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Brussels (French: Bruxelles [bʁysɛl] (listen) or [bʁyksɛl] (listen); Dutch: Brussel [ˈbrʏsəl] (listen)), officially the Brussels-Capital Region[8][9] (French: Région de Bruxelles-Capitale;[a] Dutch: Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest),[b] is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium.[10] The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium[11] and the Flemish Community,[12] but is separate from the Flemish Region (within which it forms an enclave) and the Walloon Region.[13][14]Brussels is the most densely populated region in Belgium, and although it has the highest GDP per capita,[15] it has the lowest available income per household.[16] The Brussels Region covers 162 km2 (63 sq mi), a relatively small area compared to the two other regions, and has a population of over 1.2 million.[17] The five times larger metropolitan area of Brussels comprises over 2.5 million people, which makes it the largest in Belgium.[18][19][20] It is also part of a large conurbation extending towards the cities of Ghent, Antwerp, and Leuven and the province of Walloon Brabant, in total home to over 5 million people.[21]Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river Senne to become an important city-region in Europe. Since the end of the Second World War, it has been a major centre for international politics and home to numerous international organisations, politicians, diplomats and civil servants.[22] Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union, as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions, including its administrative-legislative, executive-political, and legislative branches (though the judicial branch is located in Luxembourg, and the European Parliament meets for a minority of the year in Strasbourg).[23][24][c] Because of this, its name is sometimes used metonymically to describe the EU and its institutions.[25][26] The secretariat of the Benelux and the headquarters of NATO are also located in Brussels.[27][28]As the economic capital of Belgium and a top financial centre of Western Europe with Euronext Brussels, Brussels is classified as an Alpha global city.[29] It is also a national and international hub for rail, road and air traffic,[30] and are sometimes considered, together with Belgium, as the geographic, economic and cultural crossroads of Europe.[31][32][33] The Brussels Metro is the only rapid transit system in Belgium. In addition, both its airport and railway stations are the largest and busiest in the country.[34][35]Historically Dutch-speaking, Brussels saw a language shift to French from the late 19th century.[36] Nowadays, the Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual in French and Dutch.[37][38] Though French is the lingua franca with over 90% of the inhabitants being able to speak it,[39][40] Brussels is also increasingly becoming multilingual. English is spoken as a second language by nearly a third of the population and many migrants and expatriates speak other languages as well.[39][41]Brussels is known for its cuisine and gastronomic offer (including its local waffle, its chocolate, its French fries and its numerous types of beers),[42] as well as its historical and architectural landmarks; some of them are registered as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[43] Principal attractions include its historic Grand-Place/Grote Markt (main square), Manneken Pis, the Atomium, and cultural institutions such as La Monnaie/De Munt and the Museums of Art and History. Due to its long tradition of Belgian comics, Brussels is also hailed as a capital of the comic strip.[1][44]Toponymy[edit]See also: Names of European cities in different languages (B)Etymology[edit]The most common theory of the origin of the name Brussels is that it derives from the Old Dutch Bruocsella, Broekzele or Broeksel, meaning 'marsh' (bruoc / broek) and 'home' or 'settlement' (sella / zele / sel) or 'settlement in the marsh'.