<your "
+"processor type>-smp</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "If the machine contain an Intel Xeon one can use"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-686-smp</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "If a 2.4 kernel is used"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install kernel-image-2.4-<your "
+"processor type>-smp</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "With an AMD Athlon(TM) MP 2000 it is possible to use"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-k7-smp</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "When you install the new kernel, you may see something like this:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get update\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-686-smp\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following extra packages will be installed:\n"
+" kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp\n"
+"Suggested packages:\n"
+" lilo kernel-doc-2.6.8 kernel-source-2.6.8\n"
+"Recommended packages:\n"
+" irqbalance\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" kernel-image-2.6-686-smp kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp\n"
+"0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 15.3MB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 44.9MB of additional disk space will be used.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp 2.6.8-16 [15.3MB]\n"
+"Get:2 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main kernel-image-2.6-686-smp 101 [2154B]\n"
+"Fetched 15.3MB in 1m13s (208kB/s)\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 80762 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp (from .../kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp_2.6.8-16_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package kernel-image-2.6-686-smp.\n"
+"Unpacking kernel-image-2.6-686-smp (from .../kernel-image-2.6-686-smp_101_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Setting up kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp (2.6.8-16) ...\n"
+"File descriptor 3 left open\n"
+"File descriptor 4 left open\n"
+"File descriptor 5 left open\n"
+"File descriptor 6 left open\n"
+"File descriptor 7 left open\n"
+" Finding all volume groups\n"
+" Finding volume group \"vg_data\"\n"
+" Finding volume group \"vg_system\"\n"
+"Searching for GRUB installation directory ... found: /boot/grub .\n"
+"Testing for an existing GRUB menu.list file... found: /boot/grub/menu.lst .\n"
+"Searching for splash image... none found, skipping...\n"
+"Found kernel: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.8-2-686-smp\n"
+"Found kernel: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.8-2-386\n"
+"Updating /boot/grub/menu.lst ... done\n"
+"Setting up kernel-image-2.6-686-smp (101) ..."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As shown, you were asked to install kernel-image-2.6-686-smp, and it "
+"automatically translated to install kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp. It was "
+"also suggested to install some other packages that might be useful."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Reboot the machine with the command: shutdown -r now"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "To activate a new kernel the machine need to be rebooted."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Building the kernel for a Skolelinux / Debian-Edu machine, is the only time "
+"you ever need a restart. When installing other programs there is no need for "
+"a restart."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When running the command <emphasis role=\"strong\">uname -a</emphasis> after "
+"installation, the following is displayed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# uname -a\n"
+"Linux tjener.intern 2.6.8-2-686-smp #1 SMP Thu May 19 17:27:55 JST 2005 i686 GNU/Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"After the installation of the smp kernel and after the reboot, you can run "
+"the command <emphasis role=\"strong\">free</emphasis> and <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">cat /proc/cpuinfo</emphasis>. Then you can see if the new kernel "
+"uses all memory and both processors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"ltspserver00:~# free\n"
+" total used free shared buffers cached\n"
+"Mem: 4074752 4045556 29196 0 339248 2327780\n"
+"-/+ buffers/cache: 1378528 2696224\n"
+"Swap: 1835000 5852 1829148"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here is a shortened printing with the unnecessary printing removed ."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"ltspserver00:~# cat /proc/cpuinfo\n"
+"processor : 0\n"
+"vendor_id : !GenuineIntel\n"
+"cpu family : 15\n"
+"model : 2\n"
+"model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz\n"
+"\n"
+"processor : 1\n"
+"vendor_id : !GenuineIntel\n"
+"cpu family : 15\n"
+"model : 2\n"
+"model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz\n"
+"\n"
+"processor : 2\n"
+"vendor_id : !GenuineIntel\n"
+"cpu family : 15\n"
+"model : 2\n"
+"model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz\n"
+"\n"
+"processor : 3\n"
+"vendor_id : !GenuineIntel\n"
+"cpu family : 15\n"
+"model : 2\n"
+"model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Administrating packages (apt-get)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Installing new programs or update programs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To install packages one needs to tell from where they should be fetched. In "
+"other words, which package archive to use."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"One can specify package archives in the file <computeroutput>/etc/apt/"
+"sources.list</computeroutput>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"You can work with package management on the command line. There is more "
+"graphical applications like for example KPackage <link linkend="
+"\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--kpackage\">7</link> or Webmin <link "
+"linkend=\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--webmin\">12</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This section provides a quick introduction to using the command line for "
+"administrating packages."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is the content of a file with references to package repositories on the "
+"Internet or from a CD ROM:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"#deb file:///cdrom/ sarge main local\n"
+"\n"
+"deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux edu _Sarge_ - Unofficial i386 Binary-1 (20050808)]/ unstable contrib local main non-free\n"
+"\n"
+" 1. deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1.deb http://security.debian.org/ sarge/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. Use (by uncommenting) either http or ftp, NOT both\n"
+" 1. http based apt source: ----------------\n"
+" 1. deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. deb http://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local\n"
+" 1. ftp based apt source: -----------------\n"
+" 1. deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. deb ftp://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. deb ftp://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Note that the lines <emphasis>without</emphasis> hashtag (#) can be used as "
+"reference to the package archive. The example shows that one only gets "
+"packets from the CD ROM used during installation. Other archives are not "
+"activated. When doing this, one should open for security upgrades. So you "
+"can try other archives for more packages."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "As a start it should look something like this:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"#deb file:///cdrom/ sarge main local\n"
+"\n"
+" 1.deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux edu _Sarge_ - Unofficial i386 Binary-1 (20050808)]/ unstable contrib local main non-free\n"
+"\n"
+" 1.deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+"deb http://security.debian.org/ sarge/updates main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. Use (by uncommenting) either http or ftp, NOT both\n"
+" 1. http based apt source: ----------------\n"
+"deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+"deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+"deb http://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local\n"
+" 1. ftp based apt source: -----------------\n"
+" 1. deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. deb ftp://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free\n"
+" 1. deb ftp://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Note that there is a # sign in front of the line containing \"deb: cdrom\". "
+"There is no need to load packages from a CD-ROM when one can get everything "
+"from the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you add a new line to this file, you must update the database with "
+"information about what that is available."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"See <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--sources.list\">chapter "
+"13</link> for other lines to add as package sources."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Links to package archives have a specific form. Failure to follow this gives "
+"error messages when updating, asking to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The comment sign (#) is also in place in front of several lines in the file. "
+"The technique of \"commenting out\" is typical for most configuration files "
+"in Linux. Other symbols to be used is the semicolon (;) and double slashes "
+"(//). But here, the hashtag is in force, and when removed, what is written "
+"on the line is operative."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Update the package archive"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Update the package repository with a summary of updated programs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The selection of available packages is constantly updated. The most common "
+"is new security updates. New versions of the software can also be posted. "
+"Therefore, one must update the package archives. This is done with the "
+"following command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get update\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.skolelinux.no sarge/local Packages [17.4kB]\n"
+"Ign http://ftp.skolelinux.no sarge/local Release\n"
+"Get:2 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/main Packages [20B]\n"
+"Get:3 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/main Release [102B]\n"
+"Get:4 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/contrib Packages [20B]\n"
+"Get:5 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/contrib Release [105B]\n"
+"Get:6 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/non-free Packages [20B]\n"
+"Get:7 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/non-free Release [106B]\n"
+"Get:8 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Packages [3347kB]\n"
+"Get:9 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/main Packages [155kB]\n"
+"Get:10 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/main Release [110B]\n"
+"Get:11 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/contrib Packages [538B]\n"
+"Get:12 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/contrib Release [113B]\n"
+"Get:13 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/non-free Packages [20B]\n"
+"Get:14 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/non-free Release [114B]\n"
+"Get:15 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Release [95B]\n"
+"Get:16 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/contrib Packages [56.2kB]\n"
+"Get:17 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/contrib Release [98B]\n"
+"Get:18 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/non-free Packages [58.4kB]\n"
+"Get:19 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/non-free Release [99B]\n"
+"Fetched 3635kB in 23s (157kB/s)\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This command must be executed <emphasis>before</emphasis> an upgrade or "
+"before adding new packages."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Update to new packages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Updating the installed packages to a newer version if one is "
+"available"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"All installed packages can be upgraded to newer versions using the command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get upgrade</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get upgrade\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be upgraded:\n"
+" apache apache-common apache2-utils bsdutils cfengine cfengine-doc courier-authdaemon courier-base courier-imap courier-imap-ssl courier-ldap\n"
+" courier-ssl cpio debian-edu-config debian-edu-install education-common education-main-server education-networked education-tasks libapr0 libice6\n"
+" libmysqlclient12 libpam-ldap libpcre3 libsensors3 libsm6 libsnmp-base libsnmp5 libssl0.9.7 libungif4g libx11-6 libxext6 libxft1 libxi6 libxmu6 libxmuu1\n"
+" libxp6 libxpm4 libxrandr2 libxt6 libxtrap6 libxtst6 localization-config lynx mount mysql-common ntp ntp-refclock ntp-server ntpdate openssl python2.3\n"
+" slbackup snmp squid squid-common tcpdump util-linux xdebconfigurator xfree86-common xlibs xlibs-data\n"
+"62 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 23.7MB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 225kB disk space will be freed.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Just press <emphasis role=\"strong\">Enter</emphasis> or 'Y' and <emphasis "
+"role=\"strong\">Enter</emphasis>. The packages will be downloaded and "
+"installed automatically. One will get a change log when the upgrade begins."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Once you have upgraded, you can delete the packages downloaded in the "
+"directory<computeroutput>/var/cache/apt/archives/</computeroutput>. Use the "
+"command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get clean</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"to clear the archive. This should be done occasionally. Otherwise "
+"<computeroutput>/var</computeroutput> becomes full."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Warning"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes it's OK to see what is going to happen <emphasis>before</emphasis> "
+"upgrading. If judging whether it is necessary to download several large "
+"packages, maybe you need to wait until there is more bandwidth available. If "
+"you run"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get upgrade --simulate</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"if one will simulate what will happen, without it actually happens. Is it "
+"too much information on the screen, one can run"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get upgrade --simulate | more</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If it looks good, one can run the command again without the <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">--simulate</emphasis> parameter"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"It is also possible to use <emphasis role=\"strong\">aptitude dist-upgrade</"
+"emphasis> in combination with <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get upgrade</"
+"emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes you will get a message about changes affecting packages to upgrade "
+"or install, as in here"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"kdeaddons (4:3.1.0-4) unstable; urgency=low\n"
+"\n"
+" * Rebuilt against libvorbis0a (closes: #184713).\n"
+" * Removed alpha compile flags.\n"
+" * Fresh admin/ sync.\n"
+"\n"
+" -- Ben Burton <bab at debian.org> Sun, 16 Mar 2003 16:00:19 +1100\n"
+"\n"
+"kdeaddons (4:3.1.0-2) unstable; urgency=low\n"
+"\n"
+" * First KDE3 upload to debian!\n"
+" * Applied Ewald Snel's patch for xine support.\n"
+" * Rolled the epoch to aid upgrades from the unofficial repository on\n"
+" ftp.kde.org.. *sigh*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use <emphasis role=\"strong\">Space</emphasis> on the keyboard to browse "
+"through the message. Then you will see"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"quanta (1:3.0pr1-1) unstable; urgency=low\n"
+"\n"
+" * New upstream release.\n"
+" * Built for KDE3.\n"
+"\n"
+" -- Ben Burton <benb at acm.org> Wed, 4 Sep 2002 10:36:12 +1000\n"
+"\n"
+"(END)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Press the <emphasis role=\"strong\">q</emphasis> key to quit and you get"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Fetched 60.2MB in 11m24s (87.9kB/s)\n"
+"Reading changelogs... Done\n"
+"apt-listchanges: Do you want to continue? [Y/n]?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To continue you need to press <emphasis role=\"strong\">Y</emphasis> for Yes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Summary of installed packages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Want a summary of installed packages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "To get a summary of the installed packages run this command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --list | more</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Note that when the first letters in the list is \"ii\" it mean the package "
+"is fully installed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To get the status of one particular package one can use <emphasis role="
+"\"strong\">grep</emphasis> to search for it:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# dpkg --list | grep apache\n"
+"ii apache 1.3.33-6 versatile, high-performance HTTP server\n"
+"ii apache-common 1.3.33-6 support files for all Apache webservers\n"
+"ii apache2-utils 2.0.54-4 utility programs for webservers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Find the name of a particular package"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Often it is hard to remember the name of a package."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To find a particular package one can use a search term with this command:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache search <package name></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Try this if there is too much text on the screen"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache search <package name>|more</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The two symbols < and > must <emphasis>not</emphasis> be used. They "
+"are only used in this example."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-cache search apache\n"
+"apache - versatile, high-performance HTTP server\n"
+"apache-common - support files for all Apache webservers\n"
+"apache-dbg - debug versions of the Apache webservers\n"
+"apache-dev - development kit for the Apache webserver\n"
+"apache-doc - documentation for the Apache webserver\n"
+"apache-perl - versatile, high-performance HTTP server with Perl support\n"
+"apache-ssl - versatile, high-performance HTTP server with SSL support\n"
+"apache-utils - utility programs for webservers (transitional package)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"As the screen dump show there are a lot more related to apache than the "
+"packages already installed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Show available information about packages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: Want to get information about the package. There may be "
+"dependencies to other packages etc.."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "The command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache showpkg <package name></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "and"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\"><apt-cache policy <package name></"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "gives details about the package."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-cache showpkg kdissert\n"
+"Package: kdissert\n"
+"Versions:\n"
+"0.3.8-1(/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.debian.org_debian_dists_sarge_main_binary-i386_Packages)\n"
+"\n"
+"Reverse Depends:\n"
+"Dependencies:\n"
+"0.3.8-1 - kdelibs4 (2 4:3.3.2-4.0.2) libc6 (2 2.3.2.ds1-4) libgcc1 (2 1:3.4.1-3) libqt3c102-mt (2 3:3.3.3) libstdc++5 (2 1:3.3.4-1)\n"
+"Provides:\n"
+"0.3.8-1 -\n"
+"Reverse Provides:\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-cache policy kdissert\n"
+"kdissert:\n"
+" Installed: (none)\n"
+" Candidate: 0.3.8-1\n"
+" Version Table:\n"
+" 0.3.8-1 0\n"
+" 500 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Packages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"So one notices that the package kdissert is not installed, but available for "
+"installation in version 0.3.8-1 from `<ulink url=\"http://ftp.debian.org\"/> "
+"sarge/main`"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Installation of packages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Want to install a program or a program package."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "When you have found the package to be installed, run the command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install <package name></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you want to see what happened during the installation you should run a "
+"simulation first with the command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install <package name> --simulate</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get install aterm --simulate\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" aterm\n"
+"0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Inst aterm (0.4.2-11 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf aterm (0.4.2-11 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get install aterm\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" aterm\n"
+"0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 91.6kB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 287kB of additional disk space will be used.\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main aterm 0.4.2-11 [91.6kB]\n"
+"Fetched 91.6kB in 1s (71.0kB/s)\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package aterm.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking aterm (from .../aterm_0.4.2-11_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Setting up aterm (0.4.2-11) ..."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Removal of installed packages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Wants to remove certain packages that will not be used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"To find a specific package to be removed, use the commands listed above."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "When you have found the name of the package run the command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get remove <package name></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you want to see what happens when you remove the package, you may "
+"simulate this with the command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get remove <package name> --simulate</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get remove aterm --simulate\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be REMOVED:\n"
+" aterm\n"
+"0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Remv aterm (0.4.2-11 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get remove aterm\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be REMOVED:\n"
+" aterm\n"
+"0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 0B of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 287kB disk space will be freed.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32936 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Removing aterm ..."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Install a specific package version"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: Want a specific version of a package. It can for example be a "
+"previous release of a program."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "When installing a package with the command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"then the newest package is installed. Sometimes an older version instead of "
+"the newest version is wanted."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install <package name>"
+"=older_version_number</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "To get an older version of the Webmin backup module one can run"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-cache showpkg webmin-slbackup</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "to get a summary of the available version"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-cache policy webmin-slbackup\n"
+"webmin-slbackup:\n"
+" Installed: 0.0.10-1\n"
+" Candidate: 0.0.10-1\n"
+" Version Table:\n"
+" *** 0.0.10-1 0\n"
+" 500 http://ftp.skolelinux.no sarge/local Packages\n"
+" 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status\n"
+" 0.0.9-1 0\n"
+" 500 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Packages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here one can see that there are two versions available. Both 0.0.9-1 and "
+"0.0.10-1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the 0.0.9-1 version of the program is wanted it can be installed using "
+"the following command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get install webmin-slbackup=0.0.9-1</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get install webmin-slbackup=0.0.9-1 --simulate\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be DOWNGRADED:\n"
+" webmin-slbackup\n"
+"0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 downgraded, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Inst webmin-slbackup [0.0.10-1] (0.0.9-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf webmin-slbackup (0.0.9-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get install webmin-slbackup=0.0.9-1\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"The following packages will be DOWNGRADED:\n"
+" webmin-slbackup\n"
+"0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 downgraded, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"Need to get 22.0kB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 131kB of additional disk space will be used.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main webmin-slbackup 0.0.9-1 [22.0kB]\n"
+"Fetched 22.0kB in 0s (23.6kB/s)\n"
+"dpkg - warning: downgrading webmin-slbackup from 0.0.10-1 to 0.0.9-1.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Preparing to replace webmin-slbackup 0.0.10-1 (using .../webmin-slbackup_0.0.9-1_all.deb) ...\n"
+"Unpacking replacement webmin-slbackup ...\n"
+"Setting up webmin-slbackup (0.0.9-1) ..."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Install a package using dpkg"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"User case: Sometimes it is needed to download a package from other places, "
+"not located in a Debian web archive. Opera browser is such a package."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Download the package from the home page of the creators of the program. This "
+"could for example be Opera. The program is installed using the following "
+"command:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg -i <full path to the package></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ". If you first want to simulate this try"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --no-act -i <full path to package></"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# dpkg --install --no-act opera_8.51-20051114.5-sharedqt_en_sarge_i386.deb\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package opera.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking opera (from opera_8.51-20051114.5-shared-qt_en_sarge_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"tjener:~# dpkg --install opera_8.51-20051114.5-shared-qt_en_sarge_i386.deb\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package opera.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking opera (from opera_8.51-20051114.5-shared-qt_en_sarge_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of opera:\n"
+" opera depends on libqt3c102-mt; however:\n"
+" Package libqt3c102-mt is not installed.\n"
+"dpkg: error processing opera (--install):\n"
+" dependency problems - leaving unconfigured\n"
+"Errors were encountered while processing:\n"
+" opera"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"dpkg requires more manipulations than apt-get because it does not handle "
+"package dependencies. This means you may need to run <emphasis role=\"strong"
+"\">apt-get</emphasis> immediately afterwards with additional parameter. For "
+"example, it helps to run <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get --fix-broken</"
+"emphasis> to tidy up"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-get install --fix-broken --simulate\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"Correcting dependencies... Done\n"
+"The following extra packages will be installed:\n"
+" libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2\n"
+"Suggested packages:\n"
+" nas liblcms-utils libqt3c102-mt-psql libqt3c102-mt-mysql libqt3c102-mt-odbc\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2\n"
+"0 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"1 not fully installed or removed.\n"
+"Inst libaudio2 (1.7-2 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst liblcms1 (1.13-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst libmng1 (1.0.8-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst libxcursor1 (1.1.3-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst libxft2 (2.1.7-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]\n"
+"Inst libqt3c102-mt (3:3.3.4-3 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libaudio2 (1.7-2 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf liblcms1 (1.13-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libmng1 (1.0.8-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libxcursor1 (1.1.3-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libxft2 (2.1.7-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf libqt3c102-mt (3:3.3.4-3 Debian:3.1r0/stable)\n"
+"Conf opera (8.51-20051114.5 )\n"
+"tjener:~# apt-get install --fix-broken\n"
+"Reading Package Lists... Done\n"
+"Building Dependency Tree... Done\n"
+"Correcting dependencies... Done\n"
+"The following extra packages will be installed:\n"
+" libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2\n"
+"Suggested packages:\n"
+" nas liblcms-utils libqt3c102-mt-psql libqt3c102-mt-mysql libqt3c102-mt-odbc\n"
+"The following NEW packages will be installed:\n"
+" libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2\n"
+"0 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.\n"
+"1 not fully installed or removed.\n"
+"Need to get 3489kB of archives.\n"
+"After unpacking 8753kB of additional disk space will be used.\n"
+"Do you want to continue? [Y/n]\n"
+"Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libaudio2 1.7-2 [71.5kB]\n"
+"Get:2 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main liblcms1 1.13-1 [123kB]\n"
+"Get:3 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libmng1 1.0.8-1 [171kB]\n"
+"Get:4 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libxcursor1 1.1.3-1 [23.7kB]\n"
+"Get:5 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libxft2 2.1.7-1 [54.4kB]\n"
+"Get:6 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libqt3c102-mt 3:3.3.4-3 [3045kB]\n"
+"Fetched 3489kB in 16s (212kB/s)\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libaudio2.\n"
+"(Reading database ... 33027 files and directories currently installed.)\n"
+"Unpacking libaudio2 (from .../libaudio2_1.7-2_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package liblcms1.\n"
+"Unpacking liblcms1 (from .../liblcms1_1.13-1_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libmng1.\n"
+"Unpacking libmng1 (from .../libmng1_1.0.8-1_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libxcursor1.\n"
+"Unpacking libxcursor1 (from .../libxcursor1_1.1.3-1_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libxft2.\n"
+"Unpacking libxft2 (from .../libxft2_2.1.7-1_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Selecting previously deselected package libqt3c102-mt.\n"
+"Unpacking libqt3c102-mt (from .../libqt3c102-mt_3%3a3.3.4-3_i386.deb) ...\n"
+"Setting up libaudio2 (1.7-2) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up liblcms1 (1.13-1) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up libmng1 (1.0.8-1) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up libxcursor1 (1.1.3-1) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up libxft2 (2.1.7-1) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up libqt3c102-mt (3.3.4-3) ...\n"
+"\n"
+"Setting up opera (8.51-20051114.5) ..."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Armed with different commands from earlier in this chapter, we can now "
+"confirm that Opera is already installed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# apt-cache policy opera\n"
+"opera:\n"
+" Installed: 8.51-20051114.5\n"
+" Candidate: 8.51-20051114.5\n"
+" Version Table:\n"
+" *** 8.51-20051114.5 0\n"
+" 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status\n"
+"tjener:~# dpkg --list|grep opera"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "ii opera 8.51-20051114. The Opera Web Browser"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Search through files in a package"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case: Want to find a program name or file in a package"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "You get an overview with the command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --listfiles <package name></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# dpkg --listfiles opera\n"
+"/usr/bin\n"
+"/usr/bin/opera\n"
+".\n"
+".\n"
+".\n"
+"/etc\n"
+"/etc/opera6rc\n"
+"/etc/opera6rc.fixed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Find which package a file came from"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "User case: Want to find the package a file came from."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --search <filename></emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "This can look like this"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"tjener:~# dpkg --search /etc/opera6rc.fixed\n"
+"opera: /etc/opera6rc.fixed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Unpackaging files from a package without installing the package"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Perhaps an important system file was deleted by accident, and "
+"there is no backup."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "When using the command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Warning: <emphasis>Never</emphasis> unpack packages in the root directory"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"if one finds which package a file came from. One can extract the package to "
+"get back the systemfile like shown later."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"First you need to fetch the deb package in question. This can be done by "
+"placing it in the <computeroutput>/tmp</computeroutput> directory. Use this "
+"command to unpack the files in this directory"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg --vextract <package name> /tmp</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+". Then the required directories will be created in <computeroutput>/tmp</"
+"computeroutput> and the files are placed there."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Make your own package mirror"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Some packages are often installed. For others it is useful to "
+"avoid downloading them from the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get</emphasis> command makes it easy to "
+"install packages from the Internet. But <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get</"
+"emphasis> will use significant network capacity when programs are downloaded "
+"from Debian archives on the Internet. Because of that, it is possible to "
+"tell <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get</emphasis> to use a local package "
+"repository. This way it is possible to install already downloaded packages "
+"simply by using <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get</emphasis>. This provides "
+"<emphasis>quick</emphasis> installation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">mkdir /var/www/dpkg</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">cp /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb /var/www/dpkg</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">cd /var/www/</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">dpkg-scanpackages dpkg /dev/null | gzip -9c > "
+"dpkg/Packages.gz</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"After that, add a new line to the file <computeroutput>/etc/apt/sources."