[45][46] Saint Vindicianus, the Bishop of Cambrai, made the first recorded reference to the place Brosella in 695,[47] when it was still a hamlet. The names of all the municipalities in the Brussels-Capital Region are also of Dutch origin, except for Evere, which is Celtic.Pronunciation[edit]In French, Bruxelles is pronounced [bʁysɛl] (listen) (the x is pronounced /s/, like in English, and the final s is silent) and in Dutch, Brussel is pronounced [ˈbrʏsəl] (listen). Inhabitants of Brussels are known in French as Bruxellois (pronounced [bʁysɛlwa] (listen)) and in Dutch as Brusselaars (pronounced [ˈbrʏsəlaːrs]). In the Brabantian dialect of Brussels (known as Brusselian, and also sometimes referred to as Marols or Marollien),[48] they are called Brusseleers or Brusseleirs.[49]Originally, the written x noted the group /ks/. In the Belgian French pronunciation as well as in Dutch, the k eventually disappeared and z became s, as reflected in the current Dutch spelling, whereas in the more conservative French form, the spelling remained.[50] The pronunciation /ks/ in French only dates from the 18th century, but this modification did not affect the traditional Brussels usage. In France, the pronunciations [bʁyksɛl] (listen) and [bʁyksɛlwa] (for bruxellois) are often heard, but are rather rare in Belgium.[51]History[edit]Main article: History of BrusselsFor a chronological guide, see Timeline of Brussels.Historical affiliations County of Leuven c. 1000–1183 Duchy of Brabant 1183–1430 Burgundian Netherlands 1430–1482 Habsburg Netherlands 1482–1556 Spanish Netherlands 1556–1714 Austrian Netherlands 1714–1746 Kingdom of France 1746–1749 Austrian Netherlands 1749–1794 French First Republic 1795–1804 First French Empire 1804–1815 United Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815–1830 Kingdom of Belgium 1830–presentEarly history[edit] Charles of Lorraine founded what would become Brussels, c. 979.The history of Brussels is closely linked to that of Western Europe. Traces of human settlement go back to the Stone Age, with vestiges and place-names related to the civilisation of megaliths, dolmens and standing stones (Plattesteen near the Grand-Place/Grote Markt and Tomberg in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, for example). During late antiquity, the region was home to Roman occupation, as attested by archaeological evidence discovered on the current site of Tour & Taxis, north-west of the Pentagon (Brussels' city centre).[52][53] Following the decline of the Western Roman Empire, it was incorporated into the Frankish Empire.According to local legend, the origin of the settlement which was to become Brussels lies in Saint Gaugericus' construction of a chapel on an island in the river Senne around 580.[54] The official founding of Brussels is usually said to be around 979, when Duke Charles of Lower Lorraine transferred the relics of the martyr Saint Gudula from Moorsel (located in today's province of East Flanders) to Saint Gaugericus' chapel. When King Lothair II appointed the same Charles (his brother) to become Duke of Lower Lotharingia in 977, Charles ordered the construction of the city's first permanent fortification, doing so on that same island.Middle Ages[edit]Lambert I of Leuven, Count of Leuven, gained the County of Brussels around 1000, by marrying Charles' daughter. Because of its location on the banks of the Senne, on an important trade route between Bruges and Ghent, and Cologne, Brussels became a commercial centre specialised in the textile trade. The town grew quite rapidly and extended towards the upper town (Treurenberg, Coudenberg and Sablon/Zavel areas), where there was a smaller risk of floods. As it grew to a population of around 30,000, the surrounding marshes were drained to allow for further expansion. Around this time, work began on what is now the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula (1225), replacing an older Romanesque church. In 1183, the Counts of Leuven became Dukes of Brabant. Brabant, unlike the county of Flanders, was not fief of the king of France but was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire.In the early 13th century, the first walls of Brussels were built,[55] and after this, the city grew significantly. To let the city expand, a second set of walls was erected between 1356 and 1383. Traces of these walls can still be seen, although the Small Ring, a series of boulevards bounding the historical city centre, follows their former course.Early modern[edit] View of Brussels, c. 1610In the 15th century, the marriage between heiress Margaret III of Flanders and Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, produced a new Duke of Brabant of the House of Valois (namely Antoine, their son). In 1477, the Burgundian duke Charles the Bold perished in the Battle of Nancy. Through the marriage of his daughter Mary of Burgundy (who was born in Brussels) to Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, the Low Countries fell under Habsburg sovereignty. Brabant was integrated into this composite state, and Brussels flourished as the Princely Capital of the prosperous Burgundian Netherlands, also known as the Seventeen Provinces. After the death of Mary in 1482, her son Philip the Handsome succeeded as Duke of Burgundy and Brabant.Philip died in 1506, and he was succeeded by his son Charles V who then also became King of Spain (crowned in the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula) and even Holy Roman Emperor at the death of his grandfather Maximilian I in 1519. Charles was now the ruler of a Habsburg Empire 'on which the sun never sets' with Brussels serving as one of his main capitals.[56][57] It was in the Coudenberg Palace that Charles V was declared of age in 1515, and it was there in 1555 that he abdicated all of his possessions and passed the Habsburg Netherlands to King Philip II of Spain.[58] This impressive palace, famous all over Europe, had greatly expanded since it had first become the seat of the Dukes of Brabant, but it was destroyed by fire in 1731.[59][60] The Grand-Place after the 1695 bombardment by the French armyIn the 16th and 17th centuries, Brussels was a centre for the lace industry. In addition, Brussels tapestry hung on the walls of castles throughout Europe.[61][62] In 1695, during the Nine Years' War, King Louis XIV of France sent troops to bombard Brussels with artillery. Together with the resulting fire, it was the most destructive event in the entire history of Brussels. The Grand-Place was destroyed, along with 4,000 buildings—a third of all the buildings in the city. The reconstruction of the city centre, effected during subsequent years, profoundly changed its appearance and left numerous traces still visible today.[63]Following the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, Spanish sovereignty over the Southern Netherlands was transferred to the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg. This event started the era of the Austrian Netherlands. Brussels was captured by France in 1746, during the War of the Austrian Succession, but was handed back to Austria three years later. It remained with Austria until 1795, when the Southern Netherlands were captured and annexed by France, and the city became the capital of the department of the Dyle. The French rule ended in 1815, with the defeat of Napoleon on the battlefield of Waterloo, located south of today's Brussels-Capital Region.[64] With the Congress of Vienna, the Southern Netherlands joined the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, under King William I of Orange. The former Dyle department became the province of South Brabant, with Brussels as its capital.Late modern[edit] Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830, Gustaf Wappers, 1834In 1830, the Belgian Revolution began in Brussels, after a performance of Auber's opera La Muette de Portici at the Royal Theatre of La Monnaie.[65] The city became the capital and seat of government of the new nation. South Brabant was renamed simply Brabant, with Brussels as its administrative centre. On 21 July 1831, Leopold I, the first King of the Belgians, ascended the throne, undertaking the destruction of the city walls and the construction of many buildings.Following independence, Brussels underwent many more changes. It became a financial centre, thanks to the dozens of companies launched by the Société Générale de Belgique. The Industrial Revolution and the opening of the Brussels–Charleroi Canal in 1832 brought prosperity to the city through commerce and manufacturing.