+"list</computeroutput>:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "deb file:///var/www dpkg/"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"And then the command <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-get update</emphasis> "
+"must be executed as usual to update the packages in the database."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Secure login to the firewall (ssh)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Some times it is required to log into Coyote Linux when no web "
+"browser is available. Perhaps the command line is preferred? Then ssh can be "
+"used to connect to Coyote Linux."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you are logged into a machine in a Skolelinux / Debian Edu network you "
+"can use"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ssh -l root 10.0.2.1</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "to log in on Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If you are outside a Skolelinux / Debian Edu network, the value 10.0.2.1 can "
+"be replaced with the appropriate value for the network card <link linkend="
+"\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--clguishow\">with the WAN in</link>. In "
+"this case it might be <emphasis role=\"strong\">ssh -l root 192.168.1.10</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Here you will meet the same options present as when logged into the Coyote "
+"Linux web administration. This is presented in a text based menu."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Coyote Linux Gateway -- Configuration Menu\n"
+"\n"
+"\n"
+" 1) Edit main configuration file 2) Change system password\n"
+" 3) Edit rc.local script file 4) Custom firewall rules file\n"
+" 5) Edit firewall configuration 6) Edit port forward configuration\n"
+"\n"
+" c) Show running configuration f) Reload firewall\n"
+" r) Reboot system w) Write configuration to disk\n"
+"\n"
+" q) quit e) Exit\n"
+" ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"
+" Selection:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The options will be approximately the same as those provided when logged "
+"into Coyote Linux for web administration. See <link linkend="
+"\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--clgui\">section 3.7</link> for a quick "
+"description of the menu choices."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When selecting <emphasis role=\"strong\">q) quit</emphasis> you will end up "
+"on the command line in Coyote Linux. If you need to get back to the main "
+"menu in Coyote Linux, write <emphasis role=\"strong\">menu</emphasis> and "
+"press <emphasis role=\"strong\">Enter</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "If you see this when you try to log into Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"klaus at tjener:~$ ssh 10.0.2.1 -l root\n"
+"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\n"
+"@ WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED! @\n"
+"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@\n"
+"IT IS POSSIBLE THAT SOMEONE IS DOING SOMETHING NASTY!\n"
+"Someone could be eavesdropping on you right now (man-in-the-middle attack)!\n"
+"It is also possible that the RSA host key has just been changed.\n"
+"The fingerprint for the RSA key sent by the remote host is\n"
+"34:b7:a3:9b:06:4c:e2:30:1b:0d:03:45:7b:22:b7:dd.\n"
+"Please contact your system administrator.\n"
+"Add correct host key in /skole/tjener/home0/klaus/.ssh/known_hosts to get rid of this message.\n"
+"Offending key in /skole/tjener/home0/klaus/.ssh/known_hosts:27\n"
+"RSA host key for 10.0.2.1 has changed and you have requested strict checking.\n"
+"Host key verification failed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is most likely because one logged in earlier into another machine with "
+"the IP address 10.0.2.1, or because the network card in Coyote Linux has "
+"been changed. It could also be an attack from an unknown man in the middle. "
+"The solution is to remove the key, in this case line number 27 in the "
+"<computeroutput>/skole/tjener/home0/klaus/.ssh/known_hosts</computeroutput> "
+"file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Status summary for the firewall (Coyote)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Use case: Which commands can be used to get the menu or to get an overview "
+"of the status of the firewall?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Main author: Klaus Ade Johnstad"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Useful commands in Coyote Linux</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "ping"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Useful to figure out if the network is working. The command checks if there "
+"is a connection to the Skolelinux / Debian Edu main server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"coyote# ping -c5 10.0.2.2\n"
+"PING 10.0.2.2 (10.0.2.2): 56 data bytes\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.2: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.9 ms\n"
+"64 bytes from 10.0.2.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.5 ms"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "uptime"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "This command gives the duration since the last reboot for Coyote Linux."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "coyote# uptime\\n 2:37pm up 80 days, 7:55, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "dmesg"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This command displays information about the Linux kernel running on the "
+"machine. It lists things like memory, processor and network card. If there "
+"is too much output from <emphasis role=\"strong\">dmesg</emphasis> you can "
+"send the output through a so called pager program like \"more\" and use "
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Space</emphasis> to read everything, <emphasis "
+"role=\"strong\">dmesg|more</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "ifconfig"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Show extra information about the network cards."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"coyote# ifconfig\n"
+"eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:FC:F8:D2:44\n"
+" inet addr:10.0.2.1 Bcast:10.0.3.255 Mask:255.255.254.0\n"
+" UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1\n"
+" RX packets:314723 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0\n"
+" TX packets:312105 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0\n"
+" collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000\n"
+" RX bytes:53700845 (51.2 !MiB) TX bytes:277496136 (264.6 !MiB)\n"
+" Interrupt:11 Base address:0x7000\n"
+"\n"
+"eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:E0:18:A8:B1:BA\n"
+" inet addr:192.168.100.133 Bcast:192.168.100.255 Mask:255.255.255.0\n"
+" UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1\n"
+" RX packets:307395 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0\n"
+" TX packets:281202 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0\n"
+" collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000\n"
+" RX bytes:272404311 (259.7 !MiB) TX bytes:47880640 (45.6 !MiB)\n"
+" Interrupt:10 Base address:0xb800 Memory:e3000000-e3000038\n"
+"\n"
+"lo Link encap:Local Loopback\n"
+" inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0\n"
+" UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1\n"
+" RX packets:14565 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0\n"
+" TX packets:14565 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0\n"
+" collisions:0 txqueuelen:0\n"
+" RX bytes:1290756 (1.2 !MiB) TX bytes:1290756 (1.2 !MiB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "lsmod"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This command lists up driver modules. This is useful to see which modules "
+"are used by network cards."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"coyote# lsmod\n"
+"Module Size Used by\n"
+"eepro100 17516 1\n"
+"3c59x 24408 1\n"
+"mii 1852 0 [eepro100]\n"
+"ip_nat_quake3 1608 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_mms 2448 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_h323 2044 0 (unused)\n"
+"ip_nat_amanda 1020 0 (unused)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"This is a list showing that the driver modules for the network card are "
+"loaded. For Intel pro100 the module is named eepro100 and for 3Com the "
+"module is named 3c59x (which is valid for cards with type names 3c590, "
+"3c595, 3c900, 3c905). See <link linkend=\"UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--"
+"clmodules\">section 3.12</link>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "route"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "traceroute"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Is useful to figure out where the Internet packages move. If there are "
+"problems, it is useful to see the path the Internet packages use."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "showcfg"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Another command giving information about the state of the network cards."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Coyote running configuration display utility.\n"
+"\n"
+"Internet (eth1): UP\n"
+"LAN network (eth0): UP\n"
+"\n"
+"-------------Internet configuration--------------\n"
+"IP Address 192.168.100.133 (Static)\n"
+"Netmask 255.255.255.0\n"
+"Gateway 192.168.100.2\n"
+"----------------LAN configuration----------------\n"
+"IP Address 10.0.2.1\n"
+"Netmask 255.255.254.0\n"
+"Broadcast 10.0.3.255\n"
+"----------------DNS configuration----------------\n"
+"domain localdomain\n"
+"nameserver 213.184.200.1\n"
+"nameserver 213.184.200.2\n"
+"-------------------------------------------------\n"
+"10:51am up 7 days, 20:53, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00\n"
+"\n"
+"Press enter to return to system menu."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "free"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The command is used to see how much memory is available and how much is "
+"used. This machine has 32 MB memory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"coyote# free\n"
+" total used free shared buffers\n"
+" Mem: 30860 6004 24856 0 0\n"
+" Swap: 0 0 0\n"
+"Total: 30860 6004 24856"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "menu"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "This command starts the Coyote Linux menu"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: CDATA
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"Coyote Linux Gateway -- Configuration Menu\n"
+"\n"
+"\n"
+" 1) Edit main configuration file 2) Change system password\n"
+" 3) Edit rc.local script file 4) Custom firewall rules file\n"
+" 5) Edit firewall configuration 6) Edit port forward configuration\n"
+"\n"
+" c) Show running configuration f) Reload firewall\n"
+" r) Reboot system w) Write configuration to disk"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "reboot"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "coyote#reboot"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "This command does a reboot of Coyote Linux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "shutdown"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "coyote#halt"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Here is Coyote Linux turned off"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Next"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Use case:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "Last"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix A - Contract on operating Debian Edu / Skolelinux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid "Contract no.: .................."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><para>
+msgid "Customer no.: .................."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><title>
+msgid "CONTRACT ON OPERATING DEBIAN EDU / SKOLELINUX"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "between"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Driftselskapet AS, Maskinrommet 1, 0313 Oslo"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Org.no.: 989 313 313"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "(hereafter called The Vendor)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "NN"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Org.No:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "(hereafter called The Customer)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The parties have reached an agreement on the delivery of operational "
+"services (hereinafter The Agreement) on subsequent contractual terms. The "
+"following appendixes are part of The Agreement:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix 1 - Definitions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix 2 - Customer Obligations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix 3 - The Vendor's obligations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix 4 - Prices and terms of payment"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix 5 - General provisions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid "Appendix 6 - The proxy Persons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The agreement is valid from the signing date and a minimum of 12 months from "
+"The Delivery date. The agreement is then renewed automatically for periods "
+"lasting 12 months unless one of the parties denounces the Agreement in "
+"writing, three months before the expiry of a contract period."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The contract is signed in two - 2 - copies, and each of the parties keeps "
+"one - 1 - copy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Place: ............................."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "Date: .................. 2006"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "For The Vendor: ...................................................."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><para>
+msgid "For The Customer: ...................................................."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Term"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Operating period"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"From the Delivery day to the day when the agreement ceases to apply, "
+"regardless of the reason."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Services provided"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Services from The Vendor in the Operating period. The services provided are "
+"further described in Appendix 3."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "ICT manager"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Competence person(s) at the customer serving as liaison(s) to the supplier."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Delivery day"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "The day the customer can use the services provided."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Skolelinux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Linux distribution built on Debian Linux and adjusted for use in Norwegian "
+"schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "1. ICT skill requirements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"ICT administrator (1 - 3 named persons at the customer) to deal with "
+"inquiries from users related to the use of the applications included in "
+"Skolelinux/Debian Edu. ICT administrator shall have sufficient expertise to "
+"make a qualified assessment of whether a problem is related to the use or "
+"operation of the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The ICT administrator should contact the supplier's the user support center "
+"by phone or e-mail. The customer's users should not contact the supplier "
+"directly."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "2. Machine requirements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Customer should have installed and tested that the equipment operates "
+"satisfactorily before the delivery day."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "3. Program requirements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The customer shall, before delivery day, have installed Skolelinux / Debian "
+"Edu to get a verified, satisfactory functioning installation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "4. Communication requirements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Customer shall, before the delivery date, have installed and configured "
+"communication with the Internet and tested it works satisfactorily. To make "
+"it possible to provide services, the customer must arrange for the "
+"contractor to be able to access the customer's ICT-facilities via the "
+"Internet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5. Information from The Vendor"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When all the above requirements are met, the customer shall notify the "
+"contractor, in writing or by e-mail, that the ICT-system is prepared for the "
+"contractor for provide services."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"A list of all the users of the system including full name, username and "
+"wanted password should be sent electronically to the Vendor at the latest "
+"together with this message."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "1. Delivery day requirements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The supplier shall, after receiving notification from the customer in "
+"accordance with Appendix 2, paragraph 5, as soon as possible arrange for the "
+"Customer to receive the provided services. Delivery date shall be no later "
+"than 4 weeks after such notice is received by the supplier."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "2. Information to The Customer"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"When all the above requirements are met, the contractor shall notify the "
+"customer, in writing or by e-mail, that the ICT-system is prepared for the "
+"customer to receive the provided services."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "3. Service requirements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The following table shows all relevant services related to operating "
+"Skolelinux/!<ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu#\">DebianEdu</"
+"ulink>. The crosses in the table show the responsibilities between the "
+"Supplier and the Customer for the different services:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Delivered (incl.) are carried out by the supplier and included in the "
+"Agreement price. Delivered (running) performed by the Supplier at the "
+"Customer's account in accordance with the rates in Chapter 7. The Customer, "
+"is done by the Supplier at the Customer's expense."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Service"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Delivered (incl.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Delivered (running)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "The Customer"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Troubleshooting and user support over the phone and email"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "x"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Participation in the user forum"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"Supplier's responsibility is limited to managing the a change of hardware. "
+"The supplier is not responsible for hardware and warranties, pricing, "
+"shipping costs etc. which must bee agreed separately with machine supplier."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Replacing the hardware<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para><footnote><para>
+msgid ""
+"The customer can do this using a separate application in Debian Edu. The "
+"supplier can do this server for NOK 50 per user excluding vat."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Add, change and remove users<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "(x)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Changing password when the password is forgotten"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Security updates on Skolelinux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Version updates on Skolelinux"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Change the user permissions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Monitoring of filling on disks"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Monitoring of the lifetime for the relevant components"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Extending disk partitions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Operation and monitoring of firewall"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Operation and monitoring of network"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Deleting print jobs stuck in the queue at the request of the ICT "
+"administrator"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Monitoring to ensure backup copies are taken"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Data deletion under request from the ICT administrator"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Replacing backup medium and storing backup copies"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Restore with a security backup, at the request of the ICT administrator."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Set up new printers and printer queues"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Stopping and restarting the printer queues at the request of the ICT "
+"administrator"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Stopping hanging processes on the server as a result of application errors"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "4. Response time requirements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The supplier shall without undue delay, start troubleshooting and problem "
+"solving. ICT administrator should be held continuously updated on the status "
+"and progress of error correction."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5. Skill requirements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The supplier shall at all times have sufficient resources with relevant "
+"expertise to provide services in a professional manner"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "1. Compensation for services provided"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The compensation for the services provided is calculated on the basis of the "
+"number of workstations on the network. The agreement includes a minimum of "
+"60 workstations. The Customer shall pay the Supplier £78 per year per "
+"workstation, excluding VAT, in compensation for the services provided, i.e. "
+"£390 per month excluding VAT for 60 workstations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the number of workstations changes the customer shall give the supplier a "
+"written notice thereof with the corresponding dates for the change. "
+"Adjustment of the billing basis with a possible recalculation will be "
+"included in the next invoice"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "2. Consultant support"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Hourly rate for consultancy is NOK 800 (65 £) ex Moms (VAT). All work on an "
+"ongoing bill should be approved by the customer before work starts. "
+"Documented travel expenses are charged to the client. Compensation for "
+"travel time calculated by the elapsed time with hourly rate NOK 400 ex Moms."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "3. Payment conditions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Compensation for the services provided is billed in advance for each "
+"quarter. For the first quarter, billing starts from the delivery date and "
+"runs until the end of the current quarter."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Compensation for consultancy is billed as after-payment on the basis of "
+"agreed and work performed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "All invoicing is done within a 30 days deadline."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "4. Price regulation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Prices may be adjusted every year with the increase in the national consumer "
+"price index (SSB CPI). This can take place for the first time one year after "
+"signing the agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "1. The parts' cooperation and duties"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "General"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The parties shall cooperate to achieve the most efficient implementation of "
+"the Agreement. Both parties may, in writing, summon one another to meet with "
+"five business days' notice to discuss matters arising in connection with the "
+"implementation of the Agreement. The parties are obliged, without delay, to "
+"notify each other about matters that they understand or should understand "
+"may affect the implementation of the Agreement. Such notification does not "
+"relieve the parties from the responsibilities resulting from the Agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "The suppliers duties"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The Supplier undertakes to supply the contract business performance at the "
+"terms of the Agreement. The supplier undertakes to allocate the resources "
+"necessary to implement the commitments in the Agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "Customer duties"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The customer shall pay the agreed compensation. The customer must assist the "
+"supplier so that the supplier will not be delayed or otherwise prevented "
+"from fulfilling the obligations. The customer undertakes to allocate the "
+"necessary resources, and ensure the necessary assistance from a third party "
+"where this is agreed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "2.Confidentiality"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The parties are mutually obliged to keep confidentiality and not disseminate "
+"information which they become aware of in connection with carrying out the "
+"out the Agreement, to the extent that such information is not considered "
+"public. The same applies to all the material which is marked confidential. "
+"personal matters, and information that could harm the parties or that can be "
+"exploited by outsiders in business. This duty of confidentiality applies to "
+"the parties and their employees and others acting on behalf of the parties "
+"in connection with carrying out the of the Agreement. The duty of "
+"confidentiality applies correspondingly after the termination of the "
+"Agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "3.Force majeure"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In the event of an extraordinary situation outside control of the parties, "
+"which could not be foreseen at inception and which significantly hampers the "
+"fulfilment of a party duties, the other party shall be notified without "
+"undue delay. The affected party's obligations are suspended to the extent "
+"that is relevant so long as the extraordinary situation prevails. The other "
+"party in return suspended for the same period. Either party may terminate "
+"the Agreement by giving one month's written notice if the force majeure "
+"situation makes it particularly burdensome to maintain the Agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "4. Transfer of the agreement"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Parties may only reassign their rights and obligations under the agreement "
+"with the written consent of the counterparties. Consent may not be "
+"unreasonably withheld. It is not considered as transfer if one of the "
+"parties mergea with one or more other companies or the assignment is to a "
+"subsidiary. Right to compensation under this Agreement may be assigned "
+"freely, but such transfer does not relieve the Contractor from its "
+"obligations and responsibilities."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5. Non-fulfilment"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5.1 Delay of the delivery date"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "a. Liquidated damages"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If delivery does not happen on the date agreed between the parties, and this "
+"is not due to the circumstances mentioned in Clause 3 or circumstances the "
+"Customer is responsible for, then a daily penalty is applied from the agreed "
+"delivery date. The penalty fee is 0.1% of the agreed annual compensation for "
+"the portion of services provided that are delayed, calculated per calendar "
+"day of delay and up to a maximum of 60 days. As long as daily penalties are "
+"being applied, the customer may neither terminate the Agreement nor demand a "
+"discount or other compensation for the delay."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "b. Canceling"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the delivery date has not occurred by the end of liquidated damages "
+"period, you may terminate the Agreement with immediate effect."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "c. Delay caused by customer"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In case of delay caused by customer the supplier may, by written notice, "
+"cancel their work until the customer takes corrective action. The supplier "
+"is entitled to recover their additional costs as a result of customer's "
+"breach, and a reasonable time to the reassignment of resources."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5.2 Defaults in the operating period"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5.2.1 The suppliers non-fullfillment"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "a. Shortcomings"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"There is a shortcoming of the supplier if services provided do not meet the "
+"requirements and specifications stipulated in the Agreement, and this causes "
+"a circumstance for which the supplier is responsible. If there is a "
+"shortcoming in operating performance, the supplier shall without undue delay "
+"remedy the defect. Where a defect can not be repaired within a reasonable "
+"time the Customer shall be entitled to a proportionate discount, ref. "
+"Section b. Below."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "b. Price discount for shortcomings"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the client has not been able to use the services provided, fully or "
+"partially, as a result of the defect, the customer has the right, in the "
+"period from when the error or defect was notified in writing until the "
+"defect is corrected, to receive a proportionate discount. Any refund due to "
+"lack of availability due to the same circumstance, is deducted when "
+"calculating the discount."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "c. Canceling"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"In the event of any other shortcoming, that is significant to the customer's "
+"use of the services provided, and is not corrected within 30 business days "
+"after the Customer notified the supplier in writing about the shortcoming, "
+"the Customer may notify the supplier in writing of intent to terminate the "
+"Agreement. If the supplier, after such notice, has not rectified the "
+"situation within 14 business days, the customer is entitled to terminate the "
+"Agreement with immediate effect."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "5.2.2 The customers non-fullfillment"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If the customer does not pay on time, the supplier is entitled to interest "
+"for the amount that is overdue. (In Norway, this arises from a law relating "
+"to interest on late payment of 19. Dec. 1976 no. 100, § 3, first paragraph.) "
+"In cases where the payments plus interest are not paid within 14 days of the "
+"due date, the supplier can issue written notice that the services provided "
+"will be discontinued, or that the agreement will be terminated, unless the "
+"customer settles all outstanding bills within 7 days of receipt of this "
+"notification. Upon termination of the Agreement due to the customer's fault, "
+"the supplier shall be indemnified by the customer for the costs and "
+"liabilities undertaken in connection with the Agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "6.Replacement"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The customer may demand compensation for losses that can be reasonably "
+"attributed to the shortcoming, unless the supplier can demonstrate that the "
+"breach, or the cause of the breach, not attributed to him. Any liquidated "
+"damages caused by delay in accordance with Clause 5a for the same breach is "
+"deducted by calculating compensation. If the customer defaults on its "
+"obligations under this Agreement, supplier shall be entitled to recover "
+"their additional costs that may reasonably be attributed to the Customer "
+"defaults, unless the Customer can prove that the breach, or cause of the "
+"breach can not be attributed to him."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Parties are not responsible for the other party's indirect losses, including "
+"expected savings or gains. Indirect losses included among others"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Losses due to reduced or lost production or sales (operational interruption);"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Losses arising because the services provided can not be used as intended "
+"(consequential losses);"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+msgid ""
+"Lost profits as a result of a contract with a third party that is dropped or "
+"not fulfilled properly."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Parties liability towards each other is limited to the agreed annual "
+"compensation, or a maximum of NOK 1 million, regardless of the number of "
+"damage cases. The limitations of the parties' liability does not apply, if "
+"the party or anyone he is responsible for, has shown gross negligence or "
+"willful misconduct."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "7. Legal defects"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"If a third party asserts that the use of software that the Customer or "
+"Vendor has license responsibility goes against the third party's rights, the "
+"Party shall ensure that appropriate rights are retained or acquired, or that "
+"other equivalent software functionality is obtained without charge to the "
+"other party. Should claims arise from a third party against the Customer or "
+"Vendor on the basis of defects inherent in the relationship of the other "
+"Party, that Party undertakes its own expense to assist and eventually lead "
+"case for both parties. From the time a party takes over the case, the other "
+"party is obliged to assist the special compensation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "8. Responsibility for subcontractors"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Parties are fully accountable for agreed services that are performed by "
+"subcontractors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "9. Regulating the termination of the Agreement"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"Upon termination, the parties shall draw up a joint plan of liquidation of "
+"the customer relationship and obligations by mutual to assist each other in "
+"the practical work in this liquidation. The vendor is obliged by termination "
+"of this Agreement to return Client software and current data in the agreed "
+"format. The Customer chooses the means of transport and is responsible for "
+"transportation from the Vendors' premises. The Customer undertakes "
+"immediately after termination of the Agreement to return all equipment "
+"belonging to the Vendor. The Vendor chooses the mode of transport and is "
+"responsible for transportation from the Vendor's premises."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "10. Legalities and solving disagreements"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The rights and obligations under this Agreement shall completely follow the "
+"Norwegian law. Upcoming Disagreements in connection with this Agreement "
+"shall be resolved by negotiation between the parties. If the parties fail "
+"within two weeks not to solve the disagreement through negotiations, either "
+"party may require the dispute to be resolved by arbitration under the rules "
+"of the law of 13 August 1915 No. 6, Chap. 32 (Civil Procedure). Each party "
+"shall appoint one arbitrator who together appoint the arbitration tribunal. "
+"If a party fails to designate its representative within two weeks after the "
+"other has demanded arbitration and appointed its representative, he will be "
+"appointed by the Chief Justice of the Oslo District Court. The same applies "
+"for the election of the chairman if the two arbitrators members have not "
+"chosen the President within 14 days after both being appointed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><title>
+msgid "Appendix 6 - Contacts and addresses"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"1. Correspondence Requests regarding the agreement shall be in writing and "
+"addressed as follows:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "To Vendor"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "To Customer"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid ""
+"Operating company <ulink url=\"https://wiki.debian.org/LtdBy#\">LtdBy</"
+"ulink> authorized personMachine room 10313 Oslo"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "NNBy authorized person"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid "2. Authorized persons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><para>
+msgid ""
+"The following persons do have authority to sign on their part according to "
+"the agreement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Position/Function"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Telephone"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Telefax"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "E-mail"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "The vendor"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "Petter Smart"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "CEO"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "+47 22 31 31 31"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><section><section><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry><para>
+msgid "<ulink url=\"mailto:ps at driftselskapet.no\">ps at driftselskapet.no</ulink>"
+msgstr ""
diff --git a/documentation/debian-edu-itil/debian-edu-itil-manual.xml b/documentation/debian-edu-itil/debian-edu-itil-manual.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5317ce0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documentation/debian-edu-itil/debian-edu-itil-manual.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,6225 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd">
+<article lang="en"><articleinfo><title>Debian Edu / Skolelinux ITIL Manual <?dbtimestamp?></title></articleinfo>
+<section id="Introduction">
+<title>Knowledge sharing for centralised administration
+</title>
+<para>Small organisations are in practice dependent on individuals and therefore vulnerable if someone leaves. A thorough and quality assured system administration handbook is therefore essential to ensure stability and continuity in operating practices. The Program for Digital Literacy has the primary objective of developing a set of recommended operating solutions, with guidelines that provide schools and educational institutions with stability and predictability so that computers, net [...]
+</para>
+<para>The ITIL book contains guidelines based on "best practices", adapted for municipalities using free software like Skolelinux to run centralized networks across multiple schools. These guidelines are adapted for municipal and regional administrative centres. Many municipalities have only one part-time position for ICT operations in schools. In Norway there are more than 300 small and medium sized municipalities; usually they have 1-4 persons working full time with ICT in each municip [...]
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Introduction--License">
+<title>License
+</title>
+<para>This document is written under the GNU General Public License version 3. It means that you have:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>The freedom to use the documentation for any purpose (Freedom 0).
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>The freedom to study documentation and adapt it to your needs (Freedom 1).
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>The freedom to forward copies so you can help your neighbour (Freedom 2).
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>The freedom to improve the document and distribute it with your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits (Freedom 3).
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>These freedoms are explained on Wikipedia. Torgeir Kielland at the University of Bergen's Faculty of Law has analysed the GNU license or terms of Copyleft. He states that the GNU license is copyright relevant. In short, you can use everything in this documentation as appropriate. You must ensure that your contributions also receive a General Public License.
+</para>
+
+<section id="Introduction--Thanks">
+<title>Thanks
+</title>
+<para>Many have contributed to the documentation. Essentially it was written by Knut Yrvin and Andreas Johansen with many contributions from Klaus Ade Johnstad. Halvor Dahl, Skolelinux Drift AS is on the committee, and has made several contributions to structure and form, and content. In addition, there are contributions Snorre Løvås, UNINETT ABC, Finn-Arne Johansen from BzzWare AS, Ragnar Wissløff from LinuxLabs AS, and the reference group who participated in writing the documentation. [...]
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Monica Larssen - Harstad municipality
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Aksel Celasun - Hurum municipality
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Trond Mæhlum - Kongsvinger municipality
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Bjarne Nielsen - Nittedal municipality
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Stein Lier - Akershus county
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>This documentation is maintained in a wiki. This is to ensure that operations staff can easily search for solutions to problems, update configurations, and so on.
+</para>
+<para><ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html"/>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Introduction--Background">
+<title>Background
+</title>
+<para>The Program for Digital Competence is the Norwegian Ministry of Education's ICT plan from 2004 to 2008. One objective is to develop a set of recommended operating solutions and appropriate guidelines. It will provide schools and educational facilities with stability and predictability, so that computers, networks and basic services function properly. Operating solutions must be adapted to the institutions' size and needs.
+</para>
+<para>This documentation contains guidelines based on practices customised for ICT-services within municipalities and counties. It is also applicable for commercial operators. Many municipalities have only one part-time position for computer networking operations within the schools. Overall just 13% of the municipalities in Norway have more than 20,000 inhabitants; 73 % have less than 10,000. Usually 1-4 people work full time in ICT within the municipal administration. When it comes to s [...]
+</para>
+<para>The documentation is also suitable for larger organisations. It is based on the ISO 20000 standard for ICT operations, also known as the ICT Infrastructure Library. See Wikipedia for more information about the standard itself: <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITIL"/>
+</para>
+<para>The first edition of this document was finished 19th July 2006.
+</para>
+<para>The document is maintained in a wiki and can be updated at <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/!DebianEdu/Documentation/nb/ITIL"/>. The previous version is available from <ulink url="http://developer.skolelinux.no/itil/oldindex.html"/>
+</para>
+<para>The document will be translated into English using <ulink url="https://www.transifex.com/projects/p/itil-revitalization/"/> from March 2015.
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="Support">
+<title>Service support
+</title>
+<para>As mentioned in the introduction, it is recommended to begin by establishing an office for centralized operations to allow you to manage tickets. The benefits of this come quickly and are visible, which is important for customer and user satisfaction.
+</para>
+<para>Once the office is up and running with a sensible workflow for tickets (user requests and troubleshooting) you will move on to the biggest challenge for the organisation. As a rule, this is either change management or problem solving. Organisations with "cowboy" system administrators who come up with smart ideas and implement them without much testing, often begin with change management. For organisations suffering recurring outages, problem solving comes first.
+</para>
+<para>Whatever you choose to start with, a certain amount of configuration management will be necessary. Managing configuration is critical to delivering the software and services for the user. Software must work as expected. In order to make beneficial changes, one must know the configuration of the different programs.
+</para>
+<para>To manage configuration changes you may use a database (Configuration Management Data Base (CMDB)). Few people use a database for all the configurations, and neither do you have to add all configurations to one single database. It's fine to place configurations into multiple smaller and partly independent repositories. Some people, for example, store configurations and setups in version control. But even if you have different repositories, you may get greater benefits if you connec [...]
+</para>
+<para>For users of Debian Edu, most service configurations lie within a specific directory (/etc). These may benefit from being collected and stored in a central version controlled directory. This makes it easier to restore lost services and setup machines if they are reinstalled. This applies both to servers and user laptops or workstations. As part of the backup system in Debian Edu, a backup is made of the setup directory /etc. But the backup system is nothing more than a database or [...]
+</para>
+
+<section id="Support--Service_Desk">
+<title>Service Desk
+</title>
+<para>The Service Desk is where users ask questions or report problems. At school, the ICT-contact often forwards operational reports to the Service Desk. There may also be requests like setting up a new PC, or installing a program.
+</para>
+<para>At school the ICT contact is the link to the Service Desk. The ICT contact also responds to the most common questions. Some questions are too difficult to manage at each school and must be forwarded to the Service Desk. It is important to have good cooperation between the school ICT contact and Service Desk operators. Tasks that are too extensive or too difficult to solve locally should be passed to the Service Desk.
+</para>
+<para>Users may also get direct answers from an operator at the Service Desk. All operational enquiries go to the Service Desk. Enquiries will be assigned a case number. Anyone who has registered a case will receive an e-mail confirming that the inquiry has been received. During consideration of the case, those working with it at the Service Desk may send status updates to the user.
+</para>
+<para>This way, users get one point of contact, and service desk operators get an overview of all of issues. Operations can be expected to troubleshoot across all parts of the organisation. Periodically the team leader needs to go through all issues and solutions in order to prioritize debugging and to prevent re-occurrence of errors, in order to provide schools with a stable operating environment.
+</para>
+<para>Incidents can be reported by phone, fax, email or web form. Incidents that are more urgent must be prioritized. Incidents that need to be resolved quickly are usually reported by telephone. Less important events are usually reported via e.g. email. A member of the support staff should be assigned to the incident and will need to ask the user questions to investigate the problem.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Remember to be an active listener, not a passive one.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>All enquiries should be logged, and an email confirmation should be sent. It is important that the user should feel safe, and information about what might be the problem should be communicated to them. When the enquiry arrives at the service desk, a brief description of the incident should be logged. The enquiry may be from the ICT contact at the school, or from someone with an agreement to use the service desk. The event logging should happen as soon as possible, and it should be [...]
+</para>
+<para>Previously, enquiries were written in paper logbooks. Today software is used to record the enquiries in a "Request Tracker". It is crucial for operations to log enquiries. This is basically for error handling, user requests, and prioritization of the various incidents. Log entries are important to prevent recurring errors. Because operational events are periodically reviewed, an assessment of fixes and priorities can be made. The log also provides a basis for improving the service [...]
+</para>
+<para>Thus the log of requests is a basic and necessary tool for both users and the service desk. There are several freely available systems for logging requests with good documentation <<<ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/FootNote#">FootNote</ulink>(RT Essentials: <ulink url="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/rtessentials/chapter/index.html"/> )>>. Skolelinux Drift uses RT <<<ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/FootNote#">FootNote</ulink>(RT: Request Tracker: <ulink url=" [...]
+</para>
+<para>One important thing when starting up support is not to get too tough a start. Do not try to achieve everything at once; bet rather on "quick wins" that keep the user informed, and aim for quick response times. It is also important to clarify who the service desk should forward events to, if they can not solve the issue themselves. The support desk must also check whether there will be disruptions for the user. This makes it quick and easy to give feedback.
+</para>
+<para>For users it is important that incidents are dealt with. For the service office it is important that the incidents are handled correctly according to the service level agreement, and that work requested beyond what was agreed to is handled between management at the school and the system administration organisation.
+</para>
+
+<section id="Support--Tasks_and_roles">
+<title>Tasks and roles
+</title>
+<para>We recommend getting agreement on what duties the school's ICT contact has and which responsibilities those who work at the Service Desk shall look after. Schools often have little resources compared to what is common in municipal administrations or private companies. At the same time, schools usually have many more users and often more client machines than are in use in the rest of the municipality.
+</para>
+<para>Tasks are distributed according to roles. By having clearly established roles it is easier to distribute tasks and ascertain the working capacity necessary to resolve operational tasks. Operational experience in municipalities and professional organisations shows that the following roles are common.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>ICT contact at each school. This is often a teacher with ICT-teaching and/or technical background.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Operator(s) working in the central IT service. This is a person skilled in operations.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>ICT coordinator who organises the educational use of IT, and contributes towards plans for developmental, operational and educational use. Often this is a teacher.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>ICT responsible. This is usually the principal who is responsible for IT operations.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>There follows an overview of the various everyday tasks, some of which are contracted out by municipalities.
+</para>
+<para>ICT contact(s) tasks at each school:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Oversee the school's server room.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Be the school's contact at the municipality - report errors and outages.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Perform simple maintenance tasks such as replacing mice and keyboards, upgrading thin clients, and simple patching.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Be the school's superuser - able to advise colleagues about: user interfaces, e-mail, video projectors and relevant applications.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Participate in ICT gatherings.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Create and administer local users.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Perform simple maintenance of printers.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Create and manage email accounts.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Perform simple commands and operations under guidance of an ICT-tutor.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Facilitate the use of ICT in teaching.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>The operator's tasks:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Receiving incident reports and service requests.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Mentor ICT contacts by telephone and e-mail.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>By arrangement, visit schools to troubleshoot defects and malfunctions on computers, printers and servers.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Backups.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Security software updates on the school's computers (servers and clients).
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>ICT coordinator's duties:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Assist school management and ICT contacts in developing technical and teaching plans for ICT.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Provide the service desk and management with guidance when selecting software and similar.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Ensure that schools have appropriate ICT tools for teaching, and that computers and networks are appropriate for school subjects.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Provide advice and guidance to operational services on the technical and pedagogical requirements for ICT in schools.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>ICT-responsible duties (principal, headmaster, head of operational services):
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Make joint purchases of computer equipment and enter into joint agreements etc.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Develop competence plans.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Provide schools with courses in the educational use of ICT.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Operations course.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Negotiate contracts for operations.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Ensure that the ICT contact and the ICT service have the necessary resources.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>The advantage of settling in advance who does these tasks is that expectations on the individual are known, giving a good basis for planning and managing ICT services. Usually these ICT tasks are only done part-time by staff who also have teaching duties.
+</para>
+<para>A business might well have two staff members working full time to operate 100 standard client machines for 100 users. In schools there may be a 30% position in total, divided among several persons, operating 100 client computers used by 320 students and teachers.
+</para>
+<para>When schools have so few resources for operations, it is crucial to manage those resources well. Agreeing on who handles which tasks can make it easier to assess whether you need additional resources, or to reduce expectations of IT initiatives in schools due to budget constraints. An IT administrator with a good overview of the ICT tasks in the school is better able to ask for an increase in resources if necessary. There may be a need for increased resources to implement ICT-based [...]
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Expected_time_usage">
+<title>Expected time usage
+</title>
+<para>We've created a table showing time spent on operations and maintenance. The table is based on the experiences of municipalities which implement a centrally operated Debian Edu of 9-10 schools with 250-500 client computers. Several things are not included in the table. Therefore extra time is required for projects where schools develop their own ICT solutions with networking and more equipment.
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><colspec colname="col_2"/><colspec colname="col_3"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis><emphasis role="strong">Role</emphasis></emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis><emphasis role="strong">Operational responsibility</emphasis></emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis><emphasis role="strong">Time spend per school per week</emphasis></emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis><emphasis role="strong">Time spent in total for all schools</emphasis></emphasis>
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Centralised operations staff
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Monitoring, debugging and operation of 500 machines, for example, 10 schools with 3,200 students and teachers.
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>2-3 h(50 clients)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>½ position(500 clients)
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>ICT contact at each school
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Oversight of equipment, easy maintenance, and reporting of incidents and requests
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>3-4 h(50 clients)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1 position(10 schools / 500 clients)
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Central ICT-coordinator
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Assist in planning and implementation of educational and technical ICT work in schools.
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1-2 h
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>½ position
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>ICT manager (principal)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Make joint purchases, and ensure compliance with the service level agreement. Schedule updates, or development of solutions
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1 h
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>¼ position
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Overall for a school</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">50 client machines (concurrent users)</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">6 - 10 h</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Overall for all schools</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">10 schools, 500 client machines (concurrent users)</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">2 ¼ positions</emphasis>
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+<para>Experience shows that the scope of work of the ICT contact is affected by the number of concurrent users. The term "concurrent users" is new to many. To illustrate with an example: A school may have 250 students but not more than 50 computers. Then a maximum of 50 students can use computers at the same time. This is much less than the total 250 users who have an account on the system. It is these 50 logged in users that provide work for IT service. The other 200 people not logged i [...]
+</para>
+<para>Therefore, it is common to calculate IT costs from the maximum number of concurrent users. Other calculation methods are also possible, for example when paying for proprietary software. But since Debian Edu has no license costs, the number of concurrent users is the most crucial figure for operating costs. To calculate costs from user accounts provides little or no meaning for a school.
+</para>
+<para>For users of Debian Edu the cost difference to manage 100 or 250 user accounts is very small. There are a few exceptions. With 250 students instead of 100, some students may repeatedly forget their password. Therefore, it is wise to authorise the teacher responsible for the class to give these students new passwords.
+</para>
+<para>If the school has 50 client machines, the ICT contact needs less time on their operational tasks than if the school has 150 clients. With more clients, the overall time spent on operations increases, but operating time per client machine goes down a bit.
+</para>
+<para>Several municipalities have set aside 3-4 hours a week to the ICT contacts tasks at each school with 30-70 client machines. The Education Department in Oslo has set aside a day and a half per week, or a 30% position, to support 150 client machines. Experiences from other municipalities suggests that a 20% position is enough for the tasks of a local ICT contact when a school has 160 thin or diskless clients with Debian Edu.
+</para>
+<para>In addition there are costs associated with centralized operations, ICT management, and building up the educational use of ICT tools in school subjects. One position is probably sufficient for the operation of 1000 client machines. As regards educational support, several principals have a 50-100% position in the school for this work. There may be a 10-20% position as an ICT contact and a 40-80% position as an educational support for the teachers. Many teachers perceive IT tools in [...]
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Check_list">
+<title>Check list
+</title>
+<para>We now give a check-list of what's needed to get a new service office up and running.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Arrange people in different roles like IT manager, IT contact in each school, central operations and IT coordinator for all schools. It is important to distinguish technical operations and maintenance from teaching work.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Establish the service desk such that every school has a service agreement regulating what is standard operating activities, and what is extra. It is imperative that ICT-responsible principals are a part of this process.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Establish a system for handling incoming requests (a request tracker). All enquiries by email need a case number. Almost all enquiries from users or IT contacts from schools also need a case number.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Ensure that ICT budget reflects the contribution necessary to ensure proper operation of school computer equipment and networks. The requirement today is that the ICT systems will be used for national and local tests with use of ICT tools with or without the Internet.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Basically use the standard edition of Debian Edu with the same version on all schools. From this make the changes you want. These changes must be taken care of in a configuration database with documentation of the changes made. Version management can be used to save the changes and documentation.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Incident_Management">
+<title>Incident Management
+</title>
+<para>The purpose of the ICT service is to prevent disturbances like shutdowns or software issues. Users will experience few problems with the ICT system if the ICT service has enough resources to handle operations, equipment and for enquiries to the Service Desk. Small or big problems will cause interruptions for users, so good handling of incidents is necessary.
+</para>
+<para>In parachuting they call near-accidents "incidents". It is perhaps not quite the same in computer operations when something is not working. The purpose of dealing with incidents is to restore services as quickly as possible so that everything works normally. If something goes wrong, it must have the least possible impact on users. What is a "normal service" is agreed through an operating agreement describing the service level.
+</para>
+<para>Statistics of incidents is important, especially if several people work within the organisation. When several people work together, it is easy to lose track of the work. Statistics will point out problem areas that must be addressed more thoroughly than a quick fix from the service desk. For example, there may be many requests to replace forgotten passwords, so it may be wise to let the teacher change passwords for pupils in their class.
+</para>
+<para>An operational disturbance is defined as:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>an event which is not part of normal operations and causes, or can cause, an interruption or reduction in the quality of the service.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Examples of operational disturbances may be:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Programs
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>the office program (OpenOffice.org) does not start
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>the web browser (Firefox) crashes
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>the hard drive is full
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Hardware
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>the server is down
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>unable to print
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>unable to log in
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Requests
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>requests for information, advice or documentation
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>forgotten password
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>The examples show some of the most common operational issues. These are problems that prompt users to contact the school or the service desk. The ICT service must prioritize what must be handled straight away, and which problems need more time to resolve. To prioritize which problems need more comprehensive debugging, it is important to log all enquiries about malfunctions. Once one has an overview of the most common problems, appropriate actions can be taken.
+</para>
+
+<section id="Support--Service_support--Incident_Management--Check_list">
+<title>Check list
+</title>
+<para>We have made a short check list to ensure procedures and systems for good event handling are in place.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>The operator doing the debugging will report the status back to the ICT contact at the school and/or the user.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>The system for logging events must be available and working (both technically and functionally) for those working with event handling in schools and at the service desk.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>The event logging system must be used for virtually all operational events.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Statistics of the log of events should be made periodically. The statistics can be used to identify and eliminate recurring problems, which are irritating to users.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Planning_and_implementation">
+<title>Planning and implementation
+</title>
+<para>To set up a workable system for logging events requires something more than installing the system. Everyone in the operations department must use the system. Those reporting errors must also receive feedback by email with a ticket number. This requires significant efforts in configuring the system for event logging. In addition, one must ensure basic user training for those who receive the requests.
+</para>
+<para>Large and comprehensive plans are not required to implement proper event handling. Event handling is a completely standard task for those who work at the service desk or as ICT contacts at the schools. Setting up a computer tool for logging events may require up to a few weeks for a correct configuration, and users may also report events via e-mail and by phone.
+</para>
+<para>The user interface to the logging system is relatively self-explanatory, so it should not take too long to get started. Daily use of the system will get users comfortable with what should be logged. It is crucial that everyone in the operations department uses the logging system for operational messages.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Activities_related_to_operational_events">
+<title>Activities related to operational events
+</title>
+<para>To get an idea of activities done following a reported event, we use an example.
+</para>
+<para>A user contacts the service office with a problem, and reports that printing is not working. Operations logs the event immediately after the call is completed. A case is opened for the issue, and automatically given a case number.
+</para>
+<para>Operations at the service desk make a quick analysis. Has the spooler stopped again, or is it something else? Is the paper or toner missing? The operator examines the spooler and sees that queue has filled up. She deletes the queue and tests whether the next job is printed.
+</para>
+<para>This time the print queue fills back up again. Operations contact the school's ICT contact asking to check whether the paper tray is empty. This is listed in the event log. The ICT contact replies that they have refilled the paper tray, and printing is normal. The case is closed, and is noted in the system event log.
+</para>
+<para>If printing had not started again, the toner might have be missing or there might have been a printer error. If there was an error, operations would have to escalate the issue. This means that someone other than the operator or the ICT contact is needed to resolve the problem - in this example, a technician who can fix printers.
+</para>
+<para>This example shows the whole workflow that needs to be investigated to get a printer working again. If a printer does not work even after checking that paper and toner are available, the issue needs to be escalated. The operations department must call in an expert to fix the problem - this time it was a service technician for printers.
+</para>
+<para>What was wrong and what the fix was are noted in the event logging system.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Roles">
+<title>Roles
+</title>
+<para>A variety of roles are involved when the ICT service deals with reported issues. In the example above, the school's ICT contact and the operator cooperate to solve the printing problem. Had the issue been more difficult, they would have had to call a technician. If the printer could not be fixed, a new one would have to be purchased. If the school needed to buy a new printer, the ICT managers might need to arrange payment. In many organisations, the principal has the last word.
+</para>
+<para>In short, it is easy for many people to get involved when something does not work. If possible, problems should be solved on the spot, trying to avoid including unnecessary people. Escalating problems which could be solved locally quickly becomes costly. Many enquiries are easy to deal with there and then, but other requests involve more complex problems which involve more people. If additional or external help is needed to solve the problem, this must as a rule be clarified with t [...]
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Key_points">
+<title>Key points
+</title>
+<para>We have sat up some key points for handling incidents. These points can be helpful in evaluating whether or not things are going well by using measurable and well-defined requirements. Such measurement points are:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Total number of operational incidents.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Average time from receiving an inquiry to when the issue is resolved, classified with codes (a well organized operation department has codes for different types of events and errors).
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Percentage of incidents handled within agreed response time (as agreed in the service level agreement).
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Average cost for each event
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Percentage of incidents solved by the service desk without escalation
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Events per client machine (workplace)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Number and percentage of incidents solved by the operations center without the need for visits to school
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Tools">
+<title>Tools
+</title>
+<para>A number of tools can make it easier to handle operational incidents.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Automatic logging
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Automatic routing of events to the right persons
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Automatic retrieving of data from the database for configuration management
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Phone and email are used in conjunction with tools for registering requests and incidents.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Problem_Management">
+<title>Problem Management
+</title>
+<para>Problem management is an "investigative" process. Known bugs are most often handled directly by the service desk. This is the most common form of event handling. To investigate unknown errors requires both common sense and instinct. Good operating people use instinct to go straight to the problem, find the solution and restore service as quickly as possible so that everything works normally.
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Problem management is;</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Problem management
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Checking errors
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Proactive control to prevent problems
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Identify error patterns, using information from, for example, event management
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Problem control</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Identify problems
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Classify problems
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Examine/research problems
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Error control</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Identify and register known errors
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Find temporary solutions if possible
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Contacting those with responsibility for Change Management to remove the error permanently
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Proactive control</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Identify and solve problems and errors before the incident is reported by users.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Use logs and information from event handling to see how problems may arise
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+
+<section id="Support--Procedures_for_problem_management">
+<title>Procedures for problem management
+</title>
+<para>The Skolelinux/Debian Edu manual is a comprehensive collection of solutions for solving problems and configuring systems. Everything is on the Debian wikipedia pages. Solutions are maintained with the help of staff in schools, municipal ICT services, professional individuals and volunteers. See links to the English pages: <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/!DebianEdu/Documentation/Manuals"/> The pages are being translated to Norwegian bokmål. We are working to link the pages to bo [...]
+</para>
+<para>The Wiki technology has proven to be a great success for maintaining catalogued information on the internet. It's easy to contribute to and all changes are logged. It is also possible to import OpenOffice.org documents, and export documents as PDF.
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Configuration_Management">
+<title>Configuration Management
+</title>
+<para>The resources spent on IT systems in schools must be handled in a financially prudent manner in order to control the services used and the equipment / infrastructure. The equipment, software and services have a whole range of settings - this is configuration, or a logical model of how infrastructure and services are set up.
+</para>
+<para>To manage configuration it must be identified, saved and maintained. One must also be able to keep track of different versions of the configurations. We call each part of a setup for a Configuration Item (CI). A configuration file may, for example, ensure that certain users have access to a few printers in the network. Another can make sure you get a buffer on diskless clients.
+</para>
+<para>An updated database for configuration management is essential to ensure rapid and controlled handling of operational issues, or changes in the layout of machines, programs or services.
+</para>
+
+<section id="Support--Planning">
+<title>Planning
+</title>
+<para>It takes planning to set up a database for configuration management. One must decide in which areas to use the system, the objective, policies and processes for storage and maintenance of configurations.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Identify and select a structure for configuration according to the important parts of the ICT infrastructure. Configuration owners, name tags (attributes), dependencies, and relations between configurations all need to be considered.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Only approved configurations are managed in the database through the lifetime of the system. Control over access to the configurations can be done with group permissions, and can be done through the process of Change Management.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Status logging - keeps track of the condition and status of the various subsystems. This applies throughout the lifetime of the service, software or hardware. There may be a configuration in production, disconnected or discontinued.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Checking and revision. Each configuration must be checked to confirm that the correct information is stored in the configuration database (CMDB). This is followed up with periodic reviews to ensure that the database is up to date.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>As we see, there is a lot of planning needed in order to have configuration management in the IT system. The purpose of planning as part of IT operations is to ensure that systems are fixed quickly when they go down. With a good configuration management, it is easy to replace a defective machine with a new one. The configurations can be quickly transferred to the new computer and the IT system functions just as well as before.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Management_of_Configuration_Items_.28CI.29">
+<title>Management of Configuration Items (CI)
+</title>
+<para>A configuration item is a part of the infrastructure. It is normally the configuration of a service or a program. Some times users want to change how a service work. One need to keep track of the configurations if changes are made.
+</para>
+<para>To get this down to earth we can imagine the configuration of the printer server. You want to add a new printer to the computer network and will add this to the printing system CUPS. When changing one configuration through a web application or via configuration in KDE. CUPS config file will change, and you must restart the printer server again. This can be done in KDE tools or through a web application. The modified setup file is copied to a directory where the file can be handled [...]
+</para>
+<para>Of many different choices there are a few common ones. This is if a service should: run, stop, terminate, start, be interrupted or taken out.
+</para>
+<para>One should be cautious in changing configurations without a proper plan. It is easy to forget what you have done on a server or a PC. Therefore it is important to document the changes made in a change log.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Planning_and_installation">
+<title>Planning and installation
+</title>
+<para>The configuration of the computer network is connected to the architecture. Much of the planning is done with Debian Edu. This is because it may take both 3 and 4 weeks to set up servers with corresponding service level with Windows server, RedHat or other GNU/Linux distributions. Debian Edu takes this with 1-2 hours. If you want a fixed IP address for the network a professional uses ½ hour extra on this. This is because web services are set up with reusable names.
+</para>
+<para>What then must be planned is which additional user program to use, and which subsystems should interact with Debian Edu. It may, for example. be that the school has an electronic whiteboard.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Service_support--Configuration_Management--Check_list">
+<title>Check list
+</title>
+<para>We have made a list of activities and solutions that are important in good configuration management.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Establish a version-controlled area for saving configurations for all servers and selected workstations and laptops. Git and SVN are often used for this. Remember to take daily backup of the area, and make sure to save all changes in configurations.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Use an electronic system for taking care of recipes explaining configurations of different type machines, the network and services. Such recipes contributes to others who help or take over operations can read up on what is done. A wiki can be suitable for this.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Use one specific version of the operating system and software on all machines. This is to avoid maintaining many different versions of the software. Ensure that the software is well tested. Therefore, it may be wise to wait 6-12 months before adopting latest edition of a program.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Relations_to_other_processes">
+<title>Relations to other processes
+</title>
+<para>Management of configurations are closely connected with the handling of problems and if the systems are available. If printing stops to often, it may be that a configuration change solves the problem. It may, for example, be to establish a routine for deleting the print queue and restart the print service anew.
+</para>
+<para>The aim of the changes you make in the configurations are usually to increase the availability of services or programs. It may also be to restrict access to certain programs or services to specific times. To achieve this, one must reconfigure the service. In addition, it may cost money beyond what was agreed on as service level or capacity of the system.
+</para>
+<para>The examples show that the managing configurations engages a number of other areas. Therefore there is much to gain by putting in place good practices for managing changes in configurations. Also automation is advisable if you want greater stability, or access to certain services in specific periods.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Tools_for_configuration_management">
+<title>Tools for configuration management
+</title>
+<para>As mentioned under Check list one may use
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Saving the configuration files in a version-control system, for example subversion.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Wiki for storing documentation of setup and wizards
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Use a common directory for operational documentation on the internet, maintained by Skolelinux/Debian edu staff in the schools.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Change_Management">
+<title>Change Management
+</title>
+<para>Many ICT services are not clever in handling changes in ICT systems. Leading to many disgruntled users. Surveys in the public sector in Denmark show that operating costs go down when you have good control on the changes. Therefore, it pays to involve users with training and participation related to the changes made.
+</para>
+<para>Change-messages is entirely dependent on proper processes. This applies regardless of whether the changes are small or big. Therefore it is important to have in place the right people when making changes, both to give training and to have people to answer questions. This becomes especially important when adopting new releases of software and services. This is independent of whether one uses free or proprietary software.
+</para>
+<para>Change Management should ensure that all changes are made in a standardized and right manner. It is important to anchor the decision about amending at the appropriate level in the organisation, Standard changes can often be pre-approved when they are done a few times. But major changes will often involve a higher decision level between school management and operator.
+</para>
+<para>The reason why the management should be included is that an upgrade will often require training of users. It may be upgrading to a new browser or a new version of office software. This can quickly lead to a half day training in what is new in a program. Such changes must be agreed with the management. The changes must also be done without the other parts of the system stops working.
+</para>
+<para>Those with responsibility for approving changes receives a so-called change message or RFC (Request For Change). When you have a RFC you can assess whether the change should be performed. Many times you have to clarify with management if optional changes should be made, and if so, when it will happen.
+</para>
+<para>By changes one must also cooperate with the school's ICT responsible. One must ensure that changes occur when it fits with the schools plans. To implement significant changes without Change Management can lead to much dissatisfaction and additional inquiries to the Service Desk. This would provide significant extra work without this being planned. In addition, it may lead to a change that would soon be rolled back. You fast get twice as much work without ending anywhere else than b [...]
+</para>
+<para>Change Management is done to avoid more extra work than what's necessary. Making changes obviously requires more work, but you will get less extra work on the changes planned. One also avoids the need to roll back changes, because problems arise where users are unprepared for substantial changes.
+</para>
+<para>When you for example update the entire system to a new version, make sure that everyone is informed. One must look into whether those affected by the change need training. The right professionals must prepare it all, so there are no surprises.
+</para>
+<para>All responsibility must not land on the person responsible for managing versions of software, the release manager. Release handling is a process which preferably should work with changes that contains many minor changes. This usually happens when rolling out new systems and services, or the upgrading of the entire system to a new version.
+</para>
+
+<section id="Support--Activities">
+<title>Activities
+</title>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>See change message, or RFC (Request For Change) above, and check it also has got a unique number.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Prioritize and categorize the changes
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Remove not possible changes. This can be done by marking them as not possible.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Give feedback to the one giving the change message
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Make sure you have a Change Advisory Board, where the change is dealt with, discussed and evaluated. This consulting group can be selected ICT contacts and operations personnel with long experience.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Coordinate changes with the Release Management which handle different versions of applications and services.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Look over and finish the changing message (RFC)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Remember to save modified configurations in the repository for configuration files.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Reports
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Even what may look like a small insignificant change message can have major consequences for if the change is implemented. We have examples of schools that have a stable Debian Edu network where all the programs work. A test version of a popular program crashing constantly, is installed, and Debian Edu get blamed.
+</para>
+<para>An example is schools that have installed the test version of the latest OpenOffice.org before the program was finally finished. Several thought it could be fun and try out. The problem is that the test editions are usually released to find errors and instability in applications. They are not intended for production use
+</para>
+<para>In production, the general rule is that you don't install test versions of software. Most operators recommend using the next to latest version of a program intended for production. After 6-12 months are usually the worst errors picked out of a new main version of an application.
+</para>
+<para>It means one often wait until summer before updating to a program that were reissued just before New Year. This fits well with the school year. The alternative may be instability and irritated users. Therefore the advisory group plays a key role when done small or large changes.
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Release_Management">
+<title>Release Management
+</title>
+<para>Release handling is management and planning activities preparing for wanted changes. The changes can be small or large, where large changes can consist of many smaller changes. Release management goes on before initiating the actual job of installing software and hardware into production.
+</para>
+<para>First the planning and testing of new releases are carried out. Then it all is rolled out it into production. Deployment is part of the infrastructure management. The procedure is to implement what is planned, tested and is ready within the systems for Configuration Management. Once everything is planned, tested and configurations are stored, then roll out the solution in production.
+</para>
+<para>Usually, many service providers and suppliers are involved. This applies both to the acquisition of machines, the software used, and the recommended configurations. Good resource planning is crucial to package and distribute a new release in a good way for users. Cutting corners in this area can lead to equipment that doesn't work, or that goes unused because of deficiencies in the installation.
+</para>
+<para>Release Management takes a comprehensive approach by the change in a service, and ensure that all parts of a publication is seen in context. This applies to both technical and non-technical factors.
+</para>
+
+<section id="Support--Basic">
+<title>Basic
+</title>
+<para>As you can see, for computers, software and network to work as planned, release-management is crucial. Proper handling of releases prevents disruptions. New releases or changes can be introduced while operations continue as normal, without interruption or reduction in quality.
+</para>
+<para>Implementing changes or new releases can be compared to building a new road. Cars must still get past even if you build a new road on top of the old. Good signs must be in place. One must also have the necessary resources to rebuild the road. If you lack the resources to make changes, it's better to let it be.
+</para>
+<para>Some might think that proper release management is boring as one doesn't get to implement the latest version every time something new is released. But often the operations department lacks the resources to handle a flood of complaints should an upgrade fail. High uptime requires established technology, as said by Linux expert David Elboth in the Linux Magazine (1/2004). He writes:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>The more you demand of the system the more stringent are the requirements of the individual components. High requirements for uptime results also show that the choices you are left with are old technology. Only empirical data over time can say anything about downtime. We have all noticed how far behind are Red Hat and !SuSE with their server products.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>To get few complaints, with a stable and reliable environment, requires solid release management. Alternatively, a bunch of complaints and dissatisfied users emerge, caused by installing insufficiently tested cutting-edge software. Amateurs have a tendency to underestimate the consequences of software upgrades. If something works fine on your home computer, it does not mean that this will work in a wide network with 500 client computers and 3200 users.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Definitive_Software_Library_.28DSL.29">
+<title>Definitive Software Library (DSL)
+</title>
+<para>A software archive in an operational context is a collection of original copies of the software in use. If you use Skolelinux 2.0, this is the software package. The phrase software archive is used differently in some other contexts, especially among programmers. When it comes to operations, we would be talking about the original software package of a particular version which is used for the installation.
+</para>
+<para>By using free software, the software archive may be Skolelinux 2.0 plus the extra programs you have added from various sources. There may be certain versions of Macromedia Flash, Java and decoders which make it possible to run national tests in the browser, or to watch broadcasts from a national TV station.
+</para>
+<para>If you plan to upgrade to the next version of Debian Edu when released, this new version shall be the main program archive. The new archive shall also include appropriate versions of all additional applications beyond Debian Edu.
+</para>
+<para>Set-up files customized or created locally by the operations department are not included in the main program archive. Configurations are saved separately in a version-control system or database.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Database_for_configurations_and_hardware">
+<title>Database for configurations and hardware
+</title>
+<para>As mentioned in the chapter on configuration management, you must create a database or a version-controlled directory to take care of set-up files. One should also keep track of all computers, what kinds of machines are in use, performance, and unique standard addresses on the network cards (MAC addresses).
+</para>
+<para>There are many reasons to have an overview of the equipment. One of the main reasons is to keep track of how many machines are in operation, how many are not in use and how many are being repaired. Another reason is planning for upgrades.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Build_management">
+<title>Build management
+</title>
+<para>A variety of applications in addition to browser and office suite are installed in schools. Educational programs for learning, browser plug-ins, and programs for multimedia are needed. The systems also have network set-up and changed settings in specific programs. When you have many servers and perhaps thousands of clients, the need for effective tools for deployment, soon makes itself felt. Such tools are standard in Debian Edu.
+</para>
+<para>Build management is about ensuring that you always install the required software packages, services and proper settings both of individual programs and for the network. Many people have heard about the so-called "images". One installs the operating system with all needed programs and configures the network. Then one uses an image program to make a copy of the hard disk. This "disk image" can then be copied to other computers.
+</para>
+<para>It is not necessary to build such disk images. Debian Edu is based on Debian which has an excellent package management system. There is no need to compile applications, as ready-made packages can be installed directly from the Internet. It is enough to work out what changes you want to the default set-up of Debian Edu or the main program archive in use. Then you make one or more scripts to run on each machine that get everything installed and set up.
+</para>
+<para>For most situations, scripting is an easy way to "build" and roll out programs and configurations. But there are situations where building disk images may be the solution, e.g. for installation on many laptops.
+</para>
+<para>As demonstrated, handling the build process is about facilitating deployment on many computers. In exceptional cases, this may involve building a tailor-made Debian package. But in most situations, everything is ready-packaged. Then you must write and deploy a script which installs additional programs and certain settings. One can also create disk images if you have many similar machines, such as laptops for all students.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Testing">
+<title>Testing
+</title>
+<para>It is essential to test new applications, configurations, and new services before they are put into production. Several schools have experienced instability when they have installed software without making the necessary adjustments. Therefore it is crucial to test changes in configurations or new versions of the software before the change is made on all machines.
+</para>
+<para>Testing generally takes place in three steps.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>First, do an installation of the changes on a test network. This is technical testing to check that everything functions in a system without users. Take care to include all changes in the configuration files.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>When you are sure that everything works on the technical side, try installing the solution in one school. It is very important to book the testing with the school's ICT contact. Users must also be fully briefed on changes made for the sake of testing. Take care to preserve current adjustments in the set-up files, which may have been made in the course of normal maintenance.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>When you are sure everything works, you can roll out the solution to all schools. It is easiest to create a script that simplifies upgrading of software packages, services and configurations.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Fall-back_solution">
+<title>Fall-back solution
+</title>
+<para>Much can go wrong during a new installation or upgrade. Therefore, one must have ready a fall-back solution. This lets one quickly get back to the system as it was before the upgrade. In technical terms, this is called roll-back.
+</para>
+<para>When rolling back it is absolutely essential to have the previous version of the software archive and configuration files ready. This means that you can install for example Edu 1.0 in under an hour, and put in place the appropriate configuration files.
+</para>
+<para>But roll-back takes time. Therefore, it may be prudent to have a server ready with the previous version of the software, the right configurations, and a recent copy of the users' home directories. This server can quickly replace any machines on which the upgrade does not work according to plan. Having server machines in reserve can ensure high availability even if something goes wrong.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Advantages_and_possible_problems">
+<title>Advantages and possible problems
+</title>
+<para>The advantage of having records of the software in production can't be underestimated. Many rely on having the software on their respective CDs and DVDs. This a inefficient method of distribution. To save time and trouble all the software in Debian Edu is available online.
+</para>
+<para>Your operations department can create a copy of the Debian Edu archive on a central server. From here, all the software can quickly and smoothly be installed on other machines. The advantage is that your ICT service has a constant overview of the versions of the software they have made available to schools. This also prevents the installation of software that has not been reviewed by the Change Management.
+</para>
+<para>There may be considerable problems if you do not maintain the software archive and configurations. It might happen as well that one makes mistakes with a configuration or software package. Then this gets rolled out to all machines. In addition, some schools may install insufficiently tested software or use beta releases in production. So one must have good processes and have someone to take responsibility for maintenance of the program archive and configurations.
+</para>
+<para>It may seem like one needs a lot of extra things in place in order to install and maintain the services and programs that are in use. However, if you skip the tools that provide management of upgrades, you give yourself a lot of extra work. The ICT service must spend a lot of time on manual installation on each machine. The danger of making mistakes increases. When things do not work you get disgruntled users, and much time is spent fixing problems.
+</para>
+<para>Many of those administrating big IT systems have inadequate plans for the upcoming changes. Some have no plans at all, but just upgrading the software to the latest releases. Changes made can be perceived as problematic for some users, because functions they are comfortable with could change location on the user interface. For operations it can go completely wrong. For example when they tried upgrading from older to newer version of Windows in the Arendal municipality, mostly every [...]
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Service_support--Release_Management--Planning_and_implementation">
+<title>Planning and implementation
+</title>
+<para>The reason for planning before implementing changes is to avoid weeks or months of delay due to problems. The time used for planning is quickly regained because one avoids additional problems. There will always be people who say they have had no problems with ad hoc changes in the systems; but closer examination reveals that there are problems after such changes, they merely don't get communicated.
+</para>
+<para>In our eyes, ad-hoc solutions are only a detour through changes, and only an emergency measure. An ad-hoc solution is like a temporary repair with "wire and tape." One must in due course clean up such solutions to ensure stable operations without constant surprises. Skipping a planning phase leads to many more ad hoc solutions, and several operational problems when changes or upgrades are done. Therefore it is essential that professionals and management understand the value of a go [...]
+</para>
+<para>Therefore, we recommend that you convene a meeting for planning, and make a stepwise plan for changes in the system. A stepwise plan will naturally vary according to the change. Upgrading the OpenOffice.org suite is quite different from upgrading the whole system. When upgrading to a new office application, a 2-3 hour tour of the office suite may be enough for the teacher in each school. When upgrading the entire system one must both provide user training and test that the technica [...]
+</para>
+<para>The main point is that it is straightforward when it comes to planning and implementation. Studies show that those who plan properly and ensure that people have the right skills, have lower operating costs for the operations.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Service_support--Release_Management--Activities">
+<title>Activities
+</title>
+<para>It is crucial to plan new releases. Most modifications of the system should be clarified with the management. The following list of activities is designed to support the upgrades in a planning and implementation phase.
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Tasks</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Details</emphasis>
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Prioritization of the release:
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Check if the necessary decisions are made before a change or upgrade would be deployed.
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Definitive Software Library
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Ensure that the appropriate software packages to be installed are in place in the definitive software library.
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Configuration database
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Be sure to have in place all configuration files. This applies both to those who are in use, and the new ones supplied in systems to be changed or updated.
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Build management
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>All scripts and systems used to deploy or create disk images must be in place.
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Testing
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>First, run trials on the test equipment. When this works without any problems, it can be tested at a school. The school must be fully informed about this, and fully aware about trying out new software. When one is sure that everything works, you can upgrade for all the others.
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Fall-back solution
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Even with extensive testing, new releases may go wrong. Therefore it is essential to have a fallback. The easiest solution is to spare the old installation with its data on a separate server machine. Such a machine can be plugged in again if the change or upgrade does not work.
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Service_support--Release_Management--Tools">
+<title>Tools
+</title>
+<para>As seen from the activity list, one needs several tools to keep track of different releases of software, services and hardware in the system. Some of these tools were mentioned previously. But we repeat this anyway:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Debian tools for the definitive software library
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Configuration and hardware asset database (subversion setup files and spreadsheets providing an overview over all hardware and their respective physical locations)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Build management (the system which builds Debian packages)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Hardware for testing and backup-solution
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Service_support--Release_Management--Relations_to_other_processes">
+<title>Relations to other processes
+</title>
+<para>Release management fits directly into the core of the ICT services. It is about implementing appropriate security updates, changes in the services or upgrades of computer software. Requests for new releases may be due to operational problems or wishes for new software. An assessment on whether the change is necessary is done prior to committing the new release.
+</para>
+<para>If the change is straightforward one would make the necessary changes in the configurations and make the application packages ready for deployment. This would be tested, and one would have in place backup solutions. When the changes are made, one should perhaps alter parts of the operational routines. It would be easy to see how change management affects all parts of the operational support.
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Tools_for_operational_support">
+<title>Tools for operational support
+</title>
+<para>The first thing you should ask yourself: "Do we really need software tools?" If that's true, it is crucial to examine the options thoroughly.
+</para>
+<para>Taking a glossy brochure, and listening to sales talks, one is totally dependent on such tools. But good people, good process descriptions, good procedures and job descriptions are a basis for good service management. The need for, and how complicated the tools are, depend on the organsation's need for computer systems, and the size of the organisation.
+</para>
+<para>In a small organisation, will a single freely accessible database be enough for logging and management of events (request tracker). But in larger organisations will one almost certainly need a sophisticated distributed and integrated tools for service management. It means linking all processes to a system for event handling.
+</para>
+<para>Although tools can be important, they are not important in themselves. It's the tasks and processes to be done, and the information needed which are important. They will provide the necessary information to specify which tools are best suited to support the operations. Here are some reasons why one may use software for operational and service management:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>increased demands from users
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>lack of ICT knowledge
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>budget limitations
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>organisations is entirely dependent on the quality of service
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>integration of systems from multiple vendors
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>increased complexity of ICT infrastructure
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>emergence of international standards
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Extended scope and changes in ICT
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Automatic tools allow:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Centralisation of key functions
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Automation of functions in the service delivery
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Analysis of data
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Identification of trends
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Preventive measures may be implemented
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+
+<section id="Support--Type_of_tool">
+<title>Type of tool
+</title>
+<para>In this chapter we have proposed a number of tools to improve operational support. Here follows a summary of the tools:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Debian tools for the definitive software library
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Configuration and hardware asset database (subversion setup files and spreadsheets providing an overview over all hardware and their respective physical locations)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Build management (the system which builds Debian packages)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Hardware for testing and backup-solution
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Request Tracker
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>System for monitoring (Munin)
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>As the operations department gains further experience with systematic routines, additional and different types of tools will be developed or acquired.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Evaluation_criteria_when_selecting_tools">
+<title>Evaluation criteria when selecting tools
+</title>
+<para>Although it's been used large amounts of money on creating evaluation criteria for software, the result is only experience-based guidelines. There is no final answer to what's good or less good software. As much else, it revolves partly about taste. Different solutions do the same job just as well, but may have quite different forms. However, here may some rules of thumb be useful.
+</para>
+<para>The main evaluation criterion is whether one needs to execute a job at all. Many IT tools are absolutely perfect and work without error, but might solve tasks that are not needed to be fixed. So the main criterion is whether it resolves the right problem, and if at all it is necessary to do anything.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>So the first thing one asks is whether the tool is needed.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>If it turns out that one should complete a task, the solution might be as simple as to run some commands manually. The simplest way is best. But when one gets many machines to operate, automation becomes crucial. It's too much work to log into 20 similar server machines to do a security upgrade. Then automation is the thing.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>So here one must ask whether the tool is useful to solve the task
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Then one must ask whether the tool is usable.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>There are often a wide range of programs and procedures to solve a specific task. But some problems are solved completely differently when maintaining 500 computers and 11 servers, than when fixing your home PC. An example might be tools that allow the teacher to see the desktop of each student on his or her client machine. The teacher can stop and start programs for all pupils, and prevent individual pupils from using for example IMs when this interferes with school work.
+</para>
+<para>Regarding the choice of operating tools, it's about automation and simplification of operational tasks. It is about making and reducing manual work to a minimum. So the motivation is to just to maintain the automatics. Also here it is possible to make things easy, which can be a considerable job to fulfill.
+</para>
+<para>As you can see, it is not easy to set up good criteria for the selection of operating tool for large installations. Mainly this is because software developers often lack experience in the operations of IT systems. They are known only to create new things, but to create good and relevant tools for operations, requires many years of experience.
+</para>
+<para>Some general operational tools have not been replaced the last 20 years. But the products used may have been replaced. Also some software may, in a few years time, be irrelevant to use. Therefore, one must be ready to get some training in new editions of the applications used for operations, and in upgrades and changes in end user software.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Product_training">
+<title>Product training
+</title>
+<para>Thorough user training makes that a lot of support issues can be resolved informally in direct communication between the end users themselves. Often, training costs as little as 1% of the total operating costs. It is well worth spending a little more on training. The effect is very positive. The same applies to proper training of the ICT contacts at schools, and the operators. Training of ICT contacts to use simple systems for password change, error messages, etc.. will provide bet [...]
+</para>
+<para>Education and product training are in Norway regulated according to the Labour Act (§ 4-2)
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Employees and their union representatives will be kept informed of systems used in the planning and implementation phases. They should be given the necessary training to familiarize themselves with these systems, and they shall take part in designing them.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>So in short terms it can be advantageous to increase efforts in training, which will improve ICT service quality and provide a significant cost reduction. This is because users and IT contacts become more confident and better in helping each other. It should also be noted that the transition to new software can also provide an opportunity to simplify some of the operating practices. Simplification can reduce the requirement for product training.
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Planning_at_the_start_of_the_implementation_of_service_support">
+<title>Planning at the start of the implementation of service support
+</title>
+<para>A growing number of organisations sees the necessity of service control. It is often a usual practice to base decisions on historical and political considerations, rather than the current organisation's needs. Therefore it is important to ensure that the management commits to participating in and understanding the working methods in the organisation, and go through the existing processes and compare those with the organization's needs and "best practices".
+</para>
+
+<section id="Support--Implementing_service_support">
+<title>Implementing service support
+</title>
+<para>Health check
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Feasibility_study">
+<title>Feasibility study
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Determine_current_situation">
+<title>Determine current situation
+</title>
+<para>Health check
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--General_guidelines_for_project_planning">
+<title>General guidelines for project planning
+</title>
+<para>Business case for the project
+</para>
+<para>Critical success factors and possible problems
+</para>
+<para>Project costs
+</para>
+<para>Organisation
+</para>
+<para>Product
+</para>
+<para>Planning
+</para>
+<para>Communication plan
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Support--Project_review_and_reporting">
+<title>Project review and reporting
+</title>
+<para>Progress
+</para>
+<para>Evaluation of the project
+</para>
+<para>Supplementary work.
+</para>
+<para>Reviewing to check the compliance with the quality parameters
+</para>
+<para>Reviewing in regards to key factors
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="Delivery">
+<title>Service Delivery
+</title>
+<para>The main purpose of service delivery is to ensure proactive operations and that the ICT services deliver appropriate support for users. The purpose of service delivery is to focus on your organisation's needs. It is active learning, with use of ICT tools in the different subjects, the school needs. This chapter describes in order:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Service level management
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Economy management
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Capacity management
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Capacity planning
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Access control
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Operational continuity
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Service_level_management">
+<title>Service level management
+</title>
+<para>Service Level Management is often shortened to the acronym SLA. Managing the the service level is about the quality of the operational services, measured in relation to what is agreed in a contract. There are definitely concrete figures for availability, response times, support, error correction etc.
+</para>
+<para>The objective is to have control over the service level and improve the quality of the operational services. By repeating rounds the quality level is determined, monitored and reported. The purpose is to improve the contact between ICT administrators and users, to get an ICT service, to the agreed quality, delivered.
+</para>
+<para>It is important to understand the different types of SLAs. One can choose from many types of agreements. The three most common types are:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Agreement per service for all customers
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Agreement per customer for all services
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Agreement per service per customer
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>All SLAs are to be administerated, reported and maintained. It can quickly become confusing and produce much work that does not provide a particular benefit. The purpose is to get an agreement that helps to improve the quality of service. Therefore it is useful to think carefully about that, when the agreement is made. Here is an overview of what is important to make sure about when you create an agreement for the service level management.
+</para>
+
+<section id="Delivery--General_checklist">
+<title>General checklist
+</title>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>The agreement between the user and the operations of what's actually being measured. This must be seen from the users' perspective and not the ICT services perspective.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Measurement and clarity about the metrics included in the SLA
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Decide realistic targets for the service level (there is no point in promising more than one can keep)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Continuous focus on the control of the service - monitoring and periodic reporting of results achieved
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Planning">
+<title>Planning
+</title>
+<para>It is essential that the operations center has the technical capability to measure the values included in the SLA. This must be taken into account from the beginning.
+</para>
+<para>Furthermore, it is important to define the services where one is dependent on subcontractors and therefore can't provide service guarantees, or relies on a similar agreement with the subcontractor. The definition of dependencies is made because it should be clear who should rectify the problems, and to avoid never ending negotiations until the error could be corrected.