[66] The Free University of Brussels was established in 1834 and Saint-Louis University in 1858. In 1835, the first passenger railway built outside England linked the municipality of Molenbeek-Saint-Jean with Mechelen.[67] The Place Royale/Koningsplein in the late 19th centuryDuring the 19th century, the population of Brussels grew considerably; from about 80,000 to more than 625,000 people for the city and its surroundings. The Senne had become a serious health hazard, and from 1867 to 1871, under the tenure of the city's then-mayor, Jules Anspach, its entire course through the urban area was completely covered over. This allowed urban renewal and the construction of modern buildings of Haussmann-esque style along grand central boulevards, characteristic of downtown Brussels today. Buildings such as the Brussels Stock Exchange (1873), the Palace of Justice (1883) and Saint Mary's Royal Church (1885) date from this period. This development continued throughout the reign of King Leopold II. The International Exposition of 1897 contributed to the promotion of the infrastructure. Among other things, the Palace of the Colonies [fr] (today's Royal Museum for Central Africa), in the suburb of Tervuren, was connected to the capital by the construction of an 11 km-long (6.8 mi) grand alley.Brussels became one of the major European cities for the development of the Art Nouveau style in the 1890s and early 1900s. The architects Victor Horta, Paul Hankar, and Henry van de Velde became particularly famous for their designs, many of which survive today.[68]20th century[edit] The 1927 Solvay Conference in Brussels was the fifth world physics conference.During the 20th century, the city hosted various fairs and conferences, including the Solvay Conference on Physics and on Chemistry, and three world's fairs: the Brussels International Exposition of 1910, the Brussels International Exposition of 1935 and the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (Expo 58). During World War I, Brussels was an occupied city, but German troops did not cause much damage. During World War II, it was again occupied by German forces, and spared major damage, before it was liberated by the British Guards Armoured Division on 3 September 1944. Brussels Airport, in the suburb of Zaventem, dates from the occupation. British tanks arrive in Brussels on 4 September 1944, ending the German occupationAfter the war, Brussels underwent extensive modernisation. The construction of the North–South connection, linking the main railway stations in the city, was completed in 1952, while the first premetro (underground tram) service was launched in 1969,[69] and the first Metro line was opened in 1976.[70] Starting from the early 1960s, Brussels became the de facto capital of what would become the European Union (EU), and many modern offices were built. Development was allowed to proceed with little regard to the aesthetics of newer buildings, and numerous architectural landmarks were demolished to make way for newer buildings that often clashed with their surroundings, giving name to the process of Brusselisation.[71][72]Contemporary[edit]The Brussels-Capital Region was formed on 18 June 1989, after a constitutional reform in 1988.[73] It is one of the three federal regions of Belgium, along with Flanders and Wallonia, and has bilingual status.[8][9] The yellow iris is the emblem of the region (referring to the presence of these flowers on the city's original site) and a stylised version is featured on its official flag.[74]In recent years, Brussels has become an important venue for international events. In 2000, it was named European Capital of Culture alongside eight other European cities.[75] In 2013, the city was the site of the Brussels Agreement.[76] In 2014, it hosted the 40th G7 summit,[77] and in 2017, 2018 and 2021 respectively the 28th, 29th and 31st NATO Summits.