+</para>
+<para>Level of service may be different for different user groups, or during different periods of the school year. For example, there may be differences between teachers and students, or a higher service quality when carrying out exams. Dialogue with all relevant users is important to ensure measuring of what's most important for each user group.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Implementation">
+<title>Implementation
+</title>
+<para>A service catalogue with all services included in the SLA must be prepared. A service will often be an application (program) in this directory. It will often be different requirements for different services, and it will be reflected in different objectives in the agreement.
+</para>
+<para>Establishing and continually adjusting the users' expectations can't be overestimated. Often users have exaggerated expectations to the system and the services included. ICT services' responsibility is to adjust expectations down to realistic levels before the service-level agreement (SLA) is signed. Operations management must also ensure that all users actually are notified and know about the expected service level through the agreement.
+</para>
+<para>For the structure of the SLA, see <link linkend="Delivery--Delivery--content-service-level-agreement">section in the service level agreement</link>.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--The_operational_situation">
+<title>The operational situation
+</title>
+<para>Monitoring of the actually achieved service levels, and reporting back to the customer, are essential to preserve a good relationship between the Service Desk and the users. Format and levels of detail for reporting, should be dealt with in the SLA.
+</para>
+<para>It must be held periodic, for example quarterly or semiannually, meetings with the client. These meetings should result in concrete plans for the next period and, possibly, agreements for the implementation of new services.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Content_of_the_Service_Level_Agreement_.28SLA.29">
+<title>Content of the Service Level Agreement (SLA)
+</title>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Introduction">
+<title>Introduction
+</title>
+<para>Name and contact information for the Contracting Parties, description of the services included, duration of the agreement, responsibilities between the customer and the supplier.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Service_time">
+<title>Service time
+</title>
+<para>During which time period would the agreement be valid (like from Monday to Friday, from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.), any special requirements at defined dates and times (for example exams) and routines to order an expansion of the service time limits.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Availability">
+<title>Availability
+</title>
+<para>Access to the services. Is best measured as the period of time when one or more services have been unavailable, for example a calendar month. Different levels for different services may be agreed, for example depending on the degree of importance for users.
+</para>
+<para>Important to emphasise that this is availability within the agreed period of service, not the overall availability all day, all week and all year round (called 24/7/365). For example, it may be agreed that the system should be available between 8:00 and 18:00 on workdays, after that and on weekends it is more uncertain whether one can use the computer system, unless otherwise agreed.
+</para>
+<para>Availability also means getting support via phone or email. For example, whether the Service Desk can be reached between 08 and 16 during the day time, or if it can be reached the whole day, or in the afternoons and evenings, or even during specific weekends.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Stability">
+<title>Stability
+</title>
+<para>Is often measured according to the amount of downtime in a period of time, or the average time between downtimes. One can also measure the time it takes the system to come up again after downtime.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Support">
+<title>Support
+</title>
+<para>Often measured as response times by phone (for example 1 minute) or email (for example 30 minutes) to requests from users. When the operator gets a request for support, the message will be categorized by severity with a time guarantee for answers. There may also be an agreement about how quickly error correction will start, which will depend on what kind of inquiry was received.
+</para>
+<para>The support is also about when during the day or night one can reach people. Should support be available during school hours between 08 and 16 o'clock, or should one also have support throughout the evening or on weekends. Some will have support also on certain holidays.
+</para>
+<para>The period when support is available is usually in the SLA. It is also agreed what support will be available, with a fixed price, and what must be resolved additionally on an assignment basis. The agreement regulates the process of handling enquiries, both what to fix, and when this will happen.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Capacity">
+<title>Capacity
+</title>
+<para>Can be measured as the average response time by certain operations in specific applications. Will measure user experience of the system.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Change_management">
+<title>Change management
+</title>
+<para>Measurement for the management, approval and implementation times of change requests from the users.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Security">
+<title>Security
+</title>
+<para>Can be measured as the number of ascertained security incidents in a period. It is very important to be clear on each user's responsibility to ensure that warranties will apply.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Billing">
+<title>Billing
+</title>
+<para>Prices, times for billing and settlement provisions.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Reporting_and_follow-up">
+<title>Reporting and follow-up
+</title>
+<para>Description of rules and periods for reporting of measured service levels. Regular meetings are recommended, for example quarterly, to go through the report and plan ahead.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Sanctions_and_possible_incentives">
+<title>Sanctions and possible incentives
+</title>
+<para>Rules for price reduction if the agreed service is not met. Escalation procedures and rules for cancellation of agreement by continuous violations of guaranteed service level. Possible incentives for achievement or better than expected service.
+</para>
+<para>See Appendix A for SLA.
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Financial_Management">
+<title>Financial Management
+</title>
+<para>Organisations rarely have a full overview of their ICT spending. A 2001-survey of Norwegian municipalities showed that only 1 of 8 municipalities had an ICT budget. It is probably not better for schools. Putting in place an ICT budget is important. Often users think they pay too much for a service they are not happy with. This often creates conflicts between users and the ICT department.
+</para>
+<para>It is very useful for both the operations center and the users to document the real ICT costs. Without this, it is difficult to budget appropriately. And mostly, it is difficult to make a cost/benefit assessment of existing ICT solutions. The rector should know the ICT budget as well as she would know the salary budget, or the budget for the teaching aids.
+</para>
+<para>There are three major key processes related to financial management of ICT services:
+</para><orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+<listitem>
+<para>Budgeting
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Accounting
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Billing
+</para></listitem></orderedlist>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Budgeting">
+<title>Budgeting
+</title>
+<para>The objective of the budget is to make a realistic estimate of the expected ICT costs. Budgeting usually contains various alternative solutions. It applies both to equipment and software, and the level you aspire to. The budget is the starting point for subsequent budget negotiations with the director of education and/or politicians.
+</para>
+<para>Budget must include both personnel and equipment costs. Some organisations only count the cost to buy equipment, omitting as much as 60 - 70 % in personnel costs for the operation of an ICT-solution. One must also get all of the equipment.
+</para>
+<para>There are examples of municipalities forgetting to count the cost of power connectors and computer networks in schools. Then you have forgotten about 2000 NOK (10 NOK = 0.85 GBP/1.18 EUR) per client machine. For 70 new computers, we need about 140,000 NOK for computer networks and power.
+</para>
+<para>Alternative solutions are also important to include in the budget. This applies both for the operation and the equipment. Today there are several vendors who specialize in the operation of computer equipment in schools with varying prices and quality. The number of simultaneous users, and type of machines and software to be maintained, is important.
+</para>
+<para>If one would like to have laptops for all teachers and students one will easily get 5-6 times higher costs than if one had desktops with three students for each client machine.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Accounting">
+<title>Accounting
+</title>
+<para>Accounting will mainly consist of invoices for purchased equipment, cabling, repair, operations and extra services. When the accounting period is over, it is important to go through the numbers and compare this with the budget.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Planning_the_accounting_and_billing">
+<title>Planning the accounting and billing
+</title>
+<para>Not all municipalities have accounting systems that show ICT costs detailed by school. There may be practical reasons for that, such as discounts and similar that the municipality gets centrally. Therefore it is important to do some planning so that you get an overview of what were the costs for operations and procurement when the accounting is assessed against the budget.
+</para>
+<para>Some organisations may have cumbersome and costly accounting procedures. You quickly get extra charges if you pay bills late, or there are many who must approve a payment, for instance. So it is important to agree on good billing practices in procurement and operations in order to have control, as well as to handle payments on time without long decision processes.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Service_Delivery--Financial_Management--Implementation">
+<title>Implementation
+</title>
+<para>The payment method is regulated by the SLA. When it gets to the accounting system, one must agree with the finance department for a convenient way to get out the reports, in order to get the necessary accounting overview of ICT costs without it taking a long time to be generated.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Daily_operation">
+<title>Daily operation
+</title>
+<para>Regarding contracts one will usually have a fixed monthly billing consisting of a fixed amount and possible additional services. Billing is done from the accounting office based on the current operations' contracts, and the extra services performed. It is important to have good and frequent contact with the accounting service based on the tasks carried out for the customer.
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Capacity_Management">
+<title>Capacity Management
+</title>
+<para>Capacity planning is used to ensure that all parts of the ICT solution have sufficient capacity to safeguard users' requirements. This includes:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Monitoring the performance of ICT services and their related infrastructure
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Configuration of the systems to ensure they are optimally utilised to what the users actually do
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Understanding the user needs and planning for possible changes in the systems to take care of future needs
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Resource planning in cooperation with the budget officer
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Preparation of a capacity plan to ensure delivery of operations in accordance with the agreed upon service level
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Capacity planning is all about balance:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Costs against capacity. The budget limits what kind of possible solutions one can implement
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Supply and demand. The systems must have the capacity to handle the demands set by the users
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>The objective of capacity planning is to avoid surprises.
+</para>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Monitoring">
+<title>Monitoring
+</title>
+<para>It is essential for good capacity planning that the systems are continuously monitored to obtain the necessary data.
+</para>
+<para>Typical data that is monitored is:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Processor utilization
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Memory utilization
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>CPU usage per task
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Response time per task for users
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Printer management - the number of prints, queue length, time for print outs
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Storage capacity
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Number of clients
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Number of logins
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Number of simultaneous users
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>In Debian Edu, Nagios is used as a monitoring tool.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Analysis">
+<title>Analysis
+</title>
+<para>On the basis of data collected from monitoring routines, one tries to identify any bottlenecks in the systems. Examples:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Poor or varying utilization of the hardware
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Poorly designed software
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Poor utilization of memory capacity
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Bottlenecks on data storage, memory or processor
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Bottlenecks in the network
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Configuration">
+<title>Configuration
+</title>
+<para>If the data analysis uncovers bottlenecks, one needs to try to set up the system in a way that better caters for the users' needs.
+</para>
+<para>Here is a list of commonly encountered bottlenecks and what to do to get rid of them:
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Bottlenecks</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Actions</emphasis>
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Missing sound, USB stick support and DVD on thin clients.
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Install diskless workstations (><!--RAW HTML: >--> 800 MHz processor, ><!--RAW HTML: >--> 256 MB RAM)
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Has 60 thin clients connected to the server and wants more PCs.
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Go for diskless clients, or install another thin client server
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Thin clients run slowly after we expanded with 20 pieces without acquiring a new server machine
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Install 2GB more memory on the server machine
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Thin clients with 32MB memory do not start after upgrading to Skolelinux 2.0
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Turn on swapping on the thin clients, or downgrade to LTSP 4.2 which is set up with swap.
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Flash animations make the thin clients slow when 50 students are logged into the same server machine
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Install diskless clients
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Service_Delivery--Capacity_Management--Implementation">
+<title>Implementation
+</title>
+<para>Implementation of possible changes to the system configuration must be done in accordance with the guidelines set for changes of the system. A well-planned function and performance test must also be done before changes can be made in the production system. Testing is done to avoid operational disturbances when changes are set into production.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Preparing_the_capacity_plan">
+<title>Preparing the capacity plan
+</title>
+<para>A capacity plan is basically an investment plan for the ICT system based on knowledge of the users' current needs and future plans.
+</para>
+<para>The capacity plan should be updated and processed once a year, normally in conjunction with the budget process. The plan should include the following themes:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Introduction
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Preconditions
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Summary
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Current and future user needs
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Service summary
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Resource summary
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Areas for improvement
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Cost model
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Recommendation
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Availability_management">
+<title>Availability management
+</title>
+<para>Good and stable availability of ICT services is obviously crucial for users.
+</para>
+<para>Availability, seen from the user perspective, depends on the following assumptions:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Availability of technical components
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Failure tolerance
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Quality of maintenance and support
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Procedures and routines for processing operational services
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Security, integrity and availability of data
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Availability can be measured in several ways. But before we show examples we'll point out what may be difficult targeting figures. If we should make systematic efforts to availability, we have to clarify what the different things mean. What means for example a percentage of availability.
+</para>
+<para>Let's say a "computer with computer program" is a service. If the computer program does not work one day, then the service is unavailable if all the other programs work fine. What if the computer program is unavailable for a classroom, but available for the rest of the school (because of an underlying service). This is a difficult matter to clarify and work on in practice.
+</para>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Availability_measurements">
+<title>Availability measurements
+</title>
+<para>Availability can be measured using several methods. Here are some examples:
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Value</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Meaning</emphasis>
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>% available
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>The value can be availability between hours 08:00 and 18:00. If the system is down 1 hour during one day, than the system is available in 90% of the agreed upon time. If availability is measured over a month with 20 work days, then the system is available 95% of the time.
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>% unavailable
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Is the system down one hour during an agreed uptime, for example 10 hours a day, the system is unavailable in 10% of the time. Measured over 20 days, we may assume the system has been unavailable for 5% of the time.
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Downtime
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>One can agree on the number of times one accepts the system to be unavailable during, for example, one month (20 days). It can be a maximum of one hour unavailability in that period, and between 08:00 until 18:00.
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Error frequency
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Even error frequency can be measured per day or for each month. 3 errors in the month because the system was down between 08:00 and 18:00, is an example.
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Error consequences
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Measured values are a common starting point for judging how to respond to an error beyond ordinary error correction. The customer or the school for example, may ask to pay less for the operating agreement for the current month.
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+<para>The most important is that your measurements describe the user experience in the best possible way. Therefore, one should measure what is important for the user.
+</para>
+<para>The feedback from the schools is that printers give most problems. This includes everything from the print queue has stopped, to missing paper or toner. Some have also experienced some instability with the browser, and that OpenOffice.org suite is hanging. It may happen when your broadband connection is unstable and you have links in documents going to the Internet.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Infrastructure">
+<title>Infrastructure
+</title>
+<para>To have a stable computing environment, one is dependent on a good enough technical quality of the network. Several schools have experienced instability because the physical computer network is provisional and of poor quality.
+</para>
+<para>Today many invest in wireless networks. Doing so, one must also be aware of wireless networks having significant weaknesses. Wireless networks have limited capacity. It can be quite choppy when about 30 students are to see a film from the Internet simultaneously. Wireless networks also have shadows. Meaning areas may not get coverage, which allows some to end up in blind zones. This would provide poor or no net connection at all.
+</para>
+<para>Availability requirements for the maintenance company and ICT service providers should specify good quality of network services to schools.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--.C2.ABSingle_points_of_failure.C2.BB">
+<title>«Single points of failure»
+</title>
+<para>Some parts of the system simply must work. Failures in a firewall, for example, may compromise security or (if you're lucky) shut down the whole network. This last can also result from problems with the DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) system for sharing out addresses.
+</para>
+<para>The operating department has a responsibility to know which parts may stop the entire system. It is important to find these points, and remove the errors one by one, to the extent you can afford. If one can't afford to remove these sources of errors, one must live with the risk of the entire computer network suddenly grinding to a halt.
+</para>
+<para>Sources of errors making everything stop, may also be logical rather than physical. This is especially true for computer networks and databases. So it is important to have a broader perspective when it comes to such errors.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Risk_management">
+<title>Risk management
+</title>
+<para>One must consider what risks one accepts in the network. Is it acceptable that users lose personal files and data, when a hard drive fails? How quickly should one replace broken equipment? Some schools have spent several days getting a server up and running again after a virus attack. The municipality may have no resources to allocate to fix errors.
+</para>
+<para>Much of the operations work goes on to maintain the agreed service level. It's about avoiding and losing confidence and user satisfaction. Risk management is about having in place the appropriate resources to keep the entire computer system on the air, and have resources ready if something should go wrong, and needs to be fixed.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Testing">
+<title>Testing
+</title>
+<para>It is a big difference to install equipment and software on a single PC and to do it on hundreds, even thousands of computers. With the responsibility for hundreds of machines, a small error that one can live with on a PC, means much instability and discontent if it affects hundreds of users.
+</para>
+<para>To avoid making mistakes during installation and to contribute to stability, it is essential to test the equipment and software to be used. It's about following up the expected quality. If you want stable operations one must often choose next to the last edition of equipment and software.
+</para>
+<para>One should avoid adopting software with a version number ending with a zero. For example you should avoid OpenOffice.org 4.0. One should adopt the office program when version 4.0.2 has arrived or later. Then the program has been fixed for several errors. The same applies to hardware.
+</para>
+<para>Server machines have usually a slightly older version of processors, and more robust memory, and hard drives. This is because many people use this hardware simultaneously. A small error that would not mean anything for one user, can provide downtime if 30 users are logged into the machine.
+</para>
+<para>So testing is about to use proven equipment and editions of software running well a half or a year. Testing is also about trying out the different parts in a smaller but realistic context, to ensure that everything works. Adopting the latest version, or even beta versions of software or completely latest hardware usually lead to much trouble and extra work with maintenance. Setting systems in production without a small test in realistic environments usually lead to significant fire [...]
+</para>
+<para>When testing in a smaller scale on equipment in production, it is essential to coordinate that with those affected. In addition, one must choose when to test. One should not test new things, for example, under ongoing exams, with the use of ICT tools.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Design_improvements">
+<title>Design improvements
+</title>
+<para>It is often worth an operations department's while to enhance systems that produce many operational messages. If users get much spam, then it might be wise to install spam-filters. There might be a lot of extra work with students who constantly forget their passwords, if teachers have to get central sysadmin staff to help them out. To avoid extra emailing and double work, the teacher can be authorised to give the student a new password.
+</para>
+<para>These are two examples of design improvements that simplified maintenance and made users happier. A well-run maintenance team has a prioritised list of such improvements. Prioritising these, as a rule, is based on how often relevant issues show up in the service office's message log and estimates of how much work each improvement shall involve.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Planning_for_availability">
+<title>Planning for availability
+</title>
+<para>It means having realistic expectations to the ICT service based on what operations costs. Plan for what's the expected accessibility. For example, when schools require one should be up and running in less than 1 hour after the server crashes, one must have a standing pre-installed machine in reserve, to be inserted as a replacement for the faulty machine. What should be done during one hour is to copy your backup files to the backup machine.
+</para>
+<para>For when a diskless or thin client fails, the school should have a small store of machines and monitors prepared. The school ICT contact can fetch and install a replacement machine. This can be done easily without waiting days for an equipment order to be filled.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Planning_for_recovery">
+<title>Planning for recovery
+</title>
+<para>As for equipment standing ready to replace any that develop defects, users also expect to be able to retrieve lost files and data. Therefore it is crucial to back up user data regularly and keep a copy of the configuration files. One must also have architectural diagrams, and descriptions of systems, to enable ICT staff to quickly set systems up when something goes wrong.
+</para>
+<para>It is crucial to schedule backup of user data and settings. One must plan ahead in order to have proper equipment and appropriate services. Routines must be planned to be followed when certain error situations occur and systems must be restored.
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Delivery--Service_Continuity">
+<title>Service Continuity
+</title>
+<para>Operating continuity or continuity management is often the most costly part of the work. High demands to operational continuity will require huge investments, which must be agreed upon whilst making the SLA. For example it can be agreed that there is no disaster plan for certain services. If you have a disaster plan the value is very low if not tested once in a while. Usually this is expensive. There are examples where customers and management have blocked the engine room and turne [...]
+</para>
+<para>Operating continuity may be more needed in certain periods like under the examination periods. Then extra requirements can be needed in order to have equipments with backup ready in case of a hard disk failure on the server. But even this will require considerable additional work for the operational staff.
+</para>
+<para>An IT coordinator told us that it might be just as well to postpone the exam one day, if something went wrong with the computer system. This costs a lot less than having a double number of servers at each school. There are examples of schools having had water leakage. Then it is usual to defer examination a day or two to repair the damage . One might think the same way when it comes to school data solutions. If you have a backup of home directories for pupils and teachers, you have [...]
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="Infrastructure">
+<title>ICT Infrastructure Management
+</title>
+<para>This part of the operational documentation is to a greater extent about technology. The other chapters about service support and service delivery, are about work processes and procedures. Infrastructure management, are about planning, design, deployment, and ongoing maintenance of ICT systems. The purpose is to provide ICT solutions adapted to the organisation's needs, which can be operated over time to a cost one can afford.
+</para>
+<para>Good planning, administration, and management are the key to ensure a well-developed ICT service, and that the service can be adapted to changing organisational needs over time. It is about using resources well and having skills and competences required to offer a good ICT service.
+</para>
+<para>Even with a well-developed infrastructure, one must expect 60-70% of the cost to go on operations, i.e. service support and service delivery. Likewise, infrastructure constitutes around 20-30% of the total costs, and one must take this part just as seriously as operations. The infrastructure chosen also has a major impact on what operations will cost and what the systems can deliver.
+</para>
+<para>Most people associate infrastructure with roads, water and sewage, and power supply. Building a house requires infrastructure in place if we are to have a certain housing standard. In the computer world infrastructure is often associated with the data network. This was in the 1980s. Over the next two decades infrastructure extended to networks, computers, software and maintenance. So in this part of the documentation is all network, hardware and significant portions of the software [...]
+</para>
+<para>Even here we focus on practical planning and implementation. We have gathered concrete planning data from different municipalities with good ICT plans by budgetting and procurement. We went through design and planning, deployment process, operations process and support. It is important to keep in mind the difference in operational terms of what Service Desk does with, for example. support, and the support operations does for example with network cables to the school. It is basicall [...]
+</para>
+<para><ol style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Design and planning process</p> <p>Development and maintenance of ICT strategies and processes for deployment and implementation of appropriate solutions in the ICT infrastructure of the organisation.</p></li> <li><p>Deployment process</p> <p>Concerns implementation and deployment of activities and / or ICT solutions designed and planned with a minimum of disruption to th [...]
+</para>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Design_and_planning">
+<title>Design and planning
+</title>
+<para>Design and planning is about providing pervasive strategic guidelines for the development and installation of an ICT infrastructure to the institution's needs. It applies not only to infrastructure networks, computers, and applications. Also basic processes must be in place to get the technology to work. It applies to both Service Desk and processes for service management.
+</para>
+<para>Avoiding scheduling, or cutting corners, is very risky. Therefore it is often wise to spend a little more time and effort on planning, which will reduce risk and provide significant benefits during implementation. Most projects that get stranded do so for lack of planning. Putting in place an ITIL process in an organisation depends entirely on preparation and planning, along with effective use of people, processes, and products (tools and technology).
+</para>
+<para>It is very important to communicate with and talk to every part of the organisation while planning ITIL. In Norway this is regulated by the labour act §4-2:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para><emphasis>Employees and their representatives should be kept informed of systems used in the planning and execution of the work. They should be given the necessary training to be familiar with these systems, and take part in designing them.</emphasis>
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>The objective is to deliver the right ICT solutions for your organisation. These must be easy to maintain and adapted to the school's needs. The solution must be reasonable over a long time, also when the systems expand. During a design and planning process should one relate generally to a steering group and a reference group. A good project ensures to have skilled people in the steering group and people who contribute to the reference group. A good planner is clever to use those g [...]
+</para>
+<para>We created a check list over activities and deliveries in an infrastructure project.
+</para>
+<para>Feedback
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Plan for the schools, both curricula and activity plans
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Existing ICT strategies
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>What's expected of operational services
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Current ICT systems and operations management
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Processes
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>go through all the suggestions and documents
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>look at others performing design- and planning activities
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>making and maintaining ICT plans and decisions
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>making and maintaining ICT architecture
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>making and maintaining the ICT strategy
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Deliveries
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>ICT-strategy
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>ICT decisions (with justifications)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>IT plans
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>the entire IT architecture
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Design and planning of processes and procedures
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>organisational structure and framework
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Design, planning standards and decisions
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>user cases and usability studies
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Requirement lists and tender documents
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Project plans
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Technical drawings, plans and maps
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Comments and feedback
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>As you can see extensive planning is carried out for an infrastructure project. An ICT project for schools in the municipality can quickly reach several million NOK (hundreds of thousands pounds) should one deliver 500-1000 computers with power, computer networks and software. With such amounts, it is important to have good and feasible plans with realistic budgets.
+</para>
+<para>There are several examples of municipalities that have underestimated the need for funding for ICT in schools. They have installed lots of nice equipments remaining unused. Maybe the software could be missing. The network might be of poor quality or lacking power connectors. The municipality gets quickly an additional expense of 2 million NOK (around 165 000 pounds) if 800 machines in 10 schools should have a computer network and power connectors.
+</para>
+<para>Good development plans are made to avoid surprises. Plans are also made to ensure a proper level of ambition with a realistic budget.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Deployment">
+<title>Deployment
+</title>
+<para>Definition:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Is about implementation and deployment of activities and/or ICT solutions designed and planned with a minimum of disturbance for the organisation.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>The planning project shall have assessed what equipment schools have, and how much is available. From that, one creates a plan to roll out new equipment, or replace equipment, at each school and at the central operating service.
+</para>
+<para>This is about placing the equipment where it is to be used. Set each PC on a table and connect it to the computer network with a network cable. Plug the power cable in to the electrical outlet. Connect the screen and put network cables in the correct switches.
+</para>
+<para>The term roll-out (or deployment) is used both for placing the equipment, and for installing and configuring software on many machines. Rolling out software may also be referred to as "release management". But the word roll-out is short and fine, although one should make clear whether you are talking about hardware or software, which require totally different procedures.
+</para>
+<para>Rollout management is about implementing what has been planned and designed in the release process. Getting out the equipment where it should be is often harder than we think, and takes considerable time. This is because many parties are involved either to deliver the equipment, or being among the many to receive it. In a way you could say that rollout is the same as a wheel bolt that holds the vehicle wheel in place on the shaft.
+</para>
+<para>To get everything in place, is totally dependent on a lot of coordination. One must make good tactical planning, which involves both change management and project management. One must make sure that the roll out is associated with the design and planning process.
+</para>
+<para>Danger may often occur by underestimating how deployment affects existing systems. Taking in use new solutions or upgrades will affect or change the organisation. Work routines are changed and one gets new ways to solve tasks.
+</para>
+<para>In the school , the change means introducing ICT tools in school subjects. This is new and different for teachers. Many are unfamiliar with how the equipment can be used in teaching. At the same time, an operating and maintenance service should be in place to give schools a safe and stable ICT solution. This leads to changes in the organisation, which must be planned and requires resources. Therefore it is important to take this into consideration both under planning and rollout..
+</para>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Roles_during_roll-out">
+<title>Roles during roll-out
+</title>
+<para>Building an IT infrastructure can be likened to building a house. When building a house one really needs an architect, a builder, an owner, masons, carpenters, plumbers, electricians and one or more supervisors (foremen). Much the same applies to deploying infrastructure. We have summed up the roles recommended as part of the operating standards ITIL.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Owner of the deployment process - is responsible for the deployment process, and for it happening in a good and efficient manner.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Project manager for the roll-out - is responsible for developing appropriate plans for deployment of the ICT system and day-to-day directing of the roll-out.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Coordinator for the roll-out - is responsible for coordinating roll-out activities. The Coordinator shall ensure that the project attains the objectives and acceptance requirements for the system and ensure an orderly handover.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Roll-out analyst - responsible for ensuring that equipment is installed in suitable settings. Shall verify that the equipment and premises are suitable for the standards, tests and deployment agreed upon..
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Employees in the rollout team - are responsible for the ICT solution and the work environment, and support the acceptance and test processes.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>As we see, roll-out touches many parts of an organisation. Technically it affects configurations and versions of software and equipment. It also influences the process of change and how work is done at the service.
+</para>
+<para>One must think carefully about who gets assigned each of these roles. Even in a full-scale roll-out project costing several hundred thousand pounds, one person might have several roles. But it is not always prudent to give one person several roles, because it can be very demanding to follow up with both suppliers and customers of the equipment.
+</para>
+<para>For minor upgrades and adjustments, there might be soon too many roles. For example, one needs not to have a project manager to place a new server, or replace a switch. This is part of the infrastructure, but is very close to the operations and maintenance. The important thing here is to distinguish between a rollout in infrastructure, and operational services. The operations department will not take over the equipment before it operates as agreed. In other words, you have a transf [...]
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Operations">
+<title>Operations
+</title>
+<para>Definition:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>The development of knowledge for evaluation, support and quality assurance of all current and future infrastructure solutions.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Operations of the equipment is about having tools and machines in place as the basis for delivering the agreed upon ICT services. Operations of equipment has a strong focus on technology. This supports all other activities being done with the ICT systems. Often operations are seen as support tucked away in an office at the end of the corridor. As a hygiene service" .First when something goes wrong, operations personnel are contacted. A good operational service is still crucial for [...]
+</para>
+<para>One may ask whether one needs operations. Needing people to operate in today's high tech world? Is there no one who has found a way to solve operational tasks automatically? Why should you have people in the operations? The answer is usually that balancing between what is done automatically, and what people have to follow up with. An important realization is that most people want someone to talk to when a problem occurs. They want the error to be fixed, and they want feedback that [...]
+</para>
+<para>A good operations department chooses to automate where possible. Simultaneously one needs people to monitor and keep control of the automated solutions. The automation must be further developed. There are also situations where automation is insufficient. Equipment breaks, and applications crash. You need someone who is handy and can rectify errors, or obtain substitutes for what cannot be repaired.
+</para>
+<para>A poorly organised operations service wastes a lot of time fighting fires and working through manual procedures which could have been avoided with automation. Time spent automating can quickly pay for itself by freeing up time. This time can be used to improve support, provide more services and raise the quality for users. To get a permanent fix of errors, sometimes people might have to delay upgrades or remove services for temporary repair. This makes time to fix problems properly [...]
+</para>
+<para>Operations is mostly about preventing errors, or correcting equipments with reported errors. One is often not entirely familiar with causes of an error. One must troubleshoot to find the fault. Good operations' employees have flair. They use past experience to uncover errors. Then they go almost right to problem solution and correct the error.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Configuration_item">
+<title>Configuration item
+</title>
+<para>A Configuration Item (CI) is part of an infrastructure. It often describes a wish for change or a question. Maybe to put in place a new service, or make adjustments to the services you already have in production. Often it is a question of upgrading some equipment, or obtaining something new.
+</para>
+<para>Configuration items are important in configuration management when it comes to equipment and infrastructure. Often a configuration item is about whether systems shall:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>be run
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>be closed
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>be shut down
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>be started
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>be interrupted
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>be removed
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Technical_support">
+<title>Technical support
+</title>
+<para>Technical support ensures staff are available with the right skills to support services provided in the computer network, as well as staff to work at the Service Desk. As part of technical support one should have in-depth documentation with technical advice. The advice should provide information, guidance and examples of roll-out activities, and describe support and maintenance of all parts of the ICT service. To achieve this, the staff must know, or be able to obtain information, [...]
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Research and development related to new technology.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Third line service in response to incident reports from the Service Desk and general handling of problems.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Delivery management - technical support lack in-depth knowledge or understanding of the technology in use and need technical support from others.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Coherence of design and planning. Especially in support and documentation. For example, when preparing tender documents.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Coherence with the deployment of new system versions, and acceptance in the operating environment.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Analysis, interpretation and distribution of information from reports and logs.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Tactical assembly of improvements in the quality of the ICT service delivered.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Design_and_planning">
+<title>Design and planning
+</title>
+<para>As an example of how infrastructure can be made, we have taken significant portions of the ICT plan for schools in Nittedal 2005-2008. We have made some adjustments, to make it more general and easier for others to copy.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Background for the plan
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>What's expected of the ICT tools and services
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Skills needs
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Investments
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Objectives
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Students and teachers
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Status and objectives
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Costs
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Other purchasing options
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Software, learning platforms, and services
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Software and learning platforms
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Online services
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Resource usage
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Centralized operations and roles
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Operation and support costs
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Recommendation
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Attachment
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Background_for_the_plan">
+<title>Background for the plan
+</title>
+<para>In its "Program for Digital Competence 2004-2008", the Ministry of Education and Research sets objectives for the use of digital technology in the Norwegian school. "By 2008 we will have an infrastructure, an organisation and a culture that makes our school system to one of the world leaders when it comes to development and educational use of ICT in teaching and learning."
+</para>
+<para>Being able to use digital tools is defined as a basic skill for all 13 school years. Pupils' development of basic skills is to be given priority in all subjects. The new curricula will mean that students must increasingly make use of digital tools when learning. Pupils should be able to use the same technology in work, that forms the basis for the final assessment, as they use when learning. When the examination is carried out using digital tools, this provides better coherence bet [...]
+</para>
+<para>A national survey in Norway (Skolenes digitale tilstand 2003, ITU, Feb. 2004) shows computers are seldom included in the subjects in primary school and computers are barely used by pupils in the school.
+</para>
+<para>This plan builds on "Competence Plan for schools in Nittedal (2005-2008)" and implements that competence plan's objectives for digital knowledge in Nittedal's schools. In addition, this is a plan for investment and resource requirements associated with the operation of our Linux network.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--What.27s_expected_of_the_ICT_tools_and_services">
+<title>What's expected of the ICT tools and services
+</title>
+<para>We have different objectives for different groups in the school and to different aspects of the ICT commitments. Briefly put, our goals are:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Get increased use of ICT among both students and teachers by increasing physical access to ICT equipment.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Be tools-oriented, and therefore emphasise the use of ICT tools in the school's subjects.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Give full access to educational software for everything from musical composition and use of the Internet to learning to write, simulations and games.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Be thrifty and utilise the financial resources we have in the best possible way.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Through these main objectives we will achieve:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Teachers get good working and communication tools at work.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Students get the opportunity to be personal users of ICT and use ICT as a natural tool in everyday school life.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>The school will be physically able to fulfill various aspects of the curriculum related to ICT.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Operating and maintenance costs are not greater than what the school budget can allow.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Skills_needs">
+<title>Skills needs
+</title>
+<para>To build and maintain the infrastructure you need a collaboration between many different professionals. As an example, we show what equipment areas you need expertise in. These are equipment areas that form part of the infrastructure in an ordinary school.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Network infrastructure with local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN). Mostly it is easy to obtain switches and other network equipment. This is off-the-shelf kit. But it must be set up for the planned architecture designed for centralized operations. This is a job for professionals. The municipality building department must approve the changes made.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Power supply (230V/110V) supporting client computers, servers and network equipment. Many schools have not installed outlets for all computers to be placed in classrooms, computer labs or the library. It is a job for professionals to plan a power grid with enough sockets, and follow given regulations. The municipality building department must approve the changes made.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Servers and clients support a greater variety of network services and end-user applications. To obtain the right equipment is a considerable job. It is about finding equipment with appropriate capacity, good quality, decent guarantee schemes, and low prices.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Machine setup and systems for monitoring hardware. To be sure that all equipment is running, it is normally accompanied by remote monitoring systems. That way you can have an overview of the health status of the equipment in a centralized operations center.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Designing appropriate environment or room for placement of equipment that needs cooling. Computers and network electronics emit considerable heat. First recently, manufacturers of equipment have addressed the ever-increasing power consumption. Therefore, one must sometimes ensure that the excess heat gets transported away. Such cooling systems need to be installed by professionals.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Knowledge of different performance requirements for software. A program for video editing must run on a workstation with ><!--RAW HTML: >-->1.5 Ghz processor and ample memory. Other programs may easily be used on a thin client. One must have relatively good knowledge of what can be expected of different types of client machines to choose the right mix of equipment. This requires insight into how computers are intended to be used in different subjects and in different rooms of [...]