[78][79][80]On 22 March 2016, three coordinated nail bombings were detonated by ISIL in Brussels—two at Brussels Airport in Zaventem and one at Maalbeek/Maelbeek metro station—resulting in 32 victims and three suicide bombers killed, and 330 people were injured. It was the deadliest act of terrorism in Belgium.Geography[edit]Location and topography[edit]Further information: Geography of Belgium Satellite picture of the Greater Brussels areaBrussels lies in the north-central part of Belgium, about 110 km (68 mi) from the Belgian coast and about 180 km (110 mi) from Belgium's southern tip. It is located in the heartland of the Brabantian Plateau, about 45 km (28 mi) south of Antwerp (Flanders), and 50 km (31 mi) north of Charleroi (Wallonia). Its average elevation is 57 m (187 ft) above sea level, varying from a low point in the valley of the almost completely covered Senne, which cuts the Brussels-Capital Region from east to west, up to high points in the Sonian Forest, on its southeastern side. In addition to the Senne, tributary streams such as the Maalbeek and the Woluwe, to the east of the region, account for significant elevation differences. Brussels' central boulevards are 15 m (49 ft) above sea level.[81] Contrary to popular belief, the highest point (at 127.5 m (418 ft)) is not near the Place de l'Altitude Cent/Hoogte Honderdplein in Forest, but at the Drève des Deux Montages/Tweebergendreef in the Sonian Forest.[82]Climate[edit]Brussels experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) with warm summers and cool winters.[83] Proximity to coastal areas influences the area's climate by sending marine air masses from the Atlantic Ocean. Nearby wetlands also ensure a maritime temperate climate. On average (based on measurements in the period 1981–2010), there are approximately 135 days of rain per year in the Brussels-Capital Region. Snowfall is infrequent, averaging 24 days per year. The city also often experiences violent thunderstorms in summer months.hideClimate data for Brussels-Capital Region (1981–2010)MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearAverage high °C (°F)5.9(42.6)6.8(44.2)10.5(50.9)14.2(57.6)18.3(64.9)20.9(69.6)23.3(73.9)23.0(73.4)19.5(67.1)15.1(59.2)9.8(49.6)6.3(43.3)14.5(58.1)Daily mean °C (°F)3.2(37.8)3.5(38.3)6.5(43.7)9.5(49.1)13.5(56.3)16.1(61.0)18.4(65.1)18.0(64.4)14.9(58.8)11.1(52.0)6.8(44.2)3.8(38.8)10.4(50.7)Average low °C (°F)0.7(33.3)0.6(33.1)2.9(37.2)4.9(40.8)8.7(47.7)11.5(52.7)13.6(56.5)13.0(55.4)10.5(50.9)7.5(45.5)4.5(40.1)1.5(34.7)6.7(44.1)Average precipitation mm (inches)75.2(2.96)61.6(2.43)69.5(2.74)51.0(2.01)65.1(2.56)72.1(2.84)73.6(2.90)76.8(3.02)69.6(2.74)75.0(2.95)77.0(3.03)81.4(3.20)848.0(33.39)Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)12.811.112.79.911.310.510.110.110.411.212.613.0135.6Mean monthly sunshine hours587511916819919320519414311765471,583Source: KMI/IRM[84]hideClimate data for Uccle (Brussels-Capital Region) 1991–2020MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearRecord high °C (°F)15.3(59.5)20.0(68.0)24.2(75.6)28.7(83.7)34.1(93.4)38.8(101.8)39.7(103.5)36.5(97.7)34.9(94.8)27.8(82.0)20.6(69.1)16.7(62.1)39.7(103.5)Average high °C (°F)6.1(43.0)7.1(44.8)10.9(51.6)15.0(59.0)18.4(65.1)21.2(70.2)23.2(73.8)23.0(73.4)19.5(67.1)14.9(58.8)9.9(49.8)6.6(43.9)14.7(58.4)Daily mean °C (°F)3.7(38.7)4.2(39.6)7.1(44.8)10.4(50.7)13.9(57.0)16.7(62.1)18.7(65.7)18.4(65.1)15.2(59.4)11.3(52.3)7.2(45.0)4.3(39.7)10.9(51.7)Average low °C (°F)1.4(34.5)1.5(34.7)3.5(38.3)6.0(42.8)9.2(48.6)12.0(53.6)14.1(57.4)13.9(57.0)11.3(52.3)8.1(46.6)4.6(40.3)2.1(35.8)7.3(45.2)Record low °C (°F)−21.1(−6.0)−18.3(−0.9)−13.6(7.5)−5.7(21.7)−2.2(28.0)0.3(32.5)4.4(39.9)3.9(39.0)0.0(32.0)−6.8(19.8)−12.8(9.0)−17.7(0.1)−21.1(−6.0)Average precipitation mm (inches)75.5(2.97)65.1(2.56)59.3(2.33)46.7(1.84)59.7(2.35)70.8(2.79)76.9(3.03)86.5(3.41)65.3(2.57)67.8(2.67)76.2(3.00)87.4(3.44)837.2(32.96)Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)18.916.915.713.114.714.114.314.314.116.118.319.4189.9Average snowy days3.84.92.70.60.00.00.00.00.00.11.23.717Average relative humidity (%)84.180.674.869.270.271.371.572.476.881.585.186.677.0Mean monthly sunshine hours59.172.9125.8171.3198.3199.3203.2192.4154.4112.665.848.61,603.7Average ultraviolet index1134676642114Source 1: Royal Meteorological Institute[85][86]Source 2: Weather Atlas;[87] 2019 July record high from VRT Nieuws[88]Brussels as a capital[edit]Despite its name, the Brussels-Capital Region is not the capital of Belgium. Article 194 of the Belgian Constitution establishes that the capital of Belgium is the City of Brussels, the municipality in the region that is the city's core.