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Installation and setup of optional equipment such as printers, video projectors, computer boards and the like. To set up accessories may quickly take considerable time. For example video projectors need to be screwed into the ceiling, and one must arrange for both screen cables and power to reach them. Printers must have a network point and be connected to the network. This type of installation usually requires professionals for both installation and setup.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Besides to the different professionals needed to build the infrastructure, you will additionally need:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Owner of the deployment process - is responsible for the deployment process, and for it happening in a good and efficient manner. This may be the steering group.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Project manager for the roll-out - is responsible for developing appropriate plans for deployment of the ICT system and day-to-day directing of the roll-out.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Coordinator for the roll-out - responsible for coordinating deployment activities. Coordinator shall ensure the project fulfils the objectives and acceptance requirements that apply to the solution, and ensure an orderly handover. This may be an assistant to the project leader.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Deployment analyst - responsible for ensuring an appropriate environment at the locations where the equipment will stand. Shall verify that the equipment and premises are suitable for the agreed standards, tests and deployment. This may be an assistant to the project leader, with the task of reporting deviations from plans to the steering group.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Employees in the roll-out team - responsible for ICT solution and the working environment, and support for acceptance and test processes. This is employees who participate in one or more sub-projects.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Organizationally it will look like this
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Organisational part</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Tasks</emphasis>
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Reference group</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>shall represent users of the system. They will advise on measures to promote a good and everyday ICT solution for schools.
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Steering group</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>whose mission is to ensure the project has enough resources and that project management gets the roll-out carried out according to the plans. The group will consist of skilled professionals who are well acquainted with project implementation, system solutions, and the use of ICT tools in schools.
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">The project</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>has the task of building the solution. The project usually consists of many sub-projects, which deliver their part of the solution.
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Investments">
+<title>Investments
+</title>
+<para>To meet a new curriculum, schools must have sufficient computers available for their students and staff. This investment plan includes the actual costs of increasing the stock of computers at schools to reach national objectives. Those objectives call for at least one client machine or PC per four students. The requirements for equipment shall probably increase in a few years, so we expand that to a PC workstation per three students. All teachers should have access to a computer in [...]
+</para>
+<para>Today the school net consists of servers and thin clients at the schools, and a shared server for backup in the municipality. Since we can use used computers as client machines in our network, the users' computers are not the most expensive (we buy used equipment and receive donated equipment from industry). The major costs lie in increased need for power outlets in classrooms, and possibly an increase in electricity bills in the schools.
+</para>
+<para>The increased number of concurrent users will also increase support and operational costs. There will also be a need for tables and chairs for the new PC workplaces. In addition, all schools received a broadband connection at a fixed price. Later, we shall illustrate the total cost by doubling the stock of equipment.
+</para>
+<para>Status for pc coverage 01.06.2005 is:
+</para><orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+<listitem>
+<para>8.9 students per computer in primary schools
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>4.4 students per computer in secondary schools.
+</para></listitem></orderedlist><informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Objectives for the students:
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Each student group (formerly called classes) should have access to at least five computers, plus the school should have a computer room with a minimum of 15 PCs. In addition the school needs some special equipment for video editing, special education and reading/writing courses.
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Objectives for the teachers:
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>All teachers should have access to a computer in their daily work at school.
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+<para>Total number of machines:
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="7"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><colspec colname="col_2"/><colspec colname="col_3"/><colspec colname="col_4"/><colspec colname="col_5"/><colspec colname="col_6"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_1" namest="col_0" rowsep="1">
+<para>Status per 01.06.05
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Needs 2008
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_6" namest="col_3" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_1" namest="col_0" rowsep="1">
+<para>Server status
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Clients
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Laptops
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>File servers + thin client server:
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Clients
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Laptops
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Holumskogen
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>25
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>5
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>2
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>68
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>15
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Ulverud
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>35
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>5
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>2
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>111
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>15
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Slattum
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>44
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>8
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>2
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>87
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>15
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Rotnes
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>35
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>5
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>2
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>80
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>15
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Sørli
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>31
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>5
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>2
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>60
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>15
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Kirkeby
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>31
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>5
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>2
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>94
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>15
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Hagen
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>7
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>5
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>46
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>15
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Li
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>2
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>70
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>5
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>2
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>130
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>30
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Nittedal
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>55
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>20
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>2
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>110
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>30
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Hakadal
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>45
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>5
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>2
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>52
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>30
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Sum
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>11
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>378
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>68
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>29
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>838
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>195
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+<para>We envisage a combination of thin clients, diskless clients and laptops. Schools should have an infrastructure making it possible to roll out thin clients in every classroom. Here students can write, calculate, using the internet and make presentations. In addition the school will have the opportunity to lend laptops to different groups. In this way students get close to full PC coverage in certain work situations. The laptops are connected to servers in wireless networks. In this [...]
+</para>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Pupils">
+<title>Pupils
+</title>
+<para>We recommend an investment providing at least one client computer per third student, something the government has stated as a goal for ICT tools in schools. To achieve this we need nearly a doubling of the number of client machines.
+</para>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Status_and_objectives">
+<title>Status and objectives
+</title>
+<para>To reach our target we need to increase the machine park from 506 to 1033 machines. This is an increase of just under 600 machines. (thin clients, diskless clients and notebooks).
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Costs">
+<title>Costs
+</title>
+<para>We have counted with these prices, which might be subject to changes:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Thin Client: 700 NOK, per piece
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Server: approx. 50,000, per piece
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Monitors: 500, per piece
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Portables: 8,000, per piece
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Power plug 750, per piece
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Table/chair: 700, -
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Increased resource here means increased number of hours for ICT contacts in schools. Here we consider an hourly rate per teacher of NOK 270 (£22.5) - per hour, or NOK 467,100 (£38,925) a year. We also consider somewhat increased resources to central operations of the municipality. We expect slightly less than one new hire in centralized operations for over 1,000 client machines. In addition, ICT contact at each school, training and ICT coordinator.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Licence costs. Today, we can install Linux on laptops using the school's existing network. Thus we avoid the rent of Microsoft products such as Windows and Office. School Rates for rental of Microsoft program cost as much as all computers over a period of 5-6 years.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Broadband agreement, all schools have broadband connection. Price depends on the individual school agreement.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Recently used equipment have more performance than the machines that were available for 3-4 years ago. If the users machines had 256 MB of memory and 800 MHz processor then those would fit as diskless clients. This simplifies support for using the CD / DVD player, audio, USB stick and similar.
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><colspec colname="col_2"/><colspec colname="col_3"/><colspec colname="col_4"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">2006</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">2007</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">2008</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Total</emphasis>
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Thin clients and diskless workstations
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>130,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>130,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>130,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>322,000
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Servers
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_2" namest="col_1" rowsep="1">
+<para>500,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>500,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1,000,000
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Monitors
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>80,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>80,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>80,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>230,000
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Laptops
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>340,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>340,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>340,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1,020,000
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Other: switches, cables,
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>150,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>150,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>150,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>450,000
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Power plug/cables
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>290,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>290,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>290,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>870,000
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Tables/chairs
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>190,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>190,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>190,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>570,000
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Increased resources, operations
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_4" namest="col_1" rowsep="1">
+<para>700,000
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Licence costs for portable machines
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>40,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>40,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>40,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>120,000
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Broadband agreements
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>100,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>100,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>100,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>300,000
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Sum
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_4" namest="col_1" rowsep="1">
+<para>5,582,000
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Other_purchasing_options">
+<title>Other purchasing options
+</title>
+<para>There has been a growing interest from politicians, parents and teachers to go over to laptops in secondary schools. Laptops and a wireless network will give schools a completely different flexibility in room layout and teaching.
+</para>
+<para>The problem with only focusing on laptops is:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>We have to buy Microsoft licenses in addition to the machines.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>The machines have a lifespan of approximately 3 years. Thus the municipality incurs an annual expenditure to cover new classes in secondary schools.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Increased insurance costs
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>A greater need for power outlets when all laptops must have access to electricity.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Increased need for the schools ICT-contact resources
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Doubling of central operating costs of preparing the disk images etc. for laptops, and maintenance of a locally-installed system on 266 additional laptops.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>This option has a total price tag of roughly 12 million NOK, just over 1 million pounds. (This does not include any increase in insurance costs.)
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Teachers">
+<title>Teachers
+</title>
+<para>Each teacher should have access to a client machine at the school.
+</para>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Design_and_planning--Investments--Teachers--Status_and_objectives">
+<title>Status and objectives
+</title>
+<para>Status: Schools today have approximately 65 PCs divided among approximately 266 employees. This gives a PC coverage of 4 teachers per PC.
+</para>
+<para>We want to give credits to the teachers in Nittedal. The new curriculum sets high requirements for teachers' ICT skills. It will be necessary to ensure that all teachers in Nittedal have access to a computer. Today's teacher plans and implements teaching on and with data. They document and report, write weekly plans, work plans, annual plans and IEPs. More and more teachers use e-mail for contact both at home and school.
+</para>
+<para>Schools have already arranged to buy computers for their staff. As a result, the number of computers varies from school to school. We aim to give each teacher access to a computer at work.
+</para>
+<para>Here we outline two options to achieve full PC coverage for teachers in Nittedal.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Design_and_planning--Investments--Teachers--Costs">
+<title>Costs
+</title>
+<para>Option 1: Thin clients in combination with portables. This will give each teacher access to a thin client + that 3.3 teachers share access to one laptop.
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><colspec colname="col_2"/><colspec colname="col_3"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>cost
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Total cost
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_1" namest="col_0" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Alternative 1
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Thin clients
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>140,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Monitors
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>100,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Laptops
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>640,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Other: switches, cables,
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>80,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Tables, chairs
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>140,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Power plug/cables
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>400,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>License costs
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>40,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Total
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_2" namest="col_1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1,540,000
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Additional for flatscreen
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>200,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Totally with LCD
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_2" namest="col_1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1,740,000
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+<para>The advantage of the thin clients to teachers are the low cost of procurement. We can also expect a longer lifetime of the thin clients compared to laptops.
+</para>
+<para>But reused equipment is often without flatscreen. Client machines' cabinets can be large, giving space shortage in the workplace for teachers. Should we obtain a flatscreen to all teachers, one must triple the cost, going from 500, - NOK ( 43 £ ) to 1500, - NOK. The total cost would increase by 200,000 NOK. Overall equipment to teachers cost 1.74 million NOK ( 150,000 £ ).
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Design_and_planning--Investments--Teachers--Other_purchasing_options">
+<title>Other purchasing options
+</title>
+<para>Option 2: Portables for all teachers
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><colspec colname="col_2"/><colspec colname="col_3"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>cost
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Total cost
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_1" namest="col_0" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Alternative 2
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Laptops
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>2,128,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Wireless switches
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>80,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Power plug
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>75,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>License costs
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>117,000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_1" namest="col_0" rowsep="1">
+<para>2,400,000
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+<para>The problem we see is the actual location of the thin clients. Teachers have small work desks often in large common rooms. A thin client per teacher with old-style (CRT) monitors would create a space problem in all schools. The problem is greatly reduced with modern flat screens.
+</para>
+<para>The advantage of portables is that they require little space. Teachers can easily bring their work home. The disadvantage is the lifespan of a portable, around half that of stationary equipment. It is reasonable to assume that laptops are twice as expensive to maintain as desktop PCs, and three to four times more costly to operate than the thin or diskless clients.
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Recommended_technical_development_budget">
+<title>Recommended technical development budget
+</title>
+<para>In the period 2005 to 2008 we put up the following recommendation for an IT infrastructure at the schools.
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><colspec colname="col_2"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Number</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Article</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Cost</emphasis>
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>600
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Thin clients and diskless workstations including all infrastructure
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>5,582,000
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>200
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Thin clients or diskless workstations with flat screen and all infrastructure
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1,740,000
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">800 client machines in total</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Total</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">7,322,000</emphasis>
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Software.2C_learning_platforms.2C_and_services">
+<title>Software, learning platforms, and services
+</title>
+<para>Where software runs, depends on infrastructure and capacity of the network. It's fine to operate all installations on schools from a central location, for example from ICT services in the municipality or a centrally located operation.
+</para>
+<para>One must take into account that network capacity to schools can provide limits to how much schools can download at the same time, or where it is best to place servers to get the equipment's full functionality. There is a big difference between a single teacher downloading a film from for example NRK, compared to about 30 students doing the same simultaneously. If the shool has 1.5 Mbit/s broadband capacity, it is not possible for 30 simultaneous users to download the movie directly [...]
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Check_list_centralisation">
+<title>Check list centralisation
+</title>
+<para>UNINETT ABC has made a document with recommendations <<<ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/FootNote#">FootNote</ulink>(Recommendations of UNINETT ABC: <ulink url="http://www.uninettabc.no/?p=veiledning&sub=annet"/> )>> related to the centralisation of ICT operations. It gives advice about the placement of servers and which operational tasks may be centralised from the available capacity of the bandwidth to the school.
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><colspec colname="col_2"/><colspec colname="col_3"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">General measures to improve the operation of clients and servers</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Thin or diskless clients against local servers</emphasis><emphasis role="strong">Lockdown of thick clients</emphasis><emphasis role="strong">Local server machines</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Remote operation</emphasis><emphasis role="strong">Centralisation of some functions</emphasis><emphasis role="strong">Local server machines</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Server machines regionally/nationally</emphasis><emphasis role="strong">Centralisation of all operations</emphasis>
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Capacity of the schools' network</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Low bandwidth (ISDN)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Medium bandwidth (ADSL and similar)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>High bandwidth (fibre and similar)
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Software">
+<title>Software
+</title>
+<para>The new curriculum (L2006) highlights the use of digital tools as one of the "basic skills". We wish that the use of ICT should go beyond teaching, and increasingly provide educational and administrative tools to support learning activity and new forms of learning while providing easy access to knowledge. Giving experience with digital learning platforms is one of the objectives of the competence plan. The aim was for one or more schools to try this out in 2006.
+</para>
+<para>Research shows computer equipment being used to a limited extent for teaching in schools. Computer usage has stagnated and in some subjects declined, research shows (ITU Monitor 2005). The use of ICT in schools is often individualized, and students learn to become consumers. Teaching methods are hindering the sharing of knowledge in school. Few teachers use ICT daily. Internet and text-related services are the most important forms of computer use in schools.
+</para>
+<para>Simply put, teachers focus too much on using tools for office administrative work such as MS Office or OpenOffice.org. What they ought to focus on was the use of simulations, editing pictures, audio and video communication on the Internet, and games.
+</para>
+<para>Home use is often quite different. At home students are producers and use ICT mostly collectively and for communication. They put together and send each other pictures, exchanging content, using the major opportunities for recording, editing and sharing of movies which is possible with today's computers with broadband. Children and young people also play video games more at home than at school (ITU Monitor 2005).
+</para>
+<para>Researchers say that video games are one of the main leisure activities for children and young people. One child in four plays every day (Youth Agency 2006). Video games are a social activity. In the wake of the games both virtual and physical communities arise, from playing together on consoles to participating in gatherings where youth can play.
+</para>
+<para>An important task is that the school development contributes to update general education perspective in the general part of the curriculum. Allowing digital judgement or digital education developed in relation to steps and learning strategies, as stated by the national Research and Resource Centre for ICT in education.
+</para>
+<para>To get equipment more in use requires considerable effort by the teacher. They must be continually educated in new forms of learning to use the new ICT tools for teaching. There must be more emphasis on youth's actual use of media and forms of communication. It is not enough to provide a teaching platform and e-mail. The tools should fully support the new ways of using media.
+</para>
+<para>To achieve this, the equipment must be adapted to the software and the online services that teachers and students use in their school work. The browser is arguably the most important program students use in learning. Many will also be surprised that office programs as OpenOffice.org or MS Office are irrelevant in lower grades. At those grades, simple programs for practicing writings, drawings, communication, simulations and music forming apply. So what is important in the choice of [...]
+</para>
+<para>With diskless clients you get full support for multimedia, film, USB sticks and more. The advantage of thin clients is that they allow reuse from as far back as 1995. At that time the machines had no video capabilities. The USB standard was not fully developed. Computers from 2000 and later usually have a much higher capacity. Such machines can easily show video clips from NRK, DVDs, and one can play games.
+</para>
+<para>The advantage of diskless clients is that they provide the same performance as the so-called thick clients or computers with most of the software installed locally. At the same time one gets the same low operating costs with diskless clients as with thin clients. This is because all the software is managed on the central server machine.
+</para>
+<para>Today Skolelinux comes with over 50 school-relevant programs. In addition, it has browser, email client and OpenOffice.org with 8 different office applications. This is much more than what comes with Microsoft which mostly offers browser, e-mail and 5 current office tools.
+</para>
+<para>With Debian Edu, it is also relatively easy to customize menus for the various stages of education so that we can reduce the number of educational programs. Especially since some applications are introduced in 4th-5th grade. While programs may be popular at first or second stages of education will be too easy when students have gotten older and learned more. In addition, there is an increasing number of educational programs on the Internet. This is software that works on any platfo [...]
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Learning_platforms">
+<title>Learning platforms
+</title>
+<para>Various digital learning platforms are found on the market. Some cost money, others are free. They all offer teachers and students an area where they can share and store documents, send and receive information.
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><colspec colname="col_2"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_1" namest="col_0" rowsep="1">
+<para>Product
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Price example:
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Digital learning platform
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>It`s learning
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>3300,- NOK per school per year
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_1" namest="col_0" rowsep="1">
+<para>School network
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Free
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Online_services">
+<title>Online services
+</title>
+<para>Regardless of the bandwidth the following functions can be centralized:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Configuration management, i.e. having oversight and control of the configuration of machines, networks, applications and services
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Program management, i.e. having oversight and control of access to, usage and performance of applications and services
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Updates and patching
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>User administration, preferably with a FEIDE compatible user management system (BAS)
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Licence administration
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Monitoring and measurement
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Checklist for services that can be centralized or replicated. For example can backup be centralized. The same applies to the user database with a central directory server (LDAP) with replication to each school.
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><colspec colname="col_2"/><colspec colname="col_3"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Services
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Description
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Local
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Central
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Apache
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Webserver allows all users to create a website
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>CUPS
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Print server. The aim is that it will also manage print quotas
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>DHCP
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Automatic connection of computers in the network
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>DNS
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Name server
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>LDAP
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Directory server containing user data for logon, file sharing and group information
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>LTSP
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Thin client server
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>NFS
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Network file system
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>NTP
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Clock server so that all machines have the correct time
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>SMTP/IMAP over SSL
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Email to everyone locally at the school
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>SSH
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Remote control over encrypted connection
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Squid
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Cache for web sites (to save bandwidth)
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Webmin
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>System management via the web browser
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>User administration
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Simplified user administration
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Backup
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Backup (should be done on a separate machine)
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>SMB
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Samba for connecting Windows-computers
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>cfengine
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Automatic control of the system setup
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Host and service monitoring
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Monitoring the health of the server machine
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Appletalk
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Connecting Macs
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>SQL-server
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Supplied (not set up)
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Use_of_resources_in_operations">
+<title>Use of resources in operations
+</title>
+<para>For day-to-day operation of its computers, each school has an ICT contact. ICT contacts have from 2 to 4 hours allocated to this work per week. In addition, the municipality has an ICT tutor in a 50% position working with, among other things, competence and operations. The operation of the Linux network would gradually be transferred to the municipal ICT service in the school year 2005-2006.
+</para>
+<para>On behalf of Debian Edu, Kapp næringshage (business park) made a calculation program which estimates the use of resources for ICT in schools. Today we operate the school network for over 3000 users with 2.1 FTEs. (Schools' ICT contacts allocate a total of 1.6 FTEs for their work, and 0.5 FTEs in the municipality.) When Kapp næringshage calculates our resource requirements for operation, they estimate the current needs to be 4.6 FTEs. This shows that the school has managed much with [...]
+</para>
+<para>Increased resources must primarily be placed in schools, because the schools' ICT contacts get busier when the number of PCs goes up. Increased number of pcs means increased use, and increased need for guidance in educational use of ICT tools.
+</para>
+<para>Maintenance will increase faster than number of simultaneous users, but maintenance of the machines themselves will increase almost linearly with the number of machines. We want to focus more on the educational use of the equipment, and want most of the increase to be go towards use of ICT tools in school subjects.
+</para>
+<para>There will also be a somehow greater need for increased resources for the municipality's ICT service, but because of economies of scale, the increase here will be small.
+</para>
+<para>Today it is difficult for schools to prioritize hours to an ICT contact. Both because money for this must be taken from already stressed school finances, and because schools have lacked guidance on what and how much ICT contacts at schools will perform.
+</para>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Operations.27_roles">
+<title>Operations' roles
+</title>
+<para>The duties of ICT contact at each school:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Oversee the school's server room.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Be the school's contact at the municipality - report errors and outages.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Perform simple maintenance tasks such as replacing mice and keyboards, upgrading thin clients, and simple patching.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Be the school's superuser - able to advise colleagues about: user interfaces, e-mail, video projectors and relevant applications.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Participate in ICT gatherings.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Create and administer local users.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Perform simple maintenance of printers.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Create and manage email accounts.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Facilitate the use of ICT in teaching.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Perform simple commands and operations under guidance of an ICT-tutor.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>From experience, we reckon these tasks take a minimum of 4 hours a week for a school with 50 thin or diskless clients. If the school has fewer machines, this reduces the number of hours a bit. With more machines, for example 150 machines, the local ICT contact at each school needs around a 30% position to easily handle technical maintenance.
+</para>
+<para>If the school can't set aside a sufficient number of hours to the ICT contact, duties in the work list above must be removed, and the opposite if the school can use more hours.
+</para>
+<para>Tasks beyond this, for example updating a website, being an instructor (beyond normal collegial guidance), must be agreed individually for compensation/taking time off.
+</para>
+<para>The ICT supervisor recommends the following tasks for ICT and ICT service supervisor.
+</para>
+<para>Operations:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Mentor ICT contacts by telephone and e-mail.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Visit the school for troubleshooting defects and errors on computers, printers and servers.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Make joint purchases of computer equipment and enter into joint agreements etc.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Backups.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Continuous updating of software on school servers.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Procurement of equipment and software with tenders in the market.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Skills:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Develop the competence plan.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Provide schools with courses in the educational use of ICT.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Operations course.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Training of ICT contacts in schools.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Introduction to user interface and standard programs for teachers.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>How much of the central operating resources are required, depends on which client types you have selected. Operation of workstations is almost twice as expensive for the operation of diskless clients.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Operation_and_support_costs">
+<title>Operation and support costs
+</title>
+<para>The definition of operating costs:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>All activities and initiatives to deliver and/or maintain the desired use of ICT infrastructure.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>We have described what is a realistic operating environment, considering a moderate level of service with proactive operation. The Norwegian "Program for digital kompetanse" is the basis for our assessments.
+</para>
+<para>Proactive operation is to discover and rectify errors before they affect users. An example of proactive operation is to update laptops with new disk images once a week. When teachers log in the morning after, all the machines will have been reset to the school's preferences.
+</para>
+<para>Operations get messages about defects in the system before it goes wrong for users. Defects are rectified and bugs fixed before users notice anything. A system example that provides messages used to proactive operation is disk store. They can notify when a hard disk is defective, or if the disk cache is full. Operations can also get information if the computer network is available, or whether processes must be terminated when users logs out.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Advantage: One achieves very high stability of the system, supposing one has access to the right tools and the right skills. It becomes easier to maintain multiple types of computers because they know if they work or fail and can replace faulty equipment. Disadvantage 1: Requires higher technical expertise. Higher costs of establishing and managing operations. Disadvantage 2: Proactive operation is more costly than reactive operation if one does not count the loss of working hours [...]
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>When we expand the fleet in schools this must have an impact on both ICT contacts' working resource and municipal ICT service for schools.
+</para>
+<para>To quantify the need, we have estimated increased resource requirements in some of our investment options:
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><colspec colname="col_2"/><colspec colname="col_3"/><colspec colname="col_4"/><colspec colname="col_5"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Investments
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Servers
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>The number of clients/portables
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Users:
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Stipulated resource needs in 2008
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Today's real resource:
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Today's need 2005:
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>11
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>506
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>More than 3000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>4.6 FTEs (man-year)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>2,1 FTEs
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Pupils in 2008
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>29
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1033
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>More than 3000
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>6,9 FTEs
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Teachers_in_2008">
+<title>Teachers in 2008
+</title><informaltable><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><colspec colname="col_2"/><colspec colname="col_3"/><colspec colname="col_4"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Alternative 1
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>280
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>266
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>4,3 FTEs
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Alternative 2 (laptop)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>266
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>266
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>5,9 FTEs*
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>) Additional FTEs for maintenance of 266 laptops
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Costs for the administration of all the computers for students and teachers. We go out from Alternative 1 in regards to the thin clients for students and teachers, and some laptops.
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><colspec colname="col_2"/><colspec colname="col_3"/><colspec colname="col_4"/><colspec colname="col_5"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis><emphasis role="strong">Year</emphasis></emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis><emphasis role="strong">Number of PCs</emphasis></emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis><emphasis role="strong">Central operator</emphasis></emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis><emphasis role="strong">ICT guide for the entire municipality</emphasis></emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis><emphasis role="strong">ICT-contact at each school (average)</emphasis></emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis><emphasis role="strong">In total</emphasis></emphasis>
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>2005
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>506
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1/2 FTE
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1/2 FTE
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>8,5 % FTE(3:30 hours per week)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>2,1 FTEs
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">2005</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Human resources' costs for operations*</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">NOK 980 910,-</emphasis>
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>2008
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1333
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1 position
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1/2 FTE
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>100 % FTE(26 hours per week)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>11,5 FTE
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">2008</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Human resources' costs for operations*</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">NOK 5 400 00,-</emphasis>
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>) NOK 270, - per teacher hour 1730 hours a year. ICT contact at each school uses 75% of the time on pedagogical support.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Alternative 2 with laptops for every teacher:
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><colspec colname="col_2"/><colspec colname="col_3"/><colspec colname="col_4"/><colspec colname="col_5"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis><emphasis role="strong">Year</emphasis></emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis><emphasis role="strong">Number of PCs</emphasis></emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis><emphasis role="strong">Central operator</emphasis></emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis><emphasis role="strong">ICT guide for the entire municipality</emphasis></emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis><emphasis role="strong">ICT-contact at each school (average)</emphasis></emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis><emphasis role="strong">In total</emphasis></emphasis>
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>2008
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1333
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1 + 4/5 FTE*
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>1/2 FTE
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>100 % FTE(26 hours per week)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>12,8 FTEs
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">2008</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Human resources' costs for operations*</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">NOK 6,000,000.-</emphasis>
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>) An additional position for maintenance of laptops.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Training costs for students and teachers is roughly the same with Windows and Linux, according to surveys done in schools in Norway and the UK. This is because the training is related to the use by end user programs in everyday school life.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Usually, at a school with 300 students and teachers only one or two persons need training in operating computer systems. This refers to both an ICT contact at school, and an operator in the municipality.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>We have included additional training costs for Linux. When all teachers have one day going through the Linux desktop option, the transition to the new system goes easier for those who think they can only manage Windows. The cost for displays like LærerIKT and similar are not included as we have done in the cost overview from the municipalities in this survey.
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Summary_of_the_options">
+<title>Summary of the options
+</title>
+<para>To achieve the objective of one computer per third student and one pc per teacher Option 1 is recommended. This option requires over 800 additional computers compared to current coverage of 506 client machines. Overall, we will then get just over 1300 client computers with emphasis on thin and diskless clients. Some machines will also be portable to provide additional flexibility in everyday school life.
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Alternatives</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Cost over 3 years</emphasis>
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Option 1: Development of 800 clients
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>NOK 7,322,000.-
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Option 2: Portable to all teachers + Option 1.
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>NOK 12,000,000.-
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+<para>Operating costs:
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Alternatives</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Yearly cost</emphasis>
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Alternative 0. Administrating 506 client machine
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>NOK 1,000,000.-
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Option 1. Increases with about 800 to 1300 PCs
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>NOK 5,400,000.-
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Option 2. Portables to to all teachers*
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>NOK 6,000,000.-
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Option 3. Portable room layout*
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>NOK 8,000,000.-
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+<para>The large increase in operating expenses from current option 0 to option 1 is due to investment in ICT contact at schools. This increases from 10% to a full 100% FTE. The maintenance ICT contacts do today is around 10% FTE. This will probably increase to 20% with a doubling of the number of client machines. On increase to a full-time position, 80% will be used to support the educational use of ICT tools in school subjects. This means that principals at school must allocate resource [...]
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Recommendation">
+<title>Recommendation
+</title>
+<para>Alternative 1:
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Type of cost</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Amount</emphasis>
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Of this is the administration of 1300 client computers:
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>NOK 2,000,000.-
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Annual investment in three years:
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>NOK 2 440 667,-
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Support for educational use of ICT tools:
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>NOK 3,400,000.-
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Annual cost for Option 1 with investment and operations:
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>NOK 7,841,000.-
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+</section>
+
+<section id="Infrastructure--Attachment">
+<title>Attachment
+</title>
+<para>Many schools have developed an activity plan for the use of ICT in the school. This should be included as attachment.
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration">
+<title>Extra configurations
+</title>
+<para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="./images/alert.png"/></imageobject><textobject><phrase>/!\</phrase></textobject></inlinemediaobject> Graphics in the document must be inserted and updated
+</para>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Simple_firewall">
+<title>Simple firewall
+</title>
+<para>Debian Edu's architecture suits centralized operations with the placement of services centrally, and can be operated locally at each school. A firewall makes it easier to start with Debian Edu's if you want to try out a small installation.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Simple_firewall_with_floppy_.28Coyote.29">
+<title>Simple firewall with floppy (Coyote)
+</title>
+<para>Use Case: To get started with Debian Edu's we need to make a simple firewall. The purpose is to separate Debian Edu's network from the second network that is set up.
+</para>
+<para>Main author Klaus Ade Johnstad
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Regardless of whether you choose to Coyote Linux floppy on a Linux or Windows machine, the following configuration must be used. This applies to any other firewall router than Coyote Linux
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Local network interface:
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist><screen><![CDATA[ IP adresse (IP Address): 10.0.2.1
+ Nettmaske (Netmask): 255.255.254.0
+ Kringkasting (Broadcast): 10.0.3.255
+ Nettverk (Network): 10.0.2.0]]></screen>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Install the Big Pond login software? [y/n]:n
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Press "n"
+</para>
+<para>This refers to some extra stuff you need if you want to have access from the provider Big Pond, but we are not sure. Is there anyone who knows that for sure?
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Do you want to enable the Coyote DHCP-server [y/n]: n
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Press "n"
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Use 10.0.2.2 as a syslog server. This is the IP address of the main server
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Warning: Since Skolelinux/Debian-Edu already has a DHCP server running, you must disable the DHCP server on your firewall/router. The same applies to all other machines that may be connected to a Skolelinux/Debian-Edu network. Having two DHCP servers on the same network usually just leads to trouble
+</para>
+<para>If a new version of Coyote Linux exists when you read this, it might replace the version 2.24 in the commands above with the version downloaded.
+</para><orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+<listitem>
+<para>After that the Coyote Linux was downloaded, the files must be unpacked. One must be the root user to unpack.
+</para></listitem></orderedlist>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">tar zvxf coyote-2.24.tar.gz</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">cd coyote</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">./makefloppysh</emphasis>
+</para><orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+<listitem>
+<para>When creating Coyote Linux on a Linux machine, one needs to answer several questions. Here is a summary of the answers that can be supplied:
+</para></listitem></orderedlist><screen><![CDATA[a. Coyote floppy builder script v2.9
+
+ Please choose the desired capacity for the created floppy:
+ 1) 1.44MB (Safest and most reliable but may lack space needed for
+ some options)
+ 2) 1.68MB (Good reliability with extra space) - recommended
+ 3) 1.72MB (Most space but may not work on all systems or with all
+ diskettes)
+
+ Enter selection:2]]></screen>
+<para>The recommended choice is «1.68MB»
+</para><screen><![CDATA[b. Please select the type of Internet connection that your system uses.
+
+ 1) Standard Ethernet Connection
+ 2) PPP over Ethernet Connection
+ 3) PPP Dialup Connection\n\nEnter Selection:]]></screen>
+<para>Here it is best to select 1)
+</para><screen><![CDATA[c. Configuring system for Ethernet based Internet connection.