[10]The City of Brussels is the location of many national institutions. The Royal Palace of Brussels, where the King of the Belgians exercises his prerogatives as head of state, is situated alongside Brussels Park (not to be confused with the Royal Palace of Laeken, the official home of the Belgian Royal Family). The Palace of the Nation is located on the opposite side of this park, and is the seat of the Belgian Federal Parliament. The office of the Prime Minister of Belgium, colloquially called Law Street 16 (French: 16, rue de la Loi, Dutch: Wetstraat 16), is located adjacent to this building. It is also where the Council of Ministers holds its meetings. The Court of Cassation, Belgium's main court, has its seat in the Palace of Justice. Other important institutions in the City of Brussels are the Constitutional Court, the Council of State, the Court of Audit, the Royal Belgian Mint and the National Bank of Belgium.The City of Brussels is also the capital of both the French Community of Belgium[11] and the Flemish Community.[13] The Flemish Parliament and Flemish Government have their seats in Brussels,[89] and so do the Parliament of the French Community and the Government of the French Community. The Royal Palace of BrusselsMunicipalities[edit]Main article: List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region French nameDutch name AnderlechtAnderlechtAuderghemOudergemBerchem-Sainte-AgatheSint-Agatha-BerchemBruxelles-VilleStad BrusselEtterbeekEtterbeekEvereEvereForestVorstGanshorenGanshorenIxellesElseneJetteJetteKoekelbergKoekelbergMolenbeek-Saint-JeanSint-Jans-MolenbeekSaint-GillesSint-GillisSaint-Josse-ten-NoodeSint-Joost-ten-NodeSchaerbeekSchaarbeekUccleUkkelWatermael-BoitsfortWatermaal-BosvoordeWoluwe-Saint-LambertSint-Lambrechts-WoluweWoluwe-Saint-PierreSint-Pieters-Woluwe The 19 municipalities (French: communes, Dutch: gemeenten) of the Brussels-Capital Region are political subdivisions with individual responsibilities for the handling of local level duties, such as law enforcement and the upkeep of schools and roads within its borders.[90][91] Municipal administration is also conducted by a mayor, a council, and an executive.[91]In 1831, Belgium was divided into 2,739 municipalities, including the 19 in the Brussels-Capital Region.[92] Unlike most of the municipalities in Belgium, the ones located in the Brussels-Capital Region were not merged with others during mergers occurring in 1964, 1970, and 1975.[92] However, several municipalities outside the Brussels-Capital Region have been merged with the City of Brussels throughout its history, including Laeken, Haren and Neder-Over-Heembeek in 1921.[93]The largest municipality in area and population is the City of Brussels, covering 32.6 km2 (12.6 sq mi) and with 145,917 inhabitants; the least populous is Koekelberg with 18,541 inhabitants. The smallest in area is Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, which is only 1.1 km2 (0.4 sq mi), but still has the highest population density in the region, with 20,822/km2 (53,930/sq mi). Watermael-Boitsfort has the lowest population density in the region, with 1,928/km2 (4,990/sq mi).There is much controversy on the division of 19 municipalities for a highly urbanised region, which is considered as (half of) one city by most people. Some politicians mock the '19 baronies' and want to merge the municipalities under one city council and one mayor.[94][95] That would lower the number of politicians needed to govern Brussels, and centralise the power over the city to make decisions easier, thus reduce the overall running costs. The current municipalities could be transformed into districts with limited responsibilities, similar to the current structure of Antwerp or to structures of other capitals like the boroughs in London or arrondissements in Paris, to keep politics close enough to the citizen.[96]In early 2016, Molenbeek-Saint-Jean held a reputation as a safe haven for jihadists in relation to the support shown by some residents towards the bombers who carried out the Paris and Brussels attacks.[97][98][99][100][101] 
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