+ By default, Coyote uses the following settings for the local network
+ interface:
+
+ IP Address: 192.168.0.1
+ Netmask: 255.255.255.0
+ Broadcast: 192.168.0.255
+ Network: 192.168.0.0
+
+ Would you like to change these settings? [Y/N]: y
+ Enter local IP Address [192.168.0.1]: 10.0.2.1
+ Enter local Netmask [255.255.255.0]: 255.255.254.0
+ Enter local Broadcast [192.168.0.255]: 10.0.3.255
+ Enter local network number [192.168.0.0]: 10.0.2.0]]></screen>
+<para>These network settings for local network must be changed. See <link linkend="ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--fwconf">A</link>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Is this version of Coyote Linux used from <ulink url="http://www.skolelinux.no/~klaus/coyote-2.24-slx.tar.gz"/> you will see a screen with the correct network values:
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist><screen><![CDATA[ IP Address: 10.0.2.1
+ Netmask: 255.255.254.0
+ Broadcast: 10.0.3.255
+ Network: 10.0.2.0
+
+e. Does your Internet connection get its IP via DHCP? [y/n]:]]></screen>
+<para>Answer yes(y) or no(n) in accordance with what the network configuration is.
+</para>
+<para>If one gets an IP via DHCP, the following information should be filled out:
+</para><screen><![CDATA[ Please enter the information for your static IP configuration
+ Internet IP Address:\nInternet Subnet Mask [255.255.255.0]:
+ Internet Broadcast [Enter = Default]:
+ Internet Gateway Address:
+ Domain Name:
+ DNS Server 1:
+
+ DNS Server 2 (optional):]]></screen>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Enter the DHCP hostname:
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Usually, this one can be blank
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Install the Big Pond login software? [y/n]:
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>We think that this refers to some extra stuff that comes from the provider Big Pond, but is not sure. If anyone who knows better then send us an email.
+</para><screen><![CDATA[h. Do you want to enable the Coyote DHCP server? [y/n]: n]]></screen>
+<para>Here <emphasis>must</emphasis> the answer be «n»!
+</para><screen><![CDATA[i. If you don't know what a DMZ is, just answer NO\nDo you want to configure a De-Militarized Zone? [Y/N]: n]]></screen>
+<para>Just choose "n"
+</para><screen><![CDATA[j. You now need to specify the module name and parameters for your
+ network cards.
+
+ If you are using PCI or EISA cards, leave the IO and IRQ lines
+ blank.
+
+ Enter the module name for you local network card:]]></screen>
+<para>This is the tricky part. Knowing which module to use for network cards is sometimes difficult. See <link linkend="ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--clmodules">Section 3.12</link> to get an overview of the available modules. Remember to not use .o at the end of the module name. Use only "first name" of the module.
+</para>
+<para>Many prefer 3Com. Almost all use this module <emphasis role="strong">3c59x</emphasis>.
+</para><screen><![CDATA[k. The default language of the Coyote Web Administrator is English
+ Do you like to configure a different language ? [Y/N]: n]]></screen>
+<para>Use English. It is much easier to get help. Search for example using Google to find solutions to problems.
+</para><screen><![CDATA[l. Syslog server address:]]></screen>
+<para>Here you can use the main server as syslog server. Use 10.0.2.2
+</para><orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+<listitem>
+<para>You must insert a floppy disk in the machine. Remember to turn the write protection. It takes a few minutes to write to the disk.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Be sure not to get any error messages to unknown NIC modules, like this:
+</para></listitem></orderedlist><screen><![CDATA[ Checking module deps for (wrong,bad)...
+ Copying module: drivers/wrong.o
+
+ Unable to copy module (drivers/wrong.o): No such file or directory]]></screen>
+<para>Be sure you get something like this instead:
+</para><screen><![CDATA[ Checking module deps for (e100,3c59x)...
+ Module 3c59x dep =
+ Module e100 dep =
+ Copying module: drivers/e100.o
+ Copying module: drivers/3c59x.o]]></screen>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Solution_2_Create_a_Coyote_Linux_Floppy_on_a_Windows_machine">
+<title>Solution 2 Create a Coyote Linux Floppy on a Windows machine
+</title>
+<para>To create a floppy on a Windows machine is done almost the same way as on Linux.
+</para>
+<para>Download the source files for Windows. They can be obtained from <ulink url="http://www.coyotelinux.com/downloads/channel.php?!ChannelID=5">Disk Creation Wizard v2.24.0</ulink>
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Figur 3-2. Coyote Linux Windows Creator Welcome Image</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>{{attachment:graphics22.png}}
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Here you can just press "Next"
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Figure 3-3. Local LAN network setup</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>{{attachment:graphics23.png}}
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Fill in the necessary network information here: See <link linkend="ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--fwconf">A</link>
+</para>
+<para>Fill in the correct IP address and subnet mask (Netmask) and Coyote Linux will give the correct calculation of the broadcast address (Broadcast) and the network address (Network)
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Figure 3-4. Insert a password on the Coyote Linux floppy disk</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>{{attachment:graphics24.png}}
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Without this password you can't log into the Coyote Linux on a later occasion. See <link linkend="ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--cllogin">Section 3.6</link>
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Figur 3-5. Syslog-server</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>{{attachment:graphics25.png}}
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Leave the field blank, or look at <link linkend="ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--clsyslog">2.l</link>
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Figure 3-6. Type of Internet connection (WAN)</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>{{attachment:graphics26.png}}
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Choose what suits you. Do you have access to DHCP server, which is very likely, then you do not need more information.
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Figure 3-7. Static IP configuration</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>{{attachment:graphics27.png}}
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Do you have a fixed address, fill in the appropriate values here.
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Figure 3-8. Do not enable the Coyote Linux DHCP server!</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>{{attachment:graphics28.png}}
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Do not turn on the Coyote Linux DHCP server. There is already one running on <link linkend="ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--mainserver">main server</link>
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Figure 3-9. Select a driver module for the network card (NIC)</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>{{attachment:graphics29.png}}
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Drag and drop to choose the correct network card at the Coyote Linux machine.
+</para>
+<para>In this particular screen, we use the module for 3Com on the LAN side of the grid (Debian Edu's) and Intel pro 100 card for the WAN (Internet) connection.
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Figure 3-10. Select language</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>{{attachment:graphics30.png}}
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>If you want to get good support from the Internet, choose English.
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Figure 3-11. Make the disc</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>{{attachment:graphics31.png}}
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Place a floppy disk in the disc station and press 'Next'.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+<para>Our clear advice is to make at least two copies of the floppy disk. It is nice to have a couple copies ready if anything should happen.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Simple_firewall_with_CD">
+<title>Simple firewall with CD
+</title>
+<para>Use Case: To get started with Debian Edu's we need to make a simple firewall. The purpose is to separate Debian Edu's network from the second network that is set up.
+</para>
+<para>Main author Klaus Ade Johnstad
+</para>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Solution">
+<title>Solution
+</title>
+<para>Coyote Linux is a product in constant development and maintenance. Just like Skolelinux / Debian-edu. Meaning that new versions are released constantly, with new features and security fixes. Especially due to security fixes, you should always use the latest stable version of Coyote Linux
+</para>
+<para>Since Coyote Linux runs solely from a floppy disk, there is no system to upgrade. You must create a new floppy as described in <link linkend="ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--makefloppy">Section 3.3</link>. To make this process as simple as possible, there are some things to remember.
+</para><orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+<listitem>
+<para>Find out what kind of network you have. If this is unknown, one can use the command <emphasis role="strong">lsmod</emphasis> to list all loaded modules (drivers) in use. Maybe this will give an idea of what kind of network cards are used.
+</para></listitem></orderedlist><screen><![CDATA[coyote# lsmod
+Module Size Used by
+3c509 7732 2
+ip_nat_quake3 1768 0 (unused)
+ip_nat_mms 2608 0 (unused)
+ip_nat_h323 2060 0 (unused)
+ip_nat_amanda 876 0 (unused)
+ip_nat_irc 1904 0 (unused)
+ip_nat_ftp 2384 0 (unused)
+ip_conntrack_quake3 1848 1
+ip_conntrack_mms 2704 1
+ip_conntrack_h323 2065 1
+ip_conntrack_egg 2280 0 (unused)
+ip_conntrack_amanda 1488 1
+ip_conntrack_irc 2672 1
+ip_conntrack_ftp 3440 1]]></screen>
+<para>In this list of modules that are loaded, the module for the network card 3com509 is loaded twice. For a list of available modules, look at
+</para>
+<para>It is best practice to write on the machine itself what kind of network card it contains.
+</para><orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+<listitem>
+<para>What kind of "port forwarding" is it?
+</para></listitem></orderedlist>
+<para>Information about the "port forwarding" rules, if you have made any, is in the file<computeroutput>/etc/coyote/portforwards</computeroutput>
+</para><screen><![CDATA[ coyote# more /etc/coyote/portforwards\nport Y 10.0.2.2 tcp 2333 22 # Example - Secondary SSH]]></screen>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Simple_firewall_with_CD--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Simple_firewall_with_CD--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Simple_firewall_with_CD--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Starting_the_Coyote_firewall">
+<title>Starting the Coyote firewall
+</title>
+<para>User case: After a simple firewall is installed, it shall be installed on the network and be effective.
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Starting_the_Coyote_firewall--Solution">
+<title>Solution
+</title>
+<para>There are two network cards in Coyote Linux, one (LAN) is connected to the Skolelinux/Debian-edu server, the other is connected with a crossed cable, or via a switch to another network (WAN). Sometimes it can be a bit difficult to decide which network card is which, especially if they are both connected to the same address. The method we use to determine which card is which, is to use a crossed cable and connect it to the network card in the Skolelinux/Debian-edu main server.
+</para><orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+<listitem>
+<para>First you start Coyote Linux without any wired network card
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Then use the crossed cable to connect Coyote Linux with the Skolelinux / Debian-edu main server (make sure it goes to the NIC labeled eth0 if the main server is a combined server).
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Login to the main server. Try to <emphasis role="strong">ping</emphasis> the Coyote Linux machine. Use the command <emphasis role="strong">ping -c10 10.0.2.1</emphasis>, or alternatively, try to ping the main server from Coyote Linux with the command <emphasis role="strong">ping -c10 10.0.2.2</emphasis>.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Then you get a response like this if it works:
+</para></listitem></orderedlist><screen><![CDATA[ping -c10 10.0.2.1
+PING 10.0.2.1 (10.0.2.1): 56 data bytes
+64 bytes from 10.0.2.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=63 time=0.6 ms
+64 bytes from 10.0.2.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=0.3 ms
+64 bytes from 10.0.2.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=0.3 ms]]></screen>
+<para>When you have found the network card on the Coyote Linux that must be labelled LAN, then we know that the other network card is WAN. This procedure will only work as long as the network card on the LAN is set up properly. As shown during startup on the line
+</para><screen><![CDATA[LAN network: UP]]></screen>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--That_is_normal_what_is_shown">
+<title>That is normal what is shown
+</title><screen><![CDATA[WAN network:
+ down]]></screen>
+<para>Since you have started without any wires connected to the network card.
+</para>
+<para>When the role of each of the network cards is decided, it is time to reboot the firewall with all the cables in place.
+</para>
+<para>Different names for the network cards
+</para>
+<para>The two network cards got two different names in Coyote Linux. This is a bit confusing and not very consistent. Here is a summary:
+</para>
+<para>The various names used for network cards in Coyote Linux
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><colspec colname="col_2"/><colspec colname="col_3"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis>This is connected to the existing network</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis>Internet</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis>Eth1</emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis>WAN</emphasis>
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>This goes to the Debian Edu network
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>LAN network
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Eth0
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>LAN
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+<para>Reboot the Coyote Linux machine and make sure the Coyote Linux floppy disk is present in the floppy station. Ensure that the machine is configured to boot from floppy drive.
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Figure 3-12. Coyote Linux Login</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>{{attachment:graphics35.png}}
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>You can log in. Use the user name "root" and the password you set when you created the floppy (if this was done from Windows). or press <emphasis role="strong">Enter</emphasis> (blank password) for logging on floppy disk created by Linux
+</para>
+<para>Note: It is normal that you don't get any visible response when you type a password in a Linux system. This is to reveal as little information as possible about the password.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Starting_the_Coyote_firewall--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">menu, status of the network, down</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>{{attachment:graphics37.png}}
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Once you have entered, press 'c' to get the status of the network. In case there is a problem:
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Figure 3-14. menu, status of the network, up</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>{{attachment:graphics38.png}}
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>If everything went well, both will be "up"
+</para>
+<para>Q: <link linkend="ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--AEN698">It looks like the network card (LAN) going to to the Skolelinux/Debian-edu network is not working: DOWN</link>
+</para>
+<para>Q: <link linkend="ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--AEN704">It looks like the network card (WAN) connected to the Internet, is not working: DOWN</link>
+</para>
+<para>Q: <link linkend="ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--AEN724">We have set up firewalls with many different driver modules for many network cards. We have yet to find anything not working properly.</link>
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Q:</emphasis>It looks like the network card (LAN) going to to the Skolelinux/Debian-edu network is not working: DOWN
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">A:</emphasis>If you set up your network card according to <link linkend="ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--fwconf">A</link>, but it still does not work. That may mean the wrong driver has been chosen for your network card
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Q:</emphasis>It looks like the network card (WAN) connected to the Internet, is not working: DOWN
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">A:</emphasis>There are usually two reasons why the WAN network card is not up (UP):
+</para><orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+<listitem>
+<para>You're using a connection with the wrong Internet configuration. Take another look at <link linkend="ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--clconnectiontype">2.b</link>
+</para></listitem></orderedlist>
+<para>If you have a connection with a DHCP-assigned address, which is not static. Then it must be a physical connection through a network wire between Coyote Linux and the network socket.
+</para><orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+<listitem>
+<para>You have chosen the wrong driver module for this network card.
+</para></listitem></orderedlist>
+<para>You should attempt to login to Coyote Linux and choose <emphasis role="strong">q) quit</emphasis> to leave the Coyote Linux menu. Then you should run the command
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">dmesg|more</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>then use <emphasis role="strong">space</emphasis> to scroll. Look for references to <emphasis role="strong">eth0</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">eth1</emphasis>. Look at <link linkend="ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--clnicnames">Different names to the network cards</link> for a reminder of what eth0 and eth1 means. Usually it is an indicator of what the problem is.
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Q:</emphasis>We have set up firewalls with many different driver modules for many network cards. We have yet to find one that doesn't work properly.
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">A:</emphasis>Have you looked at this website for more information about network cards and corresponding driver modules for Coyote Linux? <ulink url="http://www.dalantech.com/">http://www.dalantech.com</ulink>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Starting_the_Coyote_firewall--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+<para>The firewall works if you try to reach the Internet through the web browser on the main server or through a connected client.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Starting_the_Coyote_firewall--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Firewall_administration_through_the_browser_.28Coyote.29">
+<title>Firewall administration through the browser (Coyote)
+</title>
+<para>Use Case: We need to change the settings in the firewall. The firewall is locked in the computer room. Can I make the change over the network?
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+<para>Coyote Linux has a pretty and practical administration tool through a web portal. Here you can do everything. Type <ulink url="http://10.0.2.1:8180/">http://10.0.2.1:8180</ulink> in the address field of your browser. The address will provide web administration for Coyote Linux. Click on the link and enter your user name <emphasis role="strong">root</emphasis> and the password you created for the firewall.
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Coyote Linux web administration</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>{{attachment:graphics42.png}}
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>All options and settings can be done in Main Menu on the left side.
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Coyote Linux Main Menu</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>{{attachment:graphics43.png}}
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Information
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Choosing this gives the status of your network cards, active IP addresses, uptime for Coyote Linux, Ist and the like.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>LAN setup
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Here you have the possibility to reconfigure the LAN network card. It goes to the Skolelinux/Debian-edu network. Leave the values as they are. Referring to <link linkend="ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--fwconf">A</link>.
+</para>
+<para>Warning: Do not make changes here! Doing so may reduce the performance of Skolelinux/Debian-edu network
+</para>
+<para><
+FIXME: Should describe the contents of change_ip_setup here, later>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Internet setup
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Here you have the possibility to change the values in the WAN network card connected to the Internet. If you have got a new ISP, or changed a dynamically assigned IP address by DHCP to a fixed one, this is the place to change the information without the need of creating a new Coyote Linux floppy from scratch. See <link linkend="ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--clconnectiontype">2.b</link>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>DHCP setup. Warning: Do not enable the DHCP server in Coyote Linux!
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>This provides the possibility to configure DHCP server as part of Coyote Linux
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Administrative settings
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Here it is possible to turn on and off services like the name server (DNS), ssh and web administration.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Port Forwarding
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Here you may change and enable port forwarding in Coyote Linux. This is a neat feature in a Skolelinux/Debian-edu network. Since Coyote Linux stops and blocks most connections for example ssh, it's nice to use port forwarding. This is a way to let ssh connections through Coyote Linux to a Skolelinux/Debian-edu- network.
+</para>
+<para>Use this rule for port forwarding
+</para><screen><![CDATA[ Yes TCP Any 22 10.0.2.2 22 No SSH straight into Mainserver]]></screen>
+<para>all ssh-connections coming to Coyote Linux will be forwarded to the Skolelinux/Debian-edu main server. You need to decide if this is as wished.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Simplified firewall configuration
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Here you can set up and configure the firewall rules in Coyote Linux. There are many rules ready to use and can be used as an example.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Advanced firewall configuration
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>QOS configuration
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Here you can set up restrictions on network capacity
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>System password
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Here you can change the root password for Coyote Linux, also known as the system password. This is the same as using the command line <link linkend="ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--cllogin">Section 3.6</link>.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Configuration files
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>These are files that contain all settings.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Diagnostic tools
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Here you would find useful tools like ping, testing ports (gateway), testing nameserver (DNS), and the status of the network.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Backup now
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Are there any changes in Coyote Linux then those <emphasis>must</emphasis> be saved on the diskette. By selecting Main Menu in Coyote Linux users can choose to save the setup. The alternative is that all changes are lost when you reboot Coyote Linux
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Reboot the system
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>When you need to start again the Coyote Linux, this can be done from the "Main Menu". When choosing restart this must be confirmed.
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Restart or turn off Coyote Linux?</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>{{attachment:graphics47.png}}
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Firewall_administration_through_the_browser_.28Coyote.29--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Firewall_administration_through_the_browser_.28Coyote.29--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Firewall_administration_through_the_browser_.28Coyote.29--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Firewall_as_a_DHCP_server_.28Coyote.29">
+<title>Firewall as a DHCP server (Coyote)
+</title>
+<para>Use case: Want to set up a good DHCP server with high stability regardless of the operating system. Notification: normal DHCP server in a non-Skolelinux/Debian-edu network
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Coyote Linux is a good solution if you just need a DHCP server on the network regardless of what type of machines, be it Linux, Windows or Mac.
+</para>
+<para>The only thing that needs to be configured differently, is to enable the DHCP server. <
+FIXME: create link to screenshot>
+</para>
+<para>A brief summary about changing a Coyote Linux to a DHCP-server:
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Coyote Linux as the default DHCP server</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Remember to answer "yes" to the question "Do you want to enable the Coyote DHCP-server [y/n]:"
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Once a DHCP server runs on Coyote Linux, you will probably need to use a different address for login, if you did not change the LAN setup:
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist><screen><![CDATA[Configuring system for Ethernet based Internet connection
+
+
+By default, Coyote uses the following settings for the local network
+interface:
+
+IP Address: 192.168.0.1
+Netmask: 255.255.255.0
+Broadcast: 192.168.0.255
+Network: 192.168.0.0
+
+Would you like to change these settings? [Y/N]: n]]></screen>
+<para>then you should use the address 192.168.0.1 instead of 10.0.2.1 when logging into the Coyote Linux web administration. See <link linkend="ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--clgui">Section 3.7</link> and
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">In this case the new address is:</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>ssh -l root 192.168.0.1
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para><ulink url="http://192.168.0.1:8180/">http://192.168.0.1:8180</ulink>
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Firewall_as_a_DHCP_server_.28Coyote.29--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Firewall_as_a_DHCP_server_.28Coyote.29--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Coyote_firewall_and_Internet_operators">
+<title>Coyote firewall and Internet operators
+</title>
+<para>User Case: We have a firewall with Coyote Linux. Does it allow itself to connect to our ISP?
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Note: We've seen no case where Coyote didn't work with an ISP in Norway. Tell us if you experience problems with an ISP.
+</para>
+<para>This is a list of Internet providers that work well with Coyote Linux
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Nextgentel, Norway
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Tele2 ADSL Privat, Norway
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Tele2 ADSL Bedrift, Norway
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>UPC Chello Classis, Norway
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>The Department of Education in Oslo. Not tested on schools connected to Simens' !InnsIKT-solution for Oslo schools
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Due to different network policies in The Department of Education in Oslo, you <emphasis>must</emphasis> make the following changes in <link linkend="ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--mainserver">the main server</link>:
+</para>
+<para>Change the following in the file<computeroutput>/etc/bind/named.conf</computeroutput> <link linkend="ExtraConfiguration--!ExtraConfiguration--FTN.AEN983">[5</link>]
+</para><screen><![CDATA[ // forwarders {
+ // By special request from the good people inside the Dept of Education in
+ // Oslo:
+ // 193.156.192.40;
+ // 193.156.192.50;
+ // Dept. of Education in Oslo end of block
+ // 0.0.0.0;
+ // };]]></screen>
+<para>change this to
+</para><screen><![CDATA[ forwarders {
+ // By special request from the good people inside the Dept of Education in
+ // Oslo:
+ 193.156.192.40;
+ 193.156.192.50;
+ // Dept. of Education in Oslo end of block
+ // 0.0.0.0;
+ };]]></screen>
+<para>This means to remove the comment marker (#) in front of "forwarders".
+</para>
+<para>If you don't do this, you will not be able to connect to the Internet due to problems with the name server (DNS) in The Department of Education in Oslo. Operating staff will also engage more people to get this changed to such as this service wants it.
+</para>
+<para>After the changes are inserted in <computeroutput>/etc/bind/named.conf</computeroutput> one needs to restart bind with <emphasis role="strong">service bind9 restart</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Telenor ADSL, Norway
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Oslo University College (Høgskolen i Oslo)
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Here, you must make the same bind-changes as the Department of Education in Oslo.
+</para>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Coyote_firewall_and_Internet_operators--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Coyote_firewall_and_Internet_operators--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Coyote_firewall_and_Internet_operators--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Support_for_network_cards_in_the_firewall">
+<title>Support for network cards in the firewall
+</title>
+<para>Use case: Are the two network cards in the machine supported by Coyote?
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>This is a list of modules included in Coyote Linux. All driver modules for network cards are listed.
+</para><screen><![CDATA[tjener:~/coyote# ls data/kernel/drivers/
+3c501.o eth16i.o ne.o
+3c503.o ewrk3.o ni5010.o
+3c505.o fealnx.o ni52.o
+3c507.o forcedeth.o ni65.o
+3c509.o hp100.o pcnet32.o
+3c515.o hp.o ppp_async.o
+3c59x.o hp-plus.o ppp_deflate.o
+8139cp.o ip_conntrack_amanda.o ppp_generic.o
+8139too.o ip_conntrack_egg.o pppoe.o
+82596.o ip_conntrack_ftp.o pppox.o
+8390.o ip_conntrack_h323.o ppp_synctty.o
+ac3200.o ip_conntrack_irc.o sch_htb.o
+amd8111e.o ip_conntrack_mms.o sch_ingress.o
+at1700.o ip_conntrack_quake3.o sch_sfq.o
+b44.o ip_conntrack_rtsp.o sis900.o
+bridge.o ip_conntrack_tftp.o slhc.o
+bsd_comp.o ip_nat_amanda.o smc9194.o
+cls_fw.o ip_nat_cuseeme.o smc-ultra.o
+cls_u32.o ip_nat_ftp.o softdog.o
+cs89x0.o ip_nat_h323.o starfire.o
+de4x5.o ip_nat_irc.o sundance.o
+depca.o ip_nat_mms.o tlan.o
+dgrs.o ip_nat_quake3.o tulip.o
+dmfe.o ip_nat_rtsp.o typhoon.o
+e100.o ip_nat_tftp.o via-rhine.o
+e2100.o lance.o wd.o
+eepro100.o lp486e.o winbond-840.o
+eepro.o mii.o zlib_deflate.o
+eexpress.o natsemi.o zlib_inflate.o
+epic100.o ne2k-pci.o]]></screen>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Support_for_network_cards_in_the_firewall--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Support_for_network_cards_in_the_firewall--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Support_for_network_cards_in_the_firewall--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Particularly_old_network_cards_in_the_firewall_.28ISA.29">
+<title>Particularly old network cards in the firewall (ISA)
+</title>
+<para>Use case: We want to try to use some network cards in the firewall that are almost 20 years old. They are using the so called ISA bus. Is this possible?
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+<para>Network cards with model number 3c509 from 3Com have been a very popular series. Many have Coyote Linux with such a network card built in which could have been produced for example in 1989, over 25 years ago. We've run these cards for three years with Coyote firewall without any problems. Once you have managed to get one running, it will probably run for a long time. But it is sometimes difficult to get the cards to work in the first place. This is because they have an ISA bus. Thi [...]
+</para>
+<para>The DOS configuration program is called <computeroutput>3c5x9cfg.exe</computeroutput>, and it is used in the following way:
+</para><orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+<listitem>
+<para>Start the machine with DOS. One can use !FreeDOS or a boot floppy created with Windows 95 or 98.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>As soon as the machine is booted using DOS, insert a floppy disk with the program <computeroutput>3c5x9cfg.exe</computeroutput>. Run the program 3c5x9cfg.exe from the command line in DOS.
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>When 3c5x9cfg.exe is started, each of the 3c509 network cards can be configured with the "auto" option
+</para></listitem></orderedlist>
+<para><computeroutput>3c5x9cfg.exe</computeroutput> can be found at Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg: <ulink url="http://www.urz.uni-heidelberg.de/Netzdienste/nm/misc/3comnic/"/>
+</para>
+<para>!FreeDOS can be found on: <ulink url="http://www.freedos.org/"/>
+</para>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Particularly_old_network_cards_in_the_firewall_.28ISA.29--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+<para>Warning: Many reports show problems with using two 3c509 card on the same machine if one of the cards is a combo type. This is a card type with different types of network cable plugs.
+</para>
+<para>Do not use combo type ISA bus cards!
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Particularly_old_network_cards_in_the_firewall_.28ISA.29--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Particularly_old_network_cards_in_the_firewall_.28ISA.29--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Useful_links_about_the_Coyote_firewall">
+<title>Useful links about the Coyote firewall
+</title>
+<para>User case: I have not gotten enough help with using the firewall on these pages. Where can I get more help?
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para><ulink url="http://www.coyotelinux.com/">Coyote Linux home page</ulink>
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para><ulink url="http://www.vortech.net/phorums/list.php?8">Coyote Linux user forum, high activity</ulink>
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para><ulink url="http://www.coyotelinux.com/faq">Coyote Linux, FAQ, choose 2.x - General</ulink>
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para><ulink url="http://rzero.com/coyote/faq.html">Another FAQ by Todd !VerBeek</ulink>
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Useful_links_about_the_Coyote_firewall--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Useful_links_about_the_Coyote_firewall--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Useful_links_about_the_Coyote_firewall--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Config:">
+<title>Config:
+</title>
+<para>User case: What's should be configured
+</para>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Config:--Solution">
+<title>Solution
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Config:--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Config:--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="ExtraConfiguration--Extra_configurations--Config:--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+<para><
+FIXME>
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup">
+<title>Setting up infrastructure
+</title>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Network_architecture">
+<title>Network architecture
+</title>
+<para>User case: Shall set up a computer network that scales so that one can either operate the system locally or connect to a centralized operational solution
+</para>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Solution">
+<title>Solution
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Server_profiles">
+<title>Server profiles
+</title>
+<para>Use case: How to install machines for an entire computer network for a school or many schools in a municipality.
+</para>
+<para><
+FIXME: In with the drawing showing diskless clients>
+</para>
+<para><ul> <li><p>{{attachment:bilder50.png}}</p> <p><emphasis role="strong">The different profiles on different servers.</emphasis></p></li></ul>
+</para>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Combi-server_as_a_combined_resolution">
+<title>Combi-server as a combined resolution
+</title>
+<para>Two profiles with main server and thin client server in combination are called a combi-server
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>{{attachment:bilder51.png}}
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>This is a fairly small step, which makes it easy to use an appropriate switch on the backbone network, and use a crossover cable to connect the firewall with a combi-server
+</para>
+<para>Note: Be aware that setting a printer on the address 192.168.0.0/24, which is the thin client network, does not work if the hostname is <emphasis role="strong">printer00</emphasis>. Be sure to edit KDE printing manager to search for printers at 192.168.0.0/24-net. Not standard 10.0.2.0/23-net.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Description_of_the_profiles_in_Skolelinux.2BAC8Debian-Edu">
+<title>Description of the profiles in Skolelinux/Debian-Edu
+</title>
+<para>Profiles shown during the installation originate from the file <computeroutput>src/debian-edu-install/debian/debian-edu-install.templates</computeroutput> on alioth.debian.org
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Graphical desktop</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>One will increasingly see references to a graphical desktop. In short that means a modern desktop with point and click, windows, icons, and file folders. Graphical user interfaces were first made by Xerox Parc in 1973, 10 years before they came to personal computers that could be bought on the market. This was a <emphasis>very</emphasis> short presentation of graphical user interfaces.
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">A brief summary of the different profiles in Skolelinux/Debian-edu and how they can be combined</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para><ol style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <li><p>Main server</p> <p>Warning: <emphasis>All</emphasis> Skolelinux/Debian-edu-networks <emphasis>must have</emphasis> only one main server, and only one machine with that profile. Most commonly that profile can be combined with thin client servers, or just a workstation.</p> <p>Every Skolelinux network needs one, and only one machine running the 'Main Server'. This machine provides network services [...]
+</para>
+<para>Machines running the 'workstation' profile is what we know as normal PCs. Users log on to workstations, and get storage space on <link linkend="InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--mainserverprofile">The main server</link>. Documents, personal settings and many network services are on <link linkend="InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--mainserverprofile">The main server</link>. User programs run on the workstation.
+</para>
+<para>For access to CD/DVD-player/burner, digital cameras, scanners, this is the profile to install.
+</para><orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+<listitem>
+<para>Thin client server
+</para></listitem></orderedlist>
+<para>Machines running the thin client server support the thin clients. This profile also includes the <link linkend="InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile">workstation</link> profile. To prevent saturating the network, two NICs are required. The profiles: main server, workstation and thin client server can be installed on the same machine.
+</para>
+<para>This profile also contains <link linkend="InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile">the work station</link>-profile
+</para><orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+<listitem>
+<para>Diskless workstations
+</para></listitem></orderedlist>
+<para>Machines running as thin client servers provide support for diskless clients if this is enabled. In Skolelinux 2.0 this must be enabled afterwards. This profile also includes <link linkend="InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile">the workstation</link>-profile. Profiles main server, workstation and thin client server can be installed on the same machine.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>This profile also contains <link linkend="InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile">the work station</link>-profile
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Main server + thin client server (including workstation)
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>This combination of profiles, also called combined profile, providing the ability to setup a complete Skolelinux / Debian-edu network <link linkend="InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--workstationprofile">workstations</link> and <link linkend="InfrastructureSetup--!InfrastructureSetup--thinclientprofile">thinclients</link> with only one server. This is an acceptable solution in a small Skolelinux/Debian-edu network, with maybe 10-15 thin clients and a few workstations. For l [...]
+</para><orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+<listitem>
+<para>Main server + workstation
+</para></listitem></orderedlist>
+<para>This combination of profiles mainly gives you a main server with a GUI. If you do not like the idea of administering your main server from the command line, this is a good combination.
+</para>
+<para>The standalone profile is not part of Skolelinux/Debian-edu network. The purpose of this profile is to support the home PC or portables.
+</para><orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+<listitem>
+<para>Stand alone
+</para></listitem></orderedlist>
+<para>The standalone profile can not be installed together with the main server, workstation or thin client server.
+</para>
+<para>The standalone profile is best to use without linking it to a Skolelinux / Debian-edu network.
+</para>
+<para>All programs in Skolelinux/Debian edu are included in the standalone profile
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Server_profiles--Solution">
+<title>Solution
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Server_profiles--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Server_profiles--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Server_profiles--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Hardware_servers">
+<title>Hardware servers
+</title>
+<para>User case: What's should be configured
+</para>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Hardware_servers--Solution">
+<title>Solution
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Hardware_servers--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Hardware_servers--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Hardware_servers--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Client_computers">
+<title>Client computers
+</title>
+<para>User case: Choice of client machines. Should you choose silent machines or machines for multimedia. Should one have laptops to all or desktops.
+</para>
+<para>Several types of technologies can provide application on the PC. Most common is thick clients operating locally on each computer. But there are other types of technology for applications on the desktop. Many have heard of graphic terminals. Examples include Citrix, !FreeNX and Windows Terminal Server. There are also other options like lowfat clients and real thin clients. This article describes the options and provides an overview of where the various terminal technologies do best. [...]
+</para>
+<para>Client technologies are described in the following order. Graphic terminals Citrix and !FreeNX, thin clients with X Windows, thick clients with Linux and Windows, client in between with Linux, and laptops. The following are examples of what server systems are commonly used in various business-oriented installations. A key factor for calculating costs is the number of concurrent users and the number of servers. Centralized management of computer equipment at several schools may in p [...]
+</para>
+<para>Citrix is the most known product for <emphasis role="strong">graphical clients</emphasis>. The company making this is product was established in 1989. The first graphical clients were made for the operating system OS/2. First Windows product was launched with NT 3.51 in 1995. There are several competing products to Citrix. One of the most successful is the NX technology. Briefly, you may run applications from a server with Citrix or NX. The screen is exported over the network from [...]
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Graphical clients</emphasis> have the strength that it would be seemless what ever kind of operating system that might be running on the client. One could use the applications on the server anyways. One can run standard office programs and client emails over an ISDN line with 64 kbps. That said, there are limitations in graphic software, whether it is used with multimedia or interactive graphics. The solution can quickly become of no practical use if a munic [...]
+</para>
+<para>With <emphasis role="strong">graphical clients</emphasis> the operations department must run two parallel paths for the maintenance of software. Maintenance occurs on all client computers and on local and central servers. For getting for example Citrix to work reasonably well, there must be deployed two additional server machines in each building, in addition to central application servers. In addition, it usually needs some thick clients also for use with multimedia. For example 1 [...]
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Tynnklienter</emphasis> ble introdusert i 1984 på MIT. Dette var omtrent på samme tid som Apple lanserte Macintosh med grafisk brukergrensesnitt. Året etter kom første utgave av Windows fra Microsoft. Egentlig heter tynnklienter X Window System og kan brukes på alle mulige plattformer som f.eks. Linux, Mac eller Windows. X Windows snur verden på hode. I praksis kjører programmene på en tjenermaskin, og det grafiske brukergrensesnittet sendes over nettverket [...]
+</para>
+<para>The main advantage of <emphasis role="strong">thin clients</emphasis> is the reuse of older equipment without increasing the complexity of operations. Many people use PCs with 233 MHz and 32 MB memory as thin clients. There is no need for local hard drive. Users can handle heavier graphics, sound and simple video. Several schools have opened up for the use of CD / DVD-Rom and USB memory stick at <emphasis role="strong">the thin clients</emphasis>. Operating personnel do not have to [...]
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Tykke klienter</emphasis> eller vanlige PC-er er det de fleste bruker i dag. Første gang uttrykket Peronal Computer ble brukt var 3. november 1962. Den første PC-en med nettverk og grafisk brukergrensesnitt ble laget hos Xerox PARK i 1973. I dag er det PC-konseptet IBM lanserte i 1981 som er mest kjent og utbredt. Hele operativsystemet og alle brukerprogrammene er installert på hver klientmaskin på et lokalt datalager. De mest kjente operativsystemene PC-er [...]
+</para>
+<para>The advantage of <emphasis role="strong">Thick clients</emphasis> is that all programs are run locally, which can provide great flexibility and performance for users. Since most user programs run locally few central servers are needed. Solutions with thick clients can be relatively inexpensive to operate if one standardizes. On Windows, it is a great advantage to have mostly similar machines, which is difficult over time. It is quite common, for example, that the school has both 4 [...]
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Diskless clients</emphasis> is another exciting technology. Today supported on Linux with Lessdisks or new LTSP. Novell had a virtual monopoly on diskless clients 15 years ago. Simply explained, the entire operating system and applications are installed on a server. The operating system is uploaded from the server to the client over the network. File, print, and Web services are handled by an operating system designed for networks. By the introduction of Win [...]
+</para>
+<para>The advantage with <emphasis role="strong">diskless clients</emphasis> is that you get the performance of thick clients with the operational advantage of thin clients. It means that the organisation can connect many client machines to a server, without installing locally an operating system on each client. Everything is handled from the server. The system supports audio, video, CD/DVD-Rom and USB memory stick. Today it is unusual to find used machines with less than 800 MHz process [...]
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Portable machines</emphasis> are essentially thick clients. Laptops may in principle be used as thin clients, half thick clients or graphical terminals. But it is not very practical for several reasons. Portables should be used as thick client. In order to connect the laptop to a stationary computer network, one must choose what kind of services to be used.
+</para>
+<para>There are significant challenges with portables in wireless networks with many users. Wireless networks have limited capacity. Portables are also subject to rough treatment, and require more frequent replacement than what is normal for stationary equipment. One should not run graphical terminals on laptops in wireless networks. This quickly becomes unstable when you have many users. Thick clients with Linux or Windows run fine. They can relatively easily be authenticated against th [...]
+</para>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Table_of_client_types">
+<title>Table of client types
+</title><informaltable><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><colspec colname="col_2"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis><emphasis role="strong">Main solution</emphasis></emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis><emphasis role="strong">Support for multimedia</emphasis></emphasis>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis><emphasis role="strong">Characteristics</emphasis></emphasis>
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Fat clients (Windows, Linux or Mac)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Good support for sound, graphics and video with powerful enough processor and memory on the client machine.
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>All user applications installed on the client machine. The user programs run on the client machine. The client machine may be stationary or portable. Running multiple services in networks such as email, file storage, case-filing system etc.<emphasis role="strong">Advantage:</emphasis> Requires few server machines. Good support for multimedia<emphasis role="strong">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Need to install and maintain all the software on each client machine
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Diskless workstation (Linux. Earlier this was the solution from Novell with Windows 3.X)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Good support for sound, graphics and video given a powerful enough processor and memory on the client machine.
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>All user applications are installed on the server machine. User programs run on the client machine. Client computer is usually stationary. Running multiple services on the network such as email, file storage, case-filing system etc.<emphasis role="strong">Advantages:</emphasis> Same functionality as thick clients. Need few servers. The client computers do not have software installed.
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Thin client (X Window System)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Decent audio, graphics and video support given a powerful enough processor memory on the server machine. Needs high capacity client network.
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>All user programs and services are installed on the server machine. The user programs running on servers. The client computer is usually stationary. Running multiple services in networks such as email, file storage, case-filing system etc.<emphasis role="strong">Advantage:</emphasis> Gives new life to reused computers. Client does not have installed software.<emphasis role="strong">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Requires more servers than thick and diskless clients.
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Graphical terminals (FreeNX, Citrix, RDP)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Decent graphics support given powerful enough processor memory on the server machine, and high capacity network. Weak or little support for interactive graphics at medium capacity network.
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>All user programs and services are installed on the server machine. A full operating system with a graphical interface is usually installed on the client machine. The user programs run on the server. The client computer is usually stationary. Several network services such as email, file storage, case-filing system etc. are provided.<emphasis role="strong">Advantage:</emphasis> Gives new life to reused computers.<emphasis role="strong">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Must install and maint [...]
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Laptops
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Good support for sound, graphics and video with powerful enough processor and memory on the client machine.
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Advantage:</emphasis> Can take the PC anywhere suitable<emphasis role="strong">Disadvantage:</emphasis> Must install and maintain the operating system on each client machine. Must set up and maintain services that make it easy to connect and disconnect machines on the network. There is considerable breakage with portable equipment, and lifetimes average 3 years; that's 2-5 years less than desktops. Administration of portable devices is expensive.
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Client_computers--Solution">
+<title>Solution
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Client_computers--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Client_computers--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Client_computers--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Switches">
+<title>Switches
+</title>
+<para>User case: What's should be configured
+</para>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Switches--Solution">
+<title>Solution
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Switches--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Switches--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Switches--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Wireless_access_points">
+<title>Wireless access points
+</title>
+<para>User case: What's should be configured
+</para>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Wireless_access_points--Solution">
+<title>Solution
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Wireless_access_points--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Wireless_access_points--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Wireless_access_points--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Firewall.28s.29">
+<title>Firewall(s)
+</title>
+<para>User case: What's should be configured
+</para>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Firewall.28s.29--Solution">
+<title>Solution
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Firewall.28s.29--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Firewall.28s.29--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Firewall.28s.29--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Routers">
+<title>Routers
+</title>
+<para>User case: What's should be configured
+</para>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Routers--Solution">
+<title>Solution
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Routers--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Routers--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Routers--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_a_simple_firewall">
+<title>Setting up a simple firewall
+</title>
+<para>User case: What's should be configured
+</para>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Setting_up_a_simple_firewall--Solution">
+<title>Solution
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Setting_up_a_simple_firewall--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Setting_up_a_simple_firewall--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Setting_up_a_simple_firewall--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setup:">
+<title>Setup:
+</title>
+<para>User case: What's should be configured
+</para>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Setup:--Solution">
+<title>Solution
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Setup:--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Setup:--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="InfrastructureSetup--Setting_up_infrastructure--Setup:--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands">
+<title>Useful commands
+</title>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Support_for_4_GB_memory_.26lt.3B--_included_in_configuration_management">
+<title>Support for 4 GB memory <-- included in configuration management
+</title>
+<para>Use Case: Because there is limited space on the Skolelinux/Debian-Edu CD only one Linux kernel is included, i.e. the lowest common denominator. That means a kernel <emphasis>working</emphasis> at as many as possible different types of hardware is included.
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+<para>You can find out the type of kernel running with the command <emphasis role="strong">uname -a</emphasis>. The command can be used later to ensure that you have upgraded to the required core. Then it may look like this:
+</para><screen><![CDATA[tjener:~# uname -a
+Linux tjener.intern 2.6.8-2-386 #1 Thu May 19 17:40:50 JST 2005 i686 GNU/Linux]]></screen>
+<para>Here runs a 386-core, which should work on just about all of the PCs. But it is not optimal for dual core processors or more than 940MB.
+</para>
+<para>If you want a kernel for new servers with plenty of memory and multiple processors, you can download and install it afterwards. Debian's package system makes that easy.
+</para>
+<para>Look at <link linkend="UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--apt-get">Section 8.9</link> for a more detailed description of <emphasis role="strong">apt-get</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">dpkg</emphasis>.
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">smp</emphasis> is the keyword to look for when you want a Linux kernel with support for more RAM than 940MB of memory and dual processors. The acronym stands for <emphasis>Symmetric Multi-Processors</emphasis>. The command is run from a <link linkend="UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--shell">shell</link> which lists the number of cores ready for installation:
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-cache search kernel-image | grep smp</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>. At the time this is written the following is listed:
+</para><screen><![CDATA[kernel-image-2.4-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP
+kernel-image-2.4-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on AMD K7 SMP
+kernel-image-2.4.27-2-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4.27 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP
+kernel-image-2.4.27-2-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4.27 on AMD K7 SMP
+kernel-image-2.6-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP.
+kernel-image-2.6-amd64-k8-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD64 SMP systems
+kernel-image-2.6-em64t-p4-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on Intel EM64T SMP systems
+kernel-image-2.6-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD K7 SMP.
+kernel-image-2.6.8-11-amd64-k8-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on AMD64 SMP systems
+kernel-image-2.6.8-11-em64t-p4-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on Intel EM64T SMP systems
+kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP.
+kernel-image-2.6.8-2-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6.8 on AMD K7 SMP.]]></screen>
+<para>There is no need to specify a specific kernel version like 2.4.27 or 2.6.8. Just use 2.4 or 2.6. This boils down to
+</para><screen><![CDATA[kernel-image-2.4-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP
+kernel-image-2.4-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.4 on AMD K7 SMP
+kernel-image-2.6-686-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on PPro/Celeron/PII/PIII/P4 SMP.
+kernel-image-2.6-amd64-k8-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD64 SMP systems
+kernel-image-2.6-em64t-p4-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on Intel EM64T SMP systems
+kernel-image-2.6-k7-smp - Linux kernel image for version 2.6 on AMD K7 SMP.]]></screen>
+<para>Now you just need to know what kind of processor you have eg. 686 (Intel), k7 (AMD) AMD64 or EM64T
+</para>
+<para>As soon as which kernel fit the machine best it can be installed using the command
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-<your processor type>-smp</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>If the machine contain an Intel Xeon one can use
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-686-smp</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>If a 2.4 kernel is used
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-get install kernel-image-2.4-<your processor type>-smp</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>With an AMD Athlon(TM) MP 2000 it is possible to use
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-k7-smp</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>When you install the new kernel, you may see something like this:
+</para><screen><![CDATA[tjener:~# apt-get update
+tjener:~# apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-686-smp
+Reading Package Lists... Done
+Building Dependency Tree... Done
+The following extra packages will be installed:
+ kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp
+Suggested packages:
+ lilo kernel-doc-2.6.8 kernel-source-2.6.8
+Recommended packages:
+ irqbalance
+The following NEW packages will be installed:
+ kernel-image-2.6-686-smp kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp
+0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
+Need to get 15.3MB of archives.
+After unpacking 44.9MB of additional disk space will be used.
+Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
+Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp 2.6.8-16 [15.3MB]
+Get:2 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main kernel-image-2.6-686-smp 101 [2154B]
+Fetched 15.3MB in 1m13s (208kB/s)
+Selecting previously deselected package kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp.
+(Reading database ... 80762 files and directories currently installed.)
+Unpacking kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp (from .../kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp_2.6.8-16_i386.deb) ...
+Selecting previously deselected package kernel-image-2.6-686-smp.
+Unpacking kernel-image-2.6-686-smp (from .../kernel-image-2.6-686-smp_101_i386.deb) ...
+Setting up kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp (2.6.8-16) ...
+File descriptor 3 left open
+File descriptor 4 left open
+File descriptor 5 left open
+File descriptor 6 left open
+File descriptor 7 left open
+ Finding all volume groups
+ Finding volume group "vg_data"
+ Finding volume group "vg_system"
+Searching for GRUB installation directory ... found: /boot/grub .
+Testing for an existing GRUB menu.list file... found: /boot/grub/menu.lst .
+Searching for splash image... none found, skipping...
+Found kernel: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.8-2-686-smp
+Found kernel: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.8-2-386
+Updating /boot/grub/menu.lst ... done
+Setting up kernel-image-2.6-686-smp (101) ...]]></screen>
+<para>As shown, you were asked to install kernel-image-2.6-686-smp, and it automatically translated to install kernel-image-2.6.8-2-686-smp. It was also suggested to install some other packages that might be useful.
+</para>
+<para>Reboot the machine with the command: shutdown -r now
+</para>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+<para>To activate a new kernel the machine need to be rebooted.
+</para>
+<para>Building the kernel for a Skolelinux / Debian-Edu machine, is the only time you ever need a restart. When installing other programs there is no need for a restart.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+<para>When running the command <emphasis role="strong">uname -a</emphasis> after installation, the following is displayed
+</para><screen><![CDATA[tjener:~# uname -a
+Linux tjener.intern 2.6.8-2-686-smp #1 SMP Thu May 19 17:27:55 JST 2005 i686 GNU/Linux]]></screen>
+<para>After the installation of the smp kernel and after the reboot, you can run the command <emphasis role="strong">free</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">cat /proc/cpuinfo</emphasis>. Then you can see if the new kernel uses all memory and both processors.
+</para><screen><![CDATA[ltspserver00:~# free
+ total used free shared buffers cached
+Mem: 4074752 4045556 29196 0 339248 2327780
+-/+ buffers/cache: 1378528 2696224
+Swap: 1835000 5852 1829148]]></screen>
+<para>Here is a shortened printing with the unnecessary printing removed .
+</para><screen><![CDATA[ltspserver00:~# cat /proc/cpuinfo
+processor : 0
+vendor_id : !GenuineIntel
+cpu family : 15
+model : 2
+model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz
+
+processor : 1
+vendor_id : !GenuineIntel
+cpu family : 15
+model : 2
+model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz
+
+processor : 2
+vendor_id : !GenuineIntel
+cpu family : 15
+model : 2
+model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz
+
+processor : 3
+vendor_id : !GenuineIntel
+cpu family : 15
+model : 2
+model name : Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.66GHz]]></screen>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Administrating_packages_.28apt-get.29">
+<title>Administrating packages (apt-get)
+</title>
+<para>Use case: Installing new programs or update programs
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+<para>To install packages one needs to tell from where they should be fetched. In other words, which package archive to use.
+</para>
+<para>One can specify package archives in the file <computeroutput>/etc/apt/sources.list</computeroutput>
+</para>
+<para>You can work with package management on the command line. There is more graphical applications like for example KPackage <link linkend="UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--kpackage">7</link> or Webmin <link linkend="UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--webmin">12</link>
+</para>
+<para>This section provides a quick introduction to using the command line for administrating packages.
+</para>
+<para>This is the content of a file with references to package repositories on the Internet or from a CD ROM:
+</para><screen><![CDATA[#deb file:///cdrom/ sarge main local
+
+deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux edu _Sarge_ - Unofficial i386 Binary-1 (20050808)]/ unstable contrib local main non-free
+
+ 1. deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free
+ 1.deb http://security.debian.org/ sarge/updates main contrib non-free
+ 1. Use (by uncommenting) either http or ftp, NOT both
+ 1. http based apt source: ----------------
+ 1. deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free
+ 1. deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free
+ 1. deb http://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local
+ 1. ftp based apt source: -----------------
+ 1. deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free
+ 1. deb ftp://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free
+ 1. deb ftp://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local]]></screen>
+<para>Note that the lines <emphasis>without</emphasis> hashtag (#) can be used as reference to the package archive. The example shows that one only gets packets from the CD ROM used during installation. Other archives are not activated. When doing this, one should open for security upgrades. So you can try other archives for more packages.
+</para>
+<para>As a start it should look something like this:
+</para><screen><![CDATA[#deb file:///cdrom/ sarge main local
+
+ 1.deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux edu _Sarge_ - Unofficial i386 Binary-1 (20050808)]/ unstable contrib local main non-free
+
+ 1.deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free
+deb http://security.debian.org/ sarge/updates main contrib non-free
+ 1. Use (by uncommenting) either http or ftp, NOT both
+ 1. http based apt source: ----------------
+deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free
+deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free
+deb http://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local
+ 1. ftp based apt source: -----------------
+ 1. deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/ sarge main contrib non-free
+ 1. deb ftp://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US/ sarge/non-US main contrib non-free
+ 1. deb ftp://ftp.skolelinux.no/skolelinux/ sarge local]]></screen>
+<para>Note that there is a # sign in front of the line containing "deb: cdrom". There is no need to load packages from a CD-ROM when one can get everything from the Internet.
+</para>
+<para>If you add a new line to this file, you must update the database with information about what that is available.
+</para>
+<para>See <link linkend="UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--sources.list">chapter 13</link> for other lines to add as package sources.
+</para>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Useful_commands--Administrating_packages_.28apt-get.29--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+<para>Links to package archives have a specific form. Failure to follow this gives error messages when updating, asking to correct the error.
+</para>
+<para>The comment sign (#) is also in place in front of several lines in the file. The technique of "commenting out" is typical for most configuration files in Linux. Other symbols to be used is the semicolon (;) and double slashes (//). But here, the hashtag is in force, and when removed, what is written on the line is operative.
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Update_the_package_archive">
+<title>Update the package archive
+</title>
+<para>Use case: Update the package repository with a summary of updated programs.
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+<para>The selection of available packages is constantly updated. The most common is new security updates. New versions of the software can also be posted. Therefore, one must update the package archives. This is done with the following command
+</para><screen><![CDATA[tjener:~# apt-get update
+Get:1 http://ftp.skolelinux.no sarge/local Packages [17.4kB]
+Ign http://ftp.skolelinux.no sarge/local Release
+Get:2 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/main Packages [20B]
+Get:3 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/main Release [102B]
+Get:4 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/contrib Packages [20B]
+Get:5 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/contrib Release [105B]
+Get:6 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/non-free Packages [20B]
+Get:7 http://non-us.debian.org sarge/non-US/non-free Release [106B]
+Get:8 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Packages [3347kB]
+Get:9 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/main Packages [155kB]
+Get:10 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/main Release [110B]
+Get:11 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/contrib Packages [538B]
+Get:12 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/contrib Release [113B]
+Get:13 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/non-free Packages [20B]
+Get:14 http://security.debian.org sarge/updates/non-free Release [114B]
+Get:15 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Release [95B]
+Get:16 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/contrib Packages [56.2kB]
+Get:17 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/contrib Release [98B]
+Get:18 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/non-free Packages [58.4kB]
+Get:19 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/non-free Release [99B]
+Fetched 3635kB in 23s (157kB/s)
+Reading Package Lists... Done]]></screen>
+<para>This command must be executed <emphasis>before</emphasis> an upgrade or before adding new packages.
+</para>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Useful_commands--Update_the_package_archive--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Useful_commands--Update_the_package_archive--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Update_to_new_packages">
+<title>Update to new packages
+</title>
+<para>Use case: Updating the installed packages to a newer version if one is available
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+<para>All installed packages can be upgraded to newer versions using the command
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-get upgrade</emphasis>
+</para><screen><![CDATA[tjener:~# apt-get upgrade
+Reading Package Lists... Done
+Building Dependency Tree... Done
+The following packages will be upgraded:
+ apache apache-common apache2-utils bsdutils cfengine cfengine-doc courier-authdaemon courier-base courier-imap courier-imap-ssl courier-ldap
+ courier-ssl cpio debian-edu-config debian-edu-install education-common education-main-server education-networked education-tasks libapr0 libice6
+ libmysqlclient12 libpam-ldap libpcre3 libsensors3 libsm6 libsnmp-base libsnmp5 libssl0.9.7 libungif4g libx11-6 libxext6 libxft1 libxi6 libxmu6 libxmuu1
+ libxp6 libxpm4 libxrandr2 libxt6 libxtrap6 libxtst6 localization-config lynx mount mysql-common ntp ntp-refclock ntp-server ntpdate openssl python2.3
+ slbackup snmp squid squid-common tcpdump util-linux xdebconfigurator xfree86-common xlibs xlibs-data
+62 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
+Need to get 23.7MB of archives.
+After unpacking 225kB disk space will be freed.
+Do you want to continue? [Y/n]]]></screen>
+<para>Just press <emphasis role="strong">Enter</emphasis> or 'Y' and <emphasis role="strong">Enter</emphasis>. The packages will be downloaded and installed automatically. One will get a change log when the upgrade begins.
+</para>
+<para>Once you have upgraded, you can delete the packages downloaded in the directory<computeroutput>/var/cache/apt/archives/</computeroutput>. Use the command
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-get clean</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>to clear the archive. This should be done occasionally. Otherwise <computeroutput>/var</computeroutput> becomes full.
+</para>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Warning">
+<title>Warning
+</title>
+<para>Sometimes it's OK to see what is going to happen <emphasis>before</emphasis> upgrading. If judging whether it is necessary to download several large packages, maybe you need to wait until there is more bandwidth available. If you run
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-get upgrade --simulate</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>if one will simulate what will happen, without it actually happens. Is it too much information on the screen, one can run
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-get upgrade --simulate | more</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>If it looks good, one can run the command again without the <emphasis role="strong">--simulate</emphasis> parameter
+</para>
+<para>It is also possible to use <emphasis role="strong">aptitude dist-upgrade</emphasis> in combination with <emphasis role="strong">apt-get upgrade</emphasis>.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Useful_commands--Update_to_new_packages--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+<para>Sometimes you will get a message about changes affecting packages to upgrade or install, as in here
+</para><screen><![CDATA[kdeaddons (4:3.1.0-4) unstable; urgency=low
+
+ * Rebuilt against libvorbis0a (closes: #184713).
+ * Removed alpha compile flags.
+ * Fresh admin/ sync.
+
+ -- Ben Burton <bab at debian.org> Sun, 16 Mar 2003 16:00:19 +1100
+
+kdeaddons (4:3.1.0-2) unstable; urgency=low
+
+ * First KDE3 upload to debian!
+ * Applied Ewald Snel's patch for xine support.
+ * Rolled the epoch to aid upgrades from the unofficial repository on
+ ftp.kde.org.. *sigh*]]></screen>
+<para>Use <emphasis role="strong">Space</emphasis> on the keyboard to browse through the message. Then you will see
+</para><screen><![CDATA[quanta (1:3.0pr1-1) unstable; urgency=low
+
+ * New upstream release.
+ * Built for KDE3.
+
+ -- Ben Burton <benb at acm.org> Wed, 4 Sep 2002 10:36:12 +1000
+
+(END)]]></screen>
+<para>Press the <emphasis role="strong">q</emphasis> key to quit and you get
+</para><screen><![CDATA[Fetched 60.2MB in 11m24s (87.9kB/s)
+Reading changelogs... Done
+apt-listchanges: Do you want to continue? [Y/n]?]]></screen>
+<para>To continue you need to press <emphasis role="strong">Y</emphasis> for Yes.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Useful_commands--Update_to_new_packages--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Summary_of_installed_packages">
+<title>Summary of installed packages
+</title>
+<para>Use case: Want a summary of installed packages
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+<para>To get a summary of the installed packages run this command
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">dpkg --list | more</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>Note that when the first letters in the list is "ii" it mean the package is fully installed.
+</para>
+<para>To get the status of one particular package one can use <emphasis role="strong">grep</emphasis> to search for it:
+</para><screen><![CDATA[tjener:~# dpkg --list | grep apache
+ii apache 1.3.33-6 versatile, high-performance HTTP server
+ii apache-common 1.3.33-6 support files for all Apache webservers
+ii apache2-utils 2.0.54-4 utility programs for webservers]]></screen>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Find_the_name_of_a_particular_package">
+<title>Find the name of a particular package
+</title>
+<para>Use case: Often it is hard to remember the name of a package.
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+<para>To find a particular package one can use a search term with this command:
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-cache search <package name></emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>Try this if there is too much text on the screen
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-cache search <package name>|more</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>The two symbols < and > must <emphasis>not</emphasis> be used. They are only used in this example.
+</para><screen><![CDATA[tjener:~# apt-cache search apache
+apache - versatile, high-performance HTTP server
+apache-common - support files for all Apache webservers
+apache-dbg - debug versions of the Apache webservers
+apache-dev - development kit for the Apache webserver
+apache-doc - documentation for the Apache webserver
+apache-perl - versatile, high-performance HTTP server with Perl support
+apache-ssl - versatile, high-performance HTTP server with SSL support
+apache-utils - utility programs for webservers (transitional package)]]></screen>
+<para>As the screen dump show there are a lot more related to apache than the packages already installed.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Show_available_information_about_packages">
+<title>Show available information about packages
+</title>
+<para>User case: Want to get information about the package. There may be dependencies to other packages etc..
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+<para>The command
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-cache showpkg <package name></emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>and
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong"><apt-cache policy <package name></emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>gives details about the package.
+</para><screen><![CDATA[tjener:~# apt-cache showpkg kdissert
+Package: kdissert
+Versions:
+0.3.8-1(/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.debian.org_debian_dists_sarge_main_binary-i386_Packages)
+
+Reverse Depends:
+Dependencies:
+0.3.8-1 - kdelibs4 (2 4:3.3.2-4.0.2) libc6 (2 2.3.2.ds1-4) libgcc1 (2 1:3.4.1-3) libqt3c102-mt (2 3:3.3.3) libstdc++5 (2 1:3.3.4-1)
+Provides:
+0.3.8-1 -
+Reverse Provides:
+tjener:~# apt-cache policy kdissert
+kdissert:
+ Installed: (none)
+ Candidate: 0.3.8-1
+ Version Table:
+ 0.3.8-1 0
+ 500 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Packages]]></screen>
+<para>So one notices that the package kdissert is not installed, but available for installation in version 0.3.8-1 from `<ulink url="http://ftp.debian.org"/> sarge/main`
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Installation_of_packages">
+<title>Installation of packages
+</title>
+<para>Use case: Want to install a program or a program package.
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+<para>When you have found the package to be installed, run the command
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-get install <package name></emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>If you want to see what happened during the installation you should run a simulation first with the command
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-get install <package name> --simulate</emphasis>
+</para><screen><![CDATA[tjener:~# apt-get install aterm --simulate
+Reading Package Lists... Done
+Building Dependency Tree... Done
+The following NEW packages will be installed:
+ aterm
+0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
+Inst aterm (0.4.2-11 Debian:3.1r0/stable)
+Conf aterm (0.4.2-11 Debian:3.1r0/stable)
+tjener:~# apt-get install aterm
+Reading Package Lists... Done
+Building Dependency Tree... Done
+The following NEW packages will be installed:
+ aterm
+0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
+Need to get 91.6kB of archives.
+After unpacking 287kB of additional disk space will be used.
+Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main aterm 0.4.2-11 [91.6kB]
+Fetched 91.6kB in 1s (71.0kB/s)
+Selecting previously deselected package aterm.
+(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)
+Unpacking aterm (from .../aterm_0.4.2-11_i386.deb) ...
+Setting up aterm (0.4.2-11) ... ]]></screen>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Removal_of_installed_packages">
+<title>Removal of installed packages
+</title>
+<para>Use case: Wants to remove certain packages that will not be used.
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+<para>To find a specific package to be removed, use the commands listed above.
+</para>
+<para>When you have found the name of the package run the command
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-get remove <package name></emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>If you want to see what happens when you remove the package, you may simulate this with the command
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-get remove <package name> --simulate</emphasis>
+</para><screen><![CDATA[tjener:~# apt-get remove aterm --simulate
+Reading Package Lists... Done
+Building Dependency Tree... Done
+The following packages will be REMOVED:
+ aterm
+0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
+Remv aterm (0.4.2-11 Debian:3.1r0/stable)
+tjener:~# apt-get remove aterm
+Reading Package Lists... Done
+Building Dependency Tree... Done
+The following packages will be REMOVED:
+ aterm
+0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
+Need to get 0B of archives.
+After unpacking 287kB disk space will be freed.
+Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
+(Reading database ... 32936 files and directories currently installed.)
+Removing aterm ...]]></screen>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Install_a_specific_package_version">
+<title>Install a specific package version
+</title>
+<para>User case: Want a specific version of a package. It can for example be a previous release of a program.
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+<para>When installing a package with the command
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-get install <package name></emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>then the newest package is installed. Sometimes an older version instead of the newest version is wanted.
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-get install <package name>=older_version_number</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>To get an older version of the Webmin backup module one can run
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-cache showpkg webmin-slbackup</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>to get a summary of the available version
+</para><screen><![CDATA[tjener:~# apt-cache policy webmin-slbackup
+webmin-slbackup:
+ Installed: 0.0.10-1
+ Candidate: 0.0.10-1
+ Version Table:
+ *** 0.0.10-1 0
+ 500 http://ftp.skolelinux.no sarge/local Packages
+ 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
+ 0.0.9-1 0
+ 500 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main Packages]]></screen>
+<para>Here one can see that there are two versions available. Both 0.0.9-1 and 0.0.10-1
+</para>
+<para>If the 0.0.9-1 version of the program is wanted it can be installed using the following command
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">apt-get install webmin-slbackup=0.0.9-1</emphasis>
+</para><screen><![CDATA[tjener:~# apt-get install webmin-slbackup=0.0.9-1 --simulate
+Reading Package Lists... Done
+Building Dependency Tree... Done
+The following packages will be DOWNGRADED:
+ webmin-slbackup
+0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 downgraded, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
+Inst webmin-slbackup [0.0.10-1] (0.0.9-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)
+Conf webmin-slbackup (0.0.9-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)
+tjener:~# apt-get install webmin-slbackup=0.0.9-1
+Reading Package Lists... Done
+Building Dependency Tree... Done
+The following packages will be DOWNGRADED:
+ webmin-slbackup
+0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 downgraded, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
+Need to get 22.0kB of archives.
+After unpacking 131kB of additional disk space will be used.
+Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
+Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main webmin-slbackup 0.0.9-1 [22.0kB]
+Fetched 22.0kB in 0s (23.6kB/s)
+dpkg - warning: downgrading webmin-slbackup from 0.0.10-1 to 0.0.9-1.
+(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)
+Preparing to replace webmin-slbackup 0.0.10-1 (using .../webmin-slbackup_0.0.9-1_all.deb) ...
+Unpacking replacement webmin-slbackup ...
+Setting up webmin-slbackup (0.0.9-1) ...]]></screen>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Install_a_package_using_dpkg">
+<title>Install a package using dpkg
+</title>
+<para>User case: Sometimes it is needed to download a package from other places, not located in a Debian web archive. Opera browser is such a package.
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+<para>Download the package from the home page of the creators of the program. This could for example be Opera. The program is installed using the following command:
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">dpkg -i <full path to the package></emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>. If you first want to simulate this try
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">dpkg --no-act -i <full path to package></emphasis>
+</para><screen><![CDATA[tjener:~# dpkg --install --no-act opera_8.51-20051114.5-sharedqt_en_sarge_i386.deb
+Selecting previously deselected package opera.
+(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)
+Unpacking opera (from opera_8.51-20051114.5-shared-qt_en_sarge_i386.deb) ...
+tjener:~# dpkg --install opera_8.51-20051114.5-shared-qt_en_sarge_i386.deb
+Selecting previously deselected package opera.
+(Reading database ... 32924 files and directories currently installed.)
+Unpacking opera (from opera_8.51-20051114.5-shared-qt_en_sarge_i386.deb) ...
+dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of opera:
+ opera depends on libqt3c102-mt; however:
+ Package libqt3c102-mt is not installed.
+dpkg: error processing opera (--install):
+ dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
+Errors were encountered while processing:
+ opera]]></screen>
+<para>dpkg requires more manipulations than apt-get because it does not handle package dependencies. This means you may need to run <emphasis role="strong">apt-get</emphasis> immediately afterwards with additional parameter. For example, it helps to run <emphasis role="strong">apt-get --fix-broken</emphasis> to tidy up
+</para><screen><![CDATA[tjener:~# apt-get install --fix-broken --simulate
+Reading Package Lists... Done
+Building Dependency Tree... Done
+Correcting dependencies... Done
+The following extra packages will be installed:
+ libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2
+Suggested packages:
+ nas liblcms-utils libqt3c102-mt-psql libqt3c102-mt-mysql libqt3c102-mt-odbc
+The following NEW packages will be installed:
+ libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2
+0 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
+1 not fully installed or removed.
+Inst libaudio2 (1.7-2 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]
+Inst liblcms1 (1.13-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]
+Inst libmng1 (1.0.8-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]
+Inst libxcursor1 (1.1.3-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]
+Inst libxft2 (2.1.7-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable) [opera ]
+Inst libqt3c102-mt (3:3.3.4-3 Debian:3.1r0/stable)
+Conf libaudio2 (1.7-2 Debian:3.1r0/stable)
+Conf liblcms1 (1.13-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)
+Conf libmng1 (1.0.8-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)
+Conf libxcursor1 (1.1.3-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)
+Conf libxft2 (2.1.7-1 Debian:3.1r0/stable)
+Conf libqt3c102-mt (3:3.3.4-3 Debian:3.1r0/stable)
+Conf opera (8.51-20051114.5 )
+tjener:~# apt-get install --fix-broken
+Reading Package Lists... Done
+Building Dependency Tree... Done
+Correcting dependencies... Done
+The following extra packages will be installed:
+ libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2
+Suggested packages:
+ nas liblcms-utils libqt3c102-mt-psql libqt3c102-mt-mysql libqt3c102-mt-odbc
+The following NEW packages will be installed:
+ libaudio2 liblcms1 libmng1 libqt3c102-mt libxcursor1 libxft2
+0 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
+1 not fully installed or removed.
+Need to get 3489kB of archives.
+After unpacking 8753kB of additional disk space will be used.
+Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
+Get:1 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libaudio2 1.7-2 [71.5kB]
+Get:2 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main liblcms1 1.13-1 [123kB]
+Get:3 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libmng1 1.0.8-1 [171kB]
+Get:4 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libxcursor1 1.1.3-1 [23.7kB]
+Get:5 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libxft2 2.1.7-1 [54.4kB]
+Get:6 http://ftp.debian.org sarge/main libqt3c102-mt 3:3.3.4-3 [3045kB]
+Fetched 3489kB in 16s (212kB/s)
+Selecting previously deselected package libaudio2.
+(Reading database ... 33027 files and directories currently installed.)
+Unpacking libaudio2 (from .../libaudio2_1.7-2_i386.deb) ...
+Selecting previously deselected package liblcms1.
+Unpacking liblcms1 (from .../liblcms1_1.13-1_i386.deb) ...
+Selecting previously deselected package libmng1.
+Unpacking libmng1 (from .../libmng1_1.0.8-1_i386.deb) ...
+Selecting previously deselected package libxcursor1.
+Unpacking libxcursor1 (from .../libxcursor1_1.1.3-1_i386.deb) ...
+Selecting previously deselected package libxft2.
+Unpacking libxft2 (from .../libxft2_2.1.7-1_i386.deb) ...
+Selecting previously deselected package libqt3c102-mt.
+Unpacking libqt3c102-mt (from .../libqt3c102-mt_3%3a3.3.4-3_i386.deb) ...
+Setting up libaudio2 (1.7-2) ...
+
+Setting up liblcms1 (1.13-1) ...
+
+Setting up libmng1 (1.0.8-1) ...
+
+Setting up libxcursor1 (1.1.3-1) ...
+
+Setting up libxft2 (2.1.7-1) ...
+
+Setting up libqt3c102-mt (3.3.4-3) ...
+
+Setting up opera (8.51-20051114.5) ...]]></screen>
+<para>Armed with different commands from earlier in this chapter, we can now confirm that Opera is already installed
+</para><screen><![CDATA[tjener:~# apt-cache policy opera
+opera:
+ Installed: 8.51-20051114.5
+ Candidate: 8.51-20051114.5
+ Version Table:
+ *** 8.51-20051114.5 0
+ 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
+tjener:~# dpkg --list|grep opera]]></screen>
+<para>ii opera 8.51-20051114. The Opera Web Browser
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Search_through_files_in_a_package">
+<title>Search through files in a package
+</title>
+<para>Use case: Want to find a program name or file in a package
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+<para>You get an overview with the command
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">dpkg --listfiles <package name></emphasis>
+</para><screen><![CDATA[tjener:~# dpkg --listfiles opera
+/usr/bin
+/usr/bin/opera
+.
+.
+.
+/etc
+/etc/opera6rc
+/etc/opera6rc.fixed]]></screen>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Find_which_package_a_file_came_from">
+<title>Find which package a file came from
+</title>
+<para>User case: Want to find the package a file came from.
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">dpkg --search <filename></emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>This can look like this
+</para><screen><![CDATA[tjener:~# dpkg --search /etc/opera6rc.fixed
+opera: /etc/opera6rc.fixed]]></screen>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Unpackaging_files_from_a_package_without_installing_the_package">
+<title>Unpackaging files from a package without installing the package
+</title>
+<para>Use case: Perhaps an important system file was deleted by accident, and there is no backup.
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+<para>When using the command
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">dpkg --search <filename></emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>Warning: <emphasis>Never</emphasis> unpack packages in the root directory
+</para>
+<para>if one finds which package a file came from. One can extract the package to get back the systemfile like shown later.
+</para>
+<para>First you need to fetch the deb package in question. This can be done by placing it in the <computeroutput>/tmp</computeroutput> directory. Use this command to unpack the files in this directory
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">dpkg --vextract <package name> /tmp</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>. Then the required directories will be created in <computeroutput>/tmp</computeroutput> and the files are placed there.
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">dpkg --vextract <package name> /tmp</emphasis>
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Make_your_own_package_mirror">
+<title>Make your own package mirror
+</title>
+<para>Use case: Some packages are often installed. For others it is useful to avoid downloading them from the Internet.
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+<para>The <emphasis role="strong">apt-get</emphasis> command makes it easy to install packages from the Internet. But <emphasis role="strong">apt-get</emphasis> will use significant network capacity when programs are downloaded from Debian archives on the Internet. Because of that, it is possible to tell <emphasis role="strong">apt-get</emphasis> to use a local package repository. This way it is possible to install already downloaded packages simply by using <emphasis role="strong">apt-g [...]
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">mkdir /var/www/dpkg</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">cp /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb /var/www/dpkg</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">cd /var/www/</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">dpkg-scanpackages dpkg /dev/null | gzip -9c > dpkg/Packages.gz</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>After that, add a new line to the file <computeroutput>/etc/apt/sources.list</computeroutput>:
+</para><screen><![CDATA[deb file:///var/www dpkg/]]></screen>
+<para>And then the command <emphasis role="strong">apt-get update</emphasis> must be executed as usual to update the packages in the database.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Secure_login_to_the_firewall_.28ssh.29">
+<title>Secure login to the firewall (ssh)
+</title>
+<para>Use case: Some times it is required to log into Coyote Linux when no web browser is available. Perhaps the command line is preferred? Then ssh can be used to connect to Coyote Linux.
+</para>
+<para>If you are logged into a machine in a Skolelinux / Debian Edu network you can use
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">ssh -l root 10.0.2.1</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>to log in on Coyote Linux
+</para>
+<para>If you are outside a Skolelinux / Debian Edu network, the value 10.0.2.1 can be replaced with the appropriate value for the network card <link linkend="UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--clguishow">with the WAN in</link>. In this case it might be <emphasis role="strong">ssh -l root 192.168.1.10</emphasis>
+</para>
+<para>Here you will meet the same options present as when logged into the Coyote Linux web administration. This is presented in a text based menu.
+</para><screen><![CDATA[ Coyote Linux Gateway -- Configuration Menu
+
+
+ 1) Edit main configuration file 2) Change system password
+ 3) Edit rc.local script file 4) Custom firewall rules file
+ 5) Edit firewall configuration 6) Edit port forward configuration
+
+ c) Show running configuration f) Reload firewall
+ r) Reboot system w) Write configuration to disk
+
+ q) quit e) Exit
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Selection:]]></screen>
+<para>The options will be approximately the same as those provided when logged into Coyote Linux for web administration. See <link linkend="UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--clgui">section 3.7</link> for a quick description of the menu choices.
+</para>
+<para>When selecting <emphasis role="strong">q) quit</emphasis> you will end up on the command line in Coyote Linux. If you need to get back to the main menu in Coyote Linux, write <emphasis role="strong">menu</emphasis> and press <emphasis role="strong">Enter</emphasis>.
+</para>
+<para>If you see this when you try to log into Coyote Linux
+</para><screen><![CDATA[klaus at tjener:~$ ssh 10.0.2.1 -l root
+@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
+@ WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED! @
+@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
+IT IS POSSIBLE THAT SOMEONE IS DOING SOMETHING NASTY!
+Someone could be eavesdropping on you right now (man-in-the-middle attack)!
+It is also possible that the RSA host key has just been changed.
+The fingerprint for the RSA key sent by the remote host is
+34:b7:a3:9b:06:4c:e2:30:1b:0d:03:45:7b:22:b7:dd.
+Please contact your system administrator.
+Add correct host key in /skole/tjener/home0/klaus/.ssh/known_hosts to get rid of this message.
+Offending key in /skole/tjener/home0/klaus/.ssh/known_hosts:27
+RSA host key for 10.0.2.1 has changed and you have requested strict checking.
+Host key verification failed.]]></screen>
+<para>This is most likely because one logged in earlier into another machine with the IP address 10.0.2.1, or because the network card in Coyote Linux has been changed. It could also be an attack from an unknown man in the middle. The solution is to remove the key, in this case line number 27 in the <computeroutput>/skole/tjener/home0/klaus/.ssh/known_hosts</computeroutput> file.
+</para>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Useful_commands--Secure_login_to_the_firewall_.28ssh.29--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Useful_commands--Secure_login_to_the_firewall_.28ssh.29--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Useful_commands--Secure_login_to_the_firewall_.28ssh.29--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Status_summary_for_the_firewall_.28Coyote.29">
+<title>Status summary for the firewall (Coyote)
+</title>
+<para>Use case: Which commands can be used to get the menu or to get an overview of the status of the firewall?
+</para>
+<para>Main author: Klaus Ade Johnstad
+</para>
+<para><emphasis role="strong">Useful commands in Coyote Linux</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>ping
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Useful to figure out if the network is working. The command checks if there is a connection to the Skolelinux / Debian Edu main server.
+</para><screen><![CDATA[coyote# ping -c5 10.0.2.2
+PING 10.0.2.2 (10.0.2.2): 56 data bytes
+64 bytes from 10.0.2.2: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.9 ms
+64 bytes from 10.0.2.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.5 ms]]></screen>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>uptime
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>This command gives the duration since the last reboot for Coyote Linux.
+</para><screen><![CDATA[ coyote# uptime\n 2:37pm up 80 days, 7:55, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00]]></screen>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>dmesg
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>This command displays information about the Linux kernel running on the machine. It lists things like memory, processor and network card. If there is too much output from <emphasis role="strong">dmesg</emphasis> you can send the output through a so called pager program like "more" and use <emphasis role="strong">Space</emphasis> to read everything, <emphasis role="strong">dmesg|more</emphasis>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>ifconfig
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Show extra information about the network cards.
+</para><screen><![CDATA[coyote# ifconfig
+eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:FC:F8:D2:44
+ inet addr:10.0.2.1 Bcast:10.0.3.255 Mask:255.255.254.0
+ UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
+ RX packets:314723 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
+ TX packets:312105 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
+ collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
+ RX bytes:53700845 (51.2 !MiB) TX bytes:277496136 (264.6 !MiB)
+ Interrupt:11 Base address:0x7000
+
+eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:E0:18:A8:B1:BA
+ inet addr:192.168.100.133 Bcast:192.168.100.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
+ UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
+ RX packets:307395 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
+ TX packets:281202 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
+ collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
+ RX bytes:272404311 (259.7 !MiB) TX bytes:47880640 (45.6 !MiB)
+ Interrupt:10 Base address:0xb800 Memory:e3000000-e3000038
+
+lo Link encap:Local Loopback
+ inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
+ UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
+ RX packets:14565 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
+ TX packets:14565 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
+ collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
+ RX bytes:1290756 (1.2 !MiB) TX bytes:1290756 (1.2 !MiB)]]></screen>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>lsmod
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>This command lists up driver modules. This is useful to see which modules are used by network cards.
+</para><screen><![CDATA[coyote# lsmod
+Module Size Used by
+eepro100 17516 1
+3c59x 24408 1
+mii 1852 0 [eepro100]
+ip_nat_quake3 1608 0 (unused)
+ip_nat_mms 2448 0 (unused)
+ip_nat_h323 2044 0 (unused)
+ip_nat_amanda 1020 0 (unused)]]></screen>
+<para>This is a list showing that the driver modules for the network card are loaded. For Intel pro100 the module is named eepro100 and for 3Com the module is named 3c59x (which is valid for cards with type names 3c590, 3c595, 3c900, 3c905). See <link linkend="UsefulCommands--!UsefulCommands--clmodules">section 3.12</link>
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>route
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>traceroute
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Is useful to figure out where the Internet packages move. If there are problems, it is useful to see the path the Internet packages use.
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>showcfg
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Another command giving information about the state of the network cards.
+</para><screen><![CDATA[Coyote running configuration display utility.
+
+Internet (eth1): UP
+LAN network (eth0): UP
+
+-------------Internet configuration--------------
+IP Address 192.168.100.133 (Static)
+Netmask 255.255.255.0
+Gateway 192.168.100.2
+----------------LAN configuration----------------
+IP Address 10.0.2.1
+Netmask 255.255.254.0
+Broadcast 10.0.3.255
+----------------DNS configuration----------------
+domain localdomain
+nameserver 213.184.200.1
+nameserver 213.184.200.2
+-------------------------------------------------
+10:51am up 7 days, 20:53, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
+
+Press enter to return to system menu.]]></screen>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>free
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>The command is used to see how much memory is available and how much is used. This machine has 32 MB memory.
+</para><screen><![CDATA[coyote# free
+ total used free shared buffers
+ Mem: 30860 6004 24856 0 0
+ Swap: 0 0 0
+Total: 30860 6004 24856]]></screen>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>menu
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>This command starts the Coyote Linux menu
+</para><screen><![CDATA[ Coyote Linux Gateway -- Configuration Menu
+
+
+ 1) Edit main configuration file 2) Change system password
+ 3) Edit rc.local script file 4) Custom firewall rules file
+ 5) Edit firewall configuration 6) Edit port forward configuration
+
+ c) Show running configuration f) Reload firewall
+ r) Reboot system w) Write configuration to disk]]></screen>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>reboot
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>coyote#reboot
+</para>
+<para>This command does a reboot of Coyote Linux
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>shutdown
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>coyote#halt
+</para>
+<para>Here is Coyote Linux turned off
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Next">
+<title>Next
+</title>
+<para>Use case:
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Useful_commands--Next--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Useful_commands--Next--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Useful_commands--Next--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Last">
+<title>Last
+</title>
+<para>Use case:
+</para>
+<para>Author: Klaus Ade Johnstad.
+</para>
+<para>Co-author: Knut Yrvin
+</para>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Useful_commands--Last--Exception_handling">
+<title>Exception handling
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Useful_commands--Last--Verification">
+<title>Verification
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="UsefulCommands--Useful_commands--Last--Update_the_configuration_database">
+<title>Update the configuration database
+</title>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+
+<section id="AppendixA">
+<title>Appendix A - Contract on operating Debian Edu / Skolelinux
+</title>
+<para>Contract no.: ..................
+</para>
+<para>Customer no.: ..................
+</para>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--CONTRACT_ON_OPERATING_DEBIAN_EDU_.2BAC8_SKOLELINUX">
+<title>CONTRACT ON OPERATING DEBIAN EDU / SKOLELINUX
+</title>
+<para>between
+</para>
+<para>Driftselskapet AS, Maskinrommet 1, 0313 Oslo
+</para>
+<para>Org.no.: 989 313 313
+</para>
+<para>(hereafter called The Vendor)
+</para>
+<para>and
+</para>
+<para>NN
+</para>
+<para>Org.No:
+</para>
+<para>(hereafter called The Customer)
+</para>
+<para>The parties have reached an agreement on the delivery of operational services (hereinafter The Agreement) on subsequent contractual terms. The following appendixes are part of The Agreement:
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Appendix 1 - Definitions
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Appendix 2 - Customer Obligations
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Appendix 3 - The Vendor's obligations
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Appendix 4 - Prices and terms of payment
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Appendix 5 - General provisions
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Appendix 6 - The proxy Persons
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>The agreement is valid from the signing date and a minimum of 12 months from The Delivery date. The agreement is then renewed automatically for periods lasting 12 months unless one of the parties denounces the Agreement in writing, three months before the expiry of a contract period.
+</para>
+<para>The contract is signed in two - 2 - copies, and each of the parties keeps one - 1 - copy.
+</para>
+<para>Place: .............................
+</para>
+<para>Date: .................. 2006
+</para>
+<para>For The Vendor: ....................................................
+</para>
+<para>For The Customer: ....................................................
+</para>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--Appendix_1_-_Definitions">
+<title>Appendix 1 - Definitions
+</title><informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Term
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Description
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Operating period
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>From the Delivery day to the day when the agreement ceases to apply, regardless of the reason.
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Services provided
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Services from The Vendor in the Operating period. The services provided are further described in Appendix 3.
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>ICT manager
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Competence person(s) at the customer serving as liaison(s) to the supplier.
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Delivery day
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>The day the customer can use the services provided.
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Skolelinux
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Linux distribution built on Debian Linux and adjusted for use in Norwegian schools.
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--Appendix_2_-_Customer_Obligations">
+<title>Appendix 2 - Customer Obligations
+</title>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--1._ICT_skill_requirements">
+<title>1. ICT skill requirements
+</title>
+<para>ICT administrator (1 - 3 named persons at the customer) to deal with inquiries from users related to the use of the applications included in Skolelinux/Debian Edu. ICT administrator shall have sufficient expertise to make a qualified assessment of whether a problem is related to the use or operation of the system.
+</para>
+<para>The ICT administrator should contact the supplier's the user support center by phone or e-mail. The customer's users should not contact the supplier directly.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--2._Machine_requirements">
+<title>2. Machine requirements
+</title>
+<para>The Customer should have installed and tested that the equipment operates satisfactorily before the delivery day.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--3._Program_requirements">
+<title>3. Program requirements
+</title>
+<para>The customer shall, before delivery day, have installed Skolelinux / Debian Edu to get a verified, satisfactory functioning installation.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--4._Communication_requirements">
+<title>4. Communication requirements
+</title>
+<para>The Customer shall, before the delivery date, have installed and configured communication with the Internet and tested it works satisfactorily. To make it possible to provide services, the customer must arrange for the contractor to be able to access the customer's ICT-facilities via the Internet.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--5._Information_from_The_Vendor">
+<title>5. Information from The Vendor
+</title>
+<para>When all the above requirements are met, the customer shall notify the contractor, in writing or by e-mail, that the ICT-system is prepared for the contractor for provide services.
+</para>
+<para>A list of all the users of the system including full name, username and wanted password should be sent electronically to the Vendor at the latest together with this message.
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--Appendix_3_-_The_Vendor.27s_obligations">
+<title>Appendix 3 - The Vendor's obligations
+</title>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--1._Delivery_day_requirements">
+<title>1. Delivery day requirements
+</title>
+<para>The supplier shall, after receiving notification from the customer in accordance with Appendix 2, paragraph 5, as soon as possible arrange for the Customer to receive the provided services. Delivery date shall be no later than 4 weeks after such notice is received by the supplier.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--2._Information_to_The_Customer">
+<title>2. Information to The Customer
+</title>
+<para>When all the above requirements are met, the contractor shall notify the customer, in writing or by e-mail, that the ICT-system is prepared for the customer to receive the provided services.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--3._Service_requirements">
+<title>3. Service requirements
+</title>
+<para>The following table shows all relevant services related to operating Skolelinux/!<ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu#">DebianEdu</ulink>. The crosses in the table show the responsibilities between the Supplier and the Customer for the different services:
+</para>
+<para>Delivered (incl.) are carried out by the supplier and included in the Agreement price. Delivered (running) performed by the Supplier at the Customer's account in accordance with the rates in Chapter 7. The Customer, is done by the Supplier at the Customer's expense.
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><colspec colname="col_2"/><colspec colname="col_3"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Service
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Delivered (incl.)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Delivered (running)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>The Customer
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Troubleshooting and user support over the phone and email
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Participation in the user forum
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Replacing the hardware<footnote>
+<para>Supplier's responsibility is limited to managing the a change of hardware. The supplier is not responsible for hardware and warranties, pricing, shipping costs etc. which must bee agreed separately with machine supplier.
+</para></footnote>
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Add, change and remove users<footnote>
+<para>The customer can do this using a separate application in Debian Edu. The supplier can do this server for NOK 50 per user excluding vat.
+</para></footnote>
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_2" namest="col_1" rowsep="1">
+<para>(x)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Changing password when the password is forgotten
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_2" namest="col_1" rowsep="1">
+<para>(x)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Security updates on Skolelinux
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Version updates on Skolelinux
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Change the user permissions
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_2" namest="col_1" rowsep="1">
+<para>(x)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Monitoring of filling on disks
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Monitoring of the lifetime for the relevant components
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Extending disk partitions
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Operation and monitoring of firewall
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Operation and monitoring of network
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Deleting print jobs stuck in the queue at the request of the ICT administrator
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Monitoring to ensure backup copies are taken
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Data deletion under request from the ICT administrator
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_2" namest="col_1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Replacing backup medium and storing backup copies
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Restore with a security backup, at the request of the ICT administrator.
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_2" namest="col_1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Set up new printers and printer queues
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_2" namest="col_1" rowsep="1">
+<para>(x)
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Stopping and restarting the printer queues at the request of the ICT administrator
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Stopping hanging processes on the server as a result of application errors
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>x
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_3" namest="col_2" rowsep="1"/></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--4._Response_time_requirements">
+<title>4. Response time requirements
+</title>
+<para>The supplier shall without undue delay, start troubleshooting and problem solving. ICT administrator should be held continuously updated on the status and progress of error correction.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--5._Skill_requirements">
+<title>5. Skill requirements
+</title>
+<para>The supplier shall at all times have sufficient resources with relevant expertise to provide services in a professional manner
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--Appendix_4_-_Prices_and_terms_of_payment">
+<title>Appendix 4 - Prices and terms of payment
+</title>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--1._Compensation_for_services_provided">
+<title>1. Compensation for services provided
+</title>
+<para>The compensation for the services provided is calculated on the basis of the number of workstations on the network. The agreement includes a minimum of 60 workstations. The Customer shall pay the Supplier £78 per year per workstation, excluding VAT, in compensation for the services provided, i.e. £390 per month excluding VAT for 60 workstations.
+</para>
+<para>If the number of workstations changes the customer shall give the supplier a written notice thereof with the corresponding dates for the change. Adjustment of the billing basis with a possible recalculation will be included in the next invoice
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--2._Consultant_support">
+<title>2. Consultant support
+</title>
+<para>Hourly rate for consultancy is NOK 800 (65 £) ex Moms (VAT). All work on an ongoing bill should be approved by the customer before work starts. Documented travel expenses are charged to the client. Compensation for travel time calculated by the elapsed time with hourly rate NOK 400 ex Moms.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--3._Payment_conditions">
+<title>3. Payment conditions
+</title>
+<para>Compensation for the services provided is billed in advance for each quarter. For the first quarter, billing starts from the delivery date and runs until the end of the current quarter.
+</para>
+<para>Compensation for consultancy is billed as after-payment on the basis of agreed and work performed.
+</para>
+<para>All invoicing is done within a 30 days deadline.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--4._Price_regulation">
+<title>4. Price regulation
+</title>
+<para>Prices may be adjusted every year with the increase in the national consumer price index (SSB CPI). This can take place for the first time one year after signing the agreement.
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--Appendix_5_-_General_provisions">
+<title>Appendix 5 - General provisions
+</title>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--1._The_parts.27_cooperation_and_duties">
+<title>1. The parts' cooperation and duties
+</title>
+<para>General
+</para>
+<para>The parties shall cooperate to achieve the most efficient implementation of the Agreement. Both parties may, in writing, summon one another to meet with five business days' notice to discuss matters arising in connection with the implementation of the Agreement. The parties are obliged, without delay, to notify each other about matters that they understand or should understand may affect the implementation of the Agreement. Such notification does not relieve the parties from the re [...]
+</para>
+<para>The suppliers duties
+</para>
+<para>The Supplier undertakes to supply the contract business performance at the terms of the Agreement. The supplier undertakes to allocate the resources necessary to implement the commitments in the Agreement.
+</para>
+<para>Customer duties
+</para>
+<para>The customer shall pay the agreed compensation. The customer must assist the supplier so that the supplier will not be delayed or otherwise prevented from fulfilling the obligations. The customer undertakes to allocate the necessary resources, and ensure the necessary assistance from a third party where this is agreed.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--2.Confidentiality">
+<title>2.Confidentiality
+</title>
+<para>The parties are mutually obliged to keep confidentiality and not disseminate information which they become aware of in connection with carrying out the out the Agreement, to the extent that such information is not considered public. The same applies to all the material which is marked confidential. personal matters, and information that could harm the parties or that can be exploited by outsiders in business. This duty of confidentiality applies to the parties and their employees a [...]
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--3.Force_majeure">
+<title>3.Force majeure
+</title>
+<para>In the event of an extraordinary situation outside control of the parties, which could not be foreseen at inception and which significantly hampers the fulfilment of a party duties, the other party shall be notified without undue delay. The affected party's obligations are suspended to the extent that is relevant so long as the extraordinary situation prevails. The other party in return suspended for the same period. Either party may terminate the Agreement by giving one month's wr [...]
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--4._Transfer_of_the_agreement">
+<title>4. Transfer of the agreement
+</title>
+<para>Parties may only reassign their rights and obligations under the agreement with the written consent of the counterparties. Consent may not be unreasonably withheld. It is not considered as transfer if one of the parties mergea with one or more other companies or the assignment is to a subsidiary. Right to compensation under this Agreement may be assigned freely, but such transfer does not relieve the Contractor from its obligations and responsibilities.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--5._Non-fulfilment">
+<title>5. Non-fulfilment
+</title>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--5.1_Delay_of_the_delivery_date">
+<title>5.1 Delay of the delivery date
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--a._Liquidated_damages">
+<title>a. Liquidated damages
+</title>
+<para>If delivery does not happen on the date agreed between the parties, and this is not due to the circumstances mentioned in Clause 3 or circumstances the Customer is responsible for, then a daily penalty is applied from the agreed delivery date. The penalty fee is 0.1% of the agreed annual compensation for the portion of services provided that are delayed, calculated per calendar day of delay and up to a maximum of 60 days. As long as daily penalties are being applied, the customer m [...]
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--b._Canceling">
+<title>b. Canceling
+</title>
+<para>If the delivery date has not occurred by the end of liquidated damages period, you may terminate the Agreement with immediate effect.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--c._Delay_caused_by_customer">
+<title>c. Delay caused by customer
+</title>
+<para>In case of delay caused by customer the supplier may, by written notice, cancel their work until the customer takes corrective action. The supplier is entitled to recover their additional costs as a result of customer's breach, and a reasonable time to the reassignment of resources.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--5.2_Defaults_in_the_operating_period">
+<title>5.2 Defaults in the operating period
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--5.2.1_The_suppliers_non-fullfillment">
+<title>5.2.1 The suppliers non-fullfillment
+</title>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--a._Shortcomings">
+<title>a. Shortcomings
+</title>
+<para>There is a shortcoming of the supplier if services provided do not meet the requirements and specifications stipulated in the Agreement, and this causes a circumstance for which the supplier is responsible. If there is a shortcoming in operating performance, the supplier shall without undue delay remedy the defect. Where a defect can not be repaired within a reasonable time the Customer shall be entitled to a proportionate discount, ref. Section b. Below.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--b._Price_discount_for_shortcomings">
+<title>b. Price discount for shortcomings
+</title>
+<para>If the client has not been able to use the services provided, fully or partially, as a result of the defect, the customer has the right, in the period from when the error or defect was notified in writing until the defect is corrected, to receive a proportionate discount. Any refund due to lack of availability due to the same circumstance, is deducted when calculating the discount.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--c._Canceling">
+<title>c. Canceling
+</title>
+<para>In the event of any other shortcoming, that is significant to the customer's use of the services provided, and is not corrected within 30 business days after the Customer notified the supplier in writing about the shortcoming, the Customer may notify the supplier in writing of intent to terminate the Agreement. If the supplier, after such notice, has not rectified the situation within 14 business days, the customer is entitled to terminate the Agreement with immediate effect.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--5.2.2_The_customers_non-fullfillment">
+<title>5.2.2 The customers non-fullfillment
+</title>
+<para>If the customer does not pay on time, the supplier is entitled to interest for the amount that is overdue. (In Norway, this arises from a law relating to interest on late payment of 19. Dec. 1976 no. 100, § 3, first paragraph.) In cases where the payments plus interest are not paid within 14 days of the due date, the supplier can issue written notice that the services provided will be discontinued, or that the agreement will be terminated, unless the customer settles all outstandin [...]
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--6.Replacement">
+<title>6.Replacement
+</title>
+<para>The customer may demand compensation for losses that can be reasonably attributed to the shortcoming, unless the supplier can demonstrate that the breach, or the cause of the breach, not attributed to him. Any liquidated damages caused by delay in accordance with Clause 5a for the same breach is deducted by calculating compensation. If the customer defaults on its obligations under this Agreement, supplier shall be entitled to recover their additional costs that may reasonably be a [...]
+</para>
+<para>Parties are not responsible for the other party's indirect losses, including expected savings or gains. Indirect losses included among others
+</para>
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>Losses due to reduced or lost production or sales (operational interruption);
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Losses arising because the services provided can not be used as intended (consequential losses);
+</para></listitem>
+<listitem>
+<para>Lost profits as a result of a contract with a third party that is dropped or not fulfilled properly.
+</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>Parties liability towards each other is limited to the agreed annual compensation, or a maximum of NOK 1 million, regardless of the number of damage cases. The limitations of the parties' liability does not apply, if the party or anyone he is responsible for, has shown gross negligence or willful misconduct.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--7._Legal_defects">
+<title>7. Legal defects
+</title>
+<para>If a third party asserts that the use of software that the Customer or Vendor has license responsibility goes against the third party's rights, the Party shall ensure that appropriate rights are retained or acquired, or that other equivalent software functionality is obtained without charge to the other party. Should claims arise from a third party against the Customer or Vendor on the basis of defects inherent in the relationship of the other Party, that Party undertakes its own e [...]
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--8._Responsibility_for_subcontractors">
+<title>8. Responsibility for subcontractors
+</title>
+<para>Parties are fully accountable for agreed services that are performed by subcontractors.
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--9._Regulating_the_termination_of_the_Agreement">
+<title>9. Regulating the termination of the Agreement
+</title>
+<para>Upon termination, the parties shall draw up a joint plan of liquidation of the customer relationship and obligations by mutual to assist each other in the practical work in this liquidation. The vendor is obliged by termination of this Agreement to return Client software and current data in the agreed format. The Customer chooses the means of transport and is responsible for transportation from the Vendors' premises. The Customer undertakes immediately after termination of the Agre [...]
+</para>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--10._Legalities_and_solving_disagreements">
+<title>10. Legalities and solving disagreements
+</title>
+<para>The rights and obligations under this Agreement shall completely follow the Norwegian law. Upcoming Disagreements in connection with this Agreement shall be resolved by negotiation between the parties. If the parties fail within two weeks not to solve the disagreement through negotiations, either party may require the dispute to be resolved by arbitration under the rules of the law of 13 August 1915 No. 6, Chap. 32 (Civil Procedure). Each party shall appoint one arbitrator who toge [...]
+</para>
+</section>
+</section>
+
+<section id="AppendixA--Appendix_6_-_Contacts_and_addresses">
+<title>Appendix 6 - Contacts and addresses
+</title>
+<para>1. Correspondence Requests regarding the agreement shall be in writing and addressed as follows:
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>To Vendor
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>To Customer
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Operating company <ulink url="https://wiki.debian.org/LtdBy#">LtdBy</ulink> authorized personMachine room 10313 Oslo
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>NNBy authorized person
+</para></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+<para>2. Authorized persons
+</para>
+<para>The following persons do have authority to sign on their part according to the agreement.
+</para><informaltable><tgroup cols="5"><colspec colname="col_0"/><colspec colname="col_1"/><colspec colname="col_2"/><colspec colname="col_3"/><colspec colname="col_4"/><tbody><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Name
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Position/Function
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Telephone
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Telefax
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>E-mail
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>The vendor
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_4" namest="col_1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Petter Smart
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>CEO
+</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>+47 22 31 31 31
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_4" namest="col_3" rowsep="1">
+<para><ulink url="mailto:ps at driftselskapet.no">ps at driftselskapet.no</ulink>
+</para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>The Customer
+</para></entry><entry align="center" colsep="1" nameend="col_4" namest="col_1" rowsep="1"/></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
+</section>
+</section>
+</section>
+</article>
diff --git a/documentation/debian-edu-itil/fixme-status.txt b/documentation/debian-edu-itil/fixme-status.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c8310f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documentation/debian-edu-itil/fixme-status.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+----------------------------------
+https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/ITIL//Support
+FIXME>
+----------------------------------
+https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/ITIL//ExtraConfiguration
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME: Should describe the contents of change_ip_setup here, later>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME: create link to screenshot>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+FIXME>
+----------------------------------
+https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/ITIL//InfrastructureSetup
+FIXME: In with the drawing showing diskless clients>
+====================
+6 FIXMEs left to fix
+====================
diff --git a/documentation/debian-edu-itil/images/alert.png b/documentation/debian-edu-itil/images/alert.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06148e8
Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/debian-edu-itil/images/alert.png differ
diff --git a/documentation/debian-edu-itil/po4a.cfg b/documentation/debian-edu-itil/po4a.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87614d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documentation/debian-edu-itil/po4a.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[po_directory] .
+
+[type: docbook] debian-edu-itil-manual.xml \
+ $lang:$lang.xml \
+ opt:"-o nodefault='<inlinemediaobject> <imagedata>' -o untranslated='<listitem> <inlinemediaobject> <imagedata>' -M UTF-8 -k 5"
diff --git a/documentation/debian-edu-itil/version b/documentation/debian-edu-itil/version
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b13789
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documentation/debian-edu-itil/version
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+